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aria-controls="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_"relaxationism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_"relaxationism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Western "relaxationism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_"relaxationism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dennis_Boyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dennis_Boyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dennis Boyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dennis_Boyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satyananda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satyananda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Satyananda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satyananda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swami_Rama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swami_Rama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Swami Rama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swami_Rama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Miller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Miller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Richard Miller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Miller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-lineage_yoga_nidra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-lineage_yoga_nidra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-lineage yoga nidra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-lineage_yoga_nidra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scientific evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="يوجا نيدرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوجا نيدرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yoga nidra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" title="Yoga Nidra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yoga Nidra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1_%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Γιόγκα νίντρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόγκα νίντρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="یوگا نیدرا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوگا نیدرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoga nidra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="योग निद्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योग निद्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="योगनिद्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="योगनिद्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yoga nidra" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9" title="ヨガ・ニドラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨガ・ニドラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joganidra" title="Joganidra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joganidra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Йога-нидра – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йога-нидра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" title="Yoga Nidra – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoga Nidra" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of consciousness between waking and sleeping induced by a guided meditation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shavasana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shavasana.jpg/300px-Shavasana.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shavasana.jpg/450px-Shavasana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Shavasana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Shavasana</a>, the usual pose for the practice of yoga nidra</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Yoga nidra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">योग निद्रा</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">yoga nidrā</i></span>) or <b>yogic sleep</b> in modern usage is a state of <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> between waking and sleeping, typically induced by a <a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">guided meditation</a>. </p><p>A state called yoga nidra is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, while a goddess named <a href="/wiki/Yogamaya" title="Yogamaya">Yoganidrā</a> appears in the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devīmāhātmya</a></i>. Yoga nidra is linked to meditation in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantras</a>, while some medieval <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">hatha yoga</a> texts use "yoganidra" as a synonym for the deep meditative state of <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>. These texts however offer no precedent for the modern technique of guided meditation. That derives from 19th and 20th century Western "proprioceptive relaxation" as described by practitioners such as <a href="/wiki/Annie_Payson_Call" title="Annie Payson Call">Annie Payson Call</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jacobson" title="Edmund Jacobson">Edmund Jacobson</a>. </p><p>The modern form of the technique, pioneered by Dennis Boyes in 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyes_1973_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyes_1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made widely known by <a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a> in 1976, and then by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">Richard Miller</a>, and others has spread worldwide. It is applied by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> to assist soldier recovery from <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>. There is limited scientific evidence that the technique helps relieve stress. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_usage">Historical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindoo_Gods;_Wallpaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hindoo_Gods%3B_Wallpaper.jpg/220px-Hindoo_Gods%3B_Wallpaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hindoo_Gods%3B_Wallpaper.jpg/330px-Hindoo_Gods%3B_Wallpaper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hindoo_Gods%3B_Wallpaper.jpg/440px-Hindoo_Gods%3B_Wallpaper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> asleep on the eternal waters, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, completed by the 3rd century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions a state called "yoganidra", and associates it with Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Mahabharata_XXI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahabharata_XXI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Ocean] becomes the bed of the lotus-naveled <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> when at the termination of every <a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a> that deity of immeasurable power enjoys yoga-nidra, the deep sleep under the spell of spiritual meditation.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, Book 1, section XXI</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devīmāhātmya</a></i>, written around the 6th century CE, mentions a goddess whose name is Yoganidrā. The God Brahma asks Yoganidrā to wake up Vishnu to go and fight the <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> or demigods named Madhu and Kaitabha.