Sports – Dictionary of Canadian Biography

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</div>    <nav style="" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked"> <li role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-outline-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Outline">Outline</a> <div id="bio-outline-sidenav" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">   <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item selected active"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=1" title="Sports">Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=2" title="Sports before 1800">Sports before 1800</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=3" title="Promotion of Sport and Physical Education">Promotion of Sport and Physical Education</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=4" title="The Amateur Ideal and Professional Sports">The Amateur Ideal and Professional Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=5" title="Sports Journalism">Sports Journalism</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=6" title="Sports Betting">Sports Betting</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=7" title="Women in Sports">Women in Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=8" title="Violence in Sports">Violence in Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=9" title="Sports and Canadian Nationalism">Sports and Canadian Nationalism</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=10" title="Creation and Donation of Trophies">Creation and Donation of Trophies</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=11" title="Hockey — The Sport">Hockey — The Sport</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=12" title="Hockey — The Protagonists">Hockey — The Protagonists</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=13" title="Other Winter Sports">Other Winter Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=14" title="Summer and Indoor Sports">Summer and Indoor Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=15" title="Combat Sports">Combat Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=16" title="Water Sports">Water Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=17" title="Equestrian and Motor Sports">Equestrian and Motor Sports</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=18" title="Recreational Hunting and Fishing">Recreational Hunting and Fishing</a></li> <li class="list-group-item"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=19" title="The Olympic Games">The Olympic Games</a></li> </ul>   </div> </li> </ul> </nav>   <section style="display:none;">   </section>     <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">  <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-special-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div id="bio-special-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">     </div> </li>  <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">  <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a> <div 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<div class="col-md-12 share-this"> <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-en st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1"> <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;"> <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg"> <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Share</span> </div> <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;"> <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg"> <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweet</span> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-lg-9 col-xl-10 content-area" id="content-area">   <h1>Sports</h1><div class="slide_image"><div class="image-container h300"> <img class="img-responsive" src="/bioimages/h300.9298.jpg" alt="Original title: 1905 Ottawa Silver Seven Pictures, Images and Photos" title="" /><p>Source: <a href="http://thirdstringgoalie.blogspot.ca/2012_01_15_archive.html" onclick="return true;" title="Original title: 1905 Ottawa Silver Seven Pictures, Images and Photos" target="_blank">Link</a></p> </div> </div> <div class="slide_description"><h5> <span style="font-size:20px;"><span font-size:="" new="" times="">Introduction</span></span></h5> <p> The year 2017 marks both the 100th anniversary of the formation of the National Hockey League and the 125th anniversary of the commissioning of the Stanley Cup. To highlight these events, the Dictionary of Canadian Biography/Dictionnaire biographique du Canada (DCB/DBC) has put together this thematic collection. The biographies concern not only hockey, Canada’s national sport par excellence, but also more than 50 other sports. They present an overview of the development of sports, their practice by Canadians, and the sporting achievements that have left their mark on the collective imagination.</p> <p> We begin with New France, where settlers and governing authorities had to make great efforts to ensure that their colony would survive and flourish. Nevertheless, sports were a regular feature of daily life in the <a href="?project_id=76&p=2">16th, 17th, and 18th centuries</a> and provided opportunities to demonstrate speed, agility, and strength, all qualities that were valued at a time when land was being acquired and furs were being sought. Certain sports practised by Indigenous people, such as <a href="?project_id=76&p=14">lacrosse</a> and <a href="?project_id=76&p=13">snowshoe</a> racing, were among those adopted by the newcomers. Following the conquest of 1759, activities that were part of the sporting tradition of the British and Irish Isles, and particularly of Scotland, such as <a href="?project_id=76&p=14">golf</a> and <a href="?project_id=76&p=13">curling</a>, were introduced.