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class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Timeline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Timeline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-December_2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 December 2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-January_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 January 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-February_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 February 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 March 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6-10_April_2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6-10_April_2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 6-10 April 2019 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6-10_April_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11_April:_al-Bashir_deposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11_April:_al-Bashir_deposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 11 April: al-Bashir deposed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11_April:_al-Bashir_deposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12_April_–_2_June:_negotiations_with_Transitional_Military_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12_April_–_2_June:_negotiations_with_Transitional_Military_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 12 April – 2 June: negotiations with Transitional Military Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12_April_–_2_June:_negotiations_with_Transitional_Military_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3–11_June:_Khartoum_massacre_and_civil_disobedience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3–11_June:_Khartoum_massacre_and_civil_disobedience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 3–11 June: Khartoum massacre and civil disobedience </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3–11_June:_Khartoum_massacre_and_civil_disobedience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12_June_–_4_July:_negotiations_and_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12_June_–_4_July:_negotiations_and_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 12 June – 4 July: negotiations and protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12_June_–_4_July:_negotiations_and_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5–28_July:_political_agreement_and_negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5–28_July:_political_agreement_and_negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 5–28 July: political agreement and negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5–28_July:_political_agreement_and_negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-29_July_–_El_Obeid_massacre_to_Constitutional_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#29_July_–_El_Obeid_massacre_to_Constitutional_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 29 July – El Obeid massacre to Constitutional Declaration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-29_July_–_El_Obeid_massacre_to_Constitutional_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transitional_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transitional_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Transitional institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transitional_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_2019:_Transitional_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2019:_Transitional_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.13 October 2019: Transitional institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2019:_Transitional_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_period_protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_period_protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.14 Transition period protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_period_protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_art_and_slogans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_art_and_slogans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Popular art and slogans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_art_and_slogans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Popular art and slogans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_art_and_slogans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Just_fall_–_that's_all" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Just_fall_–_that's_all"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Just fall – that's all </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Just_fall_–_that's_all-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom,_peace_and_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom,_peace_and_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Freedom, peace and justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom,_peace_and_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-We_are_all_Darfur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#We_are_all_Darfur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 We are all Darfur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-We_are_all_Darfur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_Soudan_2019,_année_zéro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_Soudan_2019,_année_zéro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Book Soudan 2019, année zéro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_Soudan_2019,_année_zéro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 International organisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Arab states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Other states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sudanese revolution</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" > 20 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة السودانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة السودانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_etirazlar%C4%B1" title="Sudan etirazları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sudan etirazları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Суданская рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суданская рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_sudanesa_de_2019" title="Revolució sudanesa de 2019 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució sudanesa de 2019" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Súdánská revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Súdánská revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteste_im_Sudan_2018%E2%80%9319" title="Proteste im Sudan 2018–19 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Proteste im Sudan 2018–19" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_sudanesa_(2018-2019)" title="Revolución sudanesa (2018-2019) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución sudanesa (2018-2019)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انقلاب سودان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب سودان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_soudanaise" title="Révolution soudanaise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution soudanaise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%8B%A8_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="수단 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수단 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyin_juya_halin_Sudan" title="Juyin juya halin Sudan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Juyin juya halin Sudan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018-2019_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%A5%D6%80" title="2018-2019 Սուդանի բողոքի ցույցեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="2018-2019 Սուդանի բողոքի ցույցեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המהפכה הסודאנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המהפכה הסודאנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Sudanesa" title="Revolução Sudanesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Sudanesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Протесты в Судане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Протесты в Судане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2561%E2%80%932562" title="การประท้วงในประเทศซูดาน พ.ศ. 2561–2562 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การประท้วงในประเทศซูดาน พ.ศ. 2561–2562" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan_Devrimi" title="Sudan Devrimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sudan Devrimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96_(%D0%B7_2018)" title="Протести в Судані (з 2018) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Протести в Судані (з 2018)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_Sudan" title="Cách mạng Sudan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Sudan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%942019%E5%B9%B4%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81" title="2018—2019年苏丹示威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the revolution that started in December 2018. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sudanese Revolution (disambiguation)">Sudanese Revolution (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing: 2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sudanese revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png/260px-Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png/390px-Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png/520px-Sudanese_protestors_celebrate_signing_of_political_agreement.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="841" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Sudanese protestors celebrating the 17 August 2019 signing of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy#Draft_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">Draft Constitutional Declaration</a> between military and civilian representatives</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">19 December 2018 (2018-12-19) – 18 December 2019 <div style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa"><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">39-month revolutionary transition</a> and <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2021 Sudanese protests">sporadic protests</a> continue</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Caused by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Economic mismanagement and other economic issues (rising costs of basic <a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures, end to wheat and fuel <a href="/wiki/Subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsidies">subsidies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currency_devaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Currency devaluation">currency devaluation</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, and limits on <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a> withdrawals)<a href="#cite_note-Elmileik-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freytas-Tamura-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (anger at the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">corruption</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">human rights abuses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>'s government, including violent crackdowns on demonstrators)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Goals</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Resignation of <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition to democracy">transition to democracy</a>, and removal of austerity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">economic reforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Free elections">free elections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Methods</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">Arson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (political)">demonstrations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Online activism">online activism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sit-in" title="Sit-in">sit-ins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Resulted in</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Al-Bashir imposes <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, dissolves central and regional governments, forms new government, and postpones constitutional amendments that would allow him to run for another term in 2020, without cancelling his candidacy<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Following protests, military seizes power in <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">coup d'état</a>; Bashir overthrown and arrested.<a href="#cite_note-OustedNotRegime-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Junta leader and de facto head of state <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Awad_Ibn_Auf" title="Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf">Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf</a>, the former defence minister and ally of al-Bashir,<a href="#cite_note-OustedNotRegime-8">[8]</a> steps down after protests and transfers power to <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Protesters demand immediate transition to a civilian government, protests continue.<a href="#cite_note-HugeCrowds-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> of 128 protesters by army and <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militia on 3 June 2019.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_CivilDisobedience-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Suspension of Sudan from the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> following Khartoum massacre.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Political Agreement for a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">transition to democracy</a> made verbally on 5 July<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a> and in written form on 17 July 2019.<a href="#cite_note-TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Draft Constitutional Declaration<a href="#cite_note-raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a> signed by the FFC and the TMC on 4 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Transfer of executive power from TMC to the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council of Sudan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SudTribune_SovCouncil_exists-18">[18]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AJE_who_Hamdok-19">[19]</a> Chairman of the Sovereignty Council <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and Transitional <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Cabinet</a><a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_18outof20-21">[21]</a> in late August–early September and judicial power to <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sudan" title="Chief Justice of Sudan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a> in October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Khair_confirmed_191010-22">[22]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Sudanese peace process</a> relaunched in September 2019<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_PM2negotiate_Juba-23">[23]</a></li> <li>Chairman Abdel Fattah al-Burhan executes a <a href="/wiki/October_2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état">self coup</a> and arrests civilian leaders in October 2021</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Parties</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><table style="width:100%; border-spacing:0; margin:0; text-align:left; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Different groups of civil movements and individual people <a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png/20px-Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png/30px-Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png/40px-Logo_of_the_Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a> consisting of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg/20px-Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg/30px-Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg/40px-Sudanese_Professionals_Association_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="334" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:MANSAM_logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/MANSAM_logo.jpg/20px-MANSAM_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/MANSAM_logo.jpg/30px-MANSAM_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/MANSAM_logo.jpg/40px-MANSAM_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a> <a href="/wiki/MANSAM" title="MANSAM">Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png/20px-Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png/30px-Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png/40px-Logo_of_the_National_Consensus_Forces.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sudanese_Communist_Party_flag.png/23px-Sudanese_Communist_Party_flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sudanese_Communist_Party_flag.png/35px-Sudanese_Communist_Party_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Sudanese_Communist_Party_flag.png/45px-Sudanese_Communist_Party_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudanese Communist Party</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sudan Call <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NUP_flag.jpg/23px-NUP_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NUP_flag.jpg/35px-NUP_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NUP_flag.jpg/46px-NUP_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Umma_Party" title="National Umma Party">National Umma Party</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_the_Sudan_Revolutionary_Front.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sudan_Revolutionary_Front.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_the_Sudan_Revolutionary_Front.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sudan_Revolutionary_Front.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Flag_of_the_Sudan_Revolutionary_Front.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Sudan_Revolutionary_Front.