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early mentions do not define any yoga technique or practice, but describe the God Vishnu's transcendental sleep in between the Yugas, the cycles of the universe, and the manifestation of the goddess as sleep itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_practices">Medieval practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yoganidra is first linked to meditation in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantras</a>. In the Shaiva text <i>Ciñcinīmatasārasamuccaya</i> (7.164), yoganidra is called "peace beyond words"; in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81m%C4%81y%C4%81_Tantra" title="Mahāmāyā Tantra">Mahāmāyātantra</a></i> (2.19ab) it is named as a state in which perfected Buddhas may access secret knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 11th or 12th century, yoganidra is first used in <a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Raja yoga</a> texts as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>, a deep state of meditative consciousness where the yogi no longer thinks, moves, or breathes. The <i>Amanaska</i> (2.64) asserts that "Just as someone who has suddenly arisen from sleep becomes aware of sense objects, so the yogi wakes up from that [world of sense objects] at the end of his yogic sleep."<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 14th century, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yogat%C4%81r%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Yogatārāvalī">Yogatārāvalī</a></i> (24–26) gives a more detailed description, stating that yoganidra "removes all thought of the world of multiplicity" in the advanced yogi who has completely uprooted his "network of Karma". He then enters the "fourth state", namely <a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">turiya</a> or samadhi, beyond the usual states of waking, dreaming, and deep sleep, "that special thoughtless sleep, which consists of [just] consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 15th century <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Haṭha Yoga Pradīpikā</a></i> goes further, stating (4.49) that "One should practice Khecarī Mudrā until one is asleep in yoga. For one who has achieved Yoganidrā, death never occurs." <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">Khecarī Mudrā</a> is the Hatha yoga practice of folding the tongue back so that it reaches inside the nasal cavity, where it can enable the yogi to reach samadhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Haṭha Ratnāvalī</a></i> (3.70), <a href="/wiki/Yoganidrasana" title="Yoganidrasana">Yoganidrasana</a> is first described. It is an <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a> or yoga pose where the legs are wrapped around the back of the neck. The text says that the yogi should sleep in this position, which "bestows bliss".<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These texts view yoganidra as a state, not a practice in itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_"relaxationism""><span id="Western_.22relaxationism.22"></span>Western "relaxationism"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western "relaxationism""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Annie_Payson_Call.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Modern yoga nidra derives from Western "relaxationist" techniques proposed by authors such as <a href="/wiki/Annie_Payson_Call" title="Annie Payson Call">Annie Payson Call</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Singleton_2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singleton_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The yoga scholar <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a> states that while relaxation is a primary feature of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">modern Western yoga</a>, its relaxation techniques "have no precedent in the pre-modern yoga tradition", but derive mostly from 19th and 20th century Western "proprioceptive relaxation".<sup id="cite_ref-Singleton_2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singleton_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prescriptive approach was described by authors such as the "relaxationist" <a href="/wiki/Annie_Payson_Call" title="Annie Payson Call">Annie Payson Call</a> in her 1891 book <i>Power through Repose</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Chicago psychiatrist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jacobson" title="Edmund Jacobson">Edmund Jacobson</a>, the creator of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_muscle_relaxation" title="Progressive muscle relaxation">progressive muscle relaxation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">biofeedback</a>, in his 1934 book <i>You Must Relax!</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Once on the floor, give way to it as far as possible. Every day you will become more sensitive to tension, and every day you will be better able to drop it. While you are flat on your backs, if you can find some one to "prove" your relaxation, so much the better. Let your friend lift an arm, bending it at the different joints, and then carefully lay it down. See if you can give its weight entirely to the other person, so that it seems to be no part of you, but as separate as if it were three bags of sand, fastened loosely at the wrist, the elbow, and the shoulder; it will then be full of life without tension.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Annie_Payson_Call" title="Annie Payson Call">Annie Payson Call</a>, <i>Power through Repose</i>, Chapter 12 "Training for Rest"</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dennis_Boyes">Dennis Boyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dennis Boyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">French yoga</a> advocate Dennis Boyes published his book <i>Le Yoga du sommeil éveillé; méthode de relaxation, yoga nidra</i> ("The Yoga of Waking Sleep: method of relaxation, yoga nidra").<sup id="cite_ref-Boyes_1973_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyes_1973-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first known usage of "yoga nidra" in a modern sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the book, Boyes makes use of relaxation techniques including the direction of attention to each part of the body:<sup id="cite_ref-Godefroy_2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Godefroy_2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dirigez votre attention dans le front de votre visage... Sentez bien le front... Descendez un peu jusqu'à l’œil droit... Guidez votre attention dans l’œil... Eprouvez la forme sphéroïde du globe oculaire... Essayez de bien sentir, doucement... directement, sans utiliser la pensée ou l'image mentale...