</p> <p> Sport was a significant cultural identifier during this period as well as in the 19th and 20th centuries. Engaging in sporting activities, and especially those requiring time and money, such as <a href="?project_id=76&p=17">equestrian sports</a>, <a href="?project_id=76&p=14">cricket</a>, <a href="?project_id=76&p=16">yachting</a>, and <a href="?project_id=76&p=18">recreational hunting and fishing</a>, was a means by which members of the middle and upper classes could display their social status. Demonstrating their position in society was also a motive for those who were <a href="?project_id=76&p=3">involved</a> in organizing or managing a club or a league and gave financial support to the establishment of gymnasiums, fishing lodges, and other sports infrastructure. These clubs and leagues took shape following the slow process of creating structural frameworks for sports during the 19th century, and they became a necessity as participation in sports increased. Organized sports first appeared in Montreal, the country’s metropolis at the time. The founding, in 1807, of the Montreal Curling Club by a group of Scots that included Thomas <a href="/en/bio/blackwood_thomas_7E.html" onclick="return true;" title="BLACKWOOD, THOMAS – Volume VII (1836-1850)">Blackwood</a>, George <a href="/en/bio/garden_george_6E.html" onclick="return true;" title="GARDEN, GEORGE – Volume VI (1821-1835)">Garden</a>, and Alexander <a href="/en/bio/skakel_alexander_7E.html" onclick="return true;" title="SKAKEL, ALEXANDER – Volume VII (1836-1850)">Skakel</a> was an early example of this trend. The creation of local associations gradually led to the formation of provincial and national groups, and then to the codification and harmonization of the rules of several sports previously characterized by varying degrees of regional difference. Essentially, organized sport was achieved by people with the time and means – aristocrats, the bourgeois, military officers, and other members of the middle and upper classes – to undertake the work. Such groups allowed them to socialize and to develop their sport while controlling access to it.</p> <div> <p> The socio-economic, racial, and ethnic segregation [<em>see </em>George <a href="/en/bio/godfrey_george_13E.html" onclick="return true;" title="GODFREY, GEORGE (Old Chocolate) – Volume XIII (1901-1910)">Godfrey</a>] that characterized a number of sports became less pronounced from the third quarter of the 19th century onwards thanks to increased salaries and a reduction in the number of hours worked by members of the lower classes. These changes fostered greater participation in sport and contributed to the rise of <a href="?project_id=76&p=4">professional sport</a>. Many people from humble backgrounds, such as the famous Canadian rower Edward <a href="/en/bio/hanlan_edward_13E.html" onclick="return true;" title="HANLAN, EDWARD (Ned) – Volume XIII (1901-1910)">Hanlan</a>, could now earn an income from their performances – which were followed by an ever-larger number of people – and sometimes make a living from them. Several members of the middle and upper classes considered the remuneration of athletes a betrayal of the amateur-sport ideal of pushing the limits for their own sake. They also looked unfavourably upon the growing presence of members of the lower classes in sports, fearing, for example, that an ordinary fisherman such as Hanlan could outclass gentlemen in the sport of <a href="?project_id=76&p=16">rowing</a>. They therefore attempted, without much success, to limit the growth of professional sport and delay the democratization of sport by imposing sanctions on salaried athletes who were members of an amateur association; they also restricted access to clubs, leagues, and competitions. Tensions between supporters of amateur sport and professional sport culminated in 1906: the split within the national amateur sport management organization, the Canadian Amateur Athletic Union, is recounted in the biography of its secretary Norton Hervey <a href="/en/bio/crow_norton_hervey_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="CROW, NORTON HERVEY – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Crow</a>, who was at the centre of the “amateur wars” (1906–09).</p> </div> <div> <p> In addition, sport was a means for the expression of manliness. Strength, endurance, even the courage to pit oneself against an adversary in hockey and lacrosse matches – sports that, particularly in the 19th and early 20th centuries, were marked by <a href="?project_id=76&p=8">violence</a> – were hallmarks of character. The cultivation of these qualities in young men, and their expression at any age, were valued.