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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-colonial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_South_West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_South_West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>German South West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_South_West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Domestic animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestic animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cattle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cattle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Cultural impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goats_and_sheep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goats_and_sheep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Goats and sheep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goats_and_sheep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horses_and_donkeys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horses_and_donkeys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Horses and donkeys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horses_and_donkeys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dogs_and_chickens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dogs_and_chickens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Dogs and chickens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dogs_and_chickens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herero_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herero_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Herero in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herero_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Herero people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="شعب الهيريرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الهيريرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hererolar" title="Hererolar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hererolar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Герэра (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герэра (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Хереро – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хереро" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros" title="Hereros – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hereros" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hererov%C3%A9" title="Hererové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hererové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereroj" title="Hereroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hereroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9r%C3%A9ros" title="Héréros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Héréros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A0%88%EB%A1%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="헤레로인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헤레로인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հերերոներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերերոներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A8%D7%95" title="הררו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הררו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ჰერერო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰერერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Гереро – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гереро" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Гереро – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гереро" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hererai" title="Hererai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hererai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herer%C3%B4_(vahoaka)" title="Hererô (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hererô (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="شعب الهيريرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب الهيريرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_(volk)" title="Herero (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Herero (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AD" title="ヘレロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘレロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero_(folk)" title="Herero (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Herero (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hererowie" title="Hererowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hererowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herer%C3%B3s" title="Hererós – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hererós" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Гереро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гереро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereros" title="Hereros – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hereros" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudstvo_Hereri" title="Ljudstvo Hereri – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ljudstvo Hereri" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Хереро – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хереро" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hererot" title="Hererot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hererot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herero" title="Herero – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Herero" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu ethnic group of southwest Africa</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Herero</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herero_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Herero_women.jpg/250px-Herero_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Herero_women.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Herero women</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">317,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">178,987 (2023 Census)<sup id="cite_ref-Census2023_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/23px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/35px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Angola.svg/45px-Flag_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a> (<i>Otjiherero</i>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibian_Black_German" title="Namibian Black German">Namibian Black German</a> (rare)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">Traditional faith</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovimbundu" title="Ovimbundu">Ovimbundu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu people">other Bantu peoples</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Herero</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Omu</b>Herero</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Ova</b>Herero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language"><b>Otji</b>Herero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hereroland" title="Hereroland">Hereroland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Herero</b> (<a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Otjiherero language">Otjiherero</a>: <i lang="hz">Ovaherero</i>) are a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu people">Bantu</a> ethnic group inhabiting parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>. 178,987 Namibians identified as Ovaherero in the 2023 census.<sup id="cite_ref-Census2023_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2023-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak <a href="/wiki/Otjiherero" class="mw-redirect" title="Otjiherero">Otjiherero</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a>. Though the Herero primarily reside in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, there are also significant populations in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, and a small number in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. The Hereros in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> are there because of displacement during the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">1904 - 1908 genocide</a> committed by the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herero_woman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Herero_woman.JPG/170px-Herero_woman.