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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>National legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistive_technology_and_adaptive_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistive_technology_and_adaptive_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Assistive technology and adaptive technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistive_technology_and_adaptive_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Employment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Employment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disability_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Disability management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disability_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adapted_automobiles_for_persons_with_disabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapted_automobiles_for_persons_with_disabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Adapted automobiles for persons with disabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapted_automobiles_for_persons_with_disabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Low floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessibility_planning_for_transportation_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_planning_for_transportation_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Accessibility planning for transportation in the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_planning_for_transportation_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Housing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Housing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessibility_and_"ageing_in_place"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_and_"ageing_in_place""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Accessibility and "ageing in place"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_and_"ageing_in_place"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disability,_information_technology_(IT)_and_telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disability,_information_technology_(IT)_and_telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Disability,_information_technology_(IT)_and_telecommunications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Disability,_information_technology_(IT)_and_telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Examples_of_common_assistive_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_common_assistive_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Examples of common assistive technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_common_assistive_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobility_impairments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobility_impairments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Mobility impairments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobility_impairments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication_(including_speech)_impairments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_(including_speech)_impairments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Communication (including speech) impairments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_(including_speech)_impairments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing_impairment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing_impairment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Hearing impairment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing_impairment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_impairments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_impairments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Visual impairments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_impairments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Web accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_standards_and_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_standards_and_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>International standards and guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_standards_and_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_accessibility_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_accessibility_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Web accessibility features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_accessibility_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_accessibility_for_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_accessibility_for_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education and accessibility for students</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_accessibility_for_students-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and accessibility for students subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_accessibility_for_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accessibility_of_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessibility_of_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Accessibility of assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessibility_of_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Accessibility</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="إتاحة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إتاحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katasampaian" title="Katasampaian – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Katasampaian" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Достъпност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Достъпност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilitat" title="Accessibilitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Accessibilitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezbari%C3%A9rov%C3%BD_p%C5%99%C3%ADstup" title="Bezbariérový přístup – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bezbariérový přístup" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrierefreiheit" title="Barrierefreiheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barrierefreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligip%C3%A4%C3%A4setavus" title="Ligipääsetavus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ligipääsetavus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Προσβασιμότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προσβασιμότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accesibilidad" title="Accesibilidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Accesibilidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alireblo" title="Alireblo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alireblo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisgarritasun" title="Irisgarritasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irisgarritasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دسترس‌پذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسترس‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilit%C3%A9" title="Accessibilité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accessibilité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accesibilidade" title="Accesibilidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Accesibilidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%91%EA%B7%BC%EC%84%B1" title="접근성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="접근성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksesibilitas" title="Aksesibilitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aksesibilitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilit%C3%A0_(design)" title="Accessibilità (design) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accessibilità (design)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA" title="נגישות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגישות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilitas" title="Accessibilitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Accessibilitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akad%C3%A1lymentes%C3%ADt%C3%A9s" title="Akadálymentesítés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akadálymentesítés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketersampaian" title="Ketersampaian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketersampaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toegankelijkheid" title="Toegankelijkheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toegankelijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="アクセシビリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アクセシビリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilgjengelighet" title="Tilgjengelighet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tilgjengelighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଅଭିଗମ୍ୟତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଭିଗମ୍ୟତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dost%C4%99pno%C5%9B%C4%87_(projektowanie)" title="Dostępność (projektowanie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dostępność (projektowanie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acessibilidade" title="Acessibilidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acessibilidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Доступность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Доступность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Accessibility" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezbari%C3%A9rov%C3%BD_pr%C3%ADstup" title="Bezbariérový prístup – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bezbariérový prístup" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Приступачност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приступачност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saavutettavuus" title="Saavutettavuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saavutettavuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillg%C3%A4nglighet_f%C3%B6r_personer_med_funktionsneds%C3%A4ttning" title="Tillgänglighet