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Revolutionary_Front" title="Sudan Revolutionary Front">Sudan Revolutionary Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg/20px-Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg/30px-Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg/40px-Sudanese_Congress_Party_Logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Congress_Party" title="Sudanese Congress Party">Sudanese Congress Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan_%281956%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Unionist Alliance </li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_resistance_committees" title="Sudanese resistance committees">Sudanese resistance committees</a><a href="#cite_note-AJE_neighbourhoods-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-MEE_new_wave-25">[25]</a></div></td> <td style="width:50%; padding-left:0.25em; border-left:1px dotted #aaa"><div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>'s government (until April 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Transitional Military Council</a> (April 2019 – August 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a><a href="#cite_note-SPA_CivilDisobedience-11">[11]</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Lead figures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244901718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-columns-text-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div{box-sizing:border-box;width:50%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-3>div{width:33.33%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns-4>div{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-columns>div:not(:first-child){border-left:1px dotted #aaa;padding-left:5px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist infobox-columns infobox-columns-2 infobox-columns-text-left"> <div> Non-centralized leadership </div> <div> December 2018 – April 2019 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Presidential_Standard_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Presidential_Standard_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Presidential_Standard_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Presidential_Standard_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Presidential_Standard_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Presidential_Standard_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of Sudan">President of Sudan</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Tahir_Ayala" title="Mohamed Tahir Ayala">Mohamed Tahir Ayala</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of government of Sudan">Prime Minister</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Motazz_Moussa" title="Motazz Moussa">Motazz Moussa</a> Prime Minister <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hamdan_Dagalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo">Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo</a> (Hemedti) Head of the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Awad_Ibn_Auf" title="Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf">Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf</a> Sudanese Minister of Defense <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Salah Mohammed Abdullah (Gosh) Head of <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">National Intelligence and Security Service</a> <hr /> April 2019 – August 2019 <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Awad_Ibn_Auf" title="Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf">Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf</a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Chairman of the Transitional Military Council</a> (11–12 April) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Chairman of the Transitional Military Council</a> (12 April – 21 August), <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Chairman of the Sovereignty Council</a> (21 August–present) </div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;">Casualties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Death(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">246<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_deathtoll246-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Arrested</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,200+</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/2018_Jordanian_protests" title="2018 Jordanian protests">2018 Jordanian protests</a></li> <li>Sudan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Sudanese_protests" title="2019–2022 Sudanese protests">2019–2022 Sudanese protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2021 Algerian protests">2019–2021 Algerian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gaza_economic_protests" title="2019 Gaza economic protests">2019 Gaza economic protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Egyptian_protests" title="2019 Egyptian protests">2019</a>–<a href="/wiki/2020_Egyptian_protests" title="2020 Egyptian protests">2020 Egyptian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Lebanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2021 Lebanese protests">2019–2021 Lebanese protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 Iraqi protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Tunisian_protests" title="2021 Tunisian protests">2021 Tunisian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle; box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 0 #aaa;"><div>See also <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Arab_Spring" title="Category:Second Arab Spring">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Revolutions" title="Category:Revolutions">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Political revolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Revolution"><img alt="French Revolution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/200px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/300px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg/400px-La_Libert%C3%A9_guidant_le_peuple_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_129_-_apr%C3%A8s_restauration_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10128" data-file-height="8103" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By class</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_from_above" title="Revolution from above">From above</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_revolution" title="Nonviolent revolution">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_revolution" title="Passive revolution">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_wave" title="Revolutionary wave">Wave</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">Civil disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentious_politics" title="Contentious politics">Contentious politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">Mass mobilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Disobedience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_terror" title="Revolutionary terror">Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Examples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Revolution" title="English Revolution">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Revolutions" title="Atlantic Revolutions">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brabant_Revolution" title="Brabant Revolution">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Revolution" title="Liège Revolution">Liège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1820">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830" title="Revolutions of 1830">1830</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Revolution" title="Belgian Revolution">Belgian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">1848</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states">Italian states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Rebellion" title="Eureka Rebellion">Eureka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine</a></li> <li>Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">1917–1923</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_Revolution_of_1932" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamese Revolution of 1932">Siamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936" title="Spanish Revolution of 1936">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_revolution_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian revolution of 2011">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Arab_Spring" title="Second Arab Spring">Second Arab Spring</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudanese</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Revolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Revolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Sudanese revolution (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الثورة السودانية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Thawrah al-Sūdānīyah) was a major shift of political power in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> that started with street protests throughout Sudan on 19 December 2018<a href="#cite_note-AJE_20181219-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJE_slogans_revolution-28">[28]</a> and continued with sustained <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> for about eight months, during which the <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 Sudanese coup d'état</a> deposed President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> on 11 April after thirty years in power, 3 June <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> took place under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Transitional Military Council</a> (TMC) that replaced al-Bashir, and in July and August 2019<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> the TMC and the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a> alliance (FFC) signed a Political Agreement and a Draft Constitutional Declaration legally defining a planned <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">39-month phase of transitional state institutions and procedures</a> to return Sudan to a civilian democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a> In August and September 2019, the TMC formally transferred executive power to a mixed military–civilian collective head of state, the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council of Sudan</a>, and to a civilian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a> and a mostly civilian <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">cabinet</a>, while judicial power was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a>, Sudan's first female <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sudan" title="Chief Justice of Sudan">Chief Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Khair_confirmed_191010-22">[22]</a> While it is mainly about this eight-month period, there are debates on the definition of the Sudanese revolution, which may also be interpreted to include the period during the prime ministership of Hamdok, who promised that the transitional period would carry out "the program" of the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Hamdok_revolution-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> On 19 December 2018, a series of demonstrations broke out in several Sudanese cities, due in part to rising <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_living" title="Cost of living">costs of living</a> and deterioration of economic conditions at all levels of society.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_20181219-27">[27]</a> The protests quickly turned from demands for urgent economic reforms into demands for President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> to step down.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-devaluation-32">[32]</a> The violence of the government's reaction to these peaceful demonstrations sparked international concern. On 22 February 2019, al-Bashir declared a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> and dissolved the national and regional governments, replacing the latter with military and intelligence-service officers.<a href="#cite_note-Hearst1-33">[33]</a> On 8 March, al-Bashir announced that all of the women jailed for protesting against the government would be released.<a href="#cite_note-rfi-34">[34]</a> On the weekend of 6–7 April, there were massive protests for the first time since the declaration of the state of emergency.<a href="#cite_note-Rémy-35">[35]</a> On 10 April, soldiers were seen shielding protesters from security forces,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and on 11 April, the military removed al-Bashir from power in a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Following al-Bashir's removal from power, street protests organised by the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a> and democratic opposition groups continued, calling on the ruling <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Transitional Military Council</a> (TMC) to "immediately and unconditionally" step aside in favour of a civilian-led <a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">transitional government</a>, and urging other reforms in Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-HugeCrowds-10">[10]</a> Negotiations between the TMC and the civilian opposition to form a joint transition government took place during late April and in May, but stopped when the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Support Forces (Sudan)">Rapid Support Forces</a> and other TMC security forces killed 128 people,<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_118_deaths-40">[40]</a> raped 70<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_70raped-41">[41]</a> and injured others in the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> on 3 June.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_CivilDisobedience-11">[11]</a> Opposition groups responded to the massacre and post-massacre arrests by carrying out a 3-day <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a> from 9–11 June<a href="#cite_note-SPA_190612_strike-42">[42]</a> and calling for sustained <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> until the TMC transfers power to a civilian government.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_CivilDisobedience-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_civil_disobedience-43">[43]</a> On 12 June the opposition agreed to stop the strike and the TMC agreed to free political prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_negotiations2restart-44">[44]</a> After renewed negotiations, a deal, called the Political Agreement, was agreed verbally between the TMC and the civilian protesters represented by the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a> (FFC) on 5 July 2019<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vox_TMC_FFC_deal-45">[45]</a> and a written form<a href="#cite_note-TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement-14">[14]</a> of the agreement was signed by the TMC and FFC on 17 July.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_agreement_signed-46">[46]</a> The TMC and FFC announced that they would share power to run <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> via executive and legislative institutions and a judicial investigation of post-coup events, including the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a>, until <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan" title="Elections in Sudan">elections</a> occur in <a href="/wiki/2022_Sudanese_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Sudanese general election">mid-2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vox_TMC_FFC_deal-45">[45]</a> The Political Agreement was complemented by the Draft Constitutional Declaration,<a href="#cite_note-raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a> which was initially signed by the FFC and the TMC on 4 August 2019<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804-17">[17]</a> and signed more formally on 17 August.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">transition plan</a> creates the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council</a> as head of state, with a mixed civilian–military composition and leadership to be transferred from a military leader to a civilian leader 21 months after the transitional period begins, for a total 39-month transition period leading into elections.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_17Julysigned-48">[48]</a> The TMC was dissolved and the mostly male<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women_excluded-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council</a> was created on 20 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-SudTribune_SovCouncil_exists-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a> was appointed prime minister on 21 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_who_Hamdok-19">[19]</a> The Transitional <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Cabinet</a>, with four female and 14 male civilian ministers and 2 male military ministers, was announced in early September.<a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_18outof20-21">[21]</a> A "<a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">comprehensive peace process</a>" between the Sudanese state and armed opposition groups was scheduled to start on 1 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a> was appointed as Sudan's first female Chief Justice on 10 October.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Khair_confirmed_191010-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late-2019_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2019 Sudanese protests">Street protests</a> continued during the transitionary period.<a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_rallies_ChiefJustice-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Militia_shooting_SDarfur-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Militia_shooting_SDarfur_17Sepdemo-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_mining_protests-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Sudanwide_demos-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Al-Bashir had ruled the country since 1989<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> when he led a successful <a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">coup</a> against the elected, but increasingly unpopular, prime minister of the time, <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (ICC) has indicted Al-Bashir for war crimes and crimes against humanity in the western region of <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Since the Bashir regime gained control of the country in 1989, the opposition had been very fierce from all political parties, due to the oppressive "Islamist" policies and heinous human rights violations. Multiple failed coup attempts, protests, and strikes had been dealt with extremely harshly, and key opposition members such as <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amin_Mekki_Medani" title="Amin Mekki Medani">Amin Mekki Medani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Abu_Issa" title="Farouk Abu Issa">Farouk Abu Issa</a> were even arrested and expelled from the country. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">2011–2013 Sudanese protests</a>, which coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>, saw a period of heightened protest and repression, as well as shifts in organizational dynamics within the Sudanese opposition and a restructuring of the regime's coercive apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In January 2018, large protests started on the streets of <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>, Sudan's capital, in opposition to the rising prices of the basic goods including bread. The protests grew quickly and found support from different opposition parties. Youth and women's movements also joined the protests.