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Herero_woman.JPG/255px-Herero_woman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Herero_woman.JPG/340px-Herero_woman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Herero woman in traditional dress.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most Bantu, who are primarily <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farmers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kizza_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kizza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Herero are traditionally <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>. They make a living tending livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle terminology in use among many Bantu pastoralist groups testifies that Bantu herders originally acquired <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> pastoralists inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>. After the Bantu settled in Eastern Africa, some Bantu nations spread south. Linguistic evidence also suggests that the Bantu borrowed the custom of milking cattle from Cushitic peoples; either through direct contact with them or indirectly via <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> intermediaries who had acquired both domesticated animals and pastoral techniques from Cushitic migrants.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Herero primarily reside in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, there are also significant populations in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Botswana, the Hereros or Ovaherero are mostly found in <a href="/wiki/Maun,_Botswana" title="Maun, Botswana">Maun</a> and some villages surrounding Maun. These villages among others are <a href="/wiki/Sepopa" title="Sepopa">Sepopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toromoja" title="Toromoja">Toromuja</a>, Karee and <a href="/wiki/Etsha" title="Etsha">Etsha</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of them are at <a href="/wiki/Mahalapye" title="Mahalapye">Mahalapye</a>. In the South eastern part of Botswana they are at Pilane. There are also a few of them in the <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park" title="Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park">Kgalagadi</a> South, that is Tsabong, Omawaneni, Draaihoek and Makopong Villages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Herero claim to comprise several sub-divisions, including the <a href="/wiki/Ovahimba_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovahimba people">Himba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovatjimba_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovatjimba people">Tjimba</a> (Cimba), <a href="/wiki/Ovambanderu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovambanderu people">Mbanderu</a>, and Kwandu. Groups in Angola include the <a href="/wiki/Mucubal_people" title="Mucubal people">Mucubal</a> OvaKuvale, <a href="/wiki/OvaZemba_people" class="mw-redirect" title="OvaZemba people">Zemba</a>, OvaHakawona, OvaTjavikwa, OvaTjimba and OvaHimba, who regularly cross the Namibia/Angola border when migrating with their herds. However, the OvaTjimba, though they speak Herero, are physically distinct indigenous <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. It may be in the Hereros' interest to portray indigenous peoples as impoverished Herero who do not own livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leadership of the Ovaherero is distributed over several heads of clans of which some are more prominent and referred as royal houses, among them:<sup id="cite_ref-rejected_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rejected-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-await_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-await-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ovaherero Traditional Authority, of the Ovaherero central governance system established in 1863, chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutjinde_Katjiua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutjinde Katjiua (page does not exist)">Mutjinde Katjiua</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharero" title="Maharero">Maharero</a> Royal Traditional Authority, chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjinaani_Maharero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjinaani Maharero (page does not exist)">Tjinaani Maharero</a></li> <li>Zeraeua Royal Traditional Authority at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omarurur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omarurur (page does not exist)">Omarurur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambanderu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovambanderu people">Ovambanderu</a> Royal Traditional Authority, chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eben_Nguvauva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eben Nguvauva (page does not exist)">Eben Nguvauva</a></li> <li><i>Onguatjindu</i> Royal Traditional Authority at <a href="/wiki/Okakarara" title="Okakarara">Okakarara</a>, chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Kambazembi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Kambazembi (page does not exist)">Sam Kambazembi</a></li></ul> <p>Since conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama people</a> in the 1860s necessitated Ovaherero unity, they also have a paramount chief ruling over all clans of Ovaherero,<sup id="cite_ref-await_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-await-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is currently an interpretation that such paramount chieftaincy violates the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditional_Authorities_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traditional Authorities Act (page does not exist)">Traditional Authorities Act</a>, Act 25 of 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-rejected_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rejected-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramount_Chiefs">Paramount Chiefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paramount Chiefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The highest office is that of the <i>Paramount Chief</i>, the leader of all Herero people. The position is vacant<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> and in dispute, and so far, no formal gazetting has been done by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Urban_and_Rural_Development_(Namibia)" title="Ministry of Urban and Rural Development (Namibia)">Ministry of Urban and Rural Development</a>. Potential candidates are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prof_Mutjinde_Katjiua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prof Mutjinde Katjiua (page does not exist)">Prof Mutjinde Katjiua</a> (elected in March 2021 by the Ovaherero Traditional Authority, OTA)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr_Hoze_Riruako&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr Hoze Riruako (page does not exist)">Dr Hoze Riruako</a> (elected by "a splinter group within the OTA" on 5 February 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipuira_Kapuuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipuira Kapuuo (page does not exist)">Vipuira Kapuuo</a> from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovitoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovitoto (page does not exist)">Ovitoto</a> is acting in the position since Rukoro's death.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genealogy of the Paramount Chiefs of the Herero is: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vekuii_Rukoro" title="Vekuii Rukoro">Vekuii Rukoro</a> (2014-2021) In June 2014, when Riruako died, the chairman of the Chiefs Council, Tumbee Tjombe, who was deputized by Vipuira Kapuuo, became the acting Paramount Chief. In July of the same year, Tjombe also died, and a senior traditional councilor, Tjipene Keja, was elected in August 2014 by the Chief's Council to serve as the acting Paramount Chief. Acting Paramount Chief Keja convened a senate meeting in September 2014 at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehungiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehungiro (page does not exist)">Ehungiro</a>, to elect the substantive Paramount Chief, and Advocate Vekuii Rukoro emerged as the sole candidate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaima_Riruako" title="Kuaima Riruako">Kuaima Riruako</a> (1978–2014) In March 1978, after the assassination of Kapuuo, the chairperson of the Chiefs' Council, Senior Headman Gerson Hoveka became the acting Paramount Chief. A senate meeting was convened in the same year where Kuaima Riruako was elected, as the substantive Paramount Chief.