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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Two-spirit_as_a_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disputed_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disputed_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Disputed origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disputed_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Criticism of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perception_of_Western_gender_binary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_of_Western_gender_binary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Perception of Western gender binary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_of_Western_gender_binary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Indigenous_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Indigenous_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Traditional Indigenous terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Indigenous_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigiqueer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigiqueer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indigiqueer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigiqueer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_issues_and_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_issues_and_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural issues and protocols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_issues_and_protocols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural issues and protocols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_issues_and_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_and_societal_role_in_Indigenous_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_and_societal_role_in_Indigenous_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Definition and societal role in Indigenous communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_and_societal_role_in_Indigenous_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Given_title_and_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Given_title_and_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Given title and role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Given_title_and_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appropriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appropriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Appropriation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appropriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-spirit_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-spirit_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Two-spirit societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-spirit_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_use_of_umbrella_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_use_of_umbrella_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Academic use of umbrella terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_use_of_umbrella_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_and_anthropological_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_anthropological_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historical and anthropological accounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_and_anthropological_accounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical and anthropological accounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_anthropological_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Berdache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Berdache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span><i>Berdache</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Berdache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-identified_two_spirits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-identified_two_spirits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Self-identified two spirits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-identified_two_spirits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archival_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Archival resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tud_daou_spered" title="Tud daou spered – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tud daou spered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_esperits" title="Dos esperits – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dos esperits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berda%C5%A1" title="Berdaš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Berdaš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dau-Enaid" title="Dau-Enaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dau-Enaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Spirit" title="Two-Spirit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Two-Spirit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dos_esp%C3%ADritus" title="Dos espíritus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dos espíritus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duspiritulo" title="Duspiritulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duspiritulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD" title="دو روح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دو روح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bispiritualit%C3%A9" title="Bispiritualité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bispiritualité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twigeast" title="Twigeast – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Twigeast" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0-Spioraideach" title="Dà-Spioraideach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dà-Spioraideach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dous_esp%C3%ADritos" title="Dous espíritos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dous espíritos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berdache" title="Berdache – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Berdache" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua-jiwa" title="Dua-jiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dua-jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Two-spirit" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Two-spirit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dois-esp%C3%ADritos" title="Dois-espíritos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dois-espíritos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Бердаши – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бердаши" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaksihenkinen" title="Kaksihenkinen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaksihenkinen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Two-spirit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ki_ruhlu" title="İki ruhlu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İki ruhlu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-Spirit" title="Two-Spirit – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Two-Spirit" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%9D%88" title="雙靈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雙靈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q301702#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Two-spirit" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg/220px-Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg/330px-Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg/440px-Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>The two-spirit contingent marches at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> in 2013</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span style="background:red; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:orange; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:yellow; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:green; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:blue; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span><span style="background:purple; border:0px solid #000; vertical-align:center; padding-right:2.8em; padding-top:0ex; padding-bottom:0ex; line-height:100%"> </span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border: none; padding-bottom: 3px;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceflux" title="Aceflux">Aceflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraysexuality" title="Fraysexuality">Fraysexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" 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same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">Same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bisexuality" title="History of bisexuality">Bisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_and_LGBT" title="Intersex and LGBT">Intersex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBTQ_community" title="African-American LGBTQ community">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyke_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke March">Dyke March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_LGBTQ_events" title="List of largest LGBTQ events">Largest events</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">LGBTQ culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_New_York_City" title="LGBTQ culture in New York City">in New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">QPR and QPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polari" title="Polari">Polari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosocialization" title="Homosocialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Flags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moe_aik%C4%81ne" title="Moe aikāne">Moe aikāne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity_in_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual orientation and gender identity in military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Transgender rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Health</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">MSM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">Blood donation restrictions</a> / <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">LGBTQ medical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT reproduction">Reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Youth suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Social attitudes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allonormativity" title="Allonormativity">Allonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Media portrayal</a></li> <li>Religion and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">homosexuality</a> / <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">trans people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_stereotypes" title="LGBTQ stereotypes">Stereotypes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism#Discrimination_and_cultural_erasure" title="Aromanticism">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_stigma" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS stigma">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBTQ_issues" title="Censorship of LGBTQ issues">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closeted" title="Closeted">Closeted</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outing" title="Outing">Outing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_heterosexuality" title="Compulsory heterosexuality">Comphet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_erasure" title="Queer erasure">Erasure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Straightwashing" title="Straightwashing">Straightwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_erasure" title="Bisexual erasure">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_erasure" title="Lesbian erasure">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_erasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans erasure">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Intersex discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li>LGBTQ youth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_youth_vulnerability" title="LGBTQ youth vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexualism">Sexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dadaff; padding-left: 3px;;color: var(--color-base)">Academic fields and discourse</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom: -4px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism and LGBT rights">Communism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Transgender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)#Academic_research" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top: none;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_LGBT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/25px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/38px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Portal_LGBT.svg/50px-Portal_LGBT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="442" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Two-spirit</b></i> (also known as <i><b>two spirit</b></i> or occasionally <i><b>twospirited</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a contemporary <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Indian">pan-Indian</a> umbrella term used by some <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indigenous North Americans</a> to describe Native people who fulfill a traditional <a href="/wiki/Third-gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-gender">third-gender</a> (or other <a href="/wiki/Gender-variant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-variant">gender-variant</a>) social role in their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCIA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coined in 1990 as a primarily ceremonial term promoting community recognition, in recent years more individuals have taken to self-identifying as two-spirit. Two-spirit, as a term and concept, is neither used nor accepted universally in Native American cultures. <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous cultures">Indigenous cultures</a> that have traditional roles for gender-nonconforming people have names in their own Indigenous languages for these people and the roles they fill in their communities. </p><p>The initial intent in coining the term was to differentiate Indigenous concepts of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> and sexuality from those of non-Native <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gays</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2-3,221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to replace the pejorative anthropological terms that were still in wide use.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term "two-spirit" has been controversial since its adoption,<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has experienced more academic and social acceptance than the term <i><a href="#Berdache">berdache</a></i>, which it was coined to replace.