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Sudanese government devalued the local currency and removed wheat and electricity subsidies. <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan" title="Economy of Sudan">Sudan's economy</a> has struggled since Omar al-Bashir's ascent to power, but became increasingly turbulent following the secession of <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a> in 2011, which, up until then, had represented an important source of foreign currency, because of its oil output.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-econo-1-61">[61]</a> The devaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Sudanese pound</a> in October 2018 led to wildly fluctuating exchange rates and a shortage of cash in circulation.<a href="#cite_note-econo-1-61">[61]</a> Long lines for basic goods such as petrol, bread, as well as cash from ATMs were a common sight. At the time, Sudan had around 70% inflation, second only to Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-econo-1-61">[61]</a> In August 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress party</a> backed Omar Al-Bashir's 2020 presidential run, despite his increasing unpopularity and his previous declaration that he would not run in the upcoming elections.<a href="#cite_note-Amin-62">[62]</a> These measures led to rising opposition from within the party calling for respect of the constitution, which currently prevents Al-Bashir from being reelected. Sudanese activists reacted on social media and called for a campaign against his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Amin-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> The protests and the planned 39-month phase of transitionary institutions were widely referred to as "the revolution" or the "Sudanese revolution". Two earlier Sudanese civil disobedience uprisings that led to major changes of government include the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%9369)#October_1964_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan (1956–69)">October 1964 Revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-Suleiman_Oct64_revn-63">[63]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaafar_Nimeiry#1985_Revolution" title="Gaafar Nimeiry">March/April 1985 Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MondeDiplo_1985_post_revolution-64">[64]</a> Since December 2018, sustained <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> was referred to by protestors as a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>, with chanted slogans including "Revolution is the people's choice".<a href="#cite_note-AJE_slogans_revolution-28">[28]</a> Women participating in the protests called them a "women's revolution" in March 2019<a href="#cite_note-CSMon_womens_revolution-65">[65]</a> and following the April 2019 coup d'état, <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Transitional Military Council</a> chair al-Burhan referred to "the uprising and the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-AJE_alBurhan_power2people-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Achcar" title="Gilbert Achcar">Gilbert Achcar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a> described the transfer of power to the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council</a> and the plan for a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">39-month period of transitional institutions</a> as the "fourth phase" of "the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-Jacobin_4th_phase_revolution-67">[67]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a> stated, after taking power in August 2019, that "The revolution's deep-rooted slogan, 'freedom, peace and justice,' will form the program of the transitional period."<a href="#cite_note-Hamdok_revolution-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Revolutionary_Front" title="Sudan Revolutionary Front">Sudan Revolutionary Front</a>, an alliance of armed groups created in 2011 in opposition to President <a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a>, argued that the August 2019 creation of the Sovereignty Council was a "hijacking of the revolution", and that the revolution had been started by the armed rebel groups in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_SRF_POV-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_groups_and_figures">Opposition groups and figures</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opposition groups and figures">edit</a>]</div> The Sudanese opposition to al-Bashir was initially fractured, but in January 2019 unified in a coalition called the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a> (FFC, or Alliance for Freedom and Change).<a href="#cite_note-DisparateOppos-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-HassanKodouda-70">[70]</a> The Freedom and Change Charter signed by the alliance participants called for the removal of the government and a <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition to democracy">transition to democracy</a> under a civilian government.<a href="#cite_note-HassanKodouda-70">[70]</a> Multiple groups and coalitions were organised at multiple levels. Local grassroots groups that had started organising as a loose network in 2013, called the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_resistance_committees" title="Sudanese resistance committees">resistance committees</a>, played a major role in organising civil disobedience and pressuring the TMC.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_neighbourhoods-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-MEE_new_wave-25">[25]</a> One of the key groups active in coordinating the protests is the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InterimCivilianCoun-71">[71]</a> The group is a <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organisation<a href="#cite_note-Doubeck-72">[72]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella group">umbrella group</a> of trade unions for professionals.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The group is composed of doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, journalists, pharmacists, and others.<a href="#cite_note-InterimCivilianCoun-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-WalshGoldstein-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlaminHuntedProfessionals-76">[76]</a> The group, established in 2012, operated mostly clandestinely during al-Bashir's regime in order to avoid arrest.<a href="#cite_note-WalshGoldstein-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlaminHuntedProfessionals-76">[76]</a> The core of the group consists of urban middle-class professionals.<a href="#cite_note-AlaminHuntedProfessionals-76">[76]</a> Other Sudanese opposition groups include the Sudan Call (Nidaa Sudan in Arabic), a movement founded by many political figures including, <a href="/wiki/Farouk_Abu_Issa" title="Farouk Abu Issa">Farouk Abu Issa</a> and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Amin_Mekki_Medani" title="Amin Mekki Medani">Amin Mekki Medani</a>, (and included the <a href="/wiki/National_Umma_Party" title="National Umma Party">Umma Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Congress_Party" title="Sudanese Congress Party">Sudanese Congress Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Revolutionary_Front" title="Sudan Revolutionary Front">Sudan Revolutionary Front</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a> (consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Communist_Party" title="Sudanese Communist Party">Sudanese Communist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Region_of_Sudan" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Region of Sudan</a>).<a href="#cite_note-DisparateOppos-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a> described the political movement organised by the Sudanese opposition groups as "perhaps the best organized and politically advanced in the [Middle East/North Africa] region".<a href="#cite_note-Jacobin_details3June-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_activism">Women's activism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women's activism">edit</a>]</div> 1 January declaration that created the FFC included two major women's coalitions, the <a href="/wiki/MANSAM" title="MANSAM">Women of Sudanese Civic and Political Groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Sudanese Women's Union">Sudanese Women's Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_to_Oppression_against_Women_Initiative" title="No to Oppression against Women Initiative">No to Oppression against Women Initiative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MANSAM" title="MANSAM">MANSAM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_Declaration_Freedom_Change-78">[78]</a> Women played a major role in the protests, sometimes constituting 70% of the daily street protestors.<a href="#cite_note-NGOWG_Salah_UNSC-79">[79]</a> In August 2019, during the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese transition to democracy">Sudanese transition to democracy</a> period that followed the first 2018–2019 <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, coup and <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">massacre</a> phases of the Sudanese revolution, these organisation argued that since women had played as significant a role in the revolution as men, positions chosen by civilian–military consensus in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Ministers">Cabinet of Ministers</a> should be allotted equally between men and women, stating that Sudanese women "claim an equal share of 50–50 with men at all levels, measured by qualifications and capabilities".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women2investigation-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2018">December 2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: December 2018">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg/264px-Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg/396px-Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg/528px-Sudanese_revolution._Jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4861" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption>Protesters on the train from Atbara to Khartoum</figcaption></figure> The 2018–2019 wave of protests began on 19 December 2018 in response to the tripling of the price of bread in <a href="/wiki/Atbara" title="Atbara">Atbara</a>, then quickly spread to <a href="/wiki/Port_Sudan" title="Port Sudan">Port Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a> and the capital <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>. Protestors set fire to the national party headquarters in Atbara and Dongola.<a href="#cite_note-SadiqReturns-83">[83]</a> Authorities used tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition to disperse demonstrators, causing dozens of deaths and injuries.<a href="#cite_note-MacLean-84">[84]</a> The former prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_al-Mahdi" title="Sadiq al-Mahdi">Sadiq al-Mahdi</a>, returned to the country on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-SadiqReturns-83">[83]</a> Access to social media and instant messaging was cut on 21 December by the country's major service providers, with technical evidence collected by the <a href="/wiki/NetBlocks" title="NetBlocks">NetBlocks</a> internet observatory and Sudanese volunteers indicating the installation of "an extensive <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in Sudan">Internet censorship</a> regime".<a href="#cite_note-Netblocks-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Curfews were issued across Sudan, with schools closed throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Darfuri students in <a href="/wiki/Sennar" title="Sennar">Sennar</a> and Khartoum were arrested by the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">National Intelligence and Security Service</a> (NISS) and tortured into confessing membership in the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Liberation_Movement/Army" title="Sudan Liberation Movement/Army">Sudan Liberation Movement</a> in an effort to create a narrative that the protests were race-based. These forced confessions were broadcast on both Sudanese state television and Facebook on 29 December.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-torture-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January_2019">January 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: January 2019">edit</a>]</div> The generals' position has been strengthened by the security forces' use of force. In the worst of these instances, a crackdown on protestors in the capital city of Khartoum on June 3 resulted in the deaths of dozens of people, some of whose remains were dumped into the River Nile.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Nagi_Alassam" title="Mohamed Nagi Alassam">Mohamed Nagi Alassam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">SPA</a> secretary, delivered a statement demanding the government to step-down. He and over 100 opposition members were arrested the next day.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> By 7 January 2019 over 800 anti-government protesters were arrested and 19 people, including security officials, were killed during the protests.<a href="#cite_note-Nation-92">[92]</a> On 9 January, thousands of protesters gathered in the southeastern city of <a href="/wiki/El-Gadarif" title="El-Gadarif">El-Gadarif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-News24-93">[93]</a> Protests organised by the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a> led to a doctor being shot on 17 January,<a href="#cite_note-doctor-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-standard1-95">[95]</a> as hospitals were being targeted by security forces.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The erstwhile allies of Bashir, the National Congress Party, announced that it was withdrawing from the government and later called on for a transfer of power to a transitional government, signalling at least that even in the ruling establishment, there was fatigue from the rule of Bashir.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_2019">February 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: February 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg/220px-Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg/330px-Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg/440px-Sudanese_writing_tasgut_bas_on_a_wall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>A Sudanese sprays a revolutionary slogan at a wall</figcaption></figure> Media coverage of the protests was strictly controlled by security forces. Al Tayyar began printing blank pages to show the amount of government-censored copy. Other news outlets have seen their entire print run confiscated by the government. The security service (NISS) raided Al Jarida's offices again, which has led the latter to stop producing its print version. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Listening_Post" title="The Listening Post">The Listening Post</a>, foreign Arabic-language videographers have been particularly targeted by the government.<a href="#cite_note-Listening_Post-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> A "senior military source" told <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a> that <a href="/wiki/Salah_Gosh" title="Salah Gosh">Salah Gosh</a>, head of Sudanese intelligence, had the support of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt to replace al-Bashir as president, citing his private talks with <a href="/wiki/Yossi_Cohen" title="Yossi Cohen">Yossi Cohen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Security Conference</a> as evidence (15–17 February).<a href="#cite_note-Hearst1-33">[33]</a> On 22 February, Bashir declared a yearlong state of national emergency, the first in twenty years.<a href="#cite_note-Abdelaziz-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alamin-101">[101]</a> Bashir also announced the dissolution of the central governments and the regional governments, and replaced regional governors with military generals.<a href="#cite_note-Alamin-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The next day he appointed his chosen successor, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Tahir_Ayala" title="Mohamed Tahir Ayala">Mohamed Tahir Ayala</a>, as prime minister and former intelligence chief and current Defence Minister Awad Mohamed Ahmed Ibn Auf as first vice-president. His intelligence chief also announced that he would not seek re-election in 2020 and would resign from the head of the National Congress Party.<a href="#cite_note-Abdelaziz-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Haroun" title="Ahmed Haroun">Ahmed Haroun</a>, also wanted by the ICC for war crimes, replaced Al-Bashir as leader of the National Congress party. Officers from the military and intelligence services were put in charge of provincial governments after the dissolution.<a href="#cite_note-CSM-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hearst1-33">[33]</a> Security forces raided universities in Khartoum and Ombdurman, reportedly beating students with sticks in Khartoum on 24 February.<a href="#cite_note-Crackdown-104">[104]</a> On the same day, al-Bashir issued decrees banning unauthorised demonstrations, prohibiting the illegal trade of fuel and wheat under threat of 10-year prison sentences; banning the "unauthorized circulation of information, photos or documents that belong to the president's family"; and introducing <a href="/wiki/Capital_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital controls">capital controls</a> on the trade of gold and foreign currency.<a href="#cite_note-Decrees-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_2019">March 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: March 2019">edit</a>]</div> On 7 March, protests were organised to honour women for their leading role in the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> "You women, be strong" and "This revolution is a women's revolution" were slogans chanted at several protests.<a href="#cite_note-CSMon_womens_revolution-65">[65]</a> On 8 March, Omar al-Bashir ordered that all the women who had been arrested for participating in anti-government demonstrations be freed.<a href="#cite_note-rfi-34">[34]</a> Protestors named a Khartoum neighbourhood park (in <a href="/wiki/Burri_Almahas" title="Burri Almahas">Burri</a>) after one such woman, who had been sentenced to 20 lashes and one month in prison by an emergency court, then freed on appeal. The sentence of <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a>, first introduced during British colonisation in 1925, aims at discouraging Sudanese women from political activism. According to the Democratic Lawyers Alliance, at least 870 people had been tried in the newly-established emergency courts by mid-March.