</p> </div> <div> <p> For a long time sport was almost exclusively a male preserve. Most of the time women, considered to be fragile creatures disinclined to compete, and hampered by clothing unsuitable for playing sports, were relegated to the role of spectators, or chosen to present medals. <a href="?project_id=76&p=7">Women’s sports</a>, nevertheless, developed from the mid 19th century, initially among the middle and upper classes. As was the case with men’s sports, the rise in sporting activities led to the creation of women’s regional, provincial, and national organizations as well as participation in international competitions [<em>see </em>Velma Agnes <a href="/en/bio/springstead_velma_agnes_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="SPRINGSTEAD, VELMA AGNES – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Springstead</a>]. Women’s integration into sports where toughness was required (such as hockey, lacrosse, and <a href="?project_id=76&p=15">boxing</a>) came later. The prevailing perception that women were delicate – a perception reinforced, with some exceptions [<em>see </em>Helen Letitia <a href="/en/bio/mooney_helen_letitia_18E.html" onclick="return true;" title="MOONEY, HELEN LETITIA (McCLUNG) – Volume XVIII (1951-1960)">Mooney</a>], by physical-education programs in schools and by residential schools for Indigenous people [<em>see </em>Joseph <a href="/en/bio/hugonard_joseph_14E.html" onclick="return true;" title="HUGONARD (Hugonnard), JOSEPH – Volume XIV (1911-1920)">Hugonard</a>] – meant that progress remained slow.</p> </div> <div> <p> Some businessmen, politicians, and governors general of Canada donated <a href="?project_id=76&p=10">trophies</a> to Canadian sports to reward excellence and encourage participation. The most famous of these trophies is still the Stanley Cup, commissioned in 1892 for the country’s best amateur hockey team. A gift from Governor General Frederick Arthur <a href="/en/bio/stanley_frederick_arthur_13E.html" onclick="return true;" title="STANLEY, FREDERICK ARTHUR, 1st Baron STANLEY and 16th Earl of DERBY – Volume XIII (1901-1910)">Stanley</a>, 1st Baron Stanley, it was awarded for the first time on 9 March 1893 to the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association. As well, the Minto Cup for lacrosse and the Grey Cup for <a href="?project_id=76&p=14">football</a>, created respectively in 1901 and 1909 and donated by Gilbert John Murray-Kynynmound <a href="/en/bio/elliot_gilbert_john_murray_kynynmound_14E.html" onclick="return true;" title="ELLIOT, GILBERT JOHN MURRAY-KYNYNMOUND, Viscount MELGUND and 4th Earl of MINTO – Volume XIV (1911-1920)">Elliot</a>, 4th Earl of Minto, and Albert Henry George <a href="/en/bio/grey_albert_henry_george_14E.html" onclick="return true;" title="GREY, ALBERT HENRY GEORGE, 4th Earl GREY – Volume XIV (1911-1920)">Grey</a>, 4th Earl Grey, also acquired the status of Canadian sport symbols. In addition, athletes who excelled in their disciplines, such as the Montreal Canadiens’ goalie Georges <a href="/en/bio/vezina_georges_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="VÉZINA, GEORGES (baptized Joseph-Georges-Gonzague) – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Vézina</a>, gave their names to trophies created in their honour.</p> </div> <div> <p> Proponents of moral and social reform in the 19th and 20th centuries also played a significant role in the <a href="?project_id=76&p=3">promotion of sport</a> and the democratization of its practice. Anxious to improve morals and counter what they considered the negative effects of urbanization and industrialization, they worked to improve the physical and moral health of Canadians by, for example, combating alcohol consumption, encouraging participation in sports, and setting up physical-education programs in schools. People such as James Armstrong <a href="/en/bio/richardson_james_armstrong_16E.html" onclick="return true;" title="RICHARDSON, JAMES ARMSTRONG – Volume XVI (1931-1940)">Richardson</a> and Henri-Thomas <a href="/en/bio/scott_henri_thomas_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="SCOTT, HENRI-THOMAS (baptized Thomas-Henri) – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Scott</a> encouraged the creation of playgrounds, track and field venues, gymnasiums, skating rinks, and swimming pools to make sports accessible to the greatest number of people. Others, such as John Rudolphus <a href="/en/bio/booth_john_rudolphus_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="BOOTH, JOHN RUDOLPHUS – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Booth</a>, founded organizations dedicated to the healthy development of body and mind, of which the Young Men's and the Young Women's Christian Associations are good examples. Some Indigenous leaders who sought to improve the living conditions of their people, such as <a href="/en/bio/onistah_sokaksin_13E.html" onclick="return true;" title="ONISTAH-SOKAKSIN (Calf Shirt) (1844-1901) – Volume XIII (1901-1910)">Onistah-Sokaksin</a>, also urged those under their protection to take part in sport and physical exercise. Besides fostering these initiatives, the reformers condemned sports betting, which was believed to encourage greed and impoverish households [<em>see </em>George Elias <a href="/en/bio/tuckett_george_elias_12E.html" onclick="return true;" title="TUCKETT, GEORGE ELIAS – Volume XII (1891-1900)">Tuckett</a>]. The popularity of <a href="?project_id=76&p=6">betting</a> rose significantly in the third quarter of the 19th century with the proliferation of leagues and competitions and the increase of sports coverage in the press.