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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ewart_Abner&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ewart+Abner%22">"Ewart Abner"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ewart+Abner%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ewart+Abner%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ewart+Abner%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ewart+Abner%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ewart+Abner%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="">Ewart Abner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ewart_Abner,_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ewart_Abner%2C_1975.jpg/220px-Ewart_Abner%2C_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ewart_Abner%2C_1975.jpg/330px-Ewart_Abner%2C_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ewart_Abner%2C_1975.jpg/440px-Ewart_Abner%2C_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="881" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Abner in 1975</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Ewart Gladstone Abner, Jr.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1923-05-11</span>)</span>May 11, 1923<br /><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 27, 1997<span style="display:none">(1997-12-27)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, California, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Record_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Record executive">Record executive</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1955–1997</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <p><b>Ewart Gladstone Abner, Jr.</b> (May 11, 1923 – December 27, 1997) was a major American <a href="/wiki/Record_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Record company">record company</a> executive who was President of Motown Records from 1973 to 1975 and was personal and business manager for <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> for 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his executive roles at Motown, he helped direct careers for <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson_and_the_Miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Smokey Robinson and the Miracles">Smokey Robinson and the Miracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson 5">Jackson 5</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewart_Abner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ewart Abner, the son of a minister, was born in Chicago<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated from <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Technical_Prep_Academy" title="Englewood Technical Prep Academy">Englewood High School</a> in 1939. He went to <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> and studied pharmacy but dropped out and served in the military. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">the war</a>, he got a degree in accounting from <a href="/wiki/DePaul_University" title="DePaul University">DePaul University</a> in 1949. Between 1950 and 1954, he served at the <a href="/wiki/Chance_Records" title="Chance Records">Chance</a> label as the owner Art Sheridan's right-hand man handling the finances of the business.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vee-Jay_Records">Vee-Jay Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewart_Abner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vee-Jay Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1954, Abner became part owner and general manager of <a href="/wiki/Vee-Jay_Records" title="Vee-Jay Records">Vee-Jay Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed president of Vee-Jay in 1961 and with the addition of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Butler_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Butler (singer)">Jerry Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)" title="The Four Seasons (band)">the Four Seasons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Chandler" title="Gene Chandler">Gene Chandler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holle_Thee_Maxwell" title="Holle Thee Maxwell">Holly Maxwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dee_Clark" title="Dee Clark">Dee Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Everett" title="Betty Everett">Betty Everett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Hooker" title="John Lee Hooker">John Lee Hooker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Reed" title="Jimmy Reed">Jimmy Reed</a>, the company continued to grow as a major independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,</i> “Mr. Abner also oversaw the first American releases of recordings by the Beatles. Although the group was recording for EMI in England, EMI's American affiliate, Capitol, had turned down its first releases. Vee Jay signed the group for American distribution in January 1963, and released a handful of singles and an album, 'Introducing the Beatles.' All the material Vee Jay released was later reissued by Capitol.”<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i> reports that "In addition to releasing the Beatles' first U.S. record, [Abner] developed such artists as the Four Seasons, the Impressions and Jimmy Reed."<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abner left Vee-Jay Records after having a “business disagreement” with his partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Abner formed <b>Constellation Records</b> in August 1963 with partners Art Sheridan and Bill "Bunky" Sheppard. Constellation experienced its most notable success with <a href="/wiki/Gene_Chandler" title="Gene Chandler">Gene Chandler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-larkin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larkin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motown_Years">Motown Years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewart_Abner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Motown Years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abner was hired by Berry Gordy to be vice-president of International Management at Motown in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was President of Motown from 1973 to 1975. In both of these roles, he helped “manage the careers of the Supremes, the Temptations, Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, the Four Tops, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and the Jackson Five,” according to the New York Times.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While President of Motown, in 1973 the company reached No. 1 with the singles “Superstition” and “You Are the Sunshine of My Life” (Stevie Wonder), “Touch Me in the Morning” (Diana Ross), “Let’s Get It On” (Marvin Gaye), and “Keep on Truckin’” (Eddie Kendricks).<sup id="cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amsterdam_News-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving Motown, he served for a decade as personal and business manager for Stevie Wonder. In that role, he played a major part in many of the efforts to establish a Martin Luther King Jr. national holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given the NAACP Image Award and was inducted into the Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remained close to Berry Gordy and served as an advisor to him until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was vice chairman of the Motown Historical Museum in Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewart_Abner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abner died on December 27, 1997, in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. He was 74. At his passing, Abner was survived by his wife, Olivia Watson Abner, a brother, David, seven children, Billie Piantino, Diane Patterson, Chemin Ware, and Tony, Allison, Ewart G. III, and Casey Abner, two grandsons, and one great-granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewart_Abner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ewart_G._Abner_Jr._dies_at_74_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/1998/music/news/ewart-g-abner-jr-dies-at-74-1117434581/">"Ewart G. Abner Jr. dies at 74"</a>. Variety. January 7, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ewart+G.+Abner+Jr.+dies+at+74&rft.date=1998-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1998%2Fmusic%2Fnews%2Fewart-g-abner-jr-dies-at-74-1117434581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwart+Abner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amsterdam_News-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amsterdam_News_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2019" class="citation news cs1">Boyd, Herb (January 31, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsterdamnews.com/news/2019/jan/31/ewart-abner-jr-astute-visionary-music-industry/">"Ewart Abner Jr., an astute visionary in the music industry"</a>. 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Cook County Clerk’s Office, Chicago, IL</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Pruter, <i>Doowop: The Chicago Scene,</i> Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1997, pp. 22-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozinn1998" class="citation news cs1">Kozinn, Allan (January 12, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/12/nyregion/ewart-abner-jr-74-president-of-motown-label.html">"Ewart Abner Jr., 74, President of Motown Label"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ewart+Abner+Jr.%2C+74%2C+President+of+Motown+Label&rft.date=1998-01-12&rft.aulast=Kozinn&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F01%2F12%2Fnyregion%2Fewart-abner-jr-74-president-of-motown-label.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwart+Abner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Los_Angeles_Times-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Los_Angeles_Times_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1998" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Myrna (January 6, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jan-06-me-5531-story.html">"Ewart G. 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Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Black+Record+Label+That+Introduced+the+Beatles+to+America&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fthe-black-record-label-that-introduced-the-beatles-to-america-180979606%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwart+Abner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larkin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larkin_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Constellation Records". Colin Larkin, ed. <i>Encyclopedia of Popular Music</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/f8eb363ba4fafe94b6be433395e28ade">"Obituaries in the News"</a>. Associated Press. January 7, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obituaries+in+the+News&rft.date=1998-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Ff8eb363ba4fafe94b6be433395e28ade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEwart+Abner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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