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(2604218611).jpg|thumb|A man [[tobacco smoking|smokes]] at a shop selling cigarettes.]] [[Tobacco smoking]] is popular in [[North Korea]] and culturally acceptable among men, but not for women. {{As of|2019}}, some 43.6% of men are reported to smoke daily, whilst in contrast only 4.5% of women smoke daily, with most of these being older women from rural areas. Smoking is a leading cause of death in North Korea, and {{as of|2021|lc=yes}} mortality figures indicate that 14.2% of North Koreans die due to smoking-related causes, which is the 6th highest rate after [[China]], [[Greenland]], [[Kiribati]], [[Denmark]] and [[Micronesia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hannah |first1=Ritchie |last2=Max |first2=Roser |title=IHME, Global Burden of Disease (2024) – with minor processing by Our World in Data. “Share of total deaths that are from all causes attributed to smoking” [dataset]. IHME, Global Burden of Disease, “Global Burden of Disease - Risk Factors” [original data]. |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-deaths-smoking?tab=table |website=ourworldindata.or |publisher=Our World In Data |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917201053/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-deaths-smoking?tab=table |archive-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> There are [[tobacco control]] programs in North Korea, and although smoking was not [[Smoking ban|prohibited]] in all public spaces, the smoking rates have declined since their peak in the 2000s. However, according to the [[KCNA]], the state news agency of North Korea, the [[Supreme People's Assembly]] has introduced smoking bans in some public places to provide citizens with "hygienic living environments".<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Reuters|date=2020-11-05|title=North Korea bans smoking in public places to safeguard 'hygienic living'|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/05/north-korea-bans-smoking-in-public-places-to-safeguard-hygienic-living|access-date=2020-11-05|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> All three [[Leader of North Korea|leaders of North Korea]] — [[Kim Il Sung]], [[Kim Jong Il]], and [[Kim Jong Un]] — have been smokers and the country has struggled to balance their public image with its anti-smoking efforts. In general, North Koreans tend to prefer strong tobacco and different classes of quality range from homegrown to sought-after foreign brands that are considered [[status symbol]]s. As a percentage of the available arable land compared to consumption, the tobacco crop is over-represented in [[Agriculture in North Korea|North Korean agriculture]]. ==Consumption== Over 5,355,658 adults and 4% of the youth in [[North Korea]] are believed to consume [[tobacco]] daily.<ref>{{cite web |last1=tobacco |first1=atlas |title=Country Factsheets |url=https://tobaccoatlas.org/factsheets/democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/ |website=tobaccoatlas.org |publisher=tobaccoatlas |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823091150/https://tobaccoatlas.org/factsheets/democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/ |archive-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> It is estimated by the [[World Lung Foundation]] and [[American Cancer Society]]'s ''The Tobacco Atlas'' (2019 data) that 43.6% of men, 4.5% of women, nearly 2.4% of boys and 5.1% of girls (aged <15) are daily smokers, with the average smoker (data is likely skewed towards males due to the higher prevalence of smoking in this group) smoking an average of 609 cigarettes per person per year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=tobacco |first1=atlas |title=Country Factsheets |url=https://tobaccoatlas.org/factsheets/democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/ |website=tobaccoatlas.org |publisher=tobaccoatlas |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823091150/https://tobaccoatlas.org/factsheets/democratic-peoples-republic-of-korea/ |archive-date=23 August 2024}}</ref> [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) data is roughly comparable, with 44% of men classified as smokers (only 33% are classed as "daily smokers"),{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=2}} whilst North Korean anti-smoking authorities put the figure even higher, saying that some 54% of men are smokers.<ref name="SCMP2016">{{Cite web | title = Smokers' Paradise: North Korea is Now Urging People to Quit, though Kim Jong-un Sets a Poor Example | agency = Associated Press | work = South China Morning Post | date = 6 July 2016 | access-date = 25 October 2016 | url = http://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/1986135/smokers-paradise-north-korea-now-urging-people-quit-though-kim}}</ref> Overall, the average smoker consumes 12.4 cigarettes per day,<ref name="STEP">{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/entity/chp/steps/DPRK_STEPS_Report_2008.pdf#page=7|title=STEPwise Approach to Chronic Disease Risk Factor Surveillance|year=2007|publisher=World Health Organization|page=7}}</ref> with this figure rising slightly to 15 per day when just male smokers are considered.