för personer med funktionsnedsättning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tillgänglighet för personer med funktionsnedsättning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="அணுகுதகைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அணுகுதகைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eri%C5%9Filebilirlik" title="Erişilebilirlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erişilebilirlik" 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interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="無障礙環境 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無障礙環境" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="無障礙環境 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無障礙環境" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q555097#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For design of products or environments for access by all users, see <a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a>. For design of websites etc. for access by all users, see <a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a>. For measures of spatial accessibility, see <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_(transport)" title="Accessibility (transport)">Accessibility (transport)</a>. For the logical notion, see <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_relation" title="Accessibility relation">Accessibility relation</a>. For the process in agenda-setting theory, see <a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory#Accessibility" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting theory § Accessibility</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For Wikipedia's accessibility guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility">Wikipedia:Accessibility</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Accessibility" title="Special:EditPage/Accessibility">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Accessibility%22">"Accessibility"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Accessibility%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Accessibility%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Accessibility%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Accessibility%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Accessibility%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Panel on an elevator showing the floor buttons with Braille markings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg/220px-Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg/330px-Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg/440px-Accessibility_Braille_Elevator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Elevator buttons with Braille markings</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman with a baby carriage uses a platform lift to access a station above street level" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg/220px-Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg/330px-Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg/440px-Curitiba_10_2006_05_RIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte" title="Rede Integrada de Transporte">public transport system in Curitiba</a>, Brazil, offers universal access via <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_lift" title="Wheelchair lift">wheelchair lifts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Accessibility</b> is the design of products, devices, services, vehicles, or environments so as to be usable by people with <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible developments ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> (for example, computer <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accessibility can be viewed as the "ability to access" and benefit from some system or entity. The concept focuses on enabling access for people with disabilities, or enabling access through the use of <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a>; however, research and development in accessibility brings benefits to everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, an accessible society should eliminate <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">knowledge divide</a>. </p><p>Accessibility is not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>, which is the extent to which a product (such as a device, service, or environment) can be used by specified users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a specified context of use.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accessibility is also strongly related to <a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">universal design</a>, the process of creating products that are usable by the widest possible range of people, operating within the widest possible range of situations.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universal design typically provides a single general solution that can accommodate people with disabilities as well as the rest of the population. By contrast, accessible design is focused on ensuring that there are no barriers to accessibility for all people, including those with disabilities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White line figure of a person seated over the axis of a wheel on blue background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg/200px-Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg/300px-Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg/400px-Handicapped_Accessible_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Symbol_of_Access" title="International Symbol of Access">International Symbol of Access</a> denotes area with access for those with disabilities.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">disability rights movement</a> advocates equal access to social, political, and economic life which includes not only physical access but access to the same tools, services, organizations and facilities as non-disabled people (e.g., museums<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Article 9 of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> commits signatories to provide for full accessibility in their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is often used to describe facilities or amenities to assist people with impaired mobility, through the provision of facilities like <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_ramp" title="Wheelchair ramp">wheelchair ramps</a>, the term can include other types of disability. Accessible facilities therefore extend to areas such as <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> signage, <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>, audio signals at <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a>, walkway contours, <a href="/wiki/Website_accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Website accessibility">website accessibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">accessible publishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, government mandates including Section 508, WCAG,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DDA are all enforcing practices to standardize accessibility testing engineering in product development. </p><p>Accessibility modifications may be required to enable persons with disabilities to gain access to education, employment, transportation, housing, recreation, or even simply to exercise their right to vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_legislation">National legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various countries have legislation requiring physical accessibility which are (in order of enactment): </p> <ul><li>In the US, under the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new public and private business construction generally must be accessible. Existing private businesses are required to increase the accessibility of their facilities when making any other renovations in proportion to the cost of the other renovations. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Access_Board" title="United States Access Board">United States Access Board</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is "A Federal Agency Committed to Accessible Design for <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Americans with disabilities">People with Disabilities</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Job_Accommodation_Network" title="Job Accommodation Network">Job Accommodation Network</a> discusses accommodations for people with disabilities in the workplace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many states in the US have their own disability laws.</li> <li>In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1992">Disability Discrimination Act 1992</a> has numerous provisions for accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In South Africa the <a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_Equality_and_Prevention_of_Unfair_Discrimination_Act_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000">Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 2000</a> has numerous provisions for accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the UK, the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> has numerous provisions for accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Sri Lanka, the Supreme Court, on 27 April 2011 gave a landmark order to boost the inherent right of disabled persons to have unhindered access to public buildings and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Norway, the Discrimination and Accessibility Act (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">Diskriminerings- og tilgjengelighetsloven</i>) defines lack of accessibility as discrimination and obliges public authorities to implement universal design in their areas. The Act refers to issue-specific legislation regarding accessibility in e.g. ICT, the built environment, transport and education.