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativeOut101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMedicine_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMedicine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Canada officially uses <i>2SLGBTQI+</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an alternative to the established acronym of <i><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQI+">LGBTQI+</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-CanGov_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanGov-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes shortened to <i>2SLGBT</i> or a similar variant. </p><p>Early adopters stated that a two-spirit identity does not make sense outside of a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> or <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> cultural framework<sup id="cite_ref-NCIA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its use by non-Natives is seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-huffwhatitmeans_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffwhatitmeans-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">gender-nonconforming</a> or <a href="/wiki/Third-gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-gender">third-gender</a> ceremonial roles traditionally embodied by some <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> that may be encompassed by modern two-spirit people vary widely, even among the Native individuals or cultures that use the term. Not all of these cultures have historically had roles for gender-variant people, and among those that do, no one Indigenous culture's gender or sexuality categories apply to all Native people.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two-spirit_as_a_term"><i>Two-spirit</i> as a term</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>two-spirit</i> was developed over a series of five conferences, concluding in 1990 at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference, held in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Credit for developing the term is usually given to several participants in the gatherings. The term was first developed and proposed in English, and later the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> translation <i lang="oj"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niizh_manidoowag#Ojibwe" class="extiw" title="wikt:niizh manidoowag">niizh manidoowag</a></i> was constructed and proposed to honor the language of the Indigenous peoples in whose territory the conference was being held.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the English and Ojibwe terms were coined at the 1990 conference, and are not found in the historical record. <i>Two-spirit</i>, in English or translated into any other language, is a general term for wider audiences, and is not intended to replace the traditional terms or concepts already in use in <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in North America">Indigenous</a> cultures. </p><p>For early adopters, the term <i>two spirit</i> was a deliberate act to differentiate and distance themselves from non-Native gays and lesbians,<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2-3,221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as from non-Native terminology such as <i>gay</i>, <i>lesbian</i>, and <i>transgender</i>. Particularly offensive was the term <i><a href="#Berdache">berdache</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pember1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2-3,221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had previously been the preferred term among non-Native <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> to refer to Indigenous people who did not conform to standard European-American <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">gender roles</a>. <i>Berdache</i>, which means "passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute", has always been offensive to Indigenous peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Mary Annette Pember (<a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cliff Ojibwe">Red Cliff Ojibwe</a>) and others have written that conference participants were motivated by the desire to coin a new term that could take the place of the outdated and offensive anthropological term.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pember1_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativeOut101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMedicine_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMedicine-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-spirited woman Michelle Cameron (<a href="/wiki/Cheslatta_Carrier_Nation" title="Cheslatta Carrier Nation">Carrier First Nations</a>) writes, "The term two-spirit is thus an Aboriginal-specific term of resistance to colonization and non-transferable to other cultures. There are several underlying reasons for two-spirited Aboriginals' desire to distance themselves from the mainstream queer community."<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German anthropologist Sabine Lang writes that for Aboriginal people, sexual orientation or gender identity is secondary to their ethnic identity. "At the core of contemporary two-spirit identities is ethnicity, an awareness of being Native American as opposed to being white or being a member of any other ethnic group".<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2-3,221-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While initially focused on ceremonial and social roles within the Indigenous community, as a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">pan-Indian</a>, English-language umbrella term, for some it has come to have similar use as the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">queer</a></i> (modern, reclaimed usage) or <i><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></i> in encompassing <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> Native peoples in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disputed_origins">Disputed origins</h4></div> <p>Primary attribution of the term <i>two spirit</i>, since 1990, has been ascribed to Albert McLeod (<a href="/wiki/Nisichawayasihk_Cree_Nation" title="Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation">Nisichawayasihk Cree</a>), who also acknowledges the input of those who participated in the series of five conferences that culminated in the discussions at the Third Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conference in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-CanEncMcLeod_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanEncMcLeod-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Myra Laramee (<a href="/wiki/Fisher_River_Cree_Nation" title="Fisher River Cree Nation">Fisher River Cree</a>) reported that she proposed the term at the 1990 gathering after the phrase came to her in a dream.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalist Mary Annette Pember (<a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cliff Ojibwe">Red Cliff Ojibwe</a>) notes the involvement of non-Native <a href="/wiki/Will_Roscoe" title="Will Roscoe">Will Roscoe</a> who, like his also non-Native mentor <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a>, was involved in the hippie/counterculture gay men's group, the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Faeries" title="Radical Faeries">Radical Faeries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RoscoePapers_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoscoePapers-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "non-Native community that emulates Native spirituality" and engages in other forms of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Morgensen_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgensen-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho-Chunk Nation">Ho-Chunk Nation</a>, Native people such as anthropologist Wesley Thomas of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Dine or Navajo</a> tribe also contributed to its creation." Thomas was a professor in the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Technical_University" title="Navajo Technical University">School of Diné and Law Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember1_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_term">Criticism of the term</h3></div> <p>Criticism of "two-spirit" centers on the term's Western origins, interpretations and influence, the lack of emphasis on Indigenous cultural traditions as maintained by tribal elders, and the potential to render tribal traditions indistinct or vanish them completely.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms used by tribes who have roles for gender-variant persons, both currently and historically, do not translate into any form of 'two spirit', and the Ojibwe form <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">niizh manidoowag</i></span> is also modern – a new translation from English that was chosen in 1990, <i>after</i> the term was coined in English.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">574 federally recognized tribes in the United States</a> alone, some critics say use of the term two-spirit risks erasing traditional terms specific to different, unique communities, that already have their own terminology for these individuals in their Indigenous languages (if they have them — not all cultures do).<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since historically, those recorded as gender-variant individuals are often mentioned in the context of having held spiritual, ceremonial roles, the term <i>two spirit</i> – which may have nothing to do with those beliefs and ceremonies – can create a disconnection from, and forgetting of, the actual cultural beliefs and ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the series of conferences where the term was gradually adopted (1990 being the third of five), some Native attendees<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expressed concern that reservation communities would scorn the idea of two-spirit and never adopt the term.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional issues with <i>two-spirit</i> that others have voiced is that they see it as a capitulation to urbanization and loss of culture that, while initially intended to help people reconnect with the spiritual dimension of these roles, was not working out the way it had been intended. In 2009, writing for the <i>Encyclopedia of Gender and Society</i>, Kylan Mattias de Vries wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>With the urbanization and assimilation of Native peoples, individuals began utilizing Western terms, concepts, and identities, such as gay, lesbian, transgender, and intersex. These terms separated Native cultural identity from sexuality and gender identity, furthering a disconnect felt by many Native American/First Nations peoples in negotiating the boundaries of life between two worlds (Native and non-Native/Western). The term <i>two-spirited</i> was created to reconnect one's gender or sexual identity with her or his Native identity and culture. ... Some Native Americans/First Nations people that hold to more traditional religious and cultural values view <i>two-spirit</i> as a cultural and social term, rather than one with any religious or spiritual meaning. ... Since historically, many "berdache/two-spirit" individuals held religious or spiritual roles, the term <i>two spirit</i> creates a disconnection from the past. The terms used by other tribes currently and historically do not translate directly into the English form of <i>two spirit</i> or the Ojibwe form of <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">niizh manidoowag</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perception_of_Western_gender_binary">Perception of Western gender binary</h4></div> <p>The binary nature of two-spirit, or the idea of having two spirits in one body, is not a theme found in the traditional gender roles for Native people, and concerns about this misrepresentation have been voiced since the 1990 conference where the term was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relations_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relations-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Native Americans asked about the concept rejected the "Western" <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">gender binary</a> implications of the term "Two Spirit", such as implying that Natives believe these individuals are "both male and female".<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing on possible misinterpretations from English speakers who hold binary gender views, Kylan Mattias de Vries says in <i>Encyclopedia of Gender and Society: Volume 2</i> (2009), an academic textbook: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It implies that the individual is both male and female and that these aspects are intertwined within them. The term moves away from traditional Native American/First Nations cultural identities and meanings of sexuality and gender variance. It does not take into account the terms and meanings from individual nations and tribes. ... Although <i>two-spirit</i> implies to some a spiritual nature, that one holds the spirit of two, both male and female, traditional Native Americans/First Nations peoples view this as a Western concept.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_Indigenous_terms">Traditional Indigenous terms</h2></div> <p>While some have found <i>two-spirit</i> a useful tool for intertribal organizing, "the concept and word <i>two-spirit</i> has no traditional cultural significance".<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all tribes have ceremonial roles for these people, and the tribes that do usually use names in their own languages.<sup id="cite_ref-terms_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terms-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativeOut101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With over 500 surviving Native American cultures, attitudes about sex and gender can be diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even with the modern adoption of pan-Indian terms like two-spirit, and the creation of a modern pan-Indian community around this naming, not all cultures will perceive gender-nonconforming members of their communities the same way, or welcome a pan-Indian term to replace the terms already in use by their cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, not all contemporary Indigenous communities are supportive of their gender-variant and non-heterosexual people now. In these communities, those looking for two-spirit community have sometimes faced oppression and rejection.<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While existing terminology in many nations shows historical acknowledgement of differing sexual orientations and gender expressions, members of some of these nations have also said that while variance was accepted, they never had separate or defined roles for these members of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Indigenous communities that traditionally have roles for two-spirit people, specific terms in their own languages are used for the social and spiritual roles these individuals fulfill.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following list is not <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comprehensive" class="extiw" title="wikt:comprehensive">comprehensive</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Term </th> <th>Literal translation </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aleut_language" title="Aleut language">Aleut</a> </td> <td><i>tayagigux'</i> </td> <td>"Woman transformed into a man"<sup id="cite_ref-NCIA_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ayagigux'</i> </td> <td>"Man transformed into a woman"<sup id="cite_ref-NCIA_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a> </td> <td><span title="Blackfoot-language text"><i lang="bla">ninauh-oskitsi-pahpyaki</i></span> </td> <td>"Manly-hearted-woman" </td> <td>This term has a wide variety of meanings ranging from women who performed the roles of men, dressed as men, took female partners, or who participated in activities such as war.