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6-10_April_2019">6-10 April 2019</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 6-10 April 2019">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaa_Salah_by_Lana_H._Haroun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Alaa_Salah_by_Lana_H._Haroun.jpg/220px-Alaa_Salah_by_Lana_H._Haroun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/Alaa_Salah_by_Lana_H._Haroun.jpg/330px-Alaa_Salah_by_Lana_H._Haroun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/Alaa_Salah_by_Lana_H._Haroun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Women participation during the revolution was key to its success (photo: <a href="/wiki/Kandake_of_the_Sudanese_Revolution" title="Kandake of the Sudanese Revolution">Kandake of the Sudanese Revolution</a> by Lana H. Haroun).</figcaption></figure> On 6 April, days after <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> was forced to step down to appease <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Algerian protests">Algerian protesters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a> called for a march to the headquarters of the armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Hundreds of thousands of people answered the call. According to one protester, divisions appeared between the security forces, who "tried to attack the demonstrators coming from the north", and the military, who "took the demonstrators' side and fired back."<a href="#cite_note-Rémy-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> On Sunday, Social media were blocked and the power was cut all over Sudan as the protestors began a sit-in at the military headquarters in Khartoum which continued throughout the week.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On Monday morning (8 April), the army and the rapid reaction force of the secret services were facing off at the armed forces headquarters in Khartoum.<a href="#cite_note-Rémy-35">[35]</a> According to the interior minister, there were six deaths, 57 injuries, and 2,500 arrests in Khartoum over the weekend. Police were under orders not to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Also on Monday, <a href="/wiki/Alaa_Salah" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaa Salah">Alaa Salah</a>, a young woman dressed as a <a href="/wiki/Kandake" title="Kandake">kandake</a>, became a symbol of the movement when a photo of her leading the protestors in a chant while standing on top of a car went viral.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11_April:_al-Bashir_deposed">11 April: al-Bashir deposed</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 11 April: al-Bashir deposed">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 Sudanese coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg/220px-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg/330px-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg/440px-%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_-_Bashir_must_go.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a> revolutionary street stencil in Khartoum.</figcaption></figure> On 11 April, al-Bashir was ousted from presidency and placed under house arrest by the military.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-OustedNotRegime-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The European Union and the United States called for a UN Security Council meeting.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_20190411-117">[117]</a> A curfew was also put in place between 10 pm and 4 am.<a href="#cite_note-WaPo_20190411-117">[117]</a> Despite the imposed curfew, protesters remained on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12_April_–_2_June:_negotiations_with_Transitional_Military_Council">12 April – 2 June: negotiations with Transitional Military Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 12 April – 2 June: negotiations with Transitional Military Council">edit</a>]</div> On the evening of 12 April, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Transitional Military Council</a> in Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Awad_Ibn_Auf" title="Ahmed Awad Ibn Auf">Awad Ibn Auf</a>, announced his resignation following intense protests. Ibn Auf said that he had chosen Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a>, the army's inspector-general, to succeed him. The protesters were "jubilant" upon hearing this announcement as he was one of the generals who reached out to the protestors during the sit-in.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbcap-120">[120]</a> Burhan is also "not known to be implicated in war crimes or wanted by international courts."<a href="#cite_note-cbcap-120">[120]</a> On 13 April, talks between the military and the protestors officially started.<a href="#cite_note-aljaapril13-121">[121]</a> This came following announcements that the curfew imposed by Auf was lifted, that an order was issued to complete the release of those who were jailed under emergency laws issued by al-Bashir. It was also announced that intelligence and security chief <a href="/wiki/Salah_Gosh" title="Salah Gosh">Salah Gosh</a> had resigned. Amnesty International asked the military coalition to investigate his role in protesters' deaths.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-aljaapril13-121">[121]</a> On 14 April it was announced that the council had agreed to have the protestors nominate a civilian prime minister and have civilians run every Government ministry outside the Defense and Interior Ministries.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The same day, military council spokesman Shams El Din Kabbashi Shinto announced that Auf had been removed as Defense Minister and that Lt. General Abu Bakr Mustafa had been named to succeed Gosh as chief of Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS).<a href="#cite_note-april14reuters-124">[124]</a> On 15 April, military council spokesman Shams al-Din Kabbashi announced "The former ruling National Congress Party (NCP) will not participate in any transitional government," despite not being barred from future elections.<a href="#cite_note-april1415-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-idspeaksapri15-126">[126]</a> The same day, prominent activist Mohammed Naji al-Asam announced that trust was also growing between the military and the protestors following more talks and the release of more political prisoners, despite a poorly organised attempt by the army to disperse the sit-in.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> It was also announced that the military council was undergoing restructuring, which began with the appointments of Colonel General Hashem Abdel Muttalib Ahmed Babakr as army chief of staff and Colonel General Mohamed Othman al-Hussein as deputy chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> On 16 April, the military council announced that Burhan once again cooperated with the demands of the protestors and sacked the nation's three top prosecutors, including chief prosecutor Omar Ahmed Mohamed Abdelsalam, public prosecutor Amer Ibrahim Majid, and deputy public prosecutor Hesham Othman Ibrahim Saleh.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The same day, two sources with direct knowledge told CNN that Bashir, his former interior minister Abdelrahim Mohamed Hussein, and Ahmed Haroun, the former head of the ruling party, will be charged with corruption and the death of protesters.<a href="#cite_note-AU-131">[131]</a> On 17 April, al-Bashir was transferred from house arrest in the Presidential Palace to solitary confinement at the maximum-security <a href="/wiki/Kobar_Prison" title="Kobar Prison">Kobar Prison</a> in Khartoum,<a href="#cite_note-reutersapril17-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-april17bbc-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-april17transferred-134">[134]</a> a prison notorious for holding political prisoners during al-Bashir's time in power.<a href="#cite_note-april17transferred-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-april17bbc-133">[133]</a> Military council spokesman Shams Eldin Kabashi said that two of al-Bashir's brothers, Abdullah and Alabas, had also been arrested.<a href="#cite_note-april17aljazeera-135">[135]</a> On 18 April, crowds numbering in the hundreds of thousands demonstrated to demand civilian rule. The demonstration was the largest since al-Bashir was deposed.<a href="#cite_note-HugeCrowds-10">[10]</a> Protest leaders also announced plans to name their own transitional council in two days' time if the military junta refused to step aside.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-InterimCivilianCoun-71">[71]</a> On 20 April, an anonymous judicial source said that officials had found suitcases full of Euros, US dollars, and Sudanese Pounds in al-Bashir's home (totalling around $6.7 million). Current Parliament Speaker Ibrahim Ahmed Omar and presidential aide Nafie Ali Nafie were placed under house arrest; the secretary general of the Islamic movement Al-Zubair Ahmed Hassan and former parliament speaker Ahmed Ibrahim al-Taher were also among those arrested in relation to these suitcases.<a href="#cite_note-reutersapril20-137">[137]</a> On 21 April, Abdel Fattah al-Burhan called the transitional military council "complementary to the uprising and the revolution" and promised that it was "committed to handing over power to the people."<a href="#cite_note-AJE_alBurhan_power2people-66">[66]</a> Nevertheless, protest leaders broke off talks with the military authorities the same day—saying that the military junta was not serious about transferring power to civilians and that the junta was composed of remnants of al-Bashir's Islamist regime—and vowed to intensify demonstrations.<a href="#cite_note-Pilling-138">[138]</a> The governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates pledged $3 billion in aid to the military authorities,<a href="#cite_note-AU_Cairo-139">[139]</a> which protestors called upon the council to reject, with some even suggesting severing diplomatic ties with both historical allies.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Meanwhile, as a result of strikes at oil companies in Port Sudan, landlocked <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>'s oil exports were paralysed.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> On Wednesday 24 April, three members of the Transitional Military Council (political committee chair Omar Zain al-Abideen, Lieutenant-General Jalal al-Deen al-Sheikh and Lieutenant-General Al-Tayeb Babakr Ali Fadeel) submitted their resignations in response to protestors' demands.<a href="#cite_note-TMC_head_resigns-142">[142]</a> On Saturday 27 April, an agreement was reached to form a transitional council made up jointly of civilians and military, though the exact details of the power-sharing arrangement were not yet agreed upon, as both sides wanted to have a majority.<a href="#cite_note-JointCouncil-143">[143]</a> The military also announced the resignation of the three military council generals.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> On 7 May 2019, 21 former officials who served in al-Bashir's National Democratic Alliance (NDA) in <a href="/wiki/South_Darfur" title="South Darfur">South Darfur</a> were arrested after attempting to flee the country.<a href="#cite_note-may7and8-145">[145]</a> On 8 May, it was revealed that some of the South Darfur officials who arrested were women.<a href="#cite_note-may7and8-145">[145]</a> Qatari-based Al Jazeera announced the Sudanese authorities had revoked their right to broadcast from Sudan on 30 May 2019. Two civilian deaths were reported the same day.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20190531-146">[146]</a> The Transitional Military Council cracked down on the "Columbia" neighbourhood in North Khartoum where the drug, alcohol and sex trades have become more open during the transition. Rapid Support Forces and police reportedly fired live ammunition, resulting in casualties (1 dead, 10 wounded).<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_20190531-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3–11_June:_Khartoum_massacre_and_civil_disobedience">3–11 June: Khartoum massacre and civil disobedience</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 3–11 June: Khartoum massacre and civil disobedience">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a></div> Tensions continued to rise and on 3 June 2019, 118 people were killed,<a href="#cite_note-ThReut_118_deaths-40">[40]</a> 70 were raped<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_70raped-41">[41]</a> and hundreds were injured in the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a> as a result of Sudanese armed forces storming a camp and opening fire on protesters.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Security forces also opened fire on protesters inside medical facilities. Security forces dumped bodies of some of the killed protesters in the river <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a> The following day, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a> (SPA) called for "complete civil disobedience" to close down streets and bridges and "open political strike" in all workplaces in Sudan, using the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> against the TMC.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_CivilDisobedience-11">[11]</a> On 8 June, the SPA warned of a wide campaign by the TMC of arresting and <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappearing</a> political activists or threatening to kill them. The SPA called for activists to strictly follow the methods of nonviolent resistance in their campaign of civil disobedience and workplace strikes.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_cautionary_statement-149">[149]</a> A 3-day general strike and nationwide civil disobedience campaign were carried out from 9–11 June.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph_civil_disobedience-43">[43]</a> The SPA estimated 60–95% pupils' and teachers' absences from primary and high schools; 67–99% closure of municipal and national bus transport; 84–99% blocking of flights; 98–100% blocking of rail transport; 64–72% bank closures; 86% closure of retail markets; 60–94% closure of electricity, heating, oil and gas stations; 57–100% non-publication of newspaper publishing; 47–90% of medical services were closed, but free emergency medical care was provided; 90–100% of private and state legal services were shut down.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_190612_strike-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">NISS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> forcefully shutdown the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> at the level of 63–100% (levels varying per provider).<a href="#cite_note-SPA_190612_strike-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12_June_–_4_July:_negotiations_and_protests">12 June – 4 July: negotiations and protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 12 June – 4 July: negotiations and protests">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png/220px-2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png/330px-2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png/440px-2019_Sudanese_protests_in_Chicago.png 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>People in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> show solidarity with protesters in Sudan, July 2019 </figcaption></figure> Negotiations to form a government, small protests, and a government-imposed Internet blockade continued during much of June.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_negotiations2restart-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJE_20190630_protests-150">[150]</a> On 12 June, the TMC agreed to release political prisoners and the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a> alliance (FFC) agreed to suspend the general strike, according to the Ethiopian mediator Mahmoud Drir. The two sides also agreed "to resume talks soon" about forming a civilian government.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_negotiations2restart-44">[44]</a> On 12 June, the FFC prepared a list of eight civilian members for a 15-member transitional governmental council, including three women, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a>,<a href="#cite_note-possible_Hamdok_council-151">[151]</a> who was Deputy Executive Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Africa" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Africa">United Nations Economic Commission for Africa</a> from 2011 to October 2018,<a href="#cite_note-UNIDO_CV-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNECA_farewell-153">[153]</a> as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-possible_Hamdok_council-151">[151]</a> On 13 June, TMC spokesperson Shams El Din Kabbashi stated that "some" security force members had been arrested over 3 June massacre and that eighteen people, members of two different groups planning coups against the TMC, had also been arrested.<a href="#cite_note-20190613_arrests-154">[154]</a> On 29 June, TMC security forces raided the headquarters of the Sudanese Professionals Association, preventing a press conference from taking place.<a href="#cite_note-SPA_20190629_TMCraid-155">[155]</a> On 30 June, the thirtieth anniversary of al-Bashir's coup d'état, at least tens of thousands of people protested in Khartoum and elsewhere around Sudan to call for civilian rule and justice for 3 June massacre. Ten people were killed during the demonstrations,<a href="#cite_note-AJE_30Jun_10dead-156">[156]</a> including one shot dead by security forces in <a href="/wiki/Atbara" title="Atbara">Atbara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AJE_20190630_protests-150">[150]</a> and according to the Health Ministry, 181 people were injured among which 27 suffered gunshot wounds.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Tear gas</a>, live ammunition and stun grenades were used against protestors in Khartoum and in <a href="/wiki/El-Gadarif" title="El-Gadarif">El-Gadarif</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_20190630_protests-150">[150]</a> Ahmed Rabie of the opposition attributed all the deaths to the TMC, stating, "We hold the TMC responsible because those who were killed were shot under the eyes of the security forces, which either killed them or failed to protect them."<a href="#cite_note-AJE_30Jun_10dead-156">[156]</a> The TMC attributed responsibility for the deaths to the protestors.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_30Jun_10dead-156">[156]</a> General Gamal Omar of the TMC said that people who fired at security forces, killing two and wounding three, were arrested by the RSF.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_30Jun_10dead-156">[156]</a> On 3 July, direct talks between the TMC and the DFCF resumed after mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5–28_July:_political_agreement_and_negotiations">5–28 July: political agreement and negotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 5–28 July: political agreement and negotiations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">2019 Sudanese transition to democracy</a></div> On 5 July, with the help of African Union and Ethiopian mediators, a verbal deal was reached by the TMC and civilian negotiators of the FFC, including Siddig Yousif,<a href="#cite_note-Vox_TMC_FFC_deal-45">[45]</a> on the formation of governmental institutions, under which the presidency of the transitional government would rotate between the military and civilians.