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Brazil, the law on the inclusion of people with disabilities has numerous provisions for accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In Canada, relevant federal legislation includes the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/Employment_equity_(Canada)" title="Employment equity (Canada)">the Employment Equity Act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Labour_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Labour Code">Canadian Labour Code</a>, and the Accessible Canada Act (Bill-C81) which made Royal Assent on June 21, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Beachshore with a mobi-mat leading from the kerb to the seashore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg/220px-Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg/330px-Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg/440px-Beach_accessibility_mobi-mat_and_wheelchair_ramp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Ramps and <a href="/wiki/Mobi-mat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobi-mat">mobi-mats</a> enable wheelchair users to visit a sandy seashore.</figcaption></figure> <p>Legislation may also be enacted on a state, provincial or local level. In <a href="/wiki/Ontario,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario, Canada">Ontario, Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontarians with Disabilities Act">Ontarians with Disabilities Act</a> of 2001 is meant to "improve the identification, removal and prevention of barriers faced by persons with disabilities".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), which has signed the United Nations' Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, also has adopted a European Disability Strategy for 2010–20. The Strategy includes the following goals, among others:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Devising policies for inclusive, high-quality education;</li> <li>Ensuring the European Platform Against Poverty includes a special focus on people with disabilities (the forum brings together experts who share best practices and experience);</li> <li>Working towards the recognition of disability cards throughout the EU to ensure equal treatment when working, living or travelling in the bloc</li> <li>Establishing accessibility standards for voting locations and campaign materials.</li> <li>Taking the rights of people with disabilities into account in external development programmes and for EU candidate countries.</li></ul> <p>A <i>European Accessibility Act</i> was proposed in late 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Act would establish standards within member countries for accessible products, services, and public buildings. The harmonization of accessibility standards within the EU "would facilitate the social integration of persons with disabilities and the elderly and their mobility across member states, thereby also fostering the free movement principle".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enforcement of the European Accessibility Act (EAA) begins in June 2025 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistive_technology_and_adaptive_technology">Assistive technology and adaptive technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assistive technology and adaptive technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People gathered around a table wearing headphones. The journalist holds the microphone for a physically disabled person to speak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg/250px-Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg/375px-Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg/500px-Birmingham_opportunities_fair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The Opportunities Fair and Beyond Art Exhibition was organised in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, to help people with disabilities and their carers find out what services, support and opportunities are available to them.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a> is the creation of a new device that assists a person in completing a task that would otherwise be impossible. Some examples include new computer software programs like <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>, and inventions such as <a href="/wiki/Assistive_listening_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistive listening devices">assistive listening devices</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic lights</a> with a standard <a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">color code</a> that enables <a href="/wiki/Colorblind" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorblind">colorblind</a> individuals to understand the correct signal. </p><p>Adaptive technology is the modification, or adaptation, of existing devices, methods, or the creation of new uses for existing devices, to enable a person to complete a task.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the use of remote controls, and the <a href="/wiki/Autocomplete" title="Autocomplete">autocomplete</a> (word completion)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feature in computer word processing programs, which both help individuals with mobility impairments to complete tasks. Adaptations to wheelchair tires are another example; widening the tires enables wheelchair users to move over soft surfaces, such as deep snow on ski hills, and sandy beaches. </p><p>Assistive technology and adaptive technology have a key role in developing the means for people with disabilities to live more independently, and to more fully participate in mainstream society. In order to have access to assistive or adaptive technology, however, educating the public and even legislating requirements to incorporate this technology have been necessary. </p><p>The UN CRPD, and courts in the United States, Japan, UK, and elsewhere, have decided that when it is needed to assure secret ballot, authorities should provide voters with assistive technology. </p><p>The European Court of Human Rights, on the contrary, in case Toplak v. Slovenia ruled that due to high costs, the abandonment of the assistive equipment in elections did not violate human rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man is speaking behind a microphone podium during a conference. Behind him, there is a screen showing a presentation slide reading "Four Simple Steps to Hiring Qualified Candidates with Disabilities"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg/225px-Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg/338px-Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg/450px-Usda_hiring_applicants_with_disabilities.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>William P. Milton Jr., deputy director of the Office of Human Resource Management, outlined the "Four Simple Steps to Hiring Qualified Candidates with Disabilities" to employees of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a> during a 2011 <a href="/wiki/National_Disability_Employment_Awareness_Month" title="National Disability Employment Awareness Month">National Disability Employment Awareness Month</a> event in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Accessibility of employment covers a wide range of issues, from skills training, to <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finding employment, and retaining employment. </p><p>Employment rates for workers with disabilities are lower than for the general workforce. Workers in Western countries fare relatively well, having access to more services and training as well as legal protections against employment discrimination. Despite this, in the United States the 2012 unemployment rate for workers with disabilities was 12.9%, while it was 7.3% for workers without disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than half of workers with disabilities (52%) earned less than $25,000 in the previous year, compared with just 38% of workers with no disabilities. This translates into an earnings gap where individuals with disabilities earn about 25 percent less of what workers without disabilities earn. Among occupations with 100,000 or more people, dishwashers had the highest disability rate (14.3%), followed by refuse and recyclable material collectors (12.7%), personal care aides (11.9%), and janitors and building cleaners (11.8%). The rates for refuse and recyclable material collectors, personal care aides, and janitors and building cleaners were not statistically different from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveys of non-Western countries are limited, but the available statistics also indicate fewer jobs being filled by workers with disabilities. In India, a large 1999 survey found that "of the 'top 100 multinational companies' in the country [...] the employment rate of persons with disabilities in the private sector was a mere 0.28%, 0.05% in multinational companies and only 0.58% in the top 100 IT companies in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-dsq-sds_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsq-sds-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India, like much of the world, has large sections of the economy that are without strong regulation or social protections, such as the <a href="/wiki/Informal_economy" title="Informal economy">informal economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other factors have been cited as contributing to the high unemployment rate, such as public service regulations. Although employment for workers with disabilities is higher in the public sector due to hiring programs targeting persons with disabilities, regulations currently restrict types of work available to persons with disabilities: "Disability-specific employment reservations are limited to the public sector and a large number of the reserved positions continue to be vacant despite nearly two decades of enactment of the PWD Act".