</p> </div> <div> <p> The development of transportation infrastructure contributed to the rapid increase in the number of regional, provincial, national, and international leagues and competitions, where several Indigenous athletes such as the Blackfoot <a href="/en/bio/api_kai_ees_12E.html" onclick="return true;" title="API-KAI-EES (Deerfoot) – Volume XII (1891-1900)">Api-kai-ees</a> and the Cree Alexander <a href="/en/bio/decoteau_alexander_14E.html" onclick="return true;" title="DeCOTEAU (Decouteau), ALEXANDER – Volume XIV (1911-1920)">DeCoteau</a> distinguished themselves; the latter participated in the <a href="?project_id=76&p=19">Olympic Games</a> in 1912. The growing amount of space devoted to sports in the newspapers, and the rise of <a href="?project_id=76&p=5">sports journalism</a>, both well described in the career of John Prescott Wilshere <a href="/en/bio/good_henry_john_prescott_wilshere_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="GOOD, HENRY JOHN PRESCOTT WILSHERE – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Good</a>, also illustrate the impact of 19th-century technological innovation on sport. Improvements in means of communications such as railway and telegraph networks and printing processes allowed better coverage of events and faster transmission of results. The rising status of sports journalism reflected and reinforced the popularity of sport in Canada.</p> </div> <div> <p> After 1867 sporting achievements in this country and abroad contributed to the gradual emergence of a <a href="?project_id=76&p=9">national Canadian identity</a>. In the summer of that year, following confederation, the victories of Samuel <a href="/en/bio/hutton_samuel_12E.html" onclick="return true;" title="HUTTON, SAMUEL – Volume XII (1891-1900)">Hutton</a> and his team-mates, better known as the Paris crew, at the regattas held during the universal exposition in Paris aroused pride and enthusiasm. Canadian accomplishments at the Olympic Games, the Commonwealth Games (first held in 1930, in Hamilton, Ont., under the name of the British Empire Games), and the Canada Games (established in 1967 to mark the country’s centenary and organized for the first time in Quebec City) had a similar impact over the course of the following decades.</p> </div> <div> <p> Countrywide participation in certain sports also stimulated the growth of a national identity. Among them were lacrosse and, in particular, hockey, which acquired the title of “the national sport” in the early decades of the 20th century. Two sections of “Sports” are devoted to hockey. The first brings together biographies describing the <a href="?project_id=76&p=11">evolution of the game and the organization of the sport</a>; the second features <a href="?project_id=76&p=12">important figures</a> of the hockey world. Also included are the fathers of the game, such as James George Aylwin <a href="/en/bio/creighton_james_george_aylwin_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="CREIGHTON, JAMES GEORGE AYLWIN – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Creighton</a>; amateur players, such as John Bernard <a href="/en/bio/brophy_john_bernard_14E.html" onclick="return true;" title="BROPHY, JOHN BERNARD (Don) – Volume XIV (1911-1920)">Brophy</a>; and professional players such as Howard William <a href="/en/bio/morenz_howard_william_16E.html" onclick="return true;" title="MORENZ, HOWARD WILLIAM (William F., Howie) – Volume XVI (1931-1940)">Morenz</a>, Maurice (the Rocket) <a href="/en/bio/richard_maurice_22E.html" onclick="return true;" title="RICHARD, MAURICE (baptized Joseph-Henri-Maurice), known as the Rocket – Volume XXII (1991-2000)">Richard</a>, and Georges Vézina, who left their mark on the history of the National Hockey League, formed in Montreal on 26 Nov. 1917; and players, coaches, and owners who took part, with varying success, in the Stanley Cup finals.</p> </div> <div> <p> Another five sections bring together biographies dealing with more than 50 other sports. The first covers <a href="?project_id=76&p=13">winter sports</a>, such as curling, skating, snowshoeing, and skiing. Winter activities quickly became very popular in towns and rural areas. The section on <a href="?project_id=76&p=14">summer and indoor sports</a> gathers together biographies that involve sports associated with warmer weather, such as baseball; those sports practised both outside and inside, such as gymnastics and athletics (grouped under this description are the activities related to running, jumping, and throwing); and those practised only indoors, such as billiards.</p> </div> <div> <p> Biographies involving boxing, fencing, wrestling, and judo are collected under “<a href="?project_id=76&p=15">Combat Sports</a>,” while those that deal with sports such as rowing, canoeing, swimming, and yachting, are in the <a href="?project_id=76&p=16">water sports</a> section. Disciplines associated with horseback riding and car racing, the development of which was linked to the growth and improvement of the road network in the 20th century [<em>see </em>Albert Edward <a href="/en/bio/todd_albert_edward_15E.html" onclick="return true;" title="TODD, ALBERT EDWARD – Volume XV (1921-1930)">Todd</a>], are found in biographies placed in the “<a href="?project_id=76&p=17">Equestrian and Motor Sports</a>” section. Every new relevant biography published by the DCB/DBC will be integrated into the whole, which will expand the range of sports and the number of athletes covered by this thematic ensemble.</p> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=1" onclick="return true;" title=""><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-backward"></span></a></li> <li class="active"><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=1" onclick="return true;" title="1">1</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=2" onclick="return true;" title="2">2</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=3" onclick="return true;" title="3">3</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=4" onclick="return true;" title="4">4</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/special_sports.html?p=5" onclick="return true;" title="5">5</a></li> <li><a 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