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a> The deal agreed to by the TMC and the civilian negotiators included:<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a> <ul><li>the creation of an 11-member sovereign council with five military members and five civilians to be chosen by the two sides and a civilian to be agreed upon mutually;<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a></li> <li>a transition period of 3 years and 3 months, led by a military member for the first 21 months and a civilian for the following 18 months;<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a></li> <li>a cabinet of ministers to be appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">FFC</a>;<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a></li> <li>a legislative council to be formed after the creation of the sovereign council and cabinet;<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a></li> <li>the creation of a "transparent and independent investigation" into events following the <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 Sudanese coup d'état</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a>;<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a></li> <li>a committee of lawyers, including African Union lawyers, to formalise the deal within 48 hours;<a href="#cite_note-AJE_transition_plan-13">[13]</a></li> <li>democratic elections to determine leadership following the 39-month transition period.<a href="#cite_note-Vox_TMC_FFC_deal-45">[45]</a></li></ul> Tahani Abbas, a cofounder of <a href="/wiki/No_to_Oppression_against_Women_Initiative" title="No to Oppression against Women Initiative">No to Oppression against Women Initiative</a>, stated her worry that women might be excluded from the transition institutions, arguing that women "[bear] the brunt of the violence, [face] sexual harassment and rape" and were active in organising the protests.<a href="#cite_note-Vox_TMC_FFC_deal-45">[45]</a> On 9 July, a 4-member committee, including Yahia al-Hussein, was still drafting the written form of the agreement. The committee expected it to be signed in the presence of regional leaders within 10 days.<a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_drafting_committee-159">[159]</a> While waiting for the written agreement to be prepared and signed, the Internet in Sudan continued to be mostly blocked. TMC spokesperson Shams al-Din Kabbashi claimed on 7 July that the Internet ban was necessary to protect the transition deal, since groups opposed to the deal planned to misrepresent it. He promised to restore the Internet within "two or three days". <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> human rights experts Aristide Nononsi, Clement Nyaletsossi Voule and David Kaey stated that the Internet ban was a violation of international human rights law and not justified under any circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_internet_during_draft-160">[160]</a> On 17 July 2019, the agreement was formalised with the signing by the TMC and the FFC of a written document<a href="#cite_note-TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement-14">[14]</a> in front of international witnesses.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_agreement_signed-46">[46]</a> A constitutional declaration remained to be prepared to complete the definition of the transition period.<a href="#cite_note-TMC_FFC_20190717_agreement-14">[14]</a> On 27 July, while negotiations on the constitutional declaration continued, the head of a committee appointed by the TMC to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">Khartoum massacre</a>, Fathelrahman Saeed, stated that 87 people had been killed, 168 injured, no rapes had occurred and no tents had been burnt. Saeed stated that legal cases for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> had been launched against eight unnamed high-ranking security officers.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_TMC_massacre_report-161">[161]</a> The Sudan Forensic Doctors Union described the result of the enquiry as "poor and defective", and the FFC, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Sudanese Women's Union">Sudanese Women's Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a> and the Democratic Lawyers' Alliance rejected the report. Street protests took place in Khartoum in response to the report.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_TMC_massacre_report-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="29_July_–_El_Obeid_massacre_to_Constitutional_Declaration">29 July – El Obeid massacre to Constitutional Declaration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 29 July – El Obeid massacre to Constitutional Declaration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf/page1-220px-Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf/page1-330px-Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf/page1-440px-Sudan_Constitutional_Declaration_4_August_2019.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>4 August signed Constitutional Declaration</figcaption></figure> On 29 July the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF) shot live ammunition at students in <a href="/wiki/El-Obeid" title="El-Obeid">El-Obeid</a> protesting about "the stoppage of public transport due to fuel shortages, drinking water outages, increasing commodity prices, and the unavailability of bread". Four students and another protestor died immediately<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_ElObeid-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_5killed-163">[163]</a> and 40 to 50 were wounded,<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_ElObeid_40to50_wounded-164">[164]</a> among which eight were in a serious condition.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_ElObeid-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_5killed-163">[163]</a> Twenty thousand people demonstrated in Khartoum in protest against the killings on the afternoon and evening of the same day.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_ElObeid-162">[162]</a> The FFC team negotiating with the TMC for a <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy#Draft_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">constitutional declaration</a> suspended negotiations and instead travelled to El-Obeid to "assess the situation".<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_ElObeid-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_5killed-163">[163]</a> Seven RSF members were arrested and an investigation was planned by the <a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a> Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_7RSF_arrested-165">[165]</a> The TMC stated that the RSF members responsible for the shooting had been guarding a bank and been assaulted with stones, with nine RSF members, three soldiers from the regular army and a policeman injured.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_7RSF_arrested-165">[165]</a> On 1 August, another massacre occurred, in which four protestors were shot dead in Umbada in <a href="/wiki/Omdurman" title="Omdurman">Omdurman</a> by "government forces" in four-wheel-drive vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_Omdurman_4killed-166">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Change_Now" title="Sudan Change Now">Sudan Change Now</a>, a member of the FFC,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] posted a statement of position on the constitutional negotiation process on 16 July 2019, accusing the TMC of manipulating the negotiation process and demanding prosecution of those involved in all massacres, liquidation of the militias, legal reform, and representation for all of the armed struggle movements in the political agreement.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The TMC, represented by <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Hamdan_Dagalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo">Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo</a> ("Hemetti"), and the FFC, represented by Ahmed Rabee, signed the Draft Constitutional Declaration on 4 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_const_dec_signed190804-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a> The Draft Constitutional Declaration, together with 17 July Political Agreement, defines a Sovereignty Council of five civilians, five military, and a civilian mutually acceptable to the TMC and FFC, along with other transitional state bodies and procedures, for a 39-month transition period.<a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transitional_institutions">Transitional institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transitional institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">2019 Sudanese transition to democracy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2019:_Transitional_institutions">October 2019: Transitional institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: October 2019: Transitional institutions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">2019 Sudanese transition to democracy</a></div> Dissolution of the TMC and appointment of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council</a>, all male except for two women, took place on 20 August 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women_excluded-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-SudTribune_SovCouncil_exists-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a> was appointed prime minister on 21 August.<a href="#cite_note-AJE_who_Hamdok-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a> became Chairman of the Sovereignty Council from 21 August 2019. A "comprehensive peace process" with armed opposition groups began on 1 September 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> On September 12 thousands of protesters gathered outside the presidential palace in Khartoum to demand a stronger judiciary to bring justice for the unjust torture of the protesters. <a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a> was appointed Chief Justice on 10 October 2019 with promises of an efficient judiciary body, restoring order in the process.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Khair_confirmed_191010-22">[22]</a> <dl><dt>Exclusion of women</dt></dl> The Sovereignty Council is almost completely male, with only two women members: <a href="/wiki/Aisha_Musa_el-Said" title="Aisha Musa el-Said">Aisha Musa el-Said</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raja_Nicola" title="Raja Nicola">Raja Nicola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SudTribune_SovCouncil_exists-18">[18]</a> The new Chief Justice appointed on 10 October 2019, <a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a>, who heads the judiciary and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Sudan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Sudan)">Supreme Court</a>, is a woman.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Khair_confirmed_191010-22">[22]</a> The candidates initially proposed by the FFC for the Cabinet of Ministers included very few women.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women_excluded-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Sudanese Women's Union">Sudanese Women's Union</a> (SWU) argued on 18 August that women had played as significant a role as men in "the revolution" of 2019 and that Sudanese women "claim an equal share of 50-50 with men at all levels, measured by qualifications and capabilities".<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women_excluded-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Yousra_Elbagir" title="Yousra Elbagir">Yousra Elbagir</a> criticised the beginning steps of the transition procedures, stating, "For the [first] tangible political progress of decades to exclude women is ridiculous. ... Women were the reason that the mass pro-democracy sit-in was able to continue for nearly two months. They ran make-shift clinics, fed fasting protesters daily during Ramadan, they spent the night at check points searching female protesters."<a href="#cite_note-Vox_Elbagir_women_excluded-170">[170]</a> On 22 August, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Sudanese Women's Union">SWU</a> organized a protest in front of the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">SPA</a>'s Khartoum office, advocating for a 50% representation of women "at all levels of power and decision-making bodies".<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women50_23Aug-171">[171]</a> The SWU interpreted the Draft Constitutional Declaration<a href="#cite_note-Const_Dec_En_unofficial-16">[16]</a> to ensure that women would be guaranteed at least 40% of seats at every level of government. Some of the protesters held banners stating "We are also technocrats!" in response to proposals that the Cabinet of Ministers be composed of <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_women50_23Aug-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_period_protests">Transition period protests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transition period protests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late-2019_Sudanese_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2019 Sudanese protests">Late-2019 Sudanese protests</a></div> Small scale protests occurred during the transition period, on issues that included the nomination of a new <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sudan" title="Chief Justice of Sudan">Chief Justice of Sudan</a> and Attorney-General,<a href="#cite_note-SudTrib_rallies_ChiefJustice-50">[50]</a> killings of civilians by the <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a> (RSF),<a href="#cite_note-Militia_shooting_SDarfur-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Militia_shooting_SDarfur_17Sepdemo-52">[52]</a> the toxic effects of cyanide and mercury from gold mining in <a href="/wiki/Northern_state,_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern state, Sudan">Northern state</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_mining_protests-53">[53]</a> protests against a state governor in <a href="/wiki/El-Gadarif" title="El-Gadarif">el-Gadarif</a> and against <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a> (SPA) coordinators,<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Sudanwide_demos-54">[54]</a> and for officials of the previous government to be dismissed in <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Sea (state)">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Nile_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Nile (state)">White Nile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_Sudanwide_demos-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_art_and_slogans">Popular art and slogans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Popular art and slogans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tasgut_bas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tasgut_bas.jpg/220px-Tasgut_bas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Tasgut_bas.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Slogan "Tasgut bas" (Just fall, that's all!) or down with the government as graphic art during the revolution</figcaption></figure> Before, during and after the revolution, poems, songs, passionate speeches, paintings and caricatures have been produced by artists in Sudan as well as in the Sudanese diaspora to "inspire, enlighten, and share energy", as Sudanese writer Lemya Shammat wrote in her article on the 'Popular Art and Poetry of Sudanese Protesters'.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> International media have also highlighted the role of women and female artists as important activists in the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> In an article named 'How Sudanese Art Is Fueling the Revolution', graphic artist Enas Satir was quoted saying, "the power that art has, whether it be an illustration or otherwise, has a huge impact on people. Our role is to create art that cannot be ignored."<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Similar to other protests in the Middle East and North Africa, Sudanese protestors have chanted slogans demanding the fall of the current regime. These slogans include "Freedom, peace and justice,"<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> "We are all Darfur,"<a href="#cite_note-econo-1-61">[61]</a> and "Just fall – that's all",<a href="#cite_note-:0-176">[176]</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Just_fall_–_that's_all">Just fall – that's all</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Just fall – that's all">edit</a>]</div> The slogan "Just fall – that's all" (تسقط – بس tasquṭ bas) was first used on Twitter and Facebook pages during the protests of 22 December 2018 and has thereafter been widely used.<a href="#cite_note-:0-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom,_peace_and_justice">Freedom, peace and justice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Freedom, peace and justice">edit</a>]</div> This slogan was the first to be used in downtown Khartoum where demonstrators chanting "freedom, peace and justice" and "revolution is the people's choice" were met with tear gas. The organisers of this particular march were members of academic professions, including doctors, engineers, and teachers.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="We_are_all_Darfur">We are all Darfur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: We are all Darfur">edit</a>]</div> The slogan "You arrogant racist, we are all <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a>!" was used in Khartoum in response to the targeting of 32 Darfuri students<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> by <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">National Intelligence and Security Service</a> (NISS) agents, who alleged they were planning an attack.<a href="#cite_note-torture-89">[89]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Radio_Dabanga" title="Radio Dabanga">Radio Dabanga</a>, the NISS claimed that they had been trained by the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> to carry out acts of sabotage.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_DBA_release_studs-180">[180]</a> The students were arrested at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sennar" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sennar">University of Sennar</a> and were transported to Khartoum, where they subsequently confessed "under duress."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Darfur_Bar_Association" title="Darfur Bar Association">Darfur Bar Association</a> called for the students to be released.