<sup id="cite_ref-dsq-sds_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsq-sds-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expenses related to adaptive or assistive technology required to participate in the workforce may be tax deductible expenses for individuals with a medical practitioner's prescription in some jurisdictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disability_management">Disability management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disability management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Disability management (DM) is a specialized area of <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> that supports efforts of employers to better integrate and retain workers with disabilities. Some workplaces have policies in place to provide "reasonable accommodation" for employees with disabilities, but many do not. In some jurisdictions, employers may have legal requirements to end <a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">discrimination against persons with disabilities</a>. </p><p>It has been noted by researchers that where accommodations are in place for employees with disabilities, these frequently apply to individuals with "pre-determined or apparent disabilities as determined by national social protection or Equality Authorities",<sup id="cite_ref-Geisen165_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisen165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include persons with pre-existing conditions who receive an official disability designation. One of the biggest challenges for employers is in developing policies and practises to manage employees who develop disabilities during the course of employment. Even where these exist, they tend to focus on workplace injuries, overlooking job retention challenges faced by employees who acquire a non-occupation injury or illness. Protecting employability is a factor that can help close the unemployment gap for persons with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Geisen165_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisen165-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the metric of transport connectivity for planning purposes, see <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_(transport)" title="Accessibility (transport)">Accessibility (transport)</a>.</div> <p>Providing mobility to people with disabilities includes changes for public facilities like gently sloping paths of travel for people using wheelchairs and difficulty walking up stairs, or audio announcements for the blind (either live or <a href="/wiki/Automated_on-train_announcements" title="Automated on-train announcements">automated</a>); dedicated services like <a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">paratransit</a>; and adaptations to personal vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adapted_automobiles_for_persons_with_disabilities">Adapted automobiles for persons with disabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adapted automobiles for persons with disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adapted_automobile" title="Adapted automobile">Adapted automobile</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxi_wheelchair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taxi_wheelchair.jpg/220px-Taxi_wheelchair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taxi_wheelchair.jpg/330px-Taxi_wheelchair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taxi_wheelchair.jpg/440px-Taxi_wheelchair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A wheelchair accessible <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxi</a> with a rear ramp, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Motor Show">Tokyo Motor Show</a> 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Automobile accessibility also refers to ease of use by disabled people. Automobiles, whether a car or a van, can be adapted for a range of physical disabilities. Foot pedals can be raised, or replaced with hand-controlled devices. Wheelchair hoists, lifts or ramps may be customized according to the needs of the driver. <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomic">Ergonomic</a> adaptations, such as a lumbar support cushion, may also be needed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, the more limiting the disability, the more expensive the adaptation needed for the vehicle. Financial assistance is available through some organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Motability" title="Motability">Motability</a> in the United Kingdom, which requires a contribution by the prospective vehicle owner. Motability makes vehicles available for purchase or lease.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When an employee with a disability requires an adapted car for work use, the employee does not have to pay for a "<a href="/wiki/Reasonable_accommodation" title="Reasonable accommodation">reasonable adjustment</a>" in the United Kingdom; if the employer is unable to pay the cost, assistance is offered by government programs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_floor">Low floor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Low floor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Low floor" redirects here. For more details, see <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_bus" title="Low-floor bus">Low-floor bus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_tram" title="Low-floor tram">Low-floor tram</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus,_August_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man on a motorized wheelchair is using a ramp to enter an SMRT bus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus%2C_August_2022.jpg/220px-Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus%2C_August_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus%2C_August_2022.jpg/330px-Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus%2C_August_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus%2C_August_2022.jpg/440px-Person_on_PMD_boarding_an_SMRT_bus%2C_August_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3415" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Wheelchair ramps allows those on wheelchairs or <a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">personal mobility devices</a> to board low-floor public transport vehicles.</figcaption></figure> <p>A significant development in transportation, and <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> in particular, to achieve accessibility, is the move to "low-floor" vehicles. In a low-floor vehicle, access to part or all of the passenger cabin is unobstructed from one or more entrances by the presence of steps, enabling easier access for the infirm or people with <a href="/wiki/Baby_transport" title="Baby transport">push chairs</a>. A further aspect may be that the entrance and corridors are wide enough to accommodate a wheelchair. Low-floor vehicles have been developed for <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams">trams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">trains</a>. </p><p>A low floor in the vehicular sense is normally combined in a conceptual meaning with normal pedestrian access from a standard <a href="/wiki/Curb_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curb (road)">kerb (curb)</a> height. However, the accessibility of a low-floor vehicle can also be utilised from slightly raising portions of kerb at <a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">bus stops</a>, or through use of level boarding <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> stations or tram stops.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The combination of access from a kerb was the technological development of the 1990s, as step-free interior layouts for buses had existed in some cases for decades, with entrance steps being introduced as chassis designs and overall height regulations changed. </p><p>Low-floor buses may also be designed with special height adjustment controls that permit a stationary bus to temporarily lower itself to ground level, permitting wheelchair access. This is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Kneeling_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kneeling bus">kneeling bus</a>. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems, vehicles generally have floors in the same height as the platforms but the stations are often underground or elevated, so accessibility there is not a question of providing low-floor vehicles, but providing a step-free access from street level to the platforms (generally by <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>, which may be restricted to disabled passengers only, so that the step-free access is not obstructed by non-disabled people taking advantage).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_planning_for_transportation_in_the_United_Kingdom">Accessibility planning for transportation in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Accessibility planning for transportation in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, local transport authorities are responsible for checking that all people who live within their area can access essential opportunities and services, and where gaps in provision are identified the local authorities are responsible for organizing changes to make new connections. These requirements are defined in the UK Community Planning Acts legislation<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more detailed guidance has been issued by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> for each <a href="/wiki/Local_authority#England" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authority</a>. This includes the requirement to produce an Accessibility Plan under Community Planning legislation and to incorporate this within their <a href="/wiki/Local_Transport_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Transport Plan">Local Transport Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Accessibility Plan sets out how each local authority plans to improve access to employment, learning, health care, food shops and other services of local importance, particularly for disadvantaged groups and areas. Accessibility targets are defined in the accessibility plans, these are often the distance or time to access services by different modes of transport including walking, cycling and public transport. </p><p>Accessibility Planning was introduced as a result of the report "Making the Connections: Final Report on Transport and Social Exclusion".