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=13}} The average smoker starts smoking at the age of 23 and the percentage of the population that smokes increases with age until the 55–64 age group,{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=13}} after which it declines.<ref name="STEP" /> On average, people who live in urban areas tend to smoke more cigarettes per day than rural farmers.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=13}} Data indicate that the prevalence of smoking in North Korea is on par with [[Smoking in South Korea|South Korea]], although South Korean men pick up the habit earlier and smoke more cigarettes per day.{{sfn|Khang|2013|p=926}} The high rate of smoking in South Korea is possibly due to it being a capitalist society, where marketing is prevalent and consumption is uncontrolled.{{sfn|Khang|2013|p=927}} However, much of the current information regarding the smoking habits of North Koreans is obtained by studying [[North Korean defectors]] who now live in South Korea and may not be totally representative of the true picture. One study of defectors found that smoking is even more common than anticipated, but [[nicotine dependence]] was not as severe as predicted. Defectors are reported as often being very interested in quitting smoking.{{sfn|Kim et al.|2016|p=685}} ==History== {{CSS image crop |Image = North Korea (5015253795).jpg |bSize = 780 |cWidth = 220 |cHeight = 330 |oTop = 150 |oLeft = 120 |Location = right |Description = North Korea's first Supreme Leader [[Kim Il Sung]] depicted smoking. All three leaders have been smokers. }} Tobacco first arrived in [[Korea]] in the early-1600s from [[Japan]]{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=107}} and until around 1880, both men and women smoked.{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=109}} Today, North Koreans consider smoking to be a normal activity for men, but [[Women and smoking|female smoking]] has become a social taboo.<ref name="Lee2015"/> All of North Korea's three [[Leader of North Korea|leaders]]—[[Kim Jong Un]], his father [[Kim Jong Il]] and grandfather [[Kim Il Sung]]; have been smokers.<ref>{{Cite web | title = A South Korean Spy Agency Claims They've Worked Out How Much Weight Kim Jong Un Has Put On | last = Oppenheim | first = Maya | work = The Independent | date = 3 July 2016 | access-date = 18 August 2016 | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/kim-jong-un-north-korea-weight-gain-binge-eating-a7117236.html}}</ref> Kim Jong Il has called smokers one of the "three main fools of the 21st century", along with people who do not understand music or computers.<ref name="Choson2016"/> The current leader Kim Jong Un is often seen smoking in public,<ref name="Macdonald2016"/> including in university classrooms, subway carriages, and in the presence of his pregnant wife [[Ri Sol-ju]],<ref name="DailyNK2016"/> facts that "might make the life of the North Korean health educators more complicated."<ref name="Lee2015"/> While discussing any negative aspects of the leaders has normally been rare, some North Koreans have recently raised the issue of the apparent contradiction between anti-smoking measures and Kim's public image with foreigners.<ref name="Macdonald2016"/> ==Culture== ===Women and smoking=== [[Women and smoking|Female smoking]] is a taboo in North Korea<ref name="Lee2015"/> and is considered even more disgraceful than heavy drinking. Women are said to "react with shock if you joke that maybe they secretly smoke in bathrooms".<ref name="Choson2016"/> Smoking by older women, above the age of 45 to 50,{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=109}} is more tolerated, particularly in rural areas.<ref name="Lee2015"/> In comparison, for men smoking is considered such an important social activity that men who do not smoke can become socially isolated at workplaces.<ref name="Lee2015"/> ===Smokers' preferences=== [[File:PYONGYANG SUNAN AIRPORT AWAITING FOR AIR KORYO IL18 DEPARTURE TO ORANG MOUNT CHILBO ON A WET TUESDAY MORNING DPR KOREA OCT 2012 (8195707755).jpg|thumb|Cigarettes being sold at a [[duty-free shop]] at [[Pyongyang Sunan International Airport]]]] Even though most consumer items are in short supply in North Korea, there is a considerable variety of cigarettes available.<ref name="SCMP2016"/> In general, strong tobacco is preferred,<ref name="Lee2015"/> and [[Cigarette filter|filters]] are rare.{{sfn|Hokkanen|2013|p=97}} Western brands, particularly American, but also Chinese, Russian and Japanese<ref name="SCMP2016" />{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} are popular with the elite and preferred over domestic cigarettes.{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} Foreign cigarettes and the domestic [[727 (cigarette)|7.27]] brand, whose name stands for 27 July, the date of the [[Korean Armistice Agreement]]; are veritable [[status symbol]]s.<ref name="SCMP2016"/>{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} [[Menthol cigarette]]s are virtually non-existent, but there is competition among tobacco companies to introduce other attractive products, such as fruit-flavored balls inside the filter to give the cigarette a more distinct flavour.