<a href="#cite_note-Dabanga_DBA_release_studs-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_Soudan_2019,_année_zéro">Book Soudan 2019, année zéro</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Book Soudan 2019, année zéro">edit</a>]</div> In May 2021, the book <a href="/wiki/Soudan_2019,_ann%C3%A9e_z%C3%A9ro" title="Soudan 2019, année zéro">Soudan 2019, année zéro</a> (transl. <a href="/wiki/Sudan_2019,_year_zero" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan 2019, year zero">Sudan 2019, year zero</a>) was published in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> by Soleb and Bleu autour publishers, documenting the critical days of the sit-in during March and April 2019. It was edited and written by Jean-Nicolas Bach, a French political scientist, with contributions by the director of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Institut Français">French cultural institute</a> in Khartoum, Fabrice Mongiat, as well as by Sudanese <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social scientists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a>. Moreover, the book presents reports by witnesses, poems and images by <a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan#Contemporary_photographers" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudanese photographers</a>, who documented these events.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Reactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organisations">International organisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: International organisations">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations"><img alt="United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> On 28 December 2018, two <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">United Nations Special Rapporteurs</a> expressed alarm about reports of government violence (using live ammunition) against protestors and concern about "arbitrary arrests and detentions".<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union"><img alt="African Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> On 16 April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> announced that Sudan would be removed from its membership unless a civilian government were appointed within two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-AU-131">[131]</a> On 23 April, this position was revised at a meeting in Cairo, during which the Union instead gave the transitional military council three months to organise elections.<a href="#cite_note-AU_Cairo-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_states">Arab states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arab states">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> – Egypt sent its minister of foreign affairs <a href="/wiki/Sameh_Shoukry" title="Sameh Shoukry">Sameh Shoukry</a> to become the first Arab official to announce its support of the Sudanese government. "Egypt is confident that Sudan will overcome the present situation," Shoukry said, adding that "Egypt is always ready to support Sudan and the ability of Sudanese people as per the government of Sudan's vision and policies."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> – The Emir of Qatar <a href="/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani" title="Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani">Tamim bin Hammad</a> declared his support to Omar al-Bashir, whose first international trip since the uprising began was to visit the Emir seeking economic, diplomatic and military support al-Bashir was also looking for an immediate and urgent financial support in order to ease the pressure on him . No financial support was announced after this meeting.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">King Salman</a> of Saudi Arabia has sent a diplomatic delegation calling for the stability of Sudan and stating that the security of Sudan is part of the security of the (Saudi) kingdom itself.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> – The UAE has announced plans to support the shortages of the Sudanese economy and provided 1.12 million tonnes of fuel and allocated $300 million to finance Sudan's agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-Truaeqat-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> & <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> pledged 3 billion in aid on 21 April<a href="#cite_note-AU_Cairo-139">[139]</a> and the <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwaiti</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Arab_Fund_for_Economic_and_Social_Development" title="Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development">Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development</a> lent $200m to the Sudanese government.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_states">Other states</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other states">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – On 10 April, issued a statement urging the government to heed the protesters calls for political transition: "The Sudanese people are demanding a transition to a political system that is inclusive and has greater legitimacy. The Sudanese authorities must now respond and deliver a credible plan for political transition. Failing to do so risks causing greater instability. The Sudanese leadership has a grave responsibility to avoid such an outcome."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> – offered fuel and wheat, according to Sudan's Oil Minister.<a href="#cite_note-Truaeqat-187">[187]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> – On 14 January, British ambassador to Sudan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Siddiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irfan Siddiq (page does not exist)">Irfan Siddiq</a> said he urged the Sudanese government to avoid violence with the protesters and to release the political detainees saying "No more use of force, credible investigations into killings, release of political detainees, freedom of media and respect for the sanctity of hospitals and work of medics all essential steps."<a href="#cite_note-bbrg-191">[191]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> – On 23 January, the United States announced its concern over the arrests and detentions, calling for the Sudanese government to release journalists, activists, and peaceful protesters arbitrarily detained during the protests, State Department spokesman Robert Palladino announced "We call on the government to allow for a credible and independent investigation into the deaths and injuries of protesters."<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> On 19 April, the U.S. government called on the Sudanese military to give way to a civilian-led transitional government "that is inclusive and respectful of human rights and the rule of law."<a href="#cite_note-HugeCrowds-10">[10]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_Sudan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Sudan coup d'état">2021 Sudan coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/2023_Sudan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Sudan conflict">2023 Sudan conflict</a></div> On 14 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese Armed Forces</a> quelled a <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> by soldiers loyal to ousted President Omar al-Bashir in the capital <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>. Former Director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_and_Security_Service" title="National Intelligence and Security Service">National Intelligence and Security Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salah_Gosh" title="Salah Gosh">Salah Gosh</a>, was accused of orchestrating the mutiny, which left two troops dead.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> On 9 March, a blast went off close to the convoy of the prime minister of Sudan Abdalla Hamdok, but he escaped unharmed from what was seen as an obvious assassination attempt, according to <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Those responsible for carrying out the attack have not been identified yet, the BBC added.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Mr Hamdok, with absolute certainty, maintained that the assassination attempt is not going to interfere or stop the transition in Sudan, but encourage it instead.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Sudan has made significant democratic gains since the revolution, which have been commended by international human rights organisations. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese government">Sudanese government</a> repealed the notorious public order law, which allowed the police to beat women who wear pants (trousers).<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> As of July 2020, Sudan banned <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>, decriminalised <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, ended <a href="/wiki/Public_flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Public flogging">public flogging</a> and lifted a 36-year ban on the consumption of alcohol for non-Muslims, according to Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Nasreldin_Abdelbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasreldin Abdelbari">Nasreldin Abdelbari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Press freedom has also noticeably improved, indicated by Sudan moving 16 places up in the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> The government also took steps to improve the situation of the Christian minorities in the country. The freedom of private discussion has improved, as the new government began the process of dismantling the surveillance state of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Bashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bashir">Al-Bashir</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> However, inflation remains very high. A lack of foreign currency, huge public debt and soaring commodity prices are pressing issues of the country.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> On 25 October 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Sudanese military</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">Abdel Fattah al-Burhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/October_2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état">took control of the government in a military coup</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan,_Remember_Us" title="Sudan, Remember Us">Sudan, Remember Us</a>, a 2024 documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/Hind_Meddeb" title="Hind Meddeb">Hind Meddeb</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Sudanese_protests" title="2011–2013 Sudanese protests">2011–2013 Sudanese protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress Party (Sudan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Islamic_Front" title="National Islamic Front">National Islamic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Egyptian_protests" title="2019 Egyptian protests">2019 Egyptian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protests_in_the_21st_century" title="List of protests in the 21st century">List of protests in the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Sudanese_protests" title="2018 Sudanese protests">2018 Sudanese protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Sudan_(2023)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Sudan (2023)">War in Sudan (2023)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Elmileik-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Elmileik_1-0">^</a> Elmileik, Aya. (26 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/prompted-protests-sudan-181224114651302.html">"What prompted the protests in Sudan?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420185037/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/prompted-protests-sudan-181224114651302.html">Archived</a> 20 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 31 July 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Freytas-Tamura-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Freytas-Tamura_2-0">^</a> Freytas-Tamura, Kimiko (24 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/africa/sudan-protests.html">"Sudanese Protests, After Days of Violence, Turn Anger Over Bread Toward Bashir"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412155002/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/africa/sudan-protests.html">Archived</a> 12 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 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Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Walsh, Declan (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/world/africa/sudan-protests-omar-hassan-al-bashir.html">"On Sudan's Streets, Young Professionals Protest Against an Autocrat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419220757/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/world/africa/sudan-protests-omar-hassan-al-bashir.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved 22 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+President+Omar+Hassan+al-Bashir+Is+Ousted%2C+but+Not+His+Regime&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.au=Declan+Walsh+%26+Joseph+Goldstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F11%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsudan-omar-hassan-al-bashir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47913338">Sudan coup leader Awad Ibn Auf steps down</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421023250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47913338">Archived</a> 21 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News (13 April 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-HugeCrowds-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HugeCrowds_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HugeCrowds_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HugeCrowds_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HugeCrowds_10-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/19/sudan-huge-crowds-call-for-civilian-rule-in-biggest-protest-since-bashir-ousting">Sudan: huge crowds call for civilian rule in biggest protest since Bashir ousting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419211952/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/19/sudan-huge-crowds-call-for-civilian-rule-in-biggest-protest-since-bashir-ousting">Archived</a> 19 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Reuters (18 April 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-SPA_CivilDisobedience-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_CivilDisobedience_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_CivilDisobedience_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_CivilDisobedience_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_CivilDisobedience_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPA_CivilDisobedience_11-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sudaneseprofessionals.org/en/complete-civil-disobedience-and-open-political-strike-to-avoid-chaos/">"Complete civil disobedience, and open political strike, to avoid chaos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a>. 4 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190608220131/https://www.sudaneseprofessionals.org/en/complete-civil-disobedience-and-open-political-strike-to-avoid-chaos/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2019. 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Retrieved 5 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+resistance+committees+plot+%27new+wave%27+of+protests+against+power+deal&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Mohammaed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fsudans-resistance-committees-plot-new-wave-protests-against-power-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabanga_deathtoll246-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_deathtoll246_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-240-people-killed-in-sudan-uprising">"More than 240 people killed in Sudan uprising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Dabanga" title="Radio Dabanga">Radio Dabanga</a>. 20 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030213800/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/more-than-240-people-killed-in-sudan-uprising">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019. 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Retrieved 21 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Several+killed+in+Sudan+as+protests+over+rising+prices+continue&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F12%2Fprotests-rising-prices-spread-sudan-khartoum-181220132130661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJE_slogans_revolution-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJE_slogans_revolution_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJE_slogans_revolution_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-police-fire-live-rounds-home-slain-protester-190118093023028.html">"Sudan police fire live rounds outside home of slain protester"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sudan+police+fire+live+rounds+outside+home+of+slain+protester&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2Fsudan-police-fire-live-rounds-home-slain-protester-190118093023028.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfricaNews2021" class="citation web cs1">AfricaNews (25 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africanews.com/2021/10/25/sudan-s-army-declares-state-of-emergency-dissolves-government/">"Sudan's army declares state of emergency, dissolves government"</a>. Africanews. 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Retrieved 8 April 2019. <q>[Selon] une bonne source soudanaise: "Un scénario de cauchemar se profile, avec des affrontements. Or, l'armée n'est pas aussi bien équipée que l'ensemble constitué par les hommes des FSR et les nombreuses milices secrètes."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Le+mouvement+de+protestation+embrase+le+Soudan&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.au=Jean-Philippe+R%C3%A9my&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2019%2F04%2F08%2Fle-mouvement-de-protestation-s-embrase-au-soudan_5447369_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3005526/troops-shield-protesters-sudan-president-omar-al-bashir-faces">"Troops shield protesters as Sudan President Omar al-Bashir faces mounting pressure to go"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411055712/https://www.scmp.com/news/world/africa/article/3005526/troops-shield-protesters-sudan-president-omar-al-bashir-faces">Archived</a> 11 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a>, 10 April 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470">"Omar al-Bashir: Sudan military coup topples ruler after protests"</a>. 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Here's what's next.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417074826/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/04/15/four-things-know-about-sudans-coups/">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Washington Post (15 April 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-InterimCivilianCoun-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InterimCivilianCoun_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InterimCivilianCoun_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InterimCivilianCoun_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/19/sudan-protest-leaders-to-unveil-interim-civilian-council">"Sudan protest leaders to unveil interim civilian council"</a>. Al Jazeera. 19 April 2019. 