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This report was the result of research carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social Exclusion</a> Unit. The United Kingdom also has a "code of practice" for making train and stations accessible: "Accessible Train and Station Design for Disabled People: A Code of Practice".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This code of practice was first published in 2002 with the objective of compliance to Section 71B of the Railways Act 1993,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and revised after a public consultation period in 2008. </p><p>Some transport companies have since improved the accessibility of their services, such as incorporating <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_bus" title="Low-floor bus">low-floor buses</a> into their stock as standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In August 2021, <a href="/wiki/South_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Western Railway (train operating company)">South Western Railway</a> announced the streamlining of their accessibility services, allowing passengers requiring assistance to inform the company with as little as 10 minutes' notice at all 189 stations on its network, replacing an older scheme wherein assisted journeys had to be booked six hours to a day in advance. The system will utilise clear signage at stations and <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR codes</a>, allowing customers to send details of the assistance they require and their planned journey to staff remotely.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Making public services fully accessible to the public has led to some technological innovations. <a href="/wiki/Public_announcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Public announcement">Public announcement</a> systems using <a href="/wiki/Audio_induction_loop" title="Audio induction loop">audio induction loop</a> technology can broadcast announcements directly into the hearing aid of anyone with a hearing impairment, making them useful in such public places as auditoriums and train stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_space">Public space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> (2006) requires ‘appropriate measures’ to ensure people with disabilities are able to ‘access, on an equal basis with others','the physical environment’, ‘transportation’ and ‘other facilities and services open or provided to the public’’. This requirement also applies to ‘roads’ and ‘transportation’ as well as ‘buildings, and other indoor and outdoor facilities’.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, promotion of <a href="/wiki/Active_mobility" title="Active mobility">active travel</a>, or 'shared space' initiatives to pedestrianise city centres can introduce unintended barriers, especially for pedestrians who are visually impaired and who can find these environments confusing or even dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is important to have effective mechanisms to ensure that urban spaces are designed to be inclusive of pedestrians with disabilities. These can include early consultation with disabled persons or their representative organisations, and appropriate regulation of city planning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Housing">Housing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Accessible_housing" title="Accessible housing">Accessible housing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:-118wiki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An entrance with ramps and guardrails" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/-118wiki.jpg/220px--118wiki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/-118wiki.jpg/330px--118wiki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/-118wiki.jpg/440px--118wiki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6645" data-file-height="8352" /></a><figcaption>Accessibly designed modification for a high-step entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>Most existing and new housing, even in the wealthiest nations, lack basic accessibility features unless the designated, immediate occupant of a home currently has a disability. However, there are some initiatives to change typical residential practices so that new homes incorporate basic access features such as zero-step entries and door widths adequate for wheelchairs to pass through. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Therapist" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational Therapist">Occupational Therapists</a> are a professional group skilled in the assessment and making of recommendations to improve access to homes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are involved in both the adaptation of existing housing to improve accessibility,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the design of future housing.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The broad concept of <a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a> is relevant to housing, as it is to all aspects of the built environment. Furthermore, a <a href="/wiki/Visitability" title="Visitability">Visitability</a> movement<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> begun by grass roots disability advocates in the 1980s focuses specifically on changing construction practices in new housing. This movement, a network of interested people working in their locales, works on educating, passing laws, and spurring voluntary home access initiatives with the intention that basic access become a routine part of new home construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_and_"ageing_in_place""><span id="Accessibility_and_.22ageing_in_place.22"></span>Accessibility and "ageing in place"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Accessibility and "ageing in place""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accessibility in the design of housing and household devices has become more prominent in recent decades due to a rapidly ageing population in developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ageing seniors may wish to continue living independently, but the ageing process naturally increases the disabilities that a senior citizen will experience. A growing trend is the desire for many senior citizens to 'age in place', living as independently as possible for as long as possible. Accessibility modifications that allow ageing in place are becoming more common. Housing may even be designed to incorporate accessibility modifications that can be made throughout the life cycle of the residents. </p><p>The English Housing Survey for 2018/19 found only 9% of homes in England have key features, such as a toilet at entrance level and sufficiently wide doorways, to deem them accessible. This was an improvement from 5% in 2005. More than 400,000 wheelchair users in England were living in homes which are neither adapted nor accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voting">Voting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Voting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a>, states parties are bound to assure accessible <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a>, and voting procedures. In 2018, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a> issued an opinion that all polling stations should be fully accessible. At the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, there are currently two ongoing cases about the accessibility of polling places and voting procedures. They were brought against <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> by two voters and the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Disability_Rights_Association" title="Slovenian Disability Rights Association">Slovenian Disability Rights Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2020, the case, called <a href="/wiki/Toplak_and_Mrak_v._Slovenia" title="Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia">Toplak and Mrak v. Slovenia</a>, was ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of the court procedure is to make accessible all polling places in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disability,_information_technology_(IT)_and_telecommunications"><span id="Disability.2C_information_technology_.28IT.29_and_telecommunications"></span>Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Disability, information technology (IT) and telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All (in ICT)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Data_access" title="Data access">Data access</a></div> <p>Advances in information technology and telecommunications have represented a leap forward for accessibility. Access to the technology is restricted to those who can afford it, but it has become more widespread in Western countries in recent years. For those who use it, it provides the ability to access information and services by minimizing the barriers of distance and cost as well as the accessibility and usability of the interface. In many countries this has led to initiatives, laws and/or regulations that aim toward providing universal access to the internet and to phone systems at reasonable cost to citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major advantage of advanced technology is its flexibility. Some technologies can be used at home, in the workplace, and in school, expanding the ability of the user to participate in various spheres of daily life. <a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a> technology is one such area of IT progress. It includes inventions such as <a href="/wiki/Speech-generating_device" title="Speech-generating device">speech-generating devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teletypewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypewriter">teletypewriter</a> devices, adaptive pointing devices to replace computer mouse devices, and many others. Mobile telecommunications devices and computer applications are also equipped with accessibility features.