<ref name="SCMP2016" /> Those who have [[hard currency]] can easily buy imported cigarettes from [[hard currency shop]]s,{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} although these will also stock the best domestic brands (such as [[Pak Ma]] (백마)) to convince tourists of the quality of North Korean tobacco.{{sfn|Hokkanen|2013|p=97}} Cigarettes are popular gifts,{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=107}} and tourists are recommended to give Western brands of cigarettes to tour guides.<ref>{{Cite web | title = North Korea Travel Rules and Tips | publisher = New Korea Tours | date = 2014 | access-date = 18 August 2016 | url = http://www.newkoreatours.com/north_korea_travel_rules.html | archive-date = 2 September 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160902003959/http://www.newkoreatours.com/north_korea_travel_rules.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Within the country, cigarettes are used as a form of currency in [[Corruption in North Korea|bribery]].{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=107}} [[File:Air Koryo complimentary newspaper.jpg|thumb|The party newspaper ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]'' is used as [[rolling paper]] for [[roll-your-own cigarette]]s.]] Those who [[Roll-your-own cigarette|roll their own]] tobacco prefer to use sheets of ''[[Rodong Sinmun]]''—the organ of the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|Central Committee]] of the ruling [[Workers' Party of Korea]]—as [[rolling paper]].{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} One piece of the paper can be used to roll some 40–50 cigarettes. According to one defector, when a North Korean "starts to smoke the ''Rodong Sinmun'' tobacco, he cannot smoke other kinds of tobacco. I used to smoke the ''Rodong Sinmun'' tobacco, and after defection, couldn't smoke with Chinese paper tobacco due to the poor taste."<ref>{{Cite web | title = Who Reads North Korea's Rodong Sinmun Newspaper? | work=[[NK News]] | date = 13 October 2015 | access-date = 24 March 2016 | url = https://www.nknews.org/2015/10/who-reads-north-koreas-rodong-sinmun-newspaper/}}</ref> Because the ''Rodong Sinmun'' is in limited circulation, most North Koreans roll their cigarettes with some other paper.{{sfn|Hokkanen|2013|p=98}} ==Health effects== The health impacts of smoking are well documented and in North Korea the high prevalence of smoking has a significant impact on the health of the population.{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=13}} {{as of|2021|lc=yes}} mortality figures indicate that 14.2% of North Koreans die due to smoking-related causes, which is the 6th highest rate after [[China]], [[Greenland]], [[Kiribati]], [[Denmark]] and [[Micronesia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hannah |first1=Ritchie |last2=Max |first2=Roser |title=IHME, Global Burden of Disease (2024) – with minor processing by Our World in Data. “Share of total deaths that are from all causes attributed to smoking” [dataset]. IHME, Global Burden of Disease, “Global Burden of Disease - Risk Factors” [original data]. |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-deaths-smoking?tab=table |website=ourworldindata.or |publisher=Our World In Data |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917201053/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-deaths-smoking?tab=table |archive-date=17 September 2024}}</ref> ==Tobacco control== Tobacco is sold only at designated shops at a fixed price set by the government.{{sfn|WHO|2011|p=22}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|2009|loc=Articles 22 and 23}}}} {{As of|2014}}, a 20-pack of the most common cigarette brand costs 246.38 [[North Korean won|KPW]] (US$2.51),{{sfn|''WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic''|2015|p=137}} whilst the cheapest 20-pack sells for as little as 7.47 won (US$0.08).{{sfn|''WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic''|2015|p=149}} North Korea has set up specific government objectives for [[tobacco control]] and there is a national agency to implement them, with eight full-time staff members.{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=1}} Although there is no free of charge [[smoking cessation]] [[quitline]] that smokers could phone and discuss their problems, most healthcare facilities offer support in cessation,{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=4}} including cessation programs and [[nicotine replacement therapy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/quitting/ |title=Quitting |publisher=World Lung Foundation| website=The Tobacco Atlas |date=2012 |access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref> Costs are covered for the patient partially, or in full by the state.{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=4}} In addition to regular healthcare clinics, there are eleven specialized anti-smoking centers in the country where consultation is free, but medicine is not.<ref name="SCMP2016"/> Of medicines, [[bupropion]] and [[varenicline]] are not legally available in North Korea,{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=4}} but herbal medicines are used as smoking cessation aids.