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Kapuuo" title="Clemens Kapuuo">Clemens Kapuuo</a> (1970–1978) Due to the advanced age of Kutako, in 1960 Clemence Kapuuo, who was the secretary of the Chiefs Council, was elected as deputy Paramount Chief to take the mantle in the eventuality that Kutako passes on. In 1970, two days following Kutako's death, Kapuuo assumed the position of a substantive Paramount Chief.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Kutako" title="Hosea Kutako">Hosea Kutako</a> (1917–1970) Following the <a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Herero Wars</a> from 1904 to 1908, Paramount Chief Samuel Maharero fled to <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bechuanaland">Bechuanaland</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>). This created a leadership vacuum amongst the Ovaherero, more so when the Ovaherero were incarcerated into the concentration camps. When the Ovaherero were released from the concentration camps in 1915, an election was held in 1916/17 among the clan leaders and their councillors to choose between two candidates, Hosea Kutako and Kaevaka Kamaheke, for the position of Acting Paramount Chief. Hosea Kutako emerged victorious, and was later confirmed as Paramount Chief in 1920.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maharero" title="Samuel Maharero">Samuel Maharero</a> (1890–1917) When Paramount Chief Maharero died in 1890, his son Samuel Maharero assumed the position in 1892 with the aid of the German Administrative Governor Theodor Leutwein.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharero" title="Maharero">Maharero ka Tjamuaha</a> (1861–1890) With <a href="/wiki/Tjamuaha" title="Tjamuaha">Tjamuaha</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> death in 1861, hostilities started between the <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama people</a> and the Herero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVedder1997319_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVedder1997319-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made it necessary for the clans to unite as a group. That is how, on 15 June 1863 at Otjizingue (now <a href="/wiki/Otjimbingwe" title="Otjimbingwe">Otjimbingwe</a>), Maharero was elected as the commander-in-chief of all Herero clans. Later Maharero was elected the first Paramount Chief of the Herero people.<sup id="cite_ref-KDM_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KDM-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonial">Pre-colonial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hereros_ende_19_jahrhundert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hereros_ende_19_jahrhundert.jpg/170px-Hereros_ende_19_jahrhundert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hereros_ende_19_jahrhundert.jpg/255px-Hereros_ende_19_jahrhundert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Hereros_ende_19_jahrhundert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>Herero, at the end of the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 15th century, the Herero migrated to what is now Namibia from the east and established themselves as <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herdsmen</a>. In the beginning of the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a> from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, who already possessed some <a href="/wiki/Firearms" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearms">firearms</a>, entered the land and were followed, in turn, by white merchants and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> missionaries. At first, the Nama began displacing the Herero, leading to bitter warfare between the two groups, which lasted the greater part of the 19th century. Later the two peoples entered into a period of cultural exchange.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_South_West_Africa">German South West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German South West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Herero Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a></div> <p>During the late 18th century, the first Europeans began entering to permanently settle the land. Primarily in <a href="/wiki/Damaraland" title="Damaraland">Damaraland</a>, German settlers acquired land from the Herero in order to establish <a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">farms</a>. In 1883, the merchant <a href="/wiki/Franz_Adolf_Eduard_L%C3%BCderitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz">Franz Adolf Eduard Lüderitz</a> entered into a contract with the native elders. The exchange later became the basis of German <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> rule. The territory became a <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colony</a> under the name of <a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">German South West Africa</a>. </p><p>Soon after, conflicts between the German colonists and the Herero herdsmen began. Controversies frequently arose because of disputes about access to land and water, but also the legal <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> against the native population by the white immigrants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th century, imperialism and colonialism in Africa peaked, affecting especially the Hereros and the Namas. European powers were seeking trade routes and railways, as well as more colonies. Germany officially claimed their stake in a South African colony in 1884, calling it German South West Africa until it was taken over in 1915. The first German colonists arrived in 1892, and conflict with the indigenous Herero and Nama people began. As in many cases of colonization, the indigenous people were not treated fairly.<sup id="cite_ref-gewald_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gewald-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31">: 31 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1893 and 1903, the Herero and Nama peoples' land and cattle were progressively being taken by German colonial settlers. The Herero and Nama resisted expropriation<sup id="cite_ref-BBC290801_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC290801-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the years. In 1903, the Herero people learnt that they were to be placed in reservations,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving more room for colonialists to own land and prosper. The Herero, 1904, and Nama, 1905, began a great rebellion that lasted until 1907, ending with the near destruction of the Herero people. "The war against the Herero and Nama was the first in which German imperialism resorted to methods of genocide...."<sup id="cite_ref-Chalk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chalk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roughly 80,000 Herero lived in German South West Africa at the beginning of Germany's colonial rule over the area, while after their revolt was defeated, they numbered approximately 15,000. In a period of four years, approximately 65,000 Herero people were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg/220px-Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg/330px-Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg/440px-Tree_in_Otjinene_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Omuti-ngau-zepo (The tree must be removed) in Otjinene from which many Herero people were hanged to death.</figcaption></figure> <p>Samuel Maharero, the Paramount Chief of the Herero, led his people in a large-scale uprising on January 12, 1904, against the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Herero, surprising the Germans with their uprising, had initial success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herero_chained.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Herero_chained.jpg/220px-Herero_chained.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Herero_chained.jpg/330px-Herero_chained.