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be adapted to create accessibility to a range of tasks, and may be suitable for different kinds of disability. </p><p>The following impairments are some of the disabilities that affect communications and technology access, as well as many other life activities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_disorder" title="Communication disorder">Communication disorders</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">Hearing impairments</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairments</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobility impairment">Mobility impairments</a>;</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">learning disability</a> or impairment in mental functioning.</li></ul> <p>Each kind of disability requires a different kind of accommodation, and this may require analysis by a medical specialist, an educational specialist or a job analysis when the impairment requires accommodation. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Job_analysis" title="Job analysis">Job analysis</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_of_common_assistive_technologies">Examples of common assistive technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Examples of common assistive technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Impairment </th> <th>Assistive technology </th></tr> <tr> <td>Communication impairment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a> board or similar device; <a href="/wiki/Speech_synthesis" title="Speech synthesis">electronic speech synthesizer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hearing impairment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hearing_aid" title="Hearing aid">hearing aids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Earphone">earphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Headphone">headphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headset_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Headset (audio)">headsets</a>; <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">real-time closed captioning</a>; <a href="/wiki/Teletypewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypewriter">teletypewriter</a>; sign language <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(computing)" title="Avatar (computing)">avatars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mobility impairment </td> <td>Page-turning device; adaptive keyboards and computer mice (pointing devices such as trackballs, vertical mouse, foot mouse, or programmable pedal) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Physical or mental impairment, learning disability </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voice_recognition_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice recognition software">Voice recognition software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perceptual disability, learning disability </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">Talking textbooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_keyboard" title="Virtual keyboard">virtual keyboard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visual impairment, learning disability </td> <td>Modified monitor interface, magnification devices; <a href="/wiki/Reading_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading service">reading service</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-text" title="E-text">e-text</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visual impairment, learning disability </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Braille_note-taker" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille note-taker">Braille note-taker</a>; <a href="/wiki/Braille_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Braille printer">Braille printer</a>; <a href="/wiki/Screen_magnifier" title="Screen magnifier">screen magnifiers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Optical_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical scanner">optical scanner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Visual impairment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">Screen readers</a>; notable examples include <a href="/w/index.php?title=NonVisual_Desktop_Access_(NVDA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA) (page does not exist)">NonVisual Desktop Access (NVDA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Check_Meister_Screen_Reader&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Check Meister Screen Reader (page does not exist)">Check Meister Screen Reader</a>. Check Meister also offers a screen reader for Mac OS and Windows, available here: [Check Meister Browser](<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.checkmeister.com/browser">https://www.checkmeister.com/browser</a>). </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobility_impairments">Mobility impairments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mobility impairments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first areas where information technology improved the quality of life for disabled individuals is the voice operated wheelchair. Quadriplegics have the most profound disability, and the voice operated wheelchair technology was first developed in 1977 to provide increased mobility. The original version replaced the joystick system with a module that recognized 8 commands. Many other technology accommodation improvements have evolved from this initial development.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missing arms or fingers may make the use of a keyboard and mouse difficult or impossible. Technological improvements such as <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> devices and software can improve access. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication_(including_speech)_impairments"><span id="Communication_.28including_speech.29_impairments"></span>Communication (including speech) impairments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Communication (including speech) impairments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A communication disorder interferes with the ability to produce clearly understandable speech. There can be many different causes, such as nerve degeneration, muscle degeneration, stroke, and vocal cord injury. The modern method to deal with speaking disabilities has been to provide a text interface for a speech synthesizer for complete vocal disability. This can be a great improvement for people that have been limited to the use of a throat vibrator to produce speech since the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hearing_impairment">Hearing impairment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hearing impairment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An individual satisfies the definition of hearing disabled when hearing loss is about 30 dB for a single frequency, but this is not always perceptible as a disability.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, loss of sensitivity in one ear interferes with <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">sound localization</a> (directional hearing), which can interfere with communication in a crowd. This is often recognized when certain words are confused during normal conversation. This can interfere with voice-only interfaces, like automated customer service telephone systems, because it is sometimes difficult to increase the volume and repeat the message. </p><p>Mild to moderate hearing loss may be accommodated with a hearing aid that amplifies ambient sounds. Portable devices with speed recognition that can produce text can reduce problems associated with understanding conversation. This kind of hearing loss is relatively common, and this often grows worse with age. </p><p>The modern method to deal with profound hearing disability is the Internet using email or word processing applications. The <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_device_for_the_deaf" title="Telecommunications device for the deaf">telecommunications device for the deaf</a> (TDD) became available in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teletype</a> (TTY) during the 1960s. These devices consist of a keyboard, display and modem that connects two or more of these devices using a dedicated wire or plain old telephone service. </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">computer animation</a> allows for <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> avatars to be integrated into public areas. This technology could potentially make train station announcements, news broadcasts, etc. accessible when a human interpreter is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sign language can also be incorporated into film; for example, all movies shown in Brazilian movie theaters must have a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a> video track available to play alongside the film via a <a href="/wiki/Second_screen" title="Second screen">second screen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_impairments">Visual impairments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Visual impairments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide array of technology products is available to assist with visual impairment. These include screen magnification for monitors, screen-reading software for computers and mobile devices, mouse-over speech synthesis for browsing, braille displays, braille printers, braille cameras, and voice-activated phones and tablets. </p><p>One emerging product that will make ordinary computer displays available for the blind is the refreshable tactile display, which is very different from a conventional braille display. This provides a raised surface corresponding to the bright and dim spots on a conventional display. An example is the Touch Sight Camera for the Blind. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Speech_Synthesis_Markup_Language" title="Speech Synthesis Markup Language">Speech Synthesis Markup Language</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_Grammar_Specification" title="Speech Recognition Grammar Specification">Speech Recognition Grammar Specification</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are relatively recent technologies intended to standardize communication interfaces using Augmented <a href="/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_form" title="Backus–Naur form">BNF</a> Form and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> Form. These technologies assist visual impairments and physical impairment by providing interactive access to web content without the need to visually observe the content. While these technologies provides access for visually impaired individuals, the primary benefactor has been automated systems that replace live human customer service representatives that handle telephone calls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_accessibility">Web accessibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Web accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_standards_and_guidelines">International standards and guidelines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International standards and guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been a few major movements to coordinate a set of guidelines for accessibility for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">web</a>. The first and most well known is The <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a> (WAI), which is part of the World Wide Web Consortium (<a href="/wiki/W3C" class="mw-redirect" title="W3C">W3C</a>). This organization developed the <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a> (WCAG) 1.0 and 2.0 which explain how to make Web content accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities. Web "content" generally refers to the information in a Web page or Web application, including text, images, forms, and sounds. (More specific definitions are available in the WCAG documents.)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WCAG is separated into three levels of compliance, A, AA and AAA. Each level requires a stricter set of conformance guidelines, such as different versions of <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> (Transitional vs Strict) and other techniques that need to be incorporated into coding before accomplishing validation. Online tools allow users to submit their website and automatically run it through the WCAG guidelines and produce a report, stating whether or not they conform to each level of compliance. <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Dreamweaver" title="Adobe Dreamweaver">Adobe Dreamweaver</a> also offers plugins which allow web developers to test these guidelines on their work from within the program. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_36#WG_7_Culture.2C_Language.2C_and_Human_Functioning_Activities" title="ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 36">ISO/IEC JTC1 SC36 WG7</a> 24751 Individualized Adaptability and Accessibility in e-learning, education and training series is freely available and made of 3 parts: Individualized Adaptability and Accessibility in e-learning, education and training, Standards inventory and Guidance on user needs mapping. </p><p>Another source of web accessibility guidance comes from the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a>. In response to <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973#Section_508" title="Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act</a>, the Access Board developed standards to which U.S. federal agencies must comply in order to make their sites accessible. The U.S. General Services Administration has developed a website where one can take online training courses for free to learn about these rules.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_accessibility_features">Web accessibility features</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Web accessibility features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of accessibility features include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">WAI</a>-AA compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">WAI's WCAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">Semantic</a> Web markup</li> <li>(X)HTML Validation from the W3C for the page's content</li> <li>CSS Validation from the W3C for the page's layout</li> <li>Compliance with all guidelines from Section 508 of the US Rehabilitation Act</li> <li>A high contrast version of the site for individuals with low vision, and a low contrast (yellow or blue) version of the site for individuals with dyslexia</li> <li>Alternative media for any multimedia used on the site (video, flash, audio, etc.)</li> <li>Simple and consistent navigation</li> <li>Device independent</li> <li>Reducing Cognitive load for decision making</li></ul> <p>While WCAG provides much technical information for use by web designers, coders and editors, <i>BS 8878:2010 Web accessibility – Code of Practice</i><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been introduced, initially in the UK, to help site owners and product managers to understand the importance of accessibility. It includes advice on the business case behind accessibility, and how organisations might usefully update their policies and production processes to embed accessibility in their business-as-usual. On 28 May 2019, BS 8878 was superseded by <i>ISO 30071-1</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the international Standard that built on BS 8878 and expanded it for international use. </p><p>Another useful idea is for websites to include a web accessibility statement on the site. Initially introduced in PAS 78,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the best practice for web accessibility statements has been updated in BS 8878<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to emphasise the inclusion of: information on how disabled and elderly people could get a better experience of using the website by using assistive technologies or accessibility settings of browsers and operating systems (linking to "BBC My Web My Way"<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be useful here); information on what accessibility features the site's creators have included, and if there are any user needs which the site does not currently support (for example, descriptive video to allow blind people to access the information in videos more easily); and contact details for disabled people to be able to use to let the site creators know if they have any problems in using the site. While validations against WCAG, and other accessibility badges can also be included, they should be put lower down the statement, as most disabled people still do not understand these technical terms.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_accessibility_for_students">Education and accessibility for students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education and accessibility for students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman is helping a young boy to stand up in a classroom with other students" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg/220px-Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg/330px-Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg/440px-Vietnam_phusical_therapy_school_orphanage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A teacher helps her student in an orphanage in central <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The orphanage caters to many abandoned and disabled children who, through education and communication programs, are able to have a life that would otherwise not be possible.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latrine_ramp_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People constructing a ramp for an accessible bathroom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Latrine_ramp_school.jpg/220px-Latrine_ramp_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Latrine_ramp_school.jpg/330px-Latrine_ramp_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Latrine_ramp_school.jpg/440px-Latrine_ramp_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Construction of a ramp for a school latrine in <a href="/wiki/Ukunda" title="Ukunda">Ukunda</a>, Kenya, to make the school building more accessible to students with disabilities</figcaption></figure> <p>Equal access to education for students with disabilities is supported in some countries by legislation. It is still challenging for some students with disabilities to fully participate in mainstream education settings, but many adaptive technologies and assistive programs are making improvements. In India, the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Council_of_India" title="Medical Council of India">Medical Council of India</a> has now passed the directives to all the medical institutions to make them accessible to persons with disabilities. This happened due to a petition by Satendra Singh founder of <a href="/wiki/Infinite_Ability" title="Infinite Ability">Infinite Ability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Students with a physical or mental impairment or learning disability may require note-taking assistance, which may be provided by a business offering such services, as with tutoring services. Talking books in the form of talking textbooks are available in Canadian secondary and post-secondary schools. Also, students may require adaptive technology to access computers and the Internet. These may be tax-exempt expenses in some jurisdictions with a medical prescription. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessibility_of_assessments">Accessibility of assessments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Accessibility of assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is important to ensure that the accessibility in education includes assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessibility in testing or assessments entails the extent to which a test and its constituent item set eliminates barriers and permits the test-taker to demonstrate their knowledge of the tested content.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a> of 2001 in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> student accountability in essential content areas such as reading, mathematics, and science has become a major area of focus in educational reform.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, test developers have needed to create tests to ensure all students, including those with special needs (e.g., students identified with disabilities), are given the opportunity to demonstrate the extent to which they have mastered the content measured on state assessments. Currently, states are permitted to develop two different types of tests in addition to the standard grade-level assessments to target students with special needs. First, the alternate assessment may be used to report proficiency for up to 1% of students in a state. Second, new regulations permit the use of alternate assessments based on modified academic achievement standards to report proficiency for up to 2% of students in a state. </p><p>To ensure that these new tests generate results that allow valid inferences to be made about student performance, they must be accessible to as many people as possible. The Test Accessibility and Modification Inventory (TAMI)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its companion evaluation tool, the Accessibility Rating Matrix (ARM), were designed to facilitate the evaluation of tests and test items with a focus on enhancing their accessibility. Both instruments incorporate the principles of accessibility theory and were guided by research on universal design, assessment accessibility, cognitive load theory, and research on item writing and test development. The TAMI is a non-commercial instrument that has been made available to all state assessment directors and testing companies. Assessment researchers have used the ARM to conduct accessibility reviews of state assessment items for several state departments of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">Accessible tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEN/CENELEC_Guide_6" title="CEN/CENELEC Guide 6">CEN/CENELEC Guide 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Computer accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience" title="Convenience">Convenience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curb_cut_effect" title="Curb cut effect">Curb cut effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_for_All_(in_ICT)" title="Design for All (in ICT)">Design for All (in ICT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_flag" title="Disability flag">Disability flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_accessibility" title="Game accessibility">Game accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_design" title="Inclusive design">Inclusive design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowbility" title="Knowbility">Knowbility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_the_Blind_v._Target_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation">National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Intelligent_Urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Intelligent Urbanism">Principles of Intelligent Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_accessibility_level" title="Public transport accessibility level">Public transport accessibility level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_504_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act" title="Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act">Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_508_Amendment_to_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_disability_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of disability rights in the United States">Timeline of disability rights in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_disability_rights_outside_the_United_States" title="Timeline of disability rights outside the United States">Timeline of disability rights outside the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_design" title="Transgenerational design">Transgenerational design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_divide" title="Transport divide">Transport divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design_for_instruction" title="Universal design for instruction">Universal design for instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">Walkability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_audit" title="Walking audit">Walking audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Harris_Callow" title="Walter Harris Callow">Walter Harris Callow</a>, inventor of wheelchair accessible bus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_accessible_van" title="Wheelchair accessible van">Wheelchair accessible van</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenry,_Shawn_LawtonAbou-Zahra,_ShadiBrewer,_Judy2014" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Shawn Lawton; Abou-Zahra, Shadi; Brewer, Judy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2596695.2596719"><i>The Role of Accessibility in a Universal Web</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+Accessibility+Initiative&rft.atitle=WAI+Resources+on+Introducing+Web+Accessibility&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FWAI%2Fgettingstarted%2FOverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 508: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.section508.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=Content&ID=5">508 Training</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hassellinclusion.com/bs8878/">BS 8878:2010 Web accessibility – Code of Practice</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hassellinclusion.com/iso-30071-1/">ISO 30071-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/footer/accessibility-statement/general-web-accessibility-guidance/">PAS 78</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703160227/http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/footer/accessibility-statement/general-web-accessibility-guidance/">Archived</a> 2015-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hassellinclusion.com/bs8878/">BS 8878</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/">BBC My Web My Way</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, UK.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hassellinclusion.com/accessibility/">Example of an accessibility statement written by the lead-author of BS 8878</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/mci-asks-all-medical-institutions-to-be-accessible/article4628862.ece">"MCI asks all medical institutions to be 'accessible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 18 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-17</span></span>. <q>Accessibility must be considered from the outset when designing assessments, otherwise disabled learners could be unintentionally disadvantaged.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jisc&rft.atitle=Making+assessments+accessible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jisc.ac.uk%2Fguides%2Fmaking-assessments-accessible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoelofs2019" class="citation cs2">Roelofs, Erik (2019), Veldkamp, Bernard P.; Sluijter, Cor (eds.), "A Framework for Improving the Accessibility of Assessment Tasks", <i>Theoretical and Practical Advances in Computer-based Educational Measurement</i>, Methodology of Educational Measurement and Assessment, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 21–45, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-18480-3_2">10.1007/978-3-030-18480-3_2</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-18480-3"><bdi>978-3-030-18480-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Practical+Advances+in+Computer-based+Educational+Measurement&rft.atitle=A+Framework+for+Improving+the+Accessibility+of+Assessment+Tasks&rft.pages=21-45&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-18480-3_2&rft.isbn=978-3-030-18480-3&rft.aulast=Roelofs&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation news cs1">Klein, Alyson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220826002830/https://www.edweek.org/policy-politics/no-child-left-behind-an-overview/2015/04">"No Child Left Behind Overview: Definitions, Requirements, Criticisms, and More"</a>. <i>Education Week</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peabody+College+of+Education+and+Human+Development+%26%23124%3B+Vanderbilt+University&rft.pub=Peabody.vanderbilt.edu&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeabody.vanderbilt.edu%2Ftami.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accessibility&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, culture, sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_children%27s_literature" title="Disability in children's literature">Disability in children's literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_horror_films" title="Disability in horror films">Disability in horror films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" 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