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Blackfoot-language text"><i lang="bla">ááwowáakii</i></span> </td> <td>"A male homosexual"<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Blackfoot-language text"><i lang="bla">a'yai-kik-ahsi</i></span> </td> <td>"Acts like a woman" </td> <td>There are historical accounts of individuals who engaged in homosexual relationships, or who were born as men but lived their lives as women, possibly for religious or social reasons. These individuals were viewed in a wide variety of ways, from being revered spiritual leaders, brave warriors and <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>, to targets of ridicule.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a> </td> <td><span title="Cheyenne-language text"><i lang="chy">heemaneh</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>A cross-gender or third-gender person, typically a male-bodied person who takes on the roles and duties of a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Cheyenne-language text"><i lang="chy">Heemaneh</i></span> have had specialized roles within Cheyenne society, including officiating during the Scalp Dance, organizing marriages, acting as messengers between lovers, and accompanying men to war.<sup id="cite_ref-Berdaches_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berdaches-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a> </td> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᐃᐢᑵᐤ ᑲ ᓇᐯᐘᔭᐟ</span></span>, <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">iskwêw ka-napêwayat</i></span> </td> <td>"A woman who dresses as a man"<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᓇᐯᐤ ᐃᐢᑵᐏᓭᐦᐅᐟ</span></span>, <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">napêw iskwêwisêhot</i></span> </td> <td>"A man who dresses as a woman"<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᐄᓇᐦᐲᑲᓱᐦᐟ</span></span>, <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">înahpîkasoht</i></span> </td> <td>"A woman dressed/living/accepted as a man" or "someone who fights everyone to prove they are the toughest"<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᐊᔭᐦᑵᐤ</span></span>, <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">ayahkwêw</i></span> </td> <td>"A man dressed/living/accepted as a woman" </td> <td>Possibly not a respectful term. Others have suggested it is a <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third-gender</a> designation, applied to both male-bodied and female-bodied people.<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᓈᐯᐦᑳᐣ</span></span>, <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">napêhkân</i></span> </td> <td>"One who acts/lives as a man"<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Cree-language text"><span lang="cr">ᐃᐢᑵᐦᑳᐣ</span></span>, <span title="Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cr-Latn">iskwêhkân</i></span> </td> <td>"One who acts/lives as a woman"<sup id="cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a> </td> <td><span title="Crow-language text"><i lang="cro">batée</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>A word that describes both <a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">trans women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexual</a> males.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakota_language" title="Lakota language">Lakota</a> </td> <td><span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt"><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AD%C5%8Bkte" class="mw-redirect" title="Wíŋkte">wíŋkte</a></i></span> </td> <td>"wants to be like a woman" </td> <td>Male-bodied people who in some cases have adopted the clothing, work, and mannerisms usually considered feminine in Lakota culture. In contemporary Lakota culture, the term is most commonly associated with simply being gay. Both historically and in modern culture, usually <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">winkte</i></span> are <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Medicine_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medicine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Most historical accounts, notably those by other Lakota, see the <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">winkte</i></span> as regular members of the community, and neither marginalized for their status, nor seen as exceptional. Other writings, usually historical accounts by anthropologists, hold the <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">winkte</i></span> as sacred, occupying a <a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">liminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> role and fulfilling ceremonial roles that can not be filled by either men or women.<sup id="cite_ref-Medicine_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medicine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary Lakota communities, attitudes towards the <span title="Lakota-language text"><i lang="lkt">winkte</i></span> vary from accepting to homophobic.<sup id="cite_ref-Medicine_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medicine-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WinkteInterview_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WinkteInterview-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a> </td> <td><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">nádleehi</a></i></span> or <span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">nádleeh</i></span> </td> <td>"One who is transformed" or "one who changes"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> culture, <span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">nádleeh</i></span> are male-bodied individuals described by those in their communities as "effeminate male", or as "half woman, half man".<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 documentary about the tragic murder of <span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">nádleeh</i></span> Fred Martinez, entitled, <i>Two Spirits</i>, contributed to awareness of these terms and cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Navajo gender spectrum that has been described is that of four genders: feminine woman, masculine woman, feminine man, masculine man.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> </td> <td><span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazo</i></span> </td> <td>"Women who functioned as men" or "one who endeavors to be like a man"<sup id="cite_ref-Treur2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treur2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">Academic <a href="/wiki/Anton_Treuer" title="Anton Treuer">Anton Treuer</a> wrote that in <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> culture, "[s]ex usually determined one's gender, and therefore one's work, but the Ojibwe accepted variation. Men who chose to function as women were called <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ikwekaazo</i></span>, meaning 'one who endeavors to be like a woman'. Women who functioned as men were called <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazo</i></span>, meaning, 'one who endeavors to be like a man'. <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Ikwekaazo</i></span> and <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazo</i></span> could take spouses of their own sex. Their mates were not considered <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ikwekaazo</i></span> or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazo</i></span>, however, because their function in society was still in keeping with their sex. If widowed, the spouse of an <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ikwekaazo</i></span> or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazo</i></span> could remarry someone of the opposite sex or another <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ikwekaazo</i></span> or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazo</i></span>. The <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ikwekaazowag</i></span> worked and dressed like women. The <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ininiikaazowag</i></span> worked and dressed like men. Both were considered to be strong spiritually, and they were always honoured, especially during ceremonies."<sup id="cite_ref-Treur2011_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treur2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (November 2024)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">ikwekaazo</i></span> </td> <td>"Men who chose to function as women" / "one who endeavors to be like a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-Treur2011_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treur2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">agokwe</i></span> or <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">agokwa</i></span> </td> <td>"man-woman" </td> <td>Male-assigned. The Ojibwe word <i>agokwe</i> was used by <a href="/wiki/John_Tanner_(captive)" title="John Tanner (captive)">John Tanner</a> to describe gender-nonconforming Ojibwe warrior <a href="/wiki/Ozaawindib" title="Ozaawindib">Ozaawindib</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 1797–1832).<sup id="cite_ref-NCIA_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Okitcitakwe</i> </td> <td>"warrior woman" </td> <td>Female-assigned<sup id="cite_ref-NCIA_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a> </td> <td><span title="Warao-language text"><i lang="wba">tida wena</i></span> </td> <td>"twisted women"<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> </td> <td><span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun"><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">lhamana</a></i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Men who at times may also take on the social and ceremonial roles performed by women in their culture. Accounts from the 1800s note that <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">lhamana</i></span>, while dressed in "female attire", were often hired for work that required "strength and endurance",<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson380_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson380-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while also excelling in traditional arts and crafts such as pottery and weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-James_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable <span title="Zuni-language text"><i lang="zun">lhamana</i></span> <a href="/wiki/We%27wha" title="We'wha">We'wha</a> (1849–1896), lived in both traditional female and male social and ceremonial roles at various points in their life, and was a respected community leader and cultural ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-Bost139_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bost139-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson37_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson37-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigiqueer">Indigiqueer</h2></div> <p>Another contemporary term in use, as an alternative to <i>two-spirit</i>, and which does not rely on binary conceptions of gender, is <i>Indigiqueer</i>. Originally spelled <i>Indigequeer</i>, the term was coined by <a href="/wiki/TJ_Cuthand" title="TJ Cuthand">TJ Cuthand</a>, and popularized by author <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Whitehead" title="Joshua Whitehead">Joshua Whitehead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Relations_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relations-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cuthand first used <i>Indigiqueer</i> for the title of the 2004 Vancouver Queer Film Festival's Indigenous/two-spirit Program, and has written that he came up with this alternative term, "because some LGBTQ Indigenous people don't feel as comfortable with the two-spirit title because it implies some dual gender stuff, which some people just don't feel describes their identity."<sup id="cite_ref-Indigiqueer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indigiqueer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relations_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relations-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cuthand_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuthand-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_issues_and_protocols">Cultural issues and protocols</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_and_societal_role_in_Indigenous_communities">Definition and societal role in Indigenous communities</h3></div> <p>Though "two-spirit" has gained far more mainstream recognition and popularity than the traditional terms in Indigenous languages, acceptance of the term is not universal. While use of "two-spirit" to replace the offensive <i><a href="#berdache">berdache</a></i> proceeded, particularly in academic practice, the word has sometimes replaced culturally-specific terms and their attendant <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous knowledge">Indigenous knowledge</a>, leading to criticism about its potential to dilute or erase culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <i>Encyclopedia of Gender and Society: Volume 2</i> (2009), an academic textbook, Kylan Mattias de Vries says: "Nations and tribes used various words to describe various genders, sexes and sexualities. Many had separate words for the Western constructs of gays, lesbians, bisexuals, <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex individuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-dressers">cross-dressers</a>, transgenders, gender-variant individuals, or 'changing ones', third genders (men who live as women), and fourth genders (women who live as men). Even these categories are limiting, because they are based on Western language and ideas rooted in a <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomous</a> relationship between gender, sex, and sexuality. This language barrier limits our understanding of the traditional roles within Native American/First Nations cultures."<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male-bodied two-spirit people, regardless of gender identification, can go to war and have access to male activities such as male-only sweat lodge ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-vancouver_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vancouver-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they may also take on "feminine" activities such as cooking and other domestic responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lang, female-bodied two-spirit people usually have sexual relations or marriages with only females.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> people whose lives have been impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential schools</a>, and other Indigenous communities who have experienced severe cultural damage from colonization, the specific traditions in their communities that might now be seen as two-spirit may have been severely damaged, fragmented, or even lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While not all communities had these ways, in those that did, for some there may be challenges in reviving older traditions, and to overcoming learned homophobia or other prejudices that may have been introduced with colonization.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Given_title_and_role">Given title and role</h3></div> <p>Traditional Native American cultures that have ceremonial roles for gender-variant members of their communities may require that these people be recognized and assigned this role by tribal elders.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these cultures, a traditional third-gender ceremonial or social role is a given title that cannot be self-selected. For these communities, two-spirit differs from the mainstream Western use of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> labels because it is a sacred, spiritual and ceremonial role that is recognized and confirmed only by tribal elders of that two-spirit person's Indigenous ceremonial community.