<ref name="SCMP2016"/> There have been attempts at anti-smoking movements "across the generations" in the country,<ref name="Macdonald2016"/> with the earliest major campaign taking place in 2004.<ref name="Choson2016">{{Cite web | title = Smoking in Pyongyang | work = chosonexchange.org | publisher = Choson Exchange | date = 30 June 2016 | access-date = 25 October 2016 | url = http://www.chosonexchange.org/our-blog/2016/6/30/smoking-in-pyongyang}}</ref> While early campaigns had little effect, they have become more frequent in the 2010s and restrictions on smoking have been observed more closely in recent years;<ref name="Macdonald2016">{{Cite web | title = Mixed Messages on Smoking Restrictions in North Korea | last = Macdonald | first = Hamish | work=[[NK News]] | date = 6 July 2016 | access-date = 25 October 2016 | url = https://www.nknews.org/2016/07/mixed-messages-on-smoking-restrictions-in-north-korea/}}</ref> consequently, since the early-2000s; smoking rates have started to decline.<ref name="Lee2015">{{Cite web | title = North Korea's Halting Anti-smoking Efforts | first = Michelle |last = Lee | work=[[NK News]] | date = 4 December 2015 | access-date = 28 July 2016 | url = https://www.nknews.org/2015/12/north-koreas-halting-anti-smoking-efforts/}}</ref> There are signs that the North Korean government takes anti-smoking campaigns more seriously than they did in the past.<ref name="Macdonald2016" /> According to the WHO, North Korea now "keenly celebrates [[World No Tobacco Day]] (WNTD) every year and disseminates information about tobacco use and its effect on health. The Government persuades public health institutions and the media to spread the information about the health effects of tobacco and its adverse impact on environmental protection and economic development."{{sfn|WHO|2011|p=22}} ===Law=== Smoking legislation in North Korea has tightened in recent years, although it is still relatively lax and has not had any really meaningful effect on curtailing smoking rates.<ref name="DailyNK2016"/><ref name="Macdonald2016"/> The rules on where people can or cannot smoke are complex, with smoking prohibited on pavements, ferries, aircraft and at stations, in healthcare and educational facilities, pre-schools and nurseries, shops, theaters, cinemas, culture halls and conference rooms, historic and battle sites, and hotel lobbies.<ref name="Macdonald2016" />{{sfn|WHO|2011|p=22}}{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=3}}{{sfn|WHO|2012|p=88}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|2009|loc=Articles 27 and 28}}}} However, smoking is not prohibited in either private or work vehicles or on-board trains, at bus stops, near entrances to buildings, in universities, government offices, workplaces, restaurants, cafes, bars, or nightclubs.<ref name="Macdonald2016" />{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=3}}{{sfn|WHO|2012|p=88}} [[File:Grand People's Study House, smoking lounge.JPG|thumb|left|A smoking lounge at the [[Grand People's Study House]] in [[Pyongyang]]]] Some of the legislation is observed with high levels of compliance,{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=3}} but not uniformly throughout the country.<ref name="Macdonald2016"/> There are not mandatory fines for smoking transgressions,{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=3}} although the newest 2016 anti-smoking campaign has seen fines issued and offenders threatened with images of them being broadcast on TV.<ref name="DailyNK2016">{{Cite web | title = Smoking Ban by Cigarette-loving Kim Riles Residents | author = Seol Song Ah | work=[[Daily NK]] | date = 27 June 2016 | access-date = 25 October 2016 | url = http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=13961}}</ref> [[Tobacco packaging warning messages]] are required on all types of packaging, but their appearance is not regulated in any way.{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|pp=5–6}} They are usually printed in small print on the side of the package and only state that smoking is harmful to health.<ref name="SCMP2016" /> However, the descriptions must state the [[nicotine]] and [[Tar (tobacco residue)|tar]] content,{{sfn|WHO|2011|p=22}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|2009|loc=Article 12}}}} must not be misleading and do need to be approved by local authorities.{{sfn|WHO|2012|p=80}} Graphic warning images that are now common worldwide have never appeared on packaging in North Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/warnings-packaging/ |title=Warnings & Packaging |publisher=World Lung Foundation |website=The Tobacco Atlas |date=2015 |access-date=31 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906180844/http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/warnings-packaging/ |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref> Since the creation of the smoking prohibition act in 2020, there are now posters at smoking places displaying graphic images of the effects of smoking, including images of gangrene and lip cancer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=More and more people eager to quit smoking|url=http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/?bbs=38268|access-date=2021-06-01|website=[[The Pyongyang Times]]|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531144721/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/?bbs=38268|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are no restrictions on [[tobacco advertising]],{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=8}} although there are no advertising campaigns of any kind in [[media of North Korea|North Korean media]].