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Herero_chained.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Herero chained during the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">Herero and Namaqua genocide</a>, perpetrated by the German Empire</figcaption></figure> <p>German General <a href="/wiki/Lothar_von_Trotha" title="Lothar von Trotha">Lothar von Trotha</a> took over as leader in May 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1904, he devised a plan to annihilate the Herero nation.<sup id="cite_ref-mamdani_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mamdani-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was to surround the area where the Herero were, leaving but one route for them to escape, into the desert. The Herero battled the Germans, and the losses were minor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The Germans' or the Herero's losses? (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was when the majority had escaped through the only passage made available by the Germans, and had been systematically prevented from approaching watering holes, that starvation began to take its toll.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="These details are not given in the Guardian article cited. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was then that the Herero uprising changed from war, to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lothar von Trotha called the conflict a "race war". He declared in the German press that "no war may be conducted humanely against non-humans" and issued an "annihilation order": "... The Herero are no longer German subjects. They have murdered and stolen, they have cut off the ears, noses, and other body parts of wounded soldiers, now out of cowardice they no longer want to fight. I tell the people: Anyone who delivers one captain will receive 1,000 marks, whoever delivers Samuel Maharero will receive 5,000 marks. The Herero people must, however, leave the land. If the populace does not do this, I will force them with the <i>Groot Rohr</i> [cannon]. Within the German borders every Herero, with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot. I will no longer accept women and children, I will drive them back to their people or I will have them shot at."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 100th anniversary of the genocide, German Minister for Economic Development and Cooperation <a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Wieczorek-Zeul" title="Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul">Heidemarie Wieczorek-Zeul</a> commemorated the dead on site and apologised for the crimes on behalf of all Germans. Hereros and Namas demanded financial reparations; however, in 2004 there was only minor media attention in Germany on this matter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herero_Woman_Namibia(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Herero_Woman_Namibia%281%29.jpg/220px-Herero_Woman_Namibia%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Herero_Woman_Namibia%281%29.jpg/330px-Herero_Woman_Namibia%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Herero_Woman_Namibia%281%29.jpg/440px-Herero_Woman_Namibia%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Herero woman in Okahandja, Namibia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Herero are traditionally cattle-herding pastoralists, thus cattle is the mainstay of their economy. Historically cattle raids occurred between Herero clans, but Hereroland (Ehi rOvaherero) belongs to all the Ovaherero and has no fixed boundaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Herero have a double descent system. A person traces their heritage through their mother's lineage, or <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">eanda</i></span> (plural: <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">omaanda</i></span>), and one gains clan leadership from their father's lineage, or <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">oruzo</i></span> (plural: <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">otuzo</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, Kurt Falk recorded in the <i>Archiv für Menschenkunde</i> that the Ovahimba retained a "medicine-man" or "wizard". He wrote, "When I asked him if he was married, he winked at me slyly and the other natives laughed heartily and declared to me subsequently that he does not love women, but only men. He nonetheless enjoyed no low status in his tribe."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Holy Fire okuruuo<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (<i>OtjikaTjamuaha</i>) of the Herero is located at <a href="/wiki/Okahandja" title="Okahandja">Okahandja</a>. During immigration, the fire was doused and quickly relit. From 1923 to 2011, it was situated at the <i>Red Flag Commando</i>. On <a href="/wiki/Herero_Day" title="Herero Day">Herero Day</a> 2011, a group around Paramount Chief <a href="/wiki/Kuaima_Riruako" title="Kuaima Riruako">Kuaima Riruako</a> claimed that this fire was facing eastwards for the past 88 years, while it should be facing towards the sunset. They removed it and placed it at an undisclosed location, a move that has stirred controversy among the Ovaherero community.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herero_woman_with_son,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Herero_woman_with_son%2C_Namibia.jpg/170px-Herero_woman_with_son%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Herero_woman_with_son%2C_Namibia.jpg/255px-Herero_woman_with_son%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Herero_woman_with_son%2C_Namibia.jpg/340px-Herero_woman_with_son%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Traditionally the <i>otjikaiva</i> matches the dress</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite sharing a language and pastoral traditions, the Herero are not a homogeneous people. Traditional leather garments are worn by northwestern groups, such as the Himba, Kuvale, and Tjimba, who also conserve pre-colonial traditions in other aspects: for example, they do not buy bedding, but rather sleep in bedding made of cow skin. The Kaokoland Herero and those in Angola have remained isolated and are still pastoral nomads, practicing limited horticulture.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the main Herero group in central Namibia (sometimes called Herero proper) was heavily influenced by Western culture during the colonial period, creating a whole new identity. The missionaries considered the shape of the traditional headdress <i>Ekori</i>, which symbolized the horns of cows (the main source of wealth of the people), as a symbol of the devil and rejected it.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dress of the Herero proper, and their southern counterparts the Mbanderu, incorporates and appropriates the styles of clothing worn by their German colonizers. Though the attire was initially forced upon the Herero, it now operates as a new tradition and a point of pride. </p><p>During the 1904-07 war, Herero warriors would steal and wear the uniforms of German soldiers they had killed, believing that this transferred the dead soldiers' power to them. Today, on ceremonial occasions, Herero men wear military-style garb, including <a href="/wiki/Peaked_cap" title="Peaked cap">peaked caps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">berets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epaulette" title="Epaulette">epaulettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aiguillette" title="Aiguillette">aiguillettes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">gaiters</a>, "to honour the fallen ancestors and to keep the memories alive."