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these tribes, two-spirit people have specific duties, and the two-spirit title is not granted unless the person is fulfilling these ceremonial roles.<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talking to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 2006, Joey Criddle, who <a href="/wiki/Self-identified_Native_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-identified Native American">self-identifies</a> as <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a>, says that two-spirit titles are not interchangeable with "LGBT Native American" or "gay Indian": "The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit." He underscores that simply being gay and Native does not make someone a two-spirit, which requires participation in tribal ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appropriation">Appropriation</h3></div> <p>The increasing visibility of the two-spirit concept in mainstream culture has been seen as both empowering and as having some undesirable consequences, such as the spread of <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of North America">misinformation</a> about the cultures of Indigenous peoples, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">pan-Indianism</a> replacing culturally-specific teachings and traditions, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> of Indigenous identities and ceremonial ways by non-Natives who do not understand that Indigenous communities see two-spirit as a specifically Native American and First Nations cultural identity, not one to be taken up by non-Natives.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>These sort of simplified black-and-white depictions of Native culture and history perpetuate indiscriminate appropriation of Native peoples. Although the current new meme or legend surrounding the term two spirit is certainly laudable for helping LGBTQ people create their own more empowering terminology to describe themselves, it carries some questionable baggage. My concern is not so much over the use of the words but over the social meme they have generated that has morphed into a cocktail of historical revisionism, wishful thinking, good intentions, and a soupçon of white, entitled appropriation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Two-spirit</i> does not acknowledge either the traditional acceptance or the nonacceptance of individuals in various nations and tribes. The idea of gender and sexuality variance being universally accepted among Native American/First Nations peoples has become romanticized. <br /> Accordingly, the change from <i>berdache</i> to <i>two-spirit</i> is most accurately understood as a non-Native idealization of the social acceptance of gender variance, idealizing a romanticized acceptance of gender variance.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>When Indigenous people from communities that are less-accepting of two-spirits have sought community among non-Native <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> communities, however, the tendency for non-Natives to tokenize and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">appropriate</a> has at times led to rifts rather than unity, with two-spirits feeling like they are just another tacked on initial rather than fully included. Cameron writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The term two-spirited was chosen to emphasize our difference in our experiences of multiple, interlocking oppressions as queer Aboriginal people. When non-Aboriginal people decide to "take up" the term two-spirit, it detracts from its original meaning and diffuses its power as a label of resistance for Aboriginal people. Already there is so much of First Nations culture that has been exploited and appropriated in this country; must our terms of resistance also be targeted for mainstream appropriation and consumption? Two-spirited is a reclaimed term designed by Aboriginals to define our unique cultural context, histories, and legacy. When people do not see the harm in "sharing" the term, they are missing the point and refusing to recognize that by appropriating the term they will inevitably alter its cultural context.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In academia, there has since 2010 or earlier been a move to "queer the analytics of settler colonialism" and create a "twospirit" critique as part of the general field of <a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">queer studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, much of this academic analysis and publishing is not based in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional Indigenous knowledge</a>, but in the more mainstream, non-Native perspectives of the broader <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> communities, so most of the same cultural misunderstandings tend to be found as in the outdated writing of the non-Native anthropologists and "explorers".<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Two-spirit_societies">Two-spirit societies</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg/220px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg/330px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg/440px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The two-spirit contingent marches at <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a> 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the goals of two-spirit societies are <a href="/wiki/Support_group" title="Support group">group support</a>; <a href="/wiki/Outreach" title="Outreach">outreach</a>, education, and <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a>; revival of their Indigenous cultural traditions, including preserving the old languages, skills and dances;<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and otherwise working toward <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipshultz_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipshultz-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some two-spirit societies (past and present) include: 2Spirits of Toronto in <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>; the Wabanaki Two Spirit Alliance in Nova Scotia; the Bay Area American Indian Two-Spirits (est. 1998) in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central Oklahoma Two Spirit Natives in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a>; the East Coast Two Spirit Society and the NorthEast Two-Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>; Idaho Two-Spirit Society; the Indiana Two-Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington</a>; Minnesota Two Spirits; the Montana Two-Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/Browning,_Montana" title="Browning, Montana">Browning</a>; the Northwest Two-Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>; the Ohio Valley Two Spirit Society of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois" title="Southern Illinois">Southern Illinois</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Portland Two Spirit Society (est. May 2012) in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Regina Two-Spirited Society in <a href="/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan" title="Regina, Saskatchewan">Regina, Saskatchewan</a>; the Texas Two Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>; the Tulsa Two-Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>; the Two-Spirit Society of Denver in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>; and the Wichita Two-Spirit Society in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipshultz_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipshultz-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_use_of_umbrella_terms">Academic use of umbrella terms</h2></div> <p>Writing in March 1998 to advise colleagues and peers in the <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> profession on the accurate and respectful use of language for Native American subjects in anthropological research and archeological projects, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Beck_Kehoe" title="Alice Beck Kehoe">Alice Beck Kehoe</a>, a non-Native Professor Emeritus at <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a> who attended the Annual Inter-tribal Native American, First Nations, Gay and Lesbian American Conferences, recounts her observations of the discussions that resulted in the term two-spirit at the 1990 conference: "At the conferences that produced the book, <i>Two-Spirited People</i>, I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither 'male' nor 'female', much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, 'gender' would not be relevant to the social personae glosses 'men' and 'women', and 'third gender' likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word 'berdache' certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3-5), but the urban American neologism 'two-spirit' can be misleading." She cautions that modern identity umbrella terms such as two-spirit can't be relied upon for accurate and respectful historical scholarship because they are too general and are produced out of modern contexts that their subjects do not come from. Additionally, she recommends against folding Native and two-spirit gender and sexual identities under the "Indo-European tag 'third gender.'" In academia "one catchword obfuscates the diversity created in human societies and the fluidity conceptualized in many American Indian cultures." She concludes that the best course of action for anthropological professionals when generating language around historical Native artifacts, remains, or societies is to consult with Native professionals "or look into dictionaries, for the people's own words for the social personae 'man,' 'woman,' and whatever additional personae may be recognized."<sup id="cite_ref-Kehoe_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_and_anthropological_accounts">Historical and anthropological accounts</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/220px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/330px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg/440px-Catlin_-_Dance_to_the_berdache.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Drawing by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> (1796–1872) while on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox Nation</a>. Depicting a group of male warriors dancing around a male-bodied person in a woman's dress, non-Native artist George Catlin titled the painting <i>Dance to the <a href="#Berdache">Berdach</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ways to future generations opened the floodgates for early non-Native explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists to write books describing Native peoples and therefore bolstering their own role as experts. These writings were and still are entrenched in the perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men. ~ Mary Annette Pember (<a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Ojibwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cliff Ojibwe">Red Cliff Ojibwe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Pember2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to German anthropologist Sabine Lang, cross-dressing of two-spirit people was not always an indicator of gender identity. Lang believes "the mere fact that a male wears women's clothing does not say something about his role behavior, his gender status, or even his choice of partner".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other anthropologists may have mistakenly labelled some Native individuals two-spirit or <i><a href="#Berdache">berdache</a></i> because of a lack of cultural understanding, specifically around an Indigenous community's worldview, and their particular customs concerning clothing and gender.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to non-Natives including author Brian Gilley and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Will_Roscoe" title="Will Roscoe">Will Roscoe</a>, the historical presence of male-bodied two-spirits "was a fundamental institution among most tribal peoples",<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both male- and female-bodied two-spirits having been documented "in over 130 North American tribes, in every region of the continent".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> journalist Mary Annette Pember argues that this depiction threatens to homogenize diverse Indigenous cultures, painting over them with an overly broad brush, potentially causing the disappearance of "distinct cultural and language differences that Native peoples hold crucial to their identity".<sup id="cite_ref-Pember_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Don <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fages" title="Pedro Fages">Pedro Fages</a> was third in command of the 1769–70 Spanish <a href="/wiki/Portol%C3%A1_expedition" title="Portolá expedition">Portolá expedition</a>, the first European land exploration of what is now the U.S. state of California. At least three diaries were kept during the expedition, but Fages wrote his account later, in 1775. Fages gave more descriptive details about the native Californians than any of the others, and he alone reported the presence of homosexuality in the native culture. The English translation reads: </p> <blockquote><p>I have submitted substantial evidence that those Indian men who, both here and farther inland, are observed in the dress, clothing and character of women – there being two or three such in each village – pass as sodomites by profession. ... They are called <i>joyas</i>, and are held in great esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although gender-variant people have been both respected and feared in a number of tribes, they are not beyond being reproached or, by traditional law, even killed for bad deeds. In the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojave people">Mojave</a> tribe, for instance, they frequently become medicine persons and, like all who deal with the supernatural, are at risk of suspicion of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, notably in cases of failed harvest or of death.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been instances of murder in these cases (such as in the case of the gender-nonconforming female named Sahaykwisā).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another instance in the late 1840s was of a <a href="/wiki/Crow_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow (people)">Crow</a> <i>badé</i> who was caught, possibly raiding horses, by the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> and was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lang and Jacobs write that historically among the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a>, and southern <a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Dilzhe'e</a> have alternative gender identities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One tribe in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Eyak" title="Eyak">Eyak</a>, has a single report from 1938 that they did not have an alternative gender and they held such individuals in low esteem, although whether this sentiment is the result of acculturation or not is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, there is a single report from <a href="/wiki/Bacqueville_de_la_Potherie" title="Bacqueville de la Potherie">Bacqueville de la Potherie</a> in his book published in 1722, <i>Histoire de l'Amérique septentrionale</i>, that indicates that an alternative gender identity exists among them.