</i></span> </p><p>Direct your attention into your forehead... Feel the forehead well... Go down a little to the right eye... Guide your attention into the eye... Experience the spheroidal shape of the eyeball... Try to feel it well, softly... directly, without using thought or a mental image... </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dennis Boyes</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The French journal <i>Revue 3<sup>e</sup> Millénaire</i>, reviewing Boyes's approach in 1984, wrote that Boyes proposes relaxation in order to "reach the state of emptiness". The person thus imperceptibly moves to a stage where relaxation becomes meditation and can remain there once the mind's obsession with external objects or thoughts is removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Revue_3e_M_1984_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revue_3e_M_1984-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satyananda">Satyananda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Satyananda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a> claimed to have experienced yoga nidra when he was living with his guru <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a>. In 1976, he constructed a system of relaxation through guided meditation,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he popularized in the mid-20th century. He explained yoga nidra as a state of mind between wakefulness and sleep that opened deep phases of the mind, suggesting a connection with the ancient <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> practice called <a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">nyasa</a>, whereby <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a> are mentally placed within specific body parts while meditating on each part (of the <a href="/wiki/Bodymind" title="Bodymind">bodymind</a>). The form of practice taught by Satyananda includes eight stages (internalisation, resolve (sankalpa), rotation of consciousness, breath awareness, manifestation of opposites, creative visualization, repeated resolve (sankalpa), and externalisation). Satyananda used this technique, along with the suggestion, on the child who was to become his successor, <a href="/wiki/Niranjanananda_Saraswati" title="Niranjanananda Saraswati">Niranjanananda Saraswati</a>, from age four. He claimed to have been taught several languages by this method.<sup id="cite_ref-(Swami)1974_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Swami)1974-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satyananda's multi-stage yoga nidra technique is not found in ancient or medieval texts. However, the yoga scholars <a href="/wiki/Jason_Birch" title="Jason Birch">Jason Birch</a> and Jacqueline Hargreaves note that there are analogues for several of his yoga nidra activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Birch & Hargreaves' analysis of origins of <a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda's</a> Yoga nidra<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Satyananda</th> <th>Earlier practices</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Preparation</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">Savasana</a>, lying down, was used in <a href="/wiki/Laya_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya yoga">Laya yoga</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Datt%C4%81treyayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dattātreyayogaśāstra">Dattātreyayogaśāstra</a></i>.</td> <td>It was a meditation technique, not a preparatory stage. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Resolve / <i>Sankalpa</i></td> <td><i>Sankalpa</i> was intentional thinking.</td> <td>Medieval texts like <i><a href="/wiki/Amanaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Amanaska">Amanaska</a></i> sought to rid the mind of <i>Sankalpa</i>, not to use it. Satyananda was probably following Western relaxation therapies. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. Rotation of consciousness</td> <td><i>Nyāsa</i> is described in <i>Mahānirvānatantra</i> and other tantras.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Woodroffe" title="John Woodroffe">Sir John Woodroffe</a>'s translation (chapter 3, 39–43) says one should say mantras in turn over six parts of the body. Satyananda could have built up his practice starting from this. The 14th century <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yogayājñavalkya</a></i> (7.6–31ab) describes an 18-point body scan for <a href="/wiki/Praty%C4%81h%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyāhāra">pratyāhāra</a> (withdrawal of the senses, one of the <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">eight limbs of yoga</a>) but there is no evidence Satyananda knew of this. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. Awareness of breath</td> <td>———</td> <td>The 13th century <i><a href="/wiki/Vivekam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Vivekamārtaṇḍa">Vivekamārtaṇḍa</a></i> names the sounds of inbreath and outbreath, implying awareness of breath. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. Feelings and sensations</td> <td>The 14th century <i><a href="/wiki/Yogab%C4%ABja" title="Yogabīja">Yogabīja</a></i> (verse 90) calls yoga "the union of the multitude of opposites".</td> <td>It is unclear whether Satyananda made use of medieval texts for this activity. The texts speak of transcending opposites, whereas he uses them in meditation. </td></tr> <tr> <td>6. Creative visualisation</td> <td>Visualisations were the characteristic feature of tantric yoga, with <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyāna</a> using complex images of a deity.</td> <td>Satyananda uses other images, such as the cross or golden egg, but his process of <a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">concentration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">meditation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">absorption</a> is like that in yoga texts. </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. Repeated resolve / <i>Sankalpa</i>, ending</td> <td>Intentional thinking, as in item (2.)</td> <td>Satyananda repeats the Resolve stage and then gradually brings the mind back to wakefulness. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Yoga nidra in this modern sense is a state in which the body is completely relaxed, and the practitioner becomes systematically and increasingly aware of the inner world by following a set of verbal instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Desai_2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desai_2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This state of consciousness is different from <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, in which concentration on a single focus is required.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In yoga nidra the practitioner remains in a state of light withdrawal of the 5 senses (<a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">pratyahara</a>) with four senses internalised, that is, withdrawn, and only hearing still connects to any instructions given.<sup id="cite_ref-Ross_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ross-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swami_Rama">Swami Rama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Swami Rama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a> taught a form of yoga nidra (in a broad sense), which involves an exercise called shavayatra, "inner pilgrimage [through the body]", which directs the attention around "61 sacred points of the body" during relaxation in <a href="/wiki/Shavasana" title="Shavasana">shavasana</a>, corpse pose. A second exercise, shithali karana, is said to induce "a very deep state of relaxation", and is described as a preliminary for yoga nidra (in a narrow sense). It, too, is performed in Shavasana, involving exhalations imagined as directed from the crown of the head to different points around the body, each repeated 5 or 10 times. The yoga nidra exercise involves directed breathing on the left side, then the right side, then in Shavasana. In Shavasana, the attention is directed to the eyebrow, throat, and heart centers or <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swami_Rama_2016_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swami_Rama_2016-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Miller">Richard Miller</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Richard Miller"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">yoga as therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">Richard Miller</a>, has developed the use of yoga nidra for rehabilitating soldiers in pain, using the Integrative Restoration (iRest) methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miller worked with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Army Medical Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a> studying the efficacy of the approach.