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herero women adopted the floor-length gowns worn by German missionaries in the late 19th century, but now make them in vivid colors and prints. Married and older Herero women wear the dresses, locally known as <i>ohorokova</i>, every day, while younger and unmarried women wear them mainly for special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ohorokova dresses are high-necked and have voluminous skirts lavishly gathered from a high waist or <a href="/wiki/Empire_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire line">below the bust</a>, incorporating multiple petticoats and up to ten metres of fabric. The long sleeves display sculptural volume: puffed from the shoulders or frilled at the wrists. Coordinating neckerchiefs are knotted around the neck. For everyday wear, dresses are ingeniously patchworked together from smaller pieces of fabric, which may be salvaged from older garments. Dresses made from a single material are reserved for special occasions. </p><p>The most distinctive feature of Herero women's dress is their horizontal horned headdress, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otjikaiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otjikaiva (page does not exist)">otjikaiva</a></i>, which is a symbol of respect, worn to pay homage to the cows that have historically sustained the Herero. The headdresses can be formed from rolled-up newspaper covered in fabric. They are made to match or coordinate with dresses, and decorative brooches and pins attached to the centre front. </p><p>This dress style continues to evolve. In urban <a href="/wiki/Windhoek" title="Windhoek">Windhoek</a>, fashion designers and models are updating Herero dress for modern, younger wearers, including glamorous sheer and embellished fabrics. "Change is difficult, I understand, but people need to get used to the change," says designer McBright Kavari. "I'm happy to be a part of the change, to be winning souls of people and making people happy when they are wearing the Herero dress."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kavari has won the Best Herero Dress competition three times in a row, but has been criticised for raising the hem of the garment to the knee.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Otjiherero" class="mw-redirect" title="Otjiherero">Otjiherero</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="123" data-durationhint="315" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1080" data-height="606" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Pamela_speaking_Herero.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Herero speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero language</a> (Otjiherero) is the main unifying link among the Herero peoples.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Otjiherero umbrella, there are many dialects, including Oluthimba or Otjizemba—which is the most common dialect in Angola—Otjihimba, and Otjikuvale. These differ mainly in phonology, and are largely mutually intelligible, though Kuvale, <a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">Zemba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hakaona_language" title="Hakaona language">Hakaona</a> have been classified as separate languages. Standard Herero is used in the Namibian media and is taught in schools throughout the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Herero people believe in Okuruuo (holy fire), which is a link to their ancestors to speak to Ndjambi on their behalf. Modern-day Herero are mostly Christians, primarily Catholic, Lutheran, and Born-again Christian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_animals">Domestic animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Domestic animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Herero make a living out of rearing <a href="/wiki/Domestic_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic animals">domestic animals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle">Cattle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cattle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nguni_cattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nguni_cattle.jpg/220px-Nguni_cattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nguni_cattle.jpg/330px-Nguni_cattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Nguni_cattle.jpg/440px-Nguni_cattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nguni_cattle" title="Nguni cattle">Nguni cattle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cattle are the most valued domestic animals in the Herero culture, therefore cattle herding is the most significant and substantial activity for the Herero people. In the Herero culture the <a href="/wiki/Cattle_herding" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle herding">cattle herding</a> and cattle <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trading</a> activities are only conducted by males while females are responsible for milking cows, household chores, harvesting small field crops and taking care of the young children. As women are responsible for milking cows, there are also responsible for preparing the delicious sour milk called "<a href="/wiki/Omaere" title="Omaere">Omaere</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although males are responsible for the cattle trading activities the females do most of the trading such as <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">bartering</a> for other goods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cultural impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Herero people take pride in their cattle, hence the culture of Herero requires women to wear their iconic fabric hats shaped like cow horns.<sup id="cite_ref-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that the more cattle one has, the richer one is, making cattle a symbol of wealth. In celebrations such as marriages, cattle is normally eaten, whereas religious or <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral veneration">ancestral veneration</a> ceremonies involve the sacrifice of cows or other animals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goats_and_sheep">Goats and sheep</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Goats and sheep"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goats and sheep are kept for their meat and milk. Goatskin is manufactured into <a href="/wiki/Babywearing" title="Babywearing">child carriers</a> and to create household <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(art)" title="Ornament (art)">ornaments</a>. Goat dung, meanwhile, is considered medicinal;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is normally used to treat <a href="/wiki/Chickenpox" title="Chickenpox">chickenpox</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horses_and_donkeys">Horses and donkeys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Horses and donkeys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Horse and donkeys are common means of transport for the Herero. In cases of herding or searching for lost domestic animals, the Herero engage horses to carry out these activities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some Herero people are believed to consume donkey meat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dogs_and_chickens">Dogs and chickens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dogs and chickens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Herero culture, <a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">dogs</a> are used by men for both hunting and herding. The Herero people used to hunt to acquire meat, hide, and horns that are bartered for goods such as sugar, tea, and tobacco. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chicken</a> are kept for their meat and eggs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Herero_in_fiction">Herero in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Herero in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A group of Herero living in Germany who were inducted into the German military during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> play a major part in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i>. The genocide under von Trotha plays a major role in another novel by the same author, <i><a href="/wiki/V." title="V.">V.</a></i>.</li> <li>German author <a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a>'s novel <i>Morenga</i>, set in German southwest Africa, includes several Herero characters.</li> <li>A Portuguese-Herero <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> protagonist is featured in Guy Saville's novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Afrika_Reich" title="The Afrika Reich">The Afrika Reich</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">fictional</a> story takes place in a 1952 Africa largely conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> who came away from <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> politically and economically empowered and relatively unopposed.