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Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+Al-Bashir+Declares+State+of+Emergency+for+One+Year&rft.date=2019-02-22&rft.au=Mohammed+Alamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-02-22%2Fsudan-s-al-bashir-declares-state-of-emergency-for-one-year%3Fsrnd%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Declan Walsh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/22/world/africa/sudan-bashir-emergency.html">Facing Protests, Sudan's Leader Declares Yearlong State of Emergency</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419222046/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/22/world/africa/sudan-bashir-emergency.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York Times (22 February 2019). </li> <li id="cite_note-CSM-103"><a href="#cite_ref-CSM_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2019/0314/Sudanese-continue-protests-as-president-tightens-grip">"Sudanese continue protests as president tightens grip"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. 14 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190316200243/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2019/0314/Sudanese-continue-protests-as-president-tightens-grip">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Sudanese+continue+protests+as+president+tightens+grip&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAfrica%2F2019%2F0314%2FSudanese-continue-protests-as-president-tightens-grip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crackdown-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Crackdown_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Alamin2019" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed Alamin (27 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/protesters-face-whippings-and-tear-gas-in-sudanese-crackdown">"Protesters Face Whippings and Tear Gas in Sudanese Crackdown"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 February 2019. <q>Leading Sudanese opposition figure Sadiq al-Mahdi returned to Sudan on Wednesday from nearly a year in self-imposed exile</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Protesters+Face+Whippings+and+Tear+Gas+in+Sudanese+Crackdown&rft.date=2019-02-27&rft.au=Mohammed+Alamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-02-27%2Fprotesters-face-whippings-and-tear-gas-in-sudanese-crackdown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Decrees-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Decrees_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Alamin2019" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed Alamin (26 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-26/sudan-s-al-bashir-issues-decrees-to-curb-protests-black-market">"Sudan's Leader Issues Decrees to Curb Protests, Black Market"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 April 2019. <q>Protests [...] have been reignited by the successful 3 April ouster of Algeria's Abdelaziz Bouteflika[.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Clashes+between+rival+Sudan+armed+forces+risk+%27civil+war%27%2C+protesters+warn&rft.date=2019-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsudan-civil-war-omar-al-bashir-khartoum-bouteflika-a8863881.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/4/6/sudan-protesters-reach-army-hq-in-new-anti-government-rallies">"Sudan protesters 'reach army HQ' in new anti-government rallies"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+military+overthrows+president+following+months+of+popular+protests&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Osman&rft.aufirst=Muhammed&rft.au=Bearak%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fsudans-military-expected-to-announce-overthrow-of-president-following-months-of-popular-protests%2F2019%2F04%2F11%2Fbedcc28e-5c2b-11e9-842d-7d3ed7eb3957_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47903332">"Sudan protesters defy military curfew"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Uprising+in+Sudan%3A+Does+this+African+nation+offer+a+window+of+hope+onto+the+future%3F&rft.date=2019-01-27&rft.au=Paul+Rosenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2019%2F01%2F27%2Fuprising-in-sudan-does-this-african-nation-offer-a-window-of-hope-onto-the-future%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabanga_DBA_release_studs-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_DBA_release_studs_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabanga_DBA_release_studs_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/darfur-bar-ass-calls-for-release-of-32-students-accused-of-being-slm-aw-sabotage-cell">"Darfur Bar Ass calls for release of 32 students accused of being 'SLM-AW sabotage cell'"</a>. Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam). 2 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064205/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/darfur-bar-ass-calls-for-release-of-32-students-accused-of-being-slm-aw-sabotage-cell">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Dabanga+%28Amsterdam%29&rft.atitle=Darfur+Bar+Ass+calls+for+release+of+32+students+accused+of+being+%27SLM-AW+sabotage+cell%27&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dabangasudan.org%2Fen%2Fall-news%2Farticle%2Fdarfur-bar-ass-calls-for-release-of-32-students-accused-of-being-slm-aw-sabotage-cell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allafrica.com/stories/201812280393.html">"Sudan: Darfur Bar Ass – Accusations Against Darfuri Students Unfounded"</a>. Radio Dabanga (Amsterdam). 28 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129010844/https://allafrica.com/stories/201812280393.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Dabanga+%28Amsterdam%29&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+Darfur+Bar+Ass+%E2%80%93+Accusations+Against+Darfuri+Students+Unfounded&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201812280393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eyrolles.com/Loisirs/Livre/soudan-2019-annee-zero-9782358481854/">Soudan 2019, année zéro - Librairie Eyrolles</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soudan+2019%2C+ann%C3%A9e+z%C3%A9ro+-+Librairie+Eyrolles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyrolles.com%2FLoisirs%2FLivre%2Fsoudan-2019-annee-zero-9782358481854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_Nyaletsossi_VouleAristide_Nononsi2018" class="citation web cs1">Clement Nyaletsossi Voule; Aristide Nononsi (28 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24049&LangID=E">"Sudan: UN experts urge halt to excessive use of force against peaceful protesters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">OHCHR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065605/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24049&LangID=E">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OHCHR&rft.atitle=Sudan%3A+UN+experts+urge+halt+to+excessive+use+of+force+against+peaceful+protesters&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft.au=Clement+Nyaletsossi+Voule&rft.au=Aristide+Nononsi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FNewsEvents%2FPages%2FDisplayNews.aspx%3FNewsID%3D24049%26LangID%3DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/egypt-backs-sudan-government-amid-deadly-protests-1.807138">"Egypt backs Sudan government amid deadly protests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 27 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113810/https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/egypt-backs-sudan-government-amid-deadly-protests-1.807138">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Egypt+backs+Sudan+government+amid+deadly+protests&rft.date=2018-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fegypt-backs-sudan-government-amid-deadly-protests-1.807138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/protests-continue-sudan-bashir-qatar-visit-102689433">"Protests continue in Sudan as Bashir meets Qatari ruler"</a>. Middle East Eye. 22 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064136/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/protests-continue-sudan-bashir-qatar-visit-102689433">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Protests+continue+in+Sudan+as+Bashir+meets+Qatari+ruler&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fprotests-continue-sudan-bashir-qatar-visit-102689433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubai-Arabic.net2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dubai-Arabic.net (25 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/saudi-today/2019/01/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87.html">"الملك سلمان يبعث وفداً وزارياً إلى السودان تضامناً معه"</a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126061029/https://www.alarabiya.net/ar/saudi-today/2019/01/25/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019. 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Middle East Eye. 23 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126113742/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uae-russia-turkey-offer-support-sudans-al-bashir-amid-daily-protests-1788537530">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=UAE%2C+Russia+and+Turkey+pledge+aid+to+Sudan+amid+ongoing+protests&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Fuae-russia-turkey-offer-support-sudans-al-bashir-amid-daily-protests-1788537530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaked2019" class="citation news cs1">Waked, Christiane (23 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khaleejtimes.com/editorials-columns/sudans-people-want-bread-not-another-arab-spring">"Sudan's people want bread, not another Arab Spring"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Khaleej+Times&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+people+want+bread%2C+not+another+Arab+Spring&rft.date=2019-02-23&rft.aulast=Waked&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khaleejtimes.com%2Feditorials-columns%2Fsudans-people-want-bread-not-another-arab-spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-economy/sudan-signs-200-million-loan-with-kuwait-based-fund-idUSKCN1S30AI">"Sudan signs $200 million loan with Kuwait-based fund"</a>. Reuters. 27 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428204145/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-economy/sudan-signs-200-million-loan-with-kuwait-based-fund-idUSKCN1S30AI">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Sudan+signs+%24200+million+loan+with+Kuwait-based+fund&rft.date=2019-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sudan-economy%2Fsudan-signs-200-million-loan-with-kuwait-based-fund-idUSKCN1S30AI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/current-unrest-in-sudan-troika-statement-april-2019">"Current unrest in Sudan: Troika statement, April 2019"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410211345/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/current-unrest-in-sudan-troika-statement-april-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019. 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Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+Bashir+Defies+Calls+to+Step+Down+as+Pressure+Mounts&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft.au=Mohammed+Alamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-01-14%2Fsudan-doctors-slam-police-targeting-of-hospitals-during-protests&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Palladino2019" class="citation web cs1">Robert Palladino (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/01/288533.htm">"U.S. Concern Over Sudanese Government Response to Protests"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124143446/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/01/288533.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Concern+Over+Sudanese+Government+Response+to+Protests&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.au=Robert+Palladino&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fprs%2Fps%2F2019%2F01%2F288533.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51112518">"Sudan army quells Khartoum mutiny by pro-Bashir troops"</a>. BBC. 15 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Sudan+army+quells+Khartoum+mutiny+by+pro-Bashir+troops&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-51112518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2020" class="citation news cs1">Burke, Jason (9 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/09/sudanese-pm-abdalla-hamdok-survives-assassination-attempt-reports">"Sudan PM survives blast in apparent assassination attempt"</a>. The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sudan+PM+survives+blast+in+apparent+assassination+attempt&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Fmar%2F09%2Fsudanese-pm-abdalla-hamdok-survives-assassination-attempt-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51800278">"Sudan PM survives assassination attempt"</a>. BBC News. 9 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sudan+PM+survives+assassination+attempt&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-51800278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearak" class="citation news cs1">Bearak, Max. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/sudans-prime-minister-escapes-assassination-attempt-unscathed/2020/03/09/b1a6a5ac-61f3-11ea-8a8e-5c5336b32760_story.html">"Sudan's prime minister escapes assassination attempt unscathed"</a>. Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sudan%27s+prime+minister+escapes+assassination+attempt+unscathed&rft.aulast=Bearak&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fsudans-prime-minister-escapes-assassination-attempt-unscathed%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2Fb1a6a5ac-61f3-11ea-8a8e-5c5336b32760_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerPost2019" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Miriam; Post, The Washington (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehour.com/news/article/Sudan-has-repealed-its-repressive-Public-Order-14873531.php">"Sudan has repealed its repressive 'Public Order Law' that had let police flog women for wearing pants"</a>. The Hour.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hour&rft.atitle=Sudan+has+repealed+its+repressive+%27Public+Order+Law%27+that+had+let+police+flog+women+for+wearing+pants&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft.au=Post%2C+The+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehour.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FSudan-has-repealed-its-repressive-Public-Order-14873531.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733">"Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims"</a>. BBC. 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Sudan+scraps+apostasy+law+and+alcohol+ban+for+non-Muslims&rft.date=2020-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-53379733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNima_ElbagirRob_Picheta2020" class="citation web cs1">Nima Elbagir; Rob Picheta (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/01/africa/sudan-fgm-banned-intl/index.html">"Sudanese government bans female genital mutilation"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Sudanese+government+bans+female+genital+mutilation&rft.date=2020-05&rft.au=Nima+Elbagir&rft.au=Rob+Picheta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F05%2F01%2Fafrica%2Fsudan-fgm-banned-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/sudan">"Sudan : Media in need of rebuilding | Reporters without borders"</a>. RSF. 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RSF&rft.atitle=Sudan+%3A+Media+in+need+of+rebuilding+%26%23124%3B+Reporters+without+borders&rft.date=2022-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fsudan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/sudan/freedom-world/2020">"Sudan"</a>. Freedom House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+House&rft.atitle=Sudan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fsudan%2Ffreedom-world%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arab.news/n8n3j">"Sudan inflation soars to 99% as food prices rise"</a>. Arab News. 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Sudan+inflation+soars+to+99%25+as+food+prices+rise&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2Fn8n3j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosser2024" class="citation web cs1">Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.screendaily.com/news/civil-war-documentary-sudan-remember-us-acquired-for-mena-ahead-of-venice-premiere-exclusive/5196049.article">"Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Screen_Daily" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen Daily">Screen Daily</a>. Retrieved 3 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Screen+Daily&rft.atitle=Civil+war+documentary+%27Sudan%2C+Remember+Us%27+acquired+for+MENA+ahead+of+Venice+premiere+%28exclusive%29&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.screendaily.com%2Fnews%2Fcivil-war-documentary-sudan-remember-us-acquired-for-mena-ahead-of-venice-premiere-exclusive%2F5196049.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASudanese+revolution" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bach, Jean-Nicolas, Fabrice Mongiat (eds.) et al. (2021) Soudan 2019 : Année zéro'. Paris: Soleb and Bleu autour publishers, 244 p. with photographs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782918157441" title="Special:BookSources/9782918157441">9782918157441</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782918157472" title="Special:BookSources/9782918157472">9782918157472</a> (in French)</li> <li>Hassan, Mai (2023). "<a href="//doi.org/10.1017/S0003055423000291" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1017/S0003055423000291">Coordinated Dis-Coordination</a>". American Political Science Review.