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many, if not all, Indigenous cultures have been affected by European <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">misogyny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources have reported that the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> had laws against such individuals,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there are some authors who feel that this was exaggerated or the result of acculturation, because all of the documents indicating this are post-conquest and any that existed before had been destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief that these laws existed, at least for the Aztecs, comes from the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_Codex" title="Florentine Codex">Florentine Codex</a>, and that evidence exists that Indigenous peoples authored many codices, but the Spaniards destroyed most of them in their attempt to eradicate ancient beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some contemporary <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a> peoples in Mexico embody the traditional <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> role known as <i><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">muxe</a></i>. They consider themselves to be "<i>muxe</i> in men's bodies", who do the work that their culture usually associates with women. When asked by <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> researchers in 2004 if they ever considered surgical transition, "none of the respondents found the idea interesting, but rather strange" as their essence as <i>muxe</i> is not dependent on what type of body they are in.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Berdache"><i>Berdache</i></h3></div> <p>Before the late twentieth century, non-Native (i.e. non-<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples in Canada">Canadian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> used the term <i>berdache</i> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">bər-<span style="font-size:90%">DASH</span></i></a></span>), in a very broad manner, to identify an Indigenous individual fulfilling one of many mixed gender roles in their tribe. Most often these anthropologists applied the term to any male whom they perceived to be <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisexual">bisexual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Effeminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Effeminate">effeminate</a> by Western social standards, though occasionally the term was applied to <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>, bisexual and <a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconforming" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender nonconforming">gender nonconforming</a> females as well.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a wide variety of diverse individuals being categorized under this imprecise term. At times they incorrectly implied that these individuals were <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> (or, "hermaphrodites").<sup id="cite_ref-AnthroGeneralizations_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AnthroGeneralizations-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>berdache</i> has always been repugnant to Indigenous people. De Vries writes, "Berdache is a derogatory term created by Europeans and perpetuated by anthropologists and others to define Native American/First Nations people who varied from Western norms that perceive gender, sex, and sexuality as binaries and inseparable."<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term has now fallen out of favor with anthropologists as well. It <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">derives</a> from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bardache</i></span></i> (English equivalent: "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bardash" class="extiw" title="wikt:bardash">bardash</a>") meaning "passive homosexual", "<a href="/wiki/Catamite" title="Catamite">catamite</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-bardash_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bardash-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even "<a href="/wiki/Child_prostitution" title="Child prostitution">boy prostitute</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NativeOut101-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bardache</i>, in turn, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <span style="font-size:120%"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">برده</span></span></span> <i>barda</i> meaning "captive", "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Slave" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave">slave</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Two_Spirit_People_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_Spirit_People-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish explorers who encountered these individuals among the <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash people</a> called them <i>"<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">joyas</i></span>"</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "jewels".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of <i>berdache</i> has now been replaced in most mainstream and anthropological literature by <i>two spirit</i>, with mixed results. However, the term <i>two spirit</i> itself, in English or any other language, was not in use before 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_representation">Media representation</h2></div> <p>In the 1970 film <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Man_(film)" title="Little Big Man (film)"><i>Little Big Man</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> character Little Horse, portrayed by Robert Little Star, is a gay man who wears clothing more commonly worn by women in the culture. He invites the protagonist, Jack Crabb (<a href="/wiki/Dustin_Hoffman" title="Dustin Hoffman">Dustin Hoffman</a>) to come live with him. In a departure from most portrayals in <a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">Westerns</a> of the era, Crabb is touched and flattered by the offer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg/220px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg/330px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg/440px-SF_Pride_2014_-_Stierch_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2688" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The two spirit pride trolley at San Francisco Pride 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2009 documentary film<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Two Spirits</i>, directed by Lydia Nibley, tells the story of the hate-murder of 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi#Fred_Martinez" title="Nádleehi">Fred Martinez</a>. In the film, Nibley "affirms Martinez' Navajo sense of being a two spirit 'effeminate male', or <i>nádleeh</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 168">: 168 </span></sup> Martinez' mother defined <i>nádleeh</i> as "half woman, half man".<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 169">: 169 </span></sup> </p><p>The film <i>Two Spirits</i>, shown on <i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Lens" title="Independent Lens">Independent Lens</a></i> in 2011, and winner of the annual Audience Award for that year, is about two-spirit people, particularly Fred Martinez, who was murdered at age 16 for identifying as a two-spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 two-spirited <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Metis</a> filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Beaucage" title="Marjorie Beaucage">Marjorie Beaucage</a> released <i>Coming In Stories: Two Spirit in Saskatchewan</i> as a way to raise awareness about the experiences of two-spirited individuals living in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatchewan, Canada">Saskatchewan, Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrow_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrow-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2018 indie film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miseducation_of_Cameron_Post_(film)" title="The Miseducation of Cameron Post (film)">The Miseducation of Cameron Post</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> character – Adam Red Eagle, played by <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Goodluck" title="Forrest Goodluck">Forrest Goodluck</a> – is sent to a <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion camp</a> for identifying as <i><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">winkte</a></i> and two-spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2019, <a href="/wiki/American_Gods_(season_2)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Gods (season 2)">second season</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gods_(TV_series)" title="American Gods (TV series)">American Gods</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Devery_Jacobs" title="Devery Jacobs">Devery Jacobs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>) plays a young <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> woman, Sam Black Crow, who self-identifies as "two-spirited" (although in the <a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">book</a>, she is mentioned in passing as being bisexual). Her character, raised by a white mother and estranged from her Native father, speaks of looking to older ancestors to try to find her own beliefs, much like the other humans in the series. In an interview Jacobs says, "I identify as queer, and not two-spirited, because I'm Mohawk and we don't have that" and that <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (author of the novels on which the series is based) advocated strongly for her to be cast in the role.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_Country_(TV_series)" title="Lovecraft Country (TV series)">Lovecraft Country</a></i>, a 2020 HBO television series, features Yahima, an Arawak two-spirit character.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Showrunner <a href="/wiki/Misha_Green" title="Misha Green">Misha Green</a> addressed the fate of this character by tweeting "I wanted to show the uncomfortable truth that oppressed folks can also be oppressors. It's a story point worth making, but I failed in the way I chose to make it."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>two-spirit</i> is used anachronistically in the series, being set in the 1950s whilst the term itself was coined in the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2></div> <p>In 2012, a marker dedicated to two spirit people was included in the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Walk" title="Legacy Walk">Legacy Walk</a>, an outdoor public display in Chicago, Illinois, that celebrates <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a> history and people.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Self-identified_two_spirits">Self-identified two spirits</h2></div> <p>"Self-identified" here is meant as a contrast to the way a traditional two spirit must be recognized as such by the elders of their Indigenous community when the term is used as a synonym for a traditional ceremonial role (for which there will be an already-existing term in that culture's Indigenous language).<sup id="cite_ref-Estrada_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT2_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inclusion in this list is thus not an indication of whether the person is recognized or not. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Two-spirit" title="Special:EditPage/Two-spirit">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Allen" title="Susan Allen">Susan Allen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>), Minnesota State Representative<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawna_Baker" title="Shawna Baker">Shawna Baker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>) Justice of the Cherokee Nation Supreme Court<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolanda_Bonnell" title="Yolanda Bonnell">Yolanda Bonnell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwe people">Ojibwe</a>), Canadian actress and playwright<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Campbell" title="Lori Campbell">Lori Campbell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>-<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>), educator and politician.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Davis" title="Raven Davis">Raven Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>), artist, activist, and traditional cultural worker<sup id="cite_ref-RavenDavis_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RavenDavis-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Desjarlais" title="Blake Desjarlais">Blake Desjarlais</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>/<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in Canada">Metis</a>), Canada's first two-spirit <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a>. Elected in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election" title="2021 Canadian federal election">2021 Canadian federal election</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Griesbach" title="Edmonton Griesbach">Edmonton Griesbach</a> riding as a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Dutcher" title="Jeremy Dutcher">Jeremy Dutcher</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wolastoqiyik" title="Wolastoqiyik">Wolastoqiyik</a>), tenor, composer, musicologist, performer and activist<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretten_Hannam" title="Bretten Hannam">Bretten Hannam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq" title="Mi'kmaq">Mi'kmaq</a>/Ojibwe), filmmaker<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Kish" title="Shawnee Kish">Shawnee Kish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a>), musician<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_LaFortune" title="Richard LaFortune">Richard LaFortune</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik people">Yupik</a>), activist, author and artist<sup id="cite_ref-Two_Spirit_People_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Two_Spirit_People-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Makokis" title="James Makokis">James Makokis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>), physician<sup id="cite_ref-Boudjikanian_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boudjikanian-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Monkman" title="Kent Monkman">Kent Monkman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>), visual and performing artist<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Nagle" title="Rebecca Nagle">Rebecca Nagle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>), activist and writer<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Pruden" title="Harlan Pruden">Harlan Pruden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>), scholar and activist<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokii_Sumac" title="Smokii Sumac">Smokii Sumac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ktunaxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ktunaxa">Ktunaxa</a>), poet and activist<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arielle_Twist" title="Arielle Twist">Arielle Twist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>), poet<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilona_Verley" title="Ilona Verley">Ilona Verley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nlaka%CA%BCpamux" class="mw-redirect" title="Nlakaʼpamux">Nlakaʼpamux</a>), drag queen, contestant on <i>Canada's Drag Race</i><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storme_Webber" title="Storme Webber">Storme Webber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>), interdisciplinary artist<sup