{{sfn|WHO|2009|p=68}} Tobacco may not be sold to minors{{efn|{{harvnb|Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|2009|loc=Article 24}}}}{{sfn|WHO|2011|p=23}} (those under the age of seventeen)<ref name="SCMP2016" /> and [[cigarette machine]]s are banned.{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=8}}{{efn|{{harvnb|Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|2009|loc=Article 22}}}} North Korea imposes no kind of tax at all on tobacco, including specific [[excise]], ''[[ad valorem]]'' excise, [[value-added tax]], [[sales tax]], or [[import duty]].{{sfn|''WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic''|2015|p=137}} [[Electronic cigarette]]s are legal.{{sfn|''WHO Country Profile''|2015|p=9}} North Korea signed the [[WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]] on 17 June 2003 and ratified it on 27 April 2005.{{sfn|''WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic''|2015|p=192}} In 2020, a new legislation concerning smoking was created with a total of 31 articles. The law bans the smoking of cigarettes in public and commercial places such as at childcare, medical and educational facilities, restaurants, at locations where smoking would be a hazard and at welfare service amenities. This law also restricts the sale of cigarettes to only licensed shops. The law also created a tobacco cessation service which will also provide treatment and publicity campaigns against smoking. Before this law, the fine was not encouraged and the penalty was minimal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smoking control gets stricter|url=http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/?bbs=38269|access-date=2021-06-01|website=[[The Pyongyang Times]]|archive-date=31 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531144723/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/?bbs=38269|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tobacco industry== The tobacco industry in North Korea is substantial,<ref name="Choson2016"/> with 53,000 hectares (2.3% of its arable land)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/growing-tobacco/|title=Growing Tobacco|date=2012|website=The Tobacco Atlas|publisher=World Lung Foundation|access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref> dedicated to tobacco cultivation. This is the fourth-highest percentage of arable land dedicated to tobacco in the world,{{sfn|Eriksen|Mackay|Schluger|Gomeshtapeh|2015|p=47}} with the annual output exceeding 80,000 tonnes, making North Korea one of the top 25 tobacco producers worldwide. The best, strongest and most expensive tobacco comes from the north of the DPRK near [[China–North Korea border|the border with China]].{{sfn|Hokkanen|2013|p=98}} There are many North Korean tobacco companies,<ref name="Choson2016"/> making some 30 different types of cigarettes,{{sfn|Lankov|2007|page=107}} with the biggest tobacco company being the North Korea General Tobacco Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tobaccoatlas.org/topic/tobacco-companies/|title=Tobacco Companies|date=2014|website=The Tobacco Atlas|publisher=World Lung Foundation|access-date=31 May 2016}}</ref> Some companies export tobacco to the [[Middle East]] and elsewhere, sometimes in partnership with foreign firms. For example, the [[Taedong River Tobacco Company]] (대동강담배합영회사) and the [[Rason Shinhung Tobacco Company]] (라선신흥담배회사), both operating in the [[Rason Special Economic Zone]], are partnered with the Chinese [[Jilin Tobacco]]. [[British American Tobacco]] also has business in the country, but it has reduced its involvement due to political pressure and public relations reasons.<ref name="Choson2016" /> During the [[Cold War]], North Korea paid for goods it imported from the [[Soviet Union]] with poor quality tobacco.<ref name="Lankov2015">{{cite book|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|title=[[The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia]]|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-939003-8|page=76}}</ref> Later, during the years of the [[Sunshine Policy]], high-end [[Pyongyang (cigarette)|Pyongyang]] brand cigarettes were exported to South Korea where they were popular among South Koreans who wanted to express a pro-[[Korean reunification|reunification]] stance.{{sfn|Hokkanen|2013|p=97}} There are some privately owned tobacco factories, some of which are known to produce [[Counterfeit consumer goods|counterfeit]] brand cigarettes for export as part of [[North Korea's illicit activities]] to earn hard currency.