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudanese_revolution&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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Military Council and the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces">Political Agreement on establishing the structures and institutions of the transitional period between the Transitional Military Council and the Declaration of Freedom and Change Forces</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y9eEDnNeSSE">Music video about the Sudanese revolution</a>, song composed by Sudanese musician <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Wardi" title="Mohammed Wardi">Mohammed Wardi</a> in contemporary interpretation, with scenes of a celebration concert in Khartoum and of the revolutionary period of 2019</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sudanese_revolution283" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sudanese_Revolution" title="Template:Sudanese Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sudanese_Revolution" title="Template talk:Sudanese Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sudanese_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sudanese Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sudanese_revolution283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sudanese revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Bashir" title="Omar al-Bashir">Omar al-Bashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">RCCNS-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Support_Forces" title="Rapid Support Forces">Rapid Support Forces</a></li></ul></li> <li>Opposition (until August/September 2019) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forces_of_Freedom_and_Change" title="Forces of Freedom and Change">Forces of Freedom and Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Women%27s_Union" title="Sudanese Women's Union">Sudanese Women's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_to_Oppression_against_Women_Initiative" title="No to Oppression against Women Initiative">No to Oppression against Women Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANSAM" title="MANSAM">MANSAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Professionals_Association" title="Sudanese Professionals Association">Sudanese Professionals Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_resistance_committees" title="Sudanese resistance committees">Sudanese resistance committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Without_Borders" title="Angry Without Borders">Angry Without Borders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_Bar_Association" title="Darfur Bar Association">Darfur Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consensus_Forces" title="National Consensus Forces">National Consensus Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Revolutionary_Front" title="Sudan Revolutionary Front">Sudan Revolutionary Front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese Revolution">19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandake_of_the_Sudanese_Revolution" title="Kandake of the Sudanese Revolution">8 April Alaa Salah photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">11 April 2019 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre" title="Khartoum massacre">3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueforSudan" title="BlueforSudan">#BlueforSudan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_transition_to_democracy#TMC–FFC_Political_Agreement_and_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Sudanese transition to democracy">July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932022_Sudanese_protests" title="2019–2022 Sudanese protests">2019–2022 Sudanese protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siti_Alnfor" title="Siti Alnfor">Killing of Sitna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2021_Sudanese_coup_attempt" title="September 2021 Sudanese coup attempt">September 2021 coup d'état attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October 2021 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">2023 Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Sudanese_general_election" title="Next Sudanese general election">Next Sudanese general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudanese transition to democracy">Institutional transition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty_Council_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereignty Council of Sudan">Sovereignty Council of Sudan</a> <ul><li>military: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_al-Burhan" title="Abdel Fattah al-Burhan">al-Burhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemedti" title="Hemedti">Hemedti</a></li> <li>(3 others)</li></ul></li> <li>civilian: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisha_Musa_el-Said" title="Aisha Musa el-Said">Aish Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Nicola" title="Raja Nicola">Raja Nicola</a></li> <li>(4 others)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sudan" title="Chief Justice of Sudan">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Nemat_Abdullah_Khair" title="Nemat Abdullah Khair">Nemat Abdullah Khair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan#2019–2022_Transitional_Cabinet" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Transitional Cabinet</a> <ul><li>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abdalla_Hamdok" title="Abdalla Hamdok">Abdalla Hamdok</a></li> <li>Ministers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asma_Mohamed_Abdalla" title="Asma Mohamed Abdalla">Asma Abdalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wala%27a_Essam_al-Boushi" title="Wala'a Essam al-Boushi">al-Boushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intisar_el-Zein_Soughayroun" title="Intisar el-Zein Soughayroun">Soughayroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lena_el-Sheikh_Mahjoub" title="Lena el-Sheikh Mahjoub">Lena el-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Saleh" title="Faisal Saleh">Faisal Saleh</a></li> <li>(13 others)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_massacre_investigation" title="Khartoum massacre investigation">Khartoum massacre investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabil_Adib" title="Nabil Adib">Nabil Adib</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Legislative_Council_(Sudan)" title="Transitional Legislative Council (Sudan)">Transitional Legislative Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Sudanese peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_war_crimes_court" title="Darfur war crimes court">Darfur war crimes court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Major publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soudan_2019,_ann%C3%A9e_z%C3%A9ro" title="Soudan 2019, année zéro">Soudan 2019, année zéro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sudanese_revolution" title="Category:Sudanese revolution">Sudanese Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sudan_articles358" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sudan_topics" title="Template:Sudan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sudan_topics" title="Template talk:Sudan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sudan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sudan_articles358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sudanese_history" title="Timeline of Sudanese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_pre-independence_Sudan" title="List of governors of pre-independence Sudan">Pre-independence governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan#Prehistory" title="History of Sudan">Pre and early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan#Medieval_history" title="History of Sudan">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_the_Sudan_region" title="Islamization of the Sudan region">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Sudan">Turkish occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Anglo-Egyptian occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="History of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1956%E2%80%931969)" title="Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)">Independent Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="First Sudanese Civil War">First Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1958 Sudanese coup d'état">1958 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Nimeiry Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">Communist coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconciliation_(Sudan)" title="National Reconciliation (Sudan)">National Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War" title="Second Sudanese Civil War">Second Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1985 Sudanese coup d'état">1985 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(1985)" title="Transitional Military Council (1985)">First Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019)" title="Republic of Sudan (1985–2019)">Coalitions/Bashir Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Sudanese coup d'état">1989 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Command_Council_for_National_Salvation" title="Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation">RCCNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in Sudan">United Nations Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Nomadic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_conflict_in_South_Kordofan_and_Blue_Nile" title="Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile">Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2019 Sudanese coup d'état">2019 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Military_Council_(2019)" title="Transitional Military Council (2019)">Second Transitional Military Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_Sovereignty_Council" title="Transitional Sovereignty Council">Transitional Sovereignty Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_transition_to_democracy_(2019%E2%80%932021)" title="Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)">2019–2021 transition to democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_peace_process" title="Sudanese peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Sudanese coup d'état">October 2021 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_civil_war_(2023%E2%80%93present)" title="Sudanese civil war (2023–present)">2023 Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sudan" title="Geography of Sudan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Sudan" title="Geology of Sudan">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakes_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakes of Sudan (page does not exist)">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountains_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mountains of Sudan (page does not exist)">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sudan" title="List of rivers of Sudan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes of Sudan">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sudan" title="Wildlife of Sudan">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fauna_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of fauna of Sudan and South Sudan">Fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Sudan" title="List of mammals of Sudan">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Sudan" title="List of birds of Sudan">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Sudan" title="Horses in Sudan">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of butterflies of Sudan and South Sudan">Butterflies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_moths_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of moths of Sudan and South Sudan">Moths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Sudan_and_South_Sudan" title="List of non-marine molluscs of Sudan and South Sudan">Non-marine molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Sudan" title="List of reptiles of Sudan">Reptiles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Natural_disasters48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Natural_disasters_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Natural disasters in Sudan (page does not exist)">Natural disasters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Sudan" title="Climate change in Sudan">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudan_floods" title="List of Sudan floods">Floods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="States26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Sudan" title="States of Sudan">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gezira_State" title="Gezira State">Gezira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Qadarif_State" title="Al Qadarif State">Al Qadarif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Nile_State" title="Blue Nile State">Blue Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Darfur" title="Central Darfur">Central Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Darfur" title="East Darfur">East Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassala_State" title="Kassala State">Kassala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khartoum_State" title="Khartoum State">Khartoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Darfur" title="North Darfur">North Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Kordofan" title="North Kordofan">North Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_State_(Sudan)" title="Northern State (Sudan)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_State" title="Red Sea State">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Nile_State" title="River Nile State">River Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sennar_State" title="Sennar State">Sennar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Darfur" title="South Darfur">South Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kordofan" title="South Kordofan">South Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Darfur" title="West Darfur">West Darfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Kordofan" title="West Kordofan">West Kordofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Nile_State" title="White Nile State">White Nile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sudan" title="Districts of Sudan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sudan" title="List of cities in Sudan">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan" title="Politics of Sudan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambassadors_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambassadors of Sudan (page does not exist)">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sudan" title="Cabinet of Sudan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sudan" title="Constitution of Sudan">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1956 Transitional Constitution of Sudan">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Sudan" title="1973 Constitution of Sudan">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_Transitional_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 Transitional Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_Constitution_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 Constitution of Sudan (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Draft_Constitutional_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration">2019</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Sudan" title="Coups d'état in Sudan">Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Sudan" title="Corruption in Sudan">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sudan" title="Elections in Sudan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sudan" title="Foreign relations of Sudan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sudan" title="Human rights in Sudan">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sudan">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar%E2%80%93Khatmiyya_rivalry" title="Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry">Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)" title="September Laws (Sudan)">September Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Act_1991_(Sudan)" title="Criminal Act 1991 (Sudan)">Criminal Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Armed_Forces" title="Sudanese Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_administration" title="Native administration">Native administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legislature_(Sudan)" title="National Legislature (Sudan)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of government of Sudan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Sudan" title="List of heads of state of Sudan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Sudan" title="Vice President of Sudan">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_state_governors_in_Sudan" title="List of current state governors in Sudan">State Governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sudan" title="Economy of Sudan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sudan" title="Agriculture in Sudan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sudan" title="Banking in Sudan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sudan" title="Central Bank of Sudan">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sudan" title="List of companies of Sudan">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_dinar" title="Sudanese dinar">Dinar (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sudan" title="Energy in Sudan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_pound" title="Sudanese pound">Pound (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taxation_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taxation in Sudan (page does not exist)">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sudan" title="Transport in Sudan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_society" title="Sudanese society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Sudan" title="Marriage in Sudan">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sudan" title="Polygamy in Sudan">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Sudan" title="Child marriage in Sudan">Child marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sudan" title="Demographics of Sudan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sudan" title="Education in Sudan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_groups_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethnic groups of Sudan (page does not exist)">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_minorities_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic minorities of Sudan">minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sudan" title="Health in Sudan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sudan" title="Languages of Sudan">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Sudan">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_Sudan" title="Refugees of Sudan">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Sudan" title="Slavery in Sudan">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Sudan" title="Squatting in Sudan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toilets_in_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toilets in Sudan (page does not exist)">Toilets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilets_in_Sudan" title="Public toilets in Sudan">Public toilets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Sudan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahnu_Jund_Allah_Jund_Al-watan" title="Nahnu Jund Allah Jund Al-watan">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sudan" title="Architecture of Sudan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sudan" title="Visual arts of Sudan">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sudan" title="Cinema of Sudan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_Sudan" title="Clothing in Sudan">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sudan" title="Emblem of Sudan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sudan" title="Flag of Sudan">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sudanese_flags" title="List of Sudanese flags">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sudan" title="Media of Sudan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sudan" title="Music of Sudan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Sudan" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Sudan">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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