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i>, "Miller is responsible for bringing the practice to a remarkable variety of nontraditional settings," which includes "military bases and in veterans' clinics, homeless shelters, Montessori schools, Head Start programs, hospitals, hospices, chemical dependency centers, and jails."<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin_2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin_2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iRest protocol was used with soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan suffering from <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apa_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Surgeon General of the United States Army">Surgeon General of the United States Army</a> endorsed Yoga Nidra as a complementary alternative medicine (CAM) for chronic pain in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Uma_Dinsmore-Tuli"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-lineage_yoga_nidra">Post-lineage yoga nidra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-lineage yoga nidra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a></div> <p>In 2021, the yoga teachers Uma Dinsmore-Tuli and Nirlipta Tuli jointly published a "declaration of independence for Yoga Nidrā Shakti". In it, they stated that yoga nidra had become commodified and promoted by commercial organisations for profit; that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">abuse had taken place</a> within those organisations; and that the organisations had propagated origin stories for yoga nidra "that privilege their own founders" and exclude or neglect older roots of the practice. They state their shock at abuses by Satyananda, Swami Rama, <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a>, and Richard Miller. They invite practitioners and teachers to learn about the history of yoga nidra outside organisational boundaries and to work without "trademarked versions" of the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuli_Dinsmore-Tuli_2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuli_Dinsmore-Tuli_2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> teacher <a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a> states that "This body-sensing journey [that I teach in Mindful Yoga] ... is one variation of the ancient practice of Yoga nidra ... and of the body-scan technique commonly used in the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a> tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-Cushman_2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cushman_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cultural historian <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Shearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alistair Shearer">Alistair Shearer</a> writes that the name yoga nidra is an umbrella term for different systems of "progressive relaxation or 'guided meditation'."<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer_2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He comments that Satyananda promoted his version of yoga nidra, claiming it was ancient, when its connections to ancient texts "seem vague at best".<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer_2020_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shearer writes that other teachers have defined yoga nidra as "the state of conscious sleep" in which inner awareness is maintained, without reference to Satyananda's method of progressive relaxation by directing attention to different parts of the body. Shearer attributes this "inner lucidity" to the <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhi" title="Buddhi">buddhi</a></i> (intellect, literally "wakefulness") of <a href="/wiki/Sankhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhya">Sankhya</a> philosophy. He compares <i>buddhi</i> to the "intellect" discussed by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a> at about the same time as Patanjali's <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shearer_2020_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shearer_2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_evidence">Scientific evidence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a> for the action of yoga nidra is patchy. Parker (2019) conducted a single-observation study of a famous <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>; in it, Swami Rama demonstrated conscious entry into <a href="/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Non-rapid eye movement sleep">NREM</a> <a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">delta wave</a> sleep through yoga nidra, while a disciple produced delta and <a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">theta waves</a> even with eyes open and talking.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30732840_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30732840-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A therapeutic model<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was developed by Datta and Colleagues (2017) and the same appeared to be useful for insomnia patients.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datta and colleagues (2022) report a beneficial effect of yoga nidra on the sleep of forty-five male athletes, noting that sportsmen often have sleep problems. Their small <a href="/wiki/Randomised_controlled_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Randomised controlled trial">randomised controlled trial</a> found improvements in subjective <a href="/wiki/Sleep_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep latency">sleep latency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_efficiency" title="Sleep efficiency">sleep efficiency</a> with four weeks of yoga nidra compared to progressive muscular relaxation<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (used as the control).