</li> <li>In the historical novel <i>Mama Namibia</i> by Mari Serebrov, two perspectives of the 1904 genocide in German Southwest Africa are shown. The first is that of Jahohora, a 12-year-old Herero girl who survives alone in the <a href="/wiki/Veld" title="Veld">veld</a> for two years after her family is killed by German soldiers. The second is that of Kov, a Jewish doctor who volunteered to serve in the German military to prove his patriotism. As he witnesses the atrocities of the genocide, he rethinks his loyalty to the Fatherland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Treatment of the Herero by German colonists is the subject of the 2012 play <i><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Proud_to_Present_a_Presentation_About_the_Herero_of_Namibia,_Formerly_Known_as_Southwest_Africa,_From_the_German_Sudwestafrika,_Between_the_Years_1884%E2%80%931915" title="We Are Proud to Present a Presentation About the Herero of Namibia, Formerly Known as Southwest Africa, From the German Sudwestafrika, Between the Years 1884–1915">We Are Proud to Present a Presentation About the Herero of Namibia, Formerly Known as Southwest Africa, From the German Sudwestafrika, Between the Years 1884–1915</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Sibblies_Drury" title="Jackie Sibblies Drury">Jackie Sibblies Drury</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Namibia" title="History of Namibia">History of Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_Day" title="Herero Day">Herero Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12085">"Herero | Joshua Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herero+%7C+Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F12085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2023-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census2023_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://census.nsanamibia.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf">"Namibia 2023 Population and Housing Census Main Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Namibia Statistics Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Namibia+2023+Population+and+Housing+Census+Main+Report&rft.pub=Namibia+Statistics+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensus.nsanamibia.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F10%2F2023-Population-and-Housing-Census-Main-Report-28-Oct-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kizza-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kizza_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Immaculate N. Kizza, <i>The Oral Tradition of the Baganda of Uganda: A Study and Anthology of Legends, Myths, Epigrams and Folktales</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVfhzWinn28C&pg=PA21">[1]</a>, p. 21: "The Bantu were, and still are, primarily subsistence farmers who would settle in areas, clear land, organize themselves in larger units basically for protective purposes, and start permanent settlements."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cocker-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cocker_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Cocker, <i>Rivers of Blood</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodriv00mark/page/276">Rivers of Gold: Europe's Conquest of Indigenous Peoples</a>, Grove Press, 2001, p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. D. Fage, <i>A History of Africa</i>, Routledge, 2002, p. 29: "In the north-east, the Bantu entered 'Azanian' lands inhabited by peoples speaking southern Cushitic languages. Indeed, this was of some importance because there is firm archaeological evidence that modern Kenya and northern Tanzania were the home of a succession of societies, once known as the 'Stone Bowl' cultures, which from about the middle of the third millennium B.C. onwards had cattle and were developing food-producing techniques well suited to the environment. It is unlikely that the Bantu would have brought large cattle with them through the forest, and their cattle terminology suggests that they acquired cattle from eastern African speakers of Cushitic languages, possibly through the mediation of Khoisan-speaking peoples. There is also linguistic evidence to suggest that at a later stage the Bantu may have borrowed the practice of milking directly from Cushitic-speaking peoples in East Africa."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2008" class="citation web cs1">Blench, Roger (8 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/Africa/Konigswinter%202007/Konigswinter%20paper.pdf">"Was there an interchange between Cushitic pastoralists and Khoisan speakers in the prehistory of Southern Africa and how can this be detected?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Presented at Königswinter, March 28-30, 2007 and to be published in a special volume of Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2019</span>. <q>pastoralists speaking Cushitic languages once spread as far as south-central Africa, where they were in contact with the ancestors of present-day Khoe-speakers. This led to a transfer of both species of domestic animals and also some rather specific techniques of pastoral lifestyle including dairy-processing etc. Khoe pastoral culture is known mainly from records and their original sheep and cattle breeds have now become heavily crossbred. The explanation for related traits among adjacent Bantu peoples is likely to be a similar, subsequent transfer from the Khoe to the Bantu, although it is possible that there was also direct Cushitic contact with the Bantu in the same region.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+there+an+interchange+between+Cushitic+pastoralists+and+Khoisan+speakers+in+the+prehistory+of+Southern+Africa+and+how+can+this+be+detected%3F&rft.pub=Presented+at+K%C3%B6nigswinter%2C+March+28-30%2C+2007+and+to+be+published+in+a+special+volume+of+Sprache+und+Geschichte+in+Afrika&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FAfrica%2FKonigswinter%25202007%2FKonigswinter%2520paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vivelo, F. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40979456">The Entry of the Herero into Botswana. <i>Botswana Notes and Records,</i> <i>8</i></a>, 39. Retrieved May 21, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Blench, <i>Are the African Pygmies an Ethnographic Fiction?</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rejected-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rejected_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rejected_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmanuel2014" class="citation news cs1">Immanuel, Shinovene (24 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=19407">"Rukoro chieftaincy rejected"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Namibian" title="The Namibian">The Namibian</a></i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Namibian&rft.atitle=Rukoro+chieftaincy+rejected&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.aulast=Immanuel&rft.aufirst=Shinovene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2Findexx.php%3Fid%3D19407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-await-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-await_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-await_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandetu2014" class="citation news cs1">Kandetu, Bob (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311013535/http://www.informante.web.na/kambazembi-and-rukoro-await-their-reigns.15027">"Kambazembi and Rukoro Await their Reigns"</a>. <i>Informanté</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informante.web.na/kambazembi-and-rukoro-await-their-reigns.15027">the original</a> on 11 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Informant%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Kambazembi+and+Rukoro+Await+their+Reigns&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Kandetu&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informante.web.na%2Fkambazembi-and-rukoro-await-their-reigns.15027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namibian.com.na/114060/read/Katjiua-installed-as-Ovaherero-chief">"Katjiua installed as Ovaherero chief"</a> <i>The Namibian, 2022-07-0</i>9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.observer24.com.na/ota-shows-self-as-democratic-trailblazer/">"OTA shows self as democratic trailblazer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Windhoek_Observer" title="Windhoek Observer">Windhoek Observer</a></i>. 