CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '91e9f2140c5efd41',cH: 'wlgQ_dMBY45y9naCxDmZWouc3i2ys08MT784RklHnEQ-1741684508-1.2.1.1-nB7MrLox.VT._tNk0Qk9xHO6MtS4rwhPThf7bKC4DIU351aOVoDYN_dKZ4fEYzI.',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=increasing%20water-cut&__cf_chl_tk=PIjPR08pHa.cwEzT_gbjvp99mDUrxrnAKHTs3NLdgOM-1741684508-1.0.1.1-b3X69VSr.iW8Chagjt0otqemJqSBaKJBfdVuFd6pvMY",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1741684508',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=increasing%20water-cut&__cf_chl_f_tk=PIjPR08pHa.cwEzT_gbjvp99mDUrxrnAKHTs3NLdgOM-1741684508-1.0.1.1-b3X69VSr.iW8Chagjt0otqemJqSBaKJBfdVuFd6pvMY",md: "LTOYBCYDQC5aEXvTkem8EQ8gahPRekWaMAoDaqzx9eY-1741684508-1.2.1.1-oWNjPuTaz0qsC0GE77IFo73IXwMoyYj.J_YZIHNTl945F_tlieJZ1nzQkRg_TKeTZzjg5JdKp4JocAQZFD_OgfYYW8qrKWlu_w4xMAt4b.BLY3NdIZgCUvrjSQGzjC6pUzlorHSd0q58Z3zfL54Zpug5AadeZxEeLWA2Rzu8RMQgdWimS_8lzqfxSN3zMj4uvDJ_ByreECgLWadOULSI7nbE6n4tKMv9Np_pvdDclFhW5O31EBzzaD2LHcGA9xuZWjyFq7YKJB4DlzdUOYQUe.ksLxGzkXw.K33B2itau8rCatZFzf95dBy66dEtKkIbEJaSS4cimQCiNi2YRjTdp5yIVQs7O6o5TjE.04VCu4CYaT3kiwyVs1Z_Y_pAqM5Q6NnNs5tXSaMkSpM2IoobeGgKiQlb7YFv4tgPeTXH1JIc759W1HK1A_encBD5iJJROSfnkliM7AHSsUqMN8gbD0cWC7W9sUEl3CgJxXQ2BWsXcQ50BcAwdAF.VdT8JwJE855eUTmI39EbICeYjzH4Fg690p_A3g9NNdf7oKH8dUxg.E54hizHLtD4NlTAt547GXlLDYMr8FI7bMzwmnPiwFQkmLnzdsDOvn3oZuvNXfOayj_NllczXl80Di8IElwEqVg9UOEYOJlwJHGSVqRJIv8IrMQQcyF9tam309tRPIEk6hNmKhngja3QAzVNrOKFUgBc6mTSQsm1NnnyvFQpL7CbZ3Wy2xOYKx4C4xtDGzomwj6DRD5nqEXYUovQkOGo22zMLcqF51TX2ganPtD6fDu0N3CKQ4d.HmQiCKSwknd0MHqlPLNIGWqwe_Kl4ZTnOLRPERim86KFsjArDYBYziAMTLrpRqXAGXLKci94SEZpb38qc5ZOvJeJYKr.k2MujDqvO3DPZ5N32_LcbLUfmFtgZ7c9ZVSI.QUxFh14VPcnuHxilRDKWa8eyyuU7rL09DzfPRAm9qhlWVUpzOdfaXCLZCmyvDMqtYe1xiAkBYfiJRPvE1is8MJ7E0xBYQsH91.PO.35XPB_NxCbcSobG9oNm.FyUvVBLbX1T9dhpaKZqwaP42mITIigVi3J_bantgbOqUv7ZwkTIyXCE5Rw9tvaA84yWeH5RH176TDl5k6wwRIr4CQP6CYTjkrBTJIHST15d.yh1_nwJmZIxpghUwIQFPLGT_UtbjdNn9MKZbnp6t_7zo5k9.IPkAPeopOrD_RShELnw6PRguZn4RADIbxkmK107gKZ2kaW8DlZGPYg2J6JUlzzn2w7imRt9hOSBhF_Sk5jPeu8yOkK.ef8jovyxmGByx09MuTcVmbkiU0",mdrd: "L4zeYq7w9j_JnzCE75EzzNTVyTI7TcbG03TZeLa2E68-1741684508-1.2.1.1-e9Sw7a3xmDZq9kz6wUnuZOviEk3pWNa866skAM1ScNs7j86VZ.VbprocHhB1DnOIM.bieJbwQXUHj1mXwSnW_4I1jEa7joOAuha_y5Q4z38tf83bhp6GEO4VCInODeMZzTvNQN4y965tA.IMvBKaXIyRNkrDQimmJwDUjs40znMgcw5WvVpgJpC1KYVyJzuSwvoCJ78ZclDHi5dwlu_XKeu3_jZoNTCcKf3ROTJj_DoCOrICU1bmIXRnMuyLZ86BthmhrNcCYsQ8EUl_ZBOAJ6UmtKqp2whHHVc0OGX8yMF6XgYs.fdQHXMo86HuZLek6zy9jqZUL0rKOF8QmsAT3zW_pFZm11a88ge0D5yqohqJYXw0NIZneTZ5Fz9uZBt7wQgwnMTECgA2BD1A7tRIof1PPUWzNLx3vk.Y70KfnGKz_8zgQ4snhdZVma9Wtk_xlGBPPFDblmbITxIK7GKN802g.ghdtL0P18wVyONbVi_SOPcqpFOc4yTMHeZtxwaeMRBqdk4936fjRhROyNAXqNyk3PBiRcZSfzPb_JreuZesAeQe3rXcW2y6iAHHZ_KQC.bmKW34cyoHJ1erHiTRCo4XeQ2R2UmuhxOIUBATCAOrCzPtUW4FN.2LwpdSMrFZ4l3DjSigdJ95gXkT6J8RuxPVVlTN06NYyMZpBwmh26lUzX.ZogJtzbyAD83CM9wotS1T.hPa7elDUx4NlZt9TP29Jsbp9AMVAlQo4.Q2ACbyE4HBDfagas3ef_jApFdcyr.gvlBbn6ojxOMYAgY_TX3Xb2_8XWtyCHSLWajJ_eTk2iRtQ2QHjORSjdLSJX3J39FJ7zFKNwi6F8iAKtM.rcNHyofeMnsL2HWeU7HPNi1BhwhhL433250.sXPLKf_Rh4cXpK5EDqbIEwkl510oehWZlRVGwSOkaoqDjManAEBhGVWvsJTTrizLNUYfhA_5TUIYROovoCvOBrKuNf305x2Vp7i2516Yr3.6SkgsHAL1Vb3EhwPF1ACw66FJuQjJ4UoL69CmEjPhn53uk2UzgTaEZvwAV0WBdB8rHHYlHtXnNGrPyU1WnDqi9KM5xUhbNSFcoxEPKYMNOmvJQX324Qz2etuIIddkPV8fIH24nL5f4tcC5qS8XxW4UixmUbtB.qeq74Oba1NmatohkjDJv3LXjmWOYruhEtq1nG6TH6yL3Gw7SN.MVaEldjALvwWp.DSSqGUnPqxU5Ox.FKUvB_ZPW1IB4a3z8L3XFSyCJ_hITC3.24T8UQ7WkVx.aLZTJ4sdgChgZNKY4wzIx0yO3eiB_eAIN5aNkIwYNYatB6MtJIxt6Zx6VvPUHW_bFjzZtvS2OoVrwxmrouxabwLREl5QCtTEfXPz2rkcBCvPGXucqjt0Qa2Xkz2YS09pzEt8UDfzXXGhDo6ycrOi4ZtGaDYAJ5eyf68.qtmXQ2jPmHvg7od3tcpEGZv4NqEb9s0iSHfD7BjhvfFcnz13oMX56Yi2hPTGg.Gz5V.KoE_SFJmn_tltdIHTKfqFIMcw.1w8pkwCd9TBYLHy9H4Ycw08fXWFKaBQp_QUheu4mITWwvUxtqPaaKh7k6DpplGKB7XhOQkKSsNK8wcJhPR3T2XbKI99ggneeShn7zbOhxVXSk_2bfVw0tXxpxgJFtcVSaR9Iy_Me6Ij6TBMXJSLt61wnwjDWmpc2CKR9EStAZBz3lbiwQdPFJdemHTpXi8aR9t7ZtCKycK_uk.mvBBpYdbCuTItuYafYiwpgUvhPwpWCubczRRFJRxcWrmUXSZ87wHPToS3jGlpfp0Rbpos_yKP7_dAM0Z2d9Lw7HpFp0ZlcjwL0NaHOLIzRjtrRW2Edg9s6icNRX8CqPUPL1ydLMliSgx1KYvfcj61y2SDzUupKpt3TQFgPU_TAuXcYyVAHXsJz3ywBTLOoTONcEkSPwGuIIp77Bt3RIYOJudl6T2mqaplXjXCTFp97t4ITb1GSzE3"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91e9f2140c5efd41';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=increasing%20water-cut&__cf_chl_rt_tk=PIjPR08pHa.cwEzT_gbjvp99mDUrxrnAKHTs3NLdgOM-1741684508-1.0.1.1-b3X69VSr.iW8Chagjt0otqemJqSBaKJBfdVuFd6pvMY" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>