<sup id="cite_ref-Datta_Yadav_Narawade_Mahajan_2022_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Datta_Yadav_Narawade_Mahajan_2022-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Primary_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary research">Primary research</a>, sometimes informal, on a small scale, and without strictly controlled trials, has been conducted on various aspects of yoga nidra. These have made tentative findings of benefits to mind and body such as increased <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> release in the brain,<sup id="cite_ref-Kjaer_Bertelsen_Piccini_Brooks_2002_pp._255–259_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kjaer_Bertelsen_Piccini_Brooks_2002_pp._255–259-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> improved <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate_variability" title="Heart rate variability">heart rate variability</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Markil_Whitehurst_Jacobs_Zoeller_2012_pp._953–958_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markil_Whitehurst_Jacobs_Zoeller_2012_pp._953–958-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced blood pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced anxiety,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and improved self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References to the fourth state (<i>turiya</i>) and the ordinary states of waking, dreaming and dreamless sleep can be found in the much older <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE) and later <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> texts (6–7th CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">Richard Miller</a> credits Sivananda and several of his disciples—Swamis Satyananda, Satchidananda, and Vishnudevananda as "revitaliz[ing]" yoga nidra in the 20th century; also Boyes, Swami Rama, Swami Veda Bharati, and Brahmananda Sarasvati of Surat Shabd Yoga "among others".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Progressive muscular relaxation is a method to relieve tension by tensing a group of muscles when breathing in, and relaxing it when breathing out; the muscle groups are tensed and relaxed in a prescribed sequence.<sup id="cite_ref-UMich_2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMich_2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyes_1973-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyes_1973_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyes_1973_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyes1973" class="citation book cs1">Boyes, Dennis (1973). <i>Le Yoga du sommeil éveillé; méthode de relaxation, yoga nidra</i>. Paris: Épi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2283047">2283047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Yoga+du+sommeil+%C3%A9veill%C3%A9%3B+m%C3%A9thode+de+relaxation%2C+yoga+nidra&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89pi&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2283047&rft.aulast=Boyes&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birch_Hargreaves_2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_Hargreaves_2015_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirchHargreaves2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Birch" title="Jason Birch">Birch, Jason</a>; Hargreaves, Jacqueline (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theluminescent.org/2015/01/yoganidra.html">"Yoganidrā"</a>. <i>The Luminescent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116034513/https://www.theluminescent.org/2015/01/yoganidra.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Luminescent&rft.atitle=Yoganidr%C4%81&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theluminescent.org%2F2015%2F01%2Fyoganidra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <i>Roots of Yoga</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. xxxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>. <q>It is notoriously difficult to date Indian texts. 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International Yoga Fellowship Movement. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra-yoga+panorama&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=International+Yoga+Fellowship+Movement&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Swami+Satyananda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkwvAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Gillian (23 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090729073611/https://www.abc.net.au/health/library/stories/2009/07/23/2633472.htm">"Yoga nidra: deep relaxation practice"</a>. ABC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/health/library/stories/2009/07/23/2633472.htm">the original</a> on 29 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoga+nidra%3A+deep+relaxation+practice&rft.pub=ABC&rft.date=2009-07-23&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Gillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fhealth%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2009%2F07%2F23%2F2633472.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai_2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desai_2017_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2017" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Kamini (2017). <i>Yoga Nidra The Art of Transformational Sleep</i>. Twin Lakes USA: Lotus Press. p. 689. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6086-9213-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6086-9213-2"><bdi>978-1-6086-9213-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Nidra+The+Art+of+Transformational+Sleep&rft.place=Twin+Lakes+USA&rft.pages=689&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-6086-9213-2&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Kamini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccio2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Boccio, Frank</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mindfulnessyogaa0000bocc"><i>Mindfulness Yoga: the awakened union of breath, body and mind</i></a></span>. Wisdom Publications. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-335-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-335-6"><bdi>978-0-86171-335-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53483563">53483563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mindfulness+Yoga%3A+the+awakened+union+of+breath%2C+body+and+mind&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53483563&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-335-6&rft.aulast=Boccio&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmindfulnessyogaa0000bocc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swami_Rama_2016-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swami_Rama_2016_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Rama2016" class="citation book cs1">Swami Rama (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swamiramasociety.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/booklet-yn.pdf"><i>Practices of the Himalayan Tradition as taught by Swami Rama Volume 2: Yoga Nidra</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India: Himalayan Institute Hospital Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88157-89-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88157-89-1"><bdi>978-81-88157-89-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practices+of+the+Himalayan+Tradition+as+taught+by+Swami+Rama+Volume+2%3A+Yoga+Nidra&rft.place=Dehradun%2C+Uttarakhand%2C+India&rft.pub=Himalayan+Institute+Hospital+Trust&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-81-88157-89-1&rft.au=Swami+Rama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swamiramasociety.org%2Fwordpress%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F05%2Fbooklet-yn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">Miller, Richard</a> (2005). <i>Yoga Nidra: the meditative heart of yoga</i>. Boulder, Colorado: Sounds True. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59179-379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59179-379-3"><bdi>978-1-59179-379-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62705943">62705943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Nidra%3A+the+meditative+heart+of+yoga&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Sounds+True&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62705943&rft.isbn=978-1-59179-379-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528072610/http://www.foh.dhhs.gov/eapnews/uscg/winter2010/LetsTalk.pdf">"Yoga-based Treatments Beat Stress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Let's Talk</i> (Winter 2010): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foh.dhhs.gov/eapnews/uscg/winter2010/LetsTalk.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2010. <q>As a natural alternative to medication, yoga offers tools that mitigate stress and improve quality of life. It can also have a positive effect on blood pressure and heart rate. Practicing yoga postures increase relaxation while the inward focus and meditation enhances calm. Yoga's favorable track record prompted the Department of Defense (DoD) to first pilot, and then adopt a yoga-based Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) reduction program utilizing a form of Yoga Nidra. The program, called iRest (Integrative Restoration), utilizes yoga, progressive relaxation, and meditation to manage negative emotions and stress. The iRest program has helped veterans reduce PTSD symptoms, anxiety, and insomnia. There are now iRest programs at Veterans Health Administration (VA) facilities in Miami, Chicago, and Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. as well as active duty facilities nationwide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Let%27s+Talk&rft.atitle=Yoga-based+Treatments+Beat+Stress&rft.issue=Winter+2010&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foh.dhhs.gov%2Feapnews%2Fuscg%2Fwinter2010%2FLetsTalk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2008/05/walter-reed-usi/">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptiko.com/dr-richard-miller-not-recommending-yoga-medical-malpractice-patients-322/">Dr Richard Miller: Not Recommending Yoga Would Be Malpractice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bethesdamagazine.com/bethesda-magazine/march-april-2013/soliders-meditation-irest-2/">Soldier's Meditation IREST</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yogachicago.com/2014/01/the-yoga-of-being-on-retreat-with-richard-miller/">The Yoga of Being on Retreat with Richard Miller</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-apa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apa_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apa_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovotney2009" class="citation journal cs1">Novotney, Amy (November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/11/yoga.aspx">"Yoga as a practice tool"</a>. <i>Monitor on Psychology</i>. <b>40</b> (10): 38<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monitor+on+Psychology&rft.atitle=Yoga+as+a+practice+tool&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2009-11&rft.aulast=Novotney&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2F2009%2F11%2Fyoga.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin_2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2012" class="citation web cs1">Griffin, Katherine (2 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yogajournal.com/meditation/how-to-meditate/reflections-of-peace/">"How Yoga Nidra Benefits Mind & Body"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Yoga+Nidra+Benefits+Mind+%26+Body&rft.pub=Yoga+Journal&rft.date=2012-03-02&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yogajournal.com%2Fmeditation%2Fhow-to-meditate%2Freflections-of-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoney2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Money, Nisha (Winter 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719024228/http://airforcemedicine.afms.mil/idc/groups/public/documents/afms/ctb_128487.pdf">"Yoga Nidra (iRest): A 'New Twist' on Treatment for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (Part I)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Medical Corps Examiner</i>. Vol. 5, no. 4. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Medical_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Air Force Medical Corps">United States Air Force Medical Corps</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airforcemedicine.afms.mil/idc/groups/public/documents/afms/ctb_128487.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-22</span></span>. <q>The iRest military program, based on the ancient practice of Yoga Nidra, is designed to systematically reduce physical, emotional, mental, and even subconscious tension that characterizes PTSD. Participants are taught to manage disturbing moods and memories with a skill set that enables them to objectively respond to intense emotional experiences through conscious choices rather than unconscious reactions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Corps+Examiner&rft.atitle=Yoga+Nidra+%28iRest%29%3A+A+%27New+Twist%27+on+Treatment+for+Post+Traumatic+Stress+Disorder+%28Part+I%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Money&rft.aufirst=Nisha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairforcemedicine.afms.mil%2Fidc%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2Fdocuments%2Fafms%2Fctb_128487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/05/walter-reed-usi">"Walter Reed Using Yoga to Fight PTSD | Danger Room"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Wired.com">Wired.com</a></i>. 2008-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wired.com&rft.atitle=Walter+Reed+Using+Yoga+to+Fight+PTSD+%26%23124%3B+Danger+Room&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fdangerroom%2F2008%2F05%2Fwalter-reed-usi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a523510.pdf">"Pain Management Task Force | Providing a Standardized DoD and VHA Vision and Approach to Pain Management to Optimize the Care for Warriors and their Families | Final Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of the Army Surgeon General. May 2010. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412130612/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a523510.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>[extract from table in Figure 11: Tier I Modalities] Modality: Yoga / Yoga Nidra; Passive: Facility based yoga classes; Active: Self directed with video, exercising</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pain+Management+Task+Force+%7C+Providing+a+Standardized+DoD+and+VHA+Vision+and+Approach+to+Pain+Management+to+Optimize+the+Care+for+Warriors+and+their+Families+%7C+Final+Report&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Army+Surgeon+General&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa523510.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuli_Dinsmore-Tuli_2021-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tuli_Dinsmore-Tuli_2021_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuliDinsmore-Tuli2021" class="citation web cs1">Tuli, Nirlipta; Dinsmore-Tuli, Uma (15 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518230623/https://www.yoganidranetwork.org/blog/defence-practice-yoga-nidra">"In Defence of the Practice of Yoga Nidrā: A joint declaration of independence for Yoga Nidrā Shakti"</a>. <i>Yoga Nidra Network</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yoganidranetwork.org/blog/defence-practice-yoga-nidra">the original</a> on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8739171">"Effect of Yoganidra on Blood Pressure, Hs-CRP, and Lipid Profile of Hypertensive Subjects: A Pilot Study"</a>. <i>Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine</i>. <b>2021</b>: 2858235. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2021%2F2858235">10.1155/2021/2858235</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8739171">8739171</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35003295">35003295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evidence-Based+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Yoganidra+on+Blood+Pressure%2C+Hs-CRP%2C+and+Lipid+Profile+of+Hypertensive+Subjects%3A+A+Pilot+Study&rft.volume=2021&rft.pages=2858235&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8739171%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35003295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2021%2F2858235&rft.aulast=Devraj&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Santosh+Kumar%2C+B.&rft.au=Raja+Sriswan%2C+M.&rft.au=Jagdish%2C+B.&rft.au=Priya%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Neelu%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Desai+Rao%2C+Vijayabhaskar&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Manoj&rft.au=Geddam%2C+J.+J.+Babu&rft.au=Hemalatha%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8739171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivers2008" class="citation news cs1">Rivers, Eileen (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/02/AR2008050203426.html">"A Breath of Hope"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. HE01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=A+Breath+of+Hope&rft.pages=HE01&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Rivers&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F05%2F02%2FAR2008050203426.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDol2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dol, Kim Sang (May 2019). "Effects of a yoga nidra on the life stress and self-esteem in university students". <i>Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">232–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctcp.2019.03.004">10.1016/j.ctcp.2019.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31003664">31003664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88035952">88035952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Complementary+Therapies+in+Clinical+Practice&rft.atitle=Effects+of+a+yoga+nidra+on+the+life+stress+and+self-esteem+in+university+students&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88035952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31003664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctcp.2019.03.004&rft.aulast=Dol&rft.aufirst=Kim+Sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoga+nidra" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoga_nidra&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Meditation seats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_pose" title="Tree pose">Tree pose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virabhadrasana" title="Virabhadrasana">Warrior</a></li> <li>Accompaniments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ujjayi" title="Ujjayi">Ujjayi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_teacher_training" title="Yoga teacher training">Teacher training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Standards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Wheel_of_Yoga" title="British Wheel of Yoga">British Wheel of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_of_Yoga" title="European Union of Yoga">European Union of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Van_Lysebeth" title="André Van Lysebeth">André Van Lysebeth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Alliance" title="Yoga Alliance">Yoga Alliance</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_therapeutic_purposes" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga for therapeutic purposes">Therapy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Accessible_yoga" title="Accessible yoga">Accessible yoga</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Trauma-sensitive_yoga" title="Trauma-sensitive yoga">Trauma-sensitive yoga</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Yoga" title="Restorative Yoga">Restorative Yoga</a></li> <li>2008 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoga nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Richard Miller (psychologist)">International Association of Yoga Therapists • Richard Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_yoga" title="Competitive yoga">Competitive yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_brick" title="Yoga brick">Yoga brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_mat" title="Yoga mat">Yoga mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Farmer" title="Angela Farmer">Angela Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugger_Mugger_Yoga_Products" title="Hugger Mugger Yoga Products">Hugger Mugger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lululemon_Athletica" title="Lululemon Athletica">Lululemon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/80px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/120px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg/160px-Ardha-Chandrasana_Yoga-Asana_Nina-Mel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_yoga" title="Early modern yoga">Early modern yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/Raja_Yoga_(book)" title="Raja Yoga (book)">Raja Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Gymnastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic Gymnastics">Harmonial gymnastics/yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Autobiography_of_a_Yogi" title="Autobiography of a Yogi">Autobiography of a Yogi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_yoga" title="Hot yoga">Hot yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_yoga" title="Science of yoga">Science of yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_by_yoga_gurus" title="Sexual abuse by yoga gurus">Sexual abuse by yoga gurus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Remski" title="Matthew Remski">Matthew Remski</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_and_cultural_appropriation" title="Yoga and cultural appropriation">Yoga and cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_advertising" title="Yoga in advertising">In advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_children" title="Yoga for children">For children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">For women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geeta_Iyengar" title="Geeta Iyengar">Geeta Iyengar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_tourism" title="Yoga tourism">Yoga tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Jude_Boccio" title="Frank Jude Boccio">Frank Jude Boccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cushman" title="Anne Cushman">Anne Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janice_Gates" title="Janice Gates">Janice Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyndi_Lee" title="Cyndi Lee">Cyndi Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Moffitt" title="Phillip Moffitt">Phillip Moffitt</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Acroyoga" title="Acroyoga">Acroyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doga_(yoga)" title="Doga (yoga)">Doga</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Paddleboard_Yoga" title="Paddleboard Yoga">Paddleboard