7 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Windhoek+Observer&rft.atitle=OTA+shows+self+as+democratic+trailblazer&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.observer24.com.na%2Fota-shows-self-as-democratic-trailblazer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTendane2022" class="citation news cs1">Tendane, Sophie (9 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.namibian.com.na/katjiua-installed-as-ovaherero-chief/">"Katjiua installed as Ovaherero chief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Namibian" title="The Namibian">The Namibian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Namibian&rft.atitle=Katjiua+installed+as+Ovaherero+chief&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft.aulast=Tendane&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2Fkatjiua-installed-as-ovaherero-chief%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neweralive.na/posts/kapuuo-cautions-uutoni-against-katjiua-recognition">"Kapuuo cautions Uutoni against Katjiua recognition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(Namibia)" title="New Era (Namibia)">New Era</a></i>. 29 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=Kapuuo+cautions+Uutoni+against+Katjiua+recognition&rft.date=2022-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneweralive.na%2Fposts%2Fkapuuo-cautions-uutoni-against-katjiua-recognition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVedder1997319-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVedder1997319_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVedder1997">Vedder 1997</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KDM-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KDM_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDierks" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Dierks" title="Klaus Dierks">Dierks, Klaus</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klausdierks.com/Biographies/Biographies_M.htm">"Biographies of Namibian Personalities, M. Entry for Maharero"</a>. klausdierks.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+Namibian+Personalities%2C+M.+Entry+for+Maharero&rft.pub=klausdierks.com&rft.aulast=Dierks&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fklausdierks.com%2FBiographies%2FBiographies_M.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gewald-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gewald_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan-Bart Gewald (1998) <i>Herero heroes: a socio-political history of the Herero of Namibia, 1890-1923</i>, James Currey, Oxford <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82141-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82141-256-5">978-0-82141-256-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peace and freedom, Volume 40, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, page 57, The Section, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC290801-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC290801_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1514856.stm">"A bloody history: Namibia’s colonisation"</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 29 August 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Totten, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (2007) <i>Dictionary of Genocide: A-L</i>, p.184, Greenwood Press, Westport, Conn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-31334-642-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-31334-642-2">978-0-31334-642-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chalk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chalk_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chalk, Frank, and Jonassohn, Kurt. <i>The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies</i>. Published in cooperation with the Montreal Institute for Genocide Studies. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OhmyNews+International&rft.atitle=Remembering+Germany%27s+African+Genocide&rft.aulast=Krabbe&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ohmynews.com%2Farticleview%2Farticle_view.asp%3Fmenu%3Dc10400%26no%3D180988%26rel_no%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kk98W6fXf60C&pg=PA125">1</a> <i>How Societies Are Born</i> by Jan Vansina: "Of Water, Cattle, and Kings"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i> Boy-Wives and Female Husbands</i> edited by Stephen Murray & Will Roscoe. Published by Saint Martin's Press in 1998. p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunuhe2011" class="citation news cs1">Nunuhe, Margreth (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515225558/http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=40378">"Holy fire relocation triggers storm"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_(Namibia)" title="New Era (Namibia)">New Era</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=40378">the original</a> on 15 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Era&rft.atitle=Holy+fire+relocation+triggers+storm&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.aulast=Nunuhe&rft.aufirst=Margreth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newera.com.na%2Farticle.php%3Farticleid%3D40378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarvalho2000" class="citation book cs1">Carvalho, Ruy Duarte (2000). <i>Vou lá visitar pastores</i>. 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Retrieved 25 September 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinson2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Stinson, Liz (24 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2013/06/photos-the-vivid-costume-culture-of-the-herero-tribe/">"Photos: The Amazing Costume Culture of Africa's Herero Tribe"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Travel News Namibia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Herero+Dresses+%E2%80%93+The+Bigger+The+Better&rft.date=2004-07&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelnewsnamibia.com%2Fnews%2Fherero-dresses-bigger-better%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refinery29.com/herero-dress-namibia-african-women-fashion">"Namibia: The Trauma & Triumph Of Herero Dresses"</a>. <i>Refinery29</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Iconic+Herero+Dress+Deconstructed&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft.aulast=Kaakunga&rft.aufirst=Rukee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.namibian.com.na%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D103325%26page%3Darchive-read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/her">Herero</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herero_People:_Hats_&_History_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714191129/http://www.coedu.usf.edu/culture/Story/Story_Namibia.htm">"Herero People: Hats & History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coedu.usf.edu/culture/Story/Story_Namibia.htm">the original</a> on 2014-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herero+People%3A+Hats+%26+History&rft.pub=University+of+San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coedu.usf.edu%2Fculture%2FStory%2FStory_Namibia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fransfontein.org/5.html">"Domestic Animal Farming in the Fransfontein Area"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domestic+Animal+Farming+in+the+Fransfontein+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fransfontein.org%2F5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serebrov, Mari. <i>Mama Namibia</i>. Windhoek, Namibia: Wordweaver Publishing House, 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedder1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Vedder" title="Heinrich Vedder">Vedder, Heinrich</a> (1997). <i>Das alte Südwestafrika. Südwestafrikas Geschichte bis zum Tode Mahareros 1890</i> [<i>The old South-West Africa. South-West Africa's history until Maharero's death 1890</i>] (in German) (7th ed.). Windhoek: Namibia Scientific Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949995-33-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-949995-33-9"><bdi>0-949995-33-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+alte+S%C3%BCdwestafrika.