{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} North Korea is one of the largest producers of counterfeit cigarettes in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cha|first=Victor|title=The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AShswwfIbqsC&pg=PA8|year=2012|publisher=Random House|location=London|isbn=978-1-4481-3958-3|page=8}}</ref> Leaf tobacco is cheap and can be bought from markets to roll one's own cigarettes. Many rural farmers produce homegrown tobacco on their own plot of land, while others steal tobacco from co-operative farms for sale.{{sfn|Lankov|2007|p=108}} ==See also== {{Portal|North Korea}} {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| *{{Annotated link|Azalea (chimpanzee)}} *[[Beer in North Korea]] *[[Cannabis in North Korea]] *[[Health effects of tobacco]] *[[Health in North Korea]] *[[Korea Sogyong Trading]] *[[List of countries by cigarette consumption per capita]] *[[Prevalence of tobacco use]] *[[Smoking age]] *[[Smoking in China]] *[[Smoking in South Korea]] *[[Women and smoking]] }} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|url=http://3pk43x313ggr4cy0lh3tctjh.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TA5_2015_WEB.pdf#page=9|title=The Tobacco Atlas|edition=Fifth|location=Atlanta|publisher=American Cancer Society|date=2015|first1=Micahel|last1=Eriksen|first2=Judith|last2=Mackay|first3=Neil|last3=Schluger|first4=Farhad Islami|last4=Gomeshtapeh|first5=Jeffery|last5=Drope|isbn=978-1-60443-235-0|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016082748/http://3pk43x313ggr4cy0lh3tctjh.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/TA5_2015_WEB.pdf#page=9|url-status=dead}} *{{cite book|last=Hokkanen|first=Jouni|title=Pohjois-Korea: Siperiasta itään|year=2013|publisher=Johnny Kniga|location=Helsinki|language=fi|isbn=978-951-0-39946-0|trans-title=North Korea: East of Siberia}} *{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=Two Koreas, War and Health|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|volume=42|pages=925–929|doi=10.1093/ije/dyt134|pmid=24062281|author=Khang Young-Ho |number=4|ref={{SfnRef|Khang|2013}}|doi-access=free}} *{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=Smoking Habits and Nicotine Dependence of North Korean Male Defectors|journal=Korean Journal of Internal Medicine|volume=31|pages=685–693|doi=10.3904/kjim.2015.114|pmid=26951917|author1=Kim Sei Won|author2=Lee Jong Min|author3=Ban Woo Ho|author4=Park Chan Kwon|author5=Yoon Hyoung Kyu|author6=Lee Sang Haak |number=4|pmc=4939500|ref={{SfnRef|Kim et al.|2016}}}} *{{cite book|last=Lankov|first=Andrei|title=North of the DMZ: Essays on Daily Life in North Korea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmKiUkUE_p8C&pg=PA107|year=2007|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson|isbn=978-0-7864-5141-8}} *{{cite web|title=Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|year=2010|orig-year=2009|location=Pyongyang|publisher=Legislation Press|url=http://www.tobaccocontrollaws.org/files/live/North%20Korea/North%20Korea%20-%20TC%20Law.pdf#page=12|ref={{harvid|Law of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Tobacco Control|2009}}}} *{{cite book|title=WHO Country Cooperation Strategy: Democratic People's Republic of Korea 2009–2013|year=2009|author=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia|url=https://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_prk_en.pdf#page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213183349/http://www.who.int/countryfocus/cooperation_strategy/ccs_prk_en.pdf#page=13|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 December 2007}} *{{cite book|title=Profile on Implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the South-East Asia Region|url=https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/205678|author=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia|year=2011|hdl=10665/205678 |isbn=978-92-9022-398-6}} *{{cite book|title=2012 Global Progress Report on Implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control|url=https://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/79170#.pdf|isbn=978-92-4-150465-2|location=Geneva|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2012|author=WHO}} *{{cite book|url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/prk.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025032414/http://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/prk.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2013|title=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2015: Country Profile: Democratic People's Republic of Korea|year=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|author=WHO Country Profile}} *{{cite book|title=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2015: Raising Taxes on Tobacco|url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/report/en/#.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710052813/http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2015/report/en/#.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2015|isbn=978-92-4-069460-6|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2015|author=WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic}} {{refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Tobacco of North Korea}} 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