Yoga</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_yoga" title="Aerial yoga">Aerial yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_yoga" title="Beer yoga">Beer yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga in America">America</a> <ul><li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hittleman" title="Richard Hittleman">Yoga for Health</a></i></li> <li>1970 <i><a href="/wiki/Lilias,_Yoga_and_You" title="Lilias, Yoga and You">Lilias, Yoga and You</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain" title="Yoga in Britain">Britain</a> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Marshall" title="Lyn Marshall">Lyn Marshall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_France" title="Yoga in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Germany" title="Yoga in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_yoga_in_India" title="Postural yoga in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Italy" title="Yoga in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Russia" title="Yoga in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Sweden" title="Yoga in Sweden">Sweden</a> <ul><li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Brathen" title="Rachel Brathen">Rachel Brathen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Selvarajan_Yesudian" title="Selvarajan Yesudian">Selvarajan Yesudian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1996 <i><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</a></i></li> <li>2004 <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Alter" title="Joseph Alter">Yoga in Modern India</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Modern_Yoga" title="A History of Modern Yoga">A History of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2005 <i><a href="/wiki/Positioning_Yoga" title="Positioning Yoga">Positioning Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2010 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body">Yoga Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Subtle_Body" title="The Subtle Body">The Subtle Body</a></i></li> <li>2015 <i><a href="/wiki/Selling_Yoga" title="Selling Yoga">Selling Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2016 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Path_of_Modern_Yoga" title="The Path of Modern Yoga">The Path of Modern Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2017 <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li>2019 <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_in_Britain:_Stretching_Spirituality_and_Educating_Yogis" title="Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis">Yoga in Britain</a></i></li> <li>2020 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Yoga" title="The Story of Yoga">The Story of Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_(2006_film)" title="Guru (2006 film)">Guru</a></i></li> <li>2009 <i><a href="/wiki/Enlighten_Up!" title="Enlighten Up!">Enlighten Up!</a></i></li> <li>2012 <i><a href="/wiki/Breath_of_the_Gods" title="Breath of the Gods">Breath of the Gods</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">Schools</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Gurus</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1918 <a href="/wiki/The_Yoga_Institute" title="The Yoga Institute">The Yoga Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Yogendra" title="Hansa Yogendra">Hansa Yogendra</a></li></ul></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Kaivalyadhama_Health_and_Yoga_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaivalyadhama Health and Yoga Research Center">Kaivalyadhama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1934 <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Makaranda" title="Yoga Makaranda">Yoga Makaranda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Scaravelli" title="Vanda Scaravelli">Vanda Scaravelli</a></li></ul></li> <li>c. 1948 <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_vinyasa_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtanga vinyasa yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysore_style" title="Mysore style">Mysore style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Miller_(yoga_teacher)" title="Tim Miller (yoga teacher)">Tim Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_MacGregor" title="Kino MacGregor">Kino MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Schultz" title="Larry Schultz">Larry Schultz</a></li></ul></li> <li>1959 <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Illustrated_Book_of_Yoga" title="Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga">Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Satyananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1965 <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Yoga" title="Ananda Yoga">Ananda Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satchidananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li></ul></li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Center" title="Kripalu Center">Kripalu Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Desai" title="Amrit Desai">Amrit Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cope" title="Stephen Cope">Stephen Cope</a></li></ul></li> <li>1971 <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikram_Choudhury" title="Bikram Choudhury">Bikram Choudhury</a></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_the_Iyengar_Way" title="Yoga the Iyengar Way">Yoga the Iyengar Way</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Mittra" title="Dharma Mittra">Dharma Mittra</a></li> <li>c. 1975 <a href="/wiki/Yin_Yoga" title="Yin Yoga">Yin Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulie_Zink" title="Paulie Zink">Paulie Zink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grilley" title="Paul Grilley">Paul Grilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Powers" title="Sarah Powers">Sarah Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Yoga" title="Forrest Yoga">Forrest Yoga</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Gannon" title="Sharon Gannon">Sharon Gannon</a></li></ul></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Power_Yoga" title="Power Yoga">Power Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryl_Bender_Birch" title="Beryl Bender Birch">Beryl Bender Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Kest" title="Bryan Kest">Bryan Kest</a></li></ul></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Anusara_School_of_Hatha_Yoga" title="Anusara School of Hatha Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Friend_(yogi)" title="John Friend (yogi)">John Friend</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Core_Strength_Vinyasa_Yoga" title="Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga">Core Strength Vinyasa Yoga (Sadie Nardini)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-lineage_yoga" title="Post-lineage yoga">Post-lineage yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Asanas" title="Template:Asanas">Asanas (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yoga_teachers" title="Category:Yoga teachers">Yoga teachers (category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Yoginis" title="Template:Modern Yoginis">Modern Yoginis (template)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga" title="Template:Yoga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga" title="Template talk:Yoga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> 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