+S%C3%BCdwestafrikas+Geschichte+bis+zum+Tode+Mahareros+1890&rft.place=Windhoek&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Namibia+Scientific+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-949995-33-9&rft.aulast=Vedder&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHerero+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916035427/http://faculty.unlv.edu/anderson/">Rachel Anderson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224022131/http://faculty.unlv.edu/anderson/publications/hererogenocide.html">"Redressing Colonial Genocide Under International Law: The Hereros' Cause of Action Against Germany"</a>, 93 <i>California Law Review</i> 1155 (2005).</li> <li>S. Passarge, <i>Südafrika</i>, (Oldenburg and Leipzig, 1908)</li> <li>Hans Schinz, <i>Deutsch Südwest-Afrika</i>, (Oldenburg and Leipzig, 1891)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arebbusch.com/namibia-cultural-wealth-herero-people"><i>Herero people</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614081222/http://www.arebbusch.com/namibia-cultural-wealth-herero-people/">Archived</a> 2017-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herero_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q170088" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q170088"><b>Herero people <small>(Q170088)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318182720/http://www.on-the-matrix.com/africa/herero.asp">Africa on the Matrix: Herero People of Namibia</a>—Photographs and information.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baka-Nswazwi" title="Baka-Nswazwi">Baka-Nswazwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barokologadi_Ba_Ga_Maotwa" title="Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa">Barokologadi Ba Ga Maotwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batalaunda" title="Batalaunda">Batalaunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana_and_Gwi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gana and Gwi people">Gana and Gwi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanga_people" title="Kalanga people">Kalanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">ǃKung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangwato_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangwato tribe">Mangwato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbanderu_people" title="Mbanderu people">Mbanderu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_people" title="Sotho people">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subiya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Subiya people">Subiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talaote_tribe" title="Talaote tribe">Talaote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tl%C3%B4kwa_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlôkwa tribe">Tlôkwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeyi_people" title="Yeyi people">Yeyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Namibia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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Namibia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">Indigenous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe" title="Khoekhoe">Khoekhoe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/San_people" title="San people">San</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C7%83Kung_people" title="ǃKung people">!Kung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hai%C7%81om" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiǁom">Haiǁom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwe_language" title="Khwe language">Kxoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ncoakhoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ncoakhoe">Ncoakhoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himba_people" title="Himba people">Himba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbanderu_people" title="Mbanderu people">Mbanderu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjimba_people" title="Tjimba people">Tjimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twa" title="Twa">Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemba" title="Zemba">Zemba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_people" title="Ovambo people">Ovambo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ndonga" title="Ndonga">Ndonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombalantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ombalantu">Ombalantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongandjera" title="Ongandjera">Ongandjera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oukwanyama" title="Oukwanyama">Oukwanyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uukwaluudhi" title="Uukwaluudhi">Uukwaluudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uukwambi" title="Uukwambi">Uukwambi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uukolonkadhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uukolonkadhi (page does not exist)">Uukolonkadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damara_people" title="Damara people">Damara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_people" title="Lozi people">Caprivians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbadja_people" title="Mbadja people">Mbadja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavango_people" title="Kavango people">Kavangos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_people" title="Tswana people">Tswana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coloured_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured people">Coloureds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baster" class="mw-redirect" title="Baster">Baster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Namibians" title="White Namibians">Whites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora_in_Africa" title="British diaspora in Africa">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Namibians" title="German Namibians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Namibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Namibian">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramount_Chiefs_of_the_Herero" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Herero_Paramount_Chiefs" title="Template:Herero Paramount Chiefs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herero_Paramount_Chiefs" title="Template talk:Herero Paramount Chiefs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herero_Paramount_Chiefs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herero Paramount Chiefs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_Chiefs_of_the_Herero" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paramount Chiefs of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Herero</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharero" title="Maharero">Maharero</a> (1861–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maharero" title="Samuel Maharero">Samuel Maharero</a> (1890–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Kutako" title="Hosea Kutako">Hosea Kutako</a> (1917–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Kapuuo" title="Clemens Kapuuo">Clemens Kapuuo</a> (1970–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaima_Riruako" title="Kuaima Riruako">Kuaima Riruako</a> (1978–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vekuii_Rukoro" title="Vekuii Rukoro">Vekuii Rukoro</a> (2014–2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vipuira_Kapuuo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vipuira Kapuuo (page does not exist)">Vipuira Kapuuo</a> (<i>acting</i>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Namibia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Namibia.svg/80px-Flag_of_Namibia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170088#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170088#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170088#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024480-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060373">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12213310v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12213310v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hererové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph698785&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558052205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030787777">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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