id="cite_ref-StormeWebber_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StormeWebber-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delina_White" title="Delina White">Delina White</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a>), activist, artist, clothing designer<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Whitehead" title="Joshua Whitehead">Joshua Whitehead</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oji-Cree" title="Oji-Cree">Oji-Cree</a>), poet and novelist<sup id="cite_ref-this_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-this-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massey_Whiteknife" title="Massey Whiteknife">Massey Whiteknife</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a>), businessman, producer and entertainer<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We%27wha" title="We'wha">We'wha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>), weaver <sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/32px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/48px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/64px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="117" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transgender" title="Portal:Transgender">Transgender portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_American_Indians" title="Gay American Indians">Gay American Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_among_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Gender roles among the Indigenous peoples of North America">Gender roles among the Indigenous peoples of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a>, those "in the middle", between the polar genders, in some Pacific Islander Indigenous communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity_in_the_United_States" title="Native American identity in the United States">Native American identity in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh-Tisch" title="Osh-Tisch">Osh-Tisch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></i>, a third gender identity among the Inuit</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Aux deux esprits</i></span></i> or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bispirituelles</i></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">2ELGBTQI+</i></span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Estrada-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estrada_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEstrada2011" class="citation journal cs1">Estrada, Gabriel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08c129mf">"<i>Two Spirits</i>, <i>Nádleeh</i>, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze"</a>. <i>American Indian Culture and Research Journal</i>. <b>35</b> (4): 167–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17953%2Faicr.35.4.x500172017344j30">10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Culture+and+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Two+Spirits%2C+N%C3%A1dleeh%2C+and+LGBTQ2+Navajo+Gaze&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=167-190&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17953%2Faicr.35.4.x500172017344j30&rft.aulast=Estrada&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F08c129mf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/08/fashion/08SPIRIT.html?_r=0">"A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 8 Oct 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The elders will tell you the difference between a gay Indian and a Two-Spirit,' [Criddle] said, underscoring the idea that simply being gay and Indian does not make someone a Two-Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Spirit+of+Belonging%2C+Inside+and+Out&rft.date=2006-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F10%2F08%2Ffashion%2F08SPIRIT.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCIA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCIA_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCIA_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCIA_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCIA_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCIA_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCIA_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrudenEdmo2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pruden, Harlan; Edmo, Se-ah-dom (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708104610/https://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf">"Two-Spirit People: Sex, Gender & Sexuality in Historic and Contemporary Native America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Congress of American Indians Policy Research Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncai.org/policy-research-center/initiatives/Pruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2023-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Congress+of+American+Indians+Policy+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Two-Spirit+People%3A+Sex%2C+Gender+%26+Sexuality+in+Historic+and+Contemporary+Native+America&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Pruden&rft.aufirst=Harlan&rft.au=Edmo%2C+Se-ah-dom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncai.org%2Fpolicy-research-center%2Finitiatives%2FPruden-Edmo_TwoSpiritPeople.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauserRoscoe1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hauser, Raymond E.; Roscoe, Will (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/482173">"The Zuni Man-Woman"</a>. <i>Ethnohistory</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F482173">10.2307/482173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1801">0014-1801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/482173">482173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnohistory&rft.atitle=The+Zuni+Man-Woman&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=126&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0014-1801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F482173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F482173&rft.aulast=Hauser&rft.aufirst=Raymond+E.&rft.au=Roscoe%2C+Will&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F482173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs2-3,221-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs2-3,221_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsThomasLang1997">Jacobs, Thomas & Lang (1997)</a>, pp. 2–3, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pember1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pember1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember1_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember1_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember1_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPember2016" class="citation web cs1">Pember, Mary Annette (Oct 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewire.news/article/2016/10/13/two-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rewire_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewire (website)">Rewire</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Oct 17,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Non-Native anthropologist Will Roscoe gets much of the public credit for coining the term two spirit. However, according to Kristopher Kohl Miner of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Native people such as anthropologist Dr. Wesley Thomas of the Dine or Navajo tribe also contributed to its creation. (Thomas is a professor in the School of Dine and Law Studies.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Two+Spirit%27+Tradition+Far+From+Ubiquitous+Among+Tribes&rft.pub=Rewire&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Pember&rft.aufirst=Mary+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewire.news%2Farticle%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Ftwo-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kehoe-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kehoe_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Beck_Kehoe" title="Alice Beck Kehoe">Kehoe, Alice B.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105120021/https://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/16-2/saa14.html">"Appropriate Terms"</a>. <i>SAA Bulletin</i>. Society for American Archaeology 16(2), <a href="/wiki/UC-Santa_Barbara" class="mw-redirect" title="UC-Santa Barbara">UC-Santa Barbara</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0741-5672">0741-5672</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saa.org/publications/saabulletin/16-2/saa14.html">the original</a> on 2004-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAA+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Appropriate+Terms&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0741-5672&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Alice+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saa.org%2Fpublications%2Fsaabulletin%2F16-2%2Fsaa14.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NativeOut101-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NativeOut101_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/">Two Spirit 101</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210110520/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/">Archived</a> 2014-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at <i>NativeOut</i>: "The Two Spirit term was adopted in 1990 at an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering to encourage the replacement of the term berdache, which means, 'passive partner in sodomy, boy prostitute.'" Accessed 23 Sep 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMedicine-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMedicine_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMedicine_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedicine2002" class="citation journal cs1">Medicine, Beatrice (August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208071034/http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc">"Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories"</a>. <i>Online Readings in Psychology and Culture</i>. <b>3</b> (1). International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9707%2F2307-0919.1024">10.9707/2307-0919.1024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2307-0919">2307-0919</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1024&context=orpc">the original</a> on 2012-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-25</span></span>. <q>At the Wenner Gren conference on gender held in Chicago, May, 1994... the gay American Indian and Alaska Native males agreed to use the term "Two Spirit" to replace the controversial "berdache" term. The stated objective was to purge the older term from anthropological literature as it was seen as demeaning and not reflective of Native categories. Unfortunately, the term "berdache" has also been incorporated in the psychology and women studies domains, so the task for the affected group to purge the term looms large and may be formidable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Readings+in+Psychology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Directions+in+Gender+Research+in+American+Indian+Societies%3A+Two+Spirits+and+Other+Categories&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2002-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9707%2F2307-0919.1024&rft.issn=2307-0919&rft.aulast=Medicine&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gvsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1024%26context%3Dorpc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanGov-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanGov_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/women-gender-equality/free-to-be-me/what-is-2slgbtqi-plus.html">What is 2SLGBTQI+?</a> Government of Canada</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vowel-1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vowel-1_13-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVowel2016" class="citation book cs1">Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity". <i>Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada</i>. Winnipeg: Highwater Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-553-79680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-553-79680-0"><bdi>978-1-553-79680-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+My+Queer+Relations+-+Language%2C+Culture%2C+and+Two-Spirit+Identity&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Writes%3A+A+Guide+to+First+Nations%2C+M%C3%A9tis+%26+Inuit+Issues+in+Canada&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pub=Highwater+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-553-79680-0&rft.aulast=Vowel&rft.aufirst=Chelsea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffwhatitmeans-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huffwhatitmeans_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borresen, Kelsey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-two-spirit-means-native_l_62aa0b3ce4b06169ca93c14e">Here's What It Means To Be 'Two-Spirit,' According To Native People</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Huffington Post">Huffington Post</a>. 8 September 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Vries_2009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-de_Vries_2009_15-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vries2009" class="citation book cs1">de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_nyHS4WyUKEC">"Berdache (Two-Spirit)"</a>. In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of gender and society</i>. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412909167" title="Special:BookSources/9781412909167"><bdi>9781412909167</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berdache+%28Two-Spirit%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+gender+and+society&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781412909167&rft.aulast=de+Vries&rft.aufirst=Kylan+Mattias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_nyHS4WyUKEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pember-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pember_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPember2016" class="citation web cs1">Pember, Mary Annette (October 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewire.news/article/2016/10/13/two-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Two Spirit' Tradition Far From Ubiquitous Among Tribes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rewire_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewire (website)">Rewire</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Two+Spirit%27+Tradition+Far+From+Ubiquitous+Among+Tribes&rft.pub=Rewire&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Pember&rft.aufirst=Mary+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewire.news%2Farticle%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Ftwo-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cameron, Michelle. (2005). Two-spirited Aboriginal people: Continuing cultural appropriation by non-Aboriginal society. <i>Canadian Women Studies</i>, <i>24</i> (2/3), 123–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanEncMcLeod-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CanEncMcLeod_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilice2015" class="citation web cs1">Filice, Michelle (October 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/two-spirit">"Two-Spirit"</a>. <i>Canadian Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Two-Spirit&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.aulast=Filice&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Ftwo-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulne-Stuebing2021" class="citation news cs1">Beaulne-Stuebing, Laura (3 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/how-two-spirit-people-are-coming-in-to-their-communities-1.6272654">"How two-spirit people are 'coming in' to their communities"</a>. <i>Unreserved</i>. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Unreserved&rft.atitle=How+two-spirit+people+are+%27coming+in%27+to+their+communities&rft.date=2021-12-03&rft.aulast=Beaulne-Stuebing&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fradio%2Funreserved%2Fhow-two-spirit-people-are-coming-in-to-their-communities-1.6272654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoscoePapers-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoscoePapers_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c85d8sd4/entire_text/">"Will Roscoe papers and Gay American Indians records"</a>. <i>www.oac.cdlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oac.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=Will+Roscoe+papers+and+Gay+American+Indians+records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fc85d8sd4%2Fentire_text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgensen-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morgensen_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgensen2009" class="citation book cs1">Morgensen, Scott Lauria (2009). <i>Spaces Between Us: Queer Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Decolonization</i>. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 129–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452932729" title="Special:BookSources/9781452932729"><bdi>9781452932729</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spaces+Between+Us%3A+Queer+Settler+Colonialism+and+Indigenous+Decolonization&rft.pages=129-151&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781452932729&rft.aulast=Morgensen&rft.aufirst=Scott+Lauria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relations-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Relations_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relations_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relations_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmyrelationspodcast.com/podcast/episode/47547617/indigiqueer/">All My Relations Podcast - Indigiqueer</a>". Accessed 23 May 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terms-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terms_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/two-spirit-terms-in-tribal-languages/">Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150102172337/http://nativeout.com/twospirit-rc/two-spirit-101/two-spirit-terms-in-tribal-languages/">Archived</a> 2015-01-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at <i>NativeOut</i>. Accessed 23 Sep 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: There is not always consensus, even among reporting elders and language workers, about all of these terms and how they are or were applied. See <a href="#CITEREFVowel2016">Vowel (2016</a>, p. 109) and <a href="#CITEREFDruke2014">Druke (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2003" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, Hugh (2003). <i>The Vengeful Wife</i>. University of Oklahoma press. pp. 57–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806137711"><bdi>978-0806137711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vengeful+Wife&rft.pages=57-62&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0806137711&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantzRussell1989" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Donald G.; Russell, Norma Jean (1989). <i>Blackfoot Dictionary of Stems, Roots, and Affixes</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-7136-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-7136-8"><bdi>0-8020-7136-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackfoot+Dictionary+of+Stems%2C+Roots%2C+and+Affixes&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8020-7136-8&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Russell%2C+Norma+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dempsey" title="Hugh Dempsey">Dempsey, Hugh</a> (2003). <i>The Vengeful Wife</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 48–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806137711" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806137711"><bdi>978-0806137711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vengeful+Wife&rft.pages=48-62&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0806137711&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ualberta.ca/admissions-programs/online-courses/indigenous-canada/glossary/lesson-9-indigenous-women.html">"Lesson 9 - Indigenous Women"</a>. University of Alberta<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesson+9+-+Indigenous+Women&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ualberta.ca%2Fadmissions-programs%2Fonline-courses%2Findigenous-canada%2Fglossary%2Flesson-9-indigenous-women.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berdaches-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berdaches_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDésy1978" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Désy, Pierrette (1978). "L'Homme-Femme (Les Berdaches en Amérique du Nord)". <i>Libre</i> (in French). <b>78</b> (3). Paris: 57–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libre&rft.atitle=L%27Homme-Femme+%28Les+Berdaches+en+Am%C3%A9rique+du+Nord%29&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=57-102&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9sy&rft.aufirst=Pierrette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.crowlanguage.org/#/L/bat%C3%A9e%20(%C3%A1a)">"Crow Dictionary"</a>. Crow Language Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crow+Dictionary&rft.pub=Crow+Language+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.crowlanguage.org%2F%23%2FL%2Fbat%25C3%25A9e%2520%28%25C3%25A1a%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medicine-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Medicine_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medicine_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Medicine_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedicine2002" class="citation web cs1">Medicine, Beatrice (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030330115133/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm">"Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories by Beatrice Medicine"</a>. <i>Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 3, Chapter 2). W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.)</i>. Center for Cross-Cultural Research, <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm">the original</a> on 2003-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Readings+in+Psychology+and+Culture+%28Unit+3%2C+Chapter+2%29.+W.+J.+Lonner%2C+D.+L.+Dinnel%2C+S.+A.+Hayes%2C+%26+D.+N.+Sattler+%28Eds.%29&rft.atitle=Directions+in+Gender+Research+in+American+Indian+Societies%3A+Two+Spirits+and+Other+Categories+by+Beatrice+Medicine&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Medicine&rft.aufirst=Beatrice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ac.wwu.edu%2F~culture%2Fmedicine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WinkteInterview-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WinkteInterview_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruke2014" class="citation web cs1">Druke, Galen (27 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415172507/http://www.wpr.org/native-american-two-spirit-people-serve-unique-roles-within-their-communities">"Native American 'Two-Spirit People' Serve Unique Roles Within Their Communities – One 'Winkte' Talks About Role Of LGBT People In Lakota Culture"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio" title="Wisconsin Public Radio">Wisconsin Public Radio</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/native-american-two-spirit-people-serve-unique-roles-within-their-communities">the original</a> on 15 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+American+%27Two-Spirit+People%27+Serve+Unique+Roles+Within+Their+Communities+%E2%80%93+One+%27Winkte%27+Talks+About+Role+Of+LGBT+People+In+Lakota+Culture&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Public+Radio&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft.aulast=Druke&rft.aufirst=Galen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpr.org%2Fnative-american-two-spirit-people-serve-unique-roles-within-their-communities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franc Johnson Newcomb (1980-06). Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-1008-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-1008-2">0-8061-1008-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapahie, Harrison, Jr. Hosteen Klah (Sir Left Handed). Lapahie.com. 2001 (retrieved 19 Oct 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlo, Janet C. and Ruth B. Phillips. Native North American Art. 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Though his wrath was dreaded by men as well as women, he was loved by all children, to whom he was ever kind."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indigiqueer-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indigiqueer_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.okanagan.bc.ca/IndigenousStudies/two-spirit-and-indigiqueer">Okanagan College Library Indigenous Studies - Two-Spirit and Indigiqueer</a>". Accessed 23 May 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuthand-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuthand_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuthand2017" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/TJ_Cuthand" title="TJ Cuthand">Cuthand, TJ</a> (12 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511003034/https://www.thirzacuthand.com/2017/05/12/indigequeerindigiqueer/">"Indigequeer/Indigiqueer"</a>. <i>TJ Cuthand - Filmmaker, Performance Artist, Writer</i>. <a href="/wiki/TJ_Cuthand" title="TJ Cuthand">TJ Cuthand</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirzacuthand.com/2017/05/12/indigequeerindigiqueer/">the original</a> on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Unfortunately, depending on an oral tradition to impart our ways to future generations opened the floodgates for early non-Native explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists to write books describing Native peoples and therefore bolstering their own role as experts. These writings were and still are entrenched in the perspective of the authors who were and are mostly white men.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Two+Spirit%27+Tradition+Far+From+Ubiquitous+Among+Tribes&rft.pub=Rewire&rft.date=2016-10-13&rft.aulast=Pember&rft.aufirst=Mary+Annette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewire.news%2Farticle%2F2016%2F10%2F13%2Ftwo-spirit-tradition-far-ubiquitous-among-tribes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1998" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Sabine (1998). <i>Men as women, women as men: changing gender in Native American cultures</i>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292747012" title="Special:BookSources/9780292747012"><bdi>9780292747012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+as+women%2C+women+as+men%3A+changing+gender+in+Native+American+cultures&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780292747012&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span> Page 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulet1996" class="citation journal cs1">Goulet, Jean-Guy A. (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034303">"The 'Berdache'/'Two-Spirit': A Comparison of Anthropological and Native Constructions of Gendered Identities Among the Northern Athapaskans"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 683–701. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3034303">10.2307/3034303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-0987">1359-0987</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3034303">3034303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=The+%27Berdache%27%2F%27Two-Spirit%27%3A+A+Comparison+of+Anthropological+and+Native+Constructions+of+Gendered+Identities+Among+the+Northern+Athapaskans&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=683-701&rft.date=1996-12&rft.issn=1359-0987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3034303%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3034303&rft.aulast=Goulet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Guy+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F3034303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley2006" class="citation book cs1">Gilley, Brian Joseph (2006). <i>Becoming Two-Spirit: Gay Identity and Social Acceptance in Indian Country</i>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7126-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7126-3"><bdi>0-8032-7126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Two-Spirit%3A+Gay+Identity+and+Social+Acceptance+in+Indian+Country&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8032-7126-3&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Brian+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span> Page 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe1991" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Will (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zunimanwoman00rosc_0"><i>The Zuni Man-Woman</i></a></span>. University of New Mexico Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zunimanwoman00rosc_0/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-1253-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-1253-5"><bdi>0-8263-1253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zuni+Man-Woman&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8263-1253-5&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzunimanwoman00rosc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagesPriestleyMuseo_Nacional_de_Arqueología,_Historia_y_Etnografía_(Mexico)1937" class="citation book cs1">Fages, P.; Priestley, H. I.; Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía (Mexico) (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027939639"><i>A historical, political, and natural description of California</i></a>. Berkeley, Calif: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+historical%2C+political%2C+and+natural+description+of+California&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Fages&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Priestley%2C+H.+I.&rft.au=Museo+Nacional+de+Arqueolog%C3%ADa%2C+Historia+y+Etnograf%C3%ADa+%28Mexico%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015027939639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Lumbee)JacobsThomasLang1998" class="citation journal cs1">(Lumbee), Janis C. Weber; Jacobs, Sue-Ellen; Thomas, Wesley; Lang, Sabine (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654503">"Two-Spirit People: Native American Gender Identity, Sexuality, and Spirituality"</a>. <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2654503">10.2307/2654503</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-3061">0094-3061</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2654503">2654503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=Two-Spirit+People%3A+Native+American+Gender+Identity%2C+Sexuality%2C+and+Spirituality&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=494&rft.date=1998-09&rft.issn=0094-3061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2654503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2654503&rft.aulast=%28Lumbee%29&rft.aufirst=Janis+C.+Weber&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Sue-Ellen&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Wesley&rft.au=Lang%2C+Sabine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2654503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1998">Lang (1998)</a>, pp. 164, 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, James: <i>Lakota Society</i>, edited by Raymond J. DeMallie, p. 147. Lincoln, NE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1998">Lang (1998)</a>, pp. 291–293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsThomasLang1997">Jacobs, Thomas & Lang (1997)</a>, pp. 236–251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1998">Lang (1998)</a>, pp. 202–203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1998">Roscoe (1998)</a>, pp. 250–251, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Histoire de l'Amérique septentrionale</i>. Vol. 3. p. 41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+septentrionale&rft.pages=41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsThomasLang1997">Jacobs, Thomas & Lang (1997)</a>, pp. 206; <a href="#CITEREFRoscoe1998">Roscoe (1998)</a>, p. 114; <a href="#CITEREFLang1998">Lang (1998)</a>, pp. 119, 311–313, 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrexler1995" class="citation book cs1">Trexler, R. (1995). <i>Sex and conquest: Gendered violence, political order, and the European conquest of the Americas</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. 155–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+conquest%3A+Gendered+violence%2C+political+order%2C+and+the+European+conquest+of+the+Americas&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=155-167&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Trexler&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwidler1993" class="citation book cs1">Swidler, Arlene (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/homosexualitywor00swid"><i>Homosexuality and World Religions</i></a></span>. Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press International. pp. 17–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563380518" title="Special:BookSources/9781563380518"><bdi>9781563380518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+and+World+Religions&rft.place=Valley+Forge%2C+PA&rft.pages=17-19&rft.pub=Trinity+Press+International&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9781563380518&rft.aulast=Swidler&rft.aufirst=Arlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhomosexualitywor00swid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLang1998">Lang (1998)</a>, p. 324<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1995" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Colin (1995). <i>Homosexuality in History</i>. London: Harcourt Brace & Company. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homosexuality+in+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+%26+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrexler1995">Trexler (1995)</a>, pp. 155–167<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, David (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constructionofho00greerich"><i>The Construction of Homosexuality</i></a></span>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 165–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226306278" title="Special:BookSources/9780226306278"><bdi>9780226306278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Construction+of+Homosexuality&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=165-168&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780226306278&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstructionofho00greerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitch, Nancy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historians.org/tl/LessonPlans/ca/Fitch/conquestbib.htm">0General Discussion of the Primary Sources Used in This Project"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070104031101/http://www.historians.org/tl/LessonPlans/ca/Fitch/conquestbib.htm">Archived</a> 2007-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Conquest of Mexico Annotated Bibliography</i>. Accessed: June 14, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennholdt-Thomsen2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origin-www.goethe.de/mmo/priv/4038800-STANDARD.pdf">"Muxe: el tercer sexo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Goethe Institut<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Book&rft.atitle=Smokii+Sumac+on+Being+Seen+in+Poetry%2C+Why+Endings+Matter%2C+and+a+New+Spin+on+Love+Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-book.ca%2FNews%2FSmokii-Sumac-on-Being-Seen-in-Poetry-Why-Endings-Matter-and-a-New-Spin-on-Love-Letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyle Muzyka, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/radio/unreserved/snagging-romance-novels-and-bear-grease-unreserved-shares-indigenous-love-stories-1.5005570/why-two-spirit-trans-writer-arielle-twist-is-afraid-of-love-1.5005580">"Why two-spirit, trans writer Arielle Twist is afraid of love"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Unreserved" title="Unreserved">Unreserved</a></i>, February 8, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newnownext.com/ilona-verley-canadas-drag-race/08/2020/">"Why Ilona Verley Almost Quit Canada's Drag Race"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Now_Next&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Now Next (page does not exist)">New Now Next</a></i>, August 17, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StormeWebber-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StormeWebber_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109220102/https://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/6645">"Storme Webber: Casino: A Palimpsest"</a>. <i>Frye Art Museum</i>. 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/6645/">the original</a> on 2019-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frye+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Storme+Webber%3A+Casino%3A+A+Palimpsest&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffryemuseum.org%2Fexhibition%2F6645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativemaxmagazine.com/i-am-anishinaabe-ojibwe-women-seek-new-horizons-while-honoring-tradition/">"I Am Anishinaabe: Ojibwe Women Seek New Horizons While Honoring Tradition"</a>. <i>Native Max</i>. 2017-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Native+Max&rft.atitle=I+Am+Anishinaabe%3A+Ojibwe+Women+Seek+New+Horizons+While+Honoring+Tradition&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnativemaxmagazine.com%2Fi-am-anishinaabe-ojibwe-women-seek-new-horizons-while-honoring-tradition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-this-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-this_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://this.org/2018/04/03/indigiqueer-storyteller-joshua-whitehead-turns-hope-and-frustration-into-literature/">"Indigiqueer storyteller Joshua Whitehead turns hope and frustration into literature"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/This_Magazine" title="This Magazine">This Magazine</a></i>, April 3, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/aboriginal-music-awards-host-two-spirited-performer-1.2763666">"Aboriginal music awards host two-spirited performer"</a>. CBC News, September 11, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwan-Perkins2018" class="citation web cs1">Swan-Perkins, Samuel White (2018-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kqed.org/arts/13845330/5-two-spirit-heroes-who-paved-the-way-for-todays-native-lgbtq-community">"5 Two-Spirit Heroes Who Paved the Way for Today's Native LGBTQ+ Community | KQED"</a>. <i>www.kqed.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kqed.org&rft.atitle=5+Two-Spirit+Heroes+Who+Paved+the+Way+for+Today%27s+Native+LGBTQ%2B+Community+%7C+KQED&rft.date=2018-11-21&rft.aulast=Swan-Perkins&rft.aufirst=Samuel+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Farts%2F13845330%2F5-two-spirit-heroes-who-paved-the-way-for-todays-native-lgbtq-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwo-spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_resources">Archival resources</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.uwinnipeg.ca/our-collections/two-spirit-archives.html">Two-Spirit Archives</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.uwinnipeg.ca/">University of Winnipeg Archives</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/two-spirit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/two-spirit">two-spirit</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apihtawikosisan.com/2012/03/language-culture-and-two-spirit-identity/">Language, culture, and Two-Spirit identity</a></i> – âpihtawikosisân – Cree and other Indigenous perspectives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wpr.org/native-american-two-spirit-people-serve-unique-roles-within-their-communities">Native American 'Two-Spirit People' Serve Unique Roles Within Their Communities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415172507/http://www.wpr.org/native-american-two-spirit-people-serve-unique-roles-within-their-communities">Archived</a> 2023-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - One 'Winkte' Talks About Role Of LGBT People In Lakota Culture</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twospiritjournal.com/">Two Spirit Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4BQbRnKdIY">San Francisco Two-Spirit Powwow</a></i> – 2017 video by photographer <a href="/wiki/Matika_Wilbur" title="Matika Wilbur">Matika Wilbur</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/two-spirits/">Two Spirits</a></i> – 2009 documentary about <i>nádleehí</i> Fred Martinez, murdered at age 16</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/indigenous-lgbtq-words-1.6953445">"Beyond two-spirit: Indigenous people look to revive traditional LGBTQ terms"</a>, CBC News</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Template talk:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_rights_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous rights footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Indigenous_and_minority_rights" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_domain" title="Ancestral domain">Ancestral domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">Free, prior and informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">Land rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_self-determination" title="Indigenous Australian self-determination">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_self-determination" title="Native American self-determination">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_ecological_knowledge" title="Traditional ecological knowledge">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">medical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_rights" title="Treaty rights">Treaty rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_treaties_in_Australia" title="Indigenous treaties in Australia">in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi">in New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-governmental and<br /> political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Watch" title="Amazon Watch">Amazon Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations" title="Assembly of First Nations">Assembly of First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indigenous_Nationalities_of_Ecuador" title="Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador">Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Aboriginal_Peoples" title="Congress of Aboriginal Peoples">Congress of Aboriginal Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Indigenous_Organizations_of_the_Amazon_River_Basin" title="Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin">Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Survival" title="Cultural Survival">Cultural Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Environmental_Network" title="Indigenous Environmental Network">Indigenous Environmental Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_Council_on_Biocolonialism" title="Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism">Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Work_Group_for_Indigenous_Affairs" title="International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs">International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indigenous_Organization_of_Colombia" title="National Indigenous Organization of Colombia">National Indigenous Organization of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Rights_Fund" title="Native American Rights Fund">Native American Rights Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_International" title="Survival International">Survival International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_rights_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous rights organizations"><i>more ...</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redface" title="Redface">Redface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Access_Pipeline_protests" title="Dakota Access Pipeline protests">Dakota Access Pipeline protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_conservation" title="Fortress conservation">Fortress conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">Green grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland" title="Homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_inhabited_by_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples">Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantustan" title="Bantustan">Bantustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">American Indian reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_colony" title="Indian colony">Indian colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa" title="Ranchería">Ranchería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancherie" title="Rancherie">Rancherie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Russian republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Indian_reserve" title="Urban Indian reserve">Urban Indian reserve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shaman" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Rainbow_Warriors" title="Legend of the Rainbow Warriors">Rainbow Warriors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two-spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aotearoa-New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Te_Puni_K%C5%8Dkiri" title="Te Puni Kōkiri">Te Puni Kōkiri</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">Fundação Nacional do Índio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada">Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Indigenous_Peoples_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (Philippines)">National Commission on Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Development_of_the_Russian_Far_East_and_Arctic" title="Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic">Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East and Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bashkortostan" title="Government of Bashkortostan">Government of Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sakha_Republic" title="Government of the Sakha Republic">Government of the Sakha Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Tatarstan" title="Government of Tatarstan">Government of Tatarstan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li>US <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intergovernmental<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li>WIPO <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Committee_on_Intellectual_Property_and_Genetic_Resources,_Traditional_Knowledge_and_Folklore" title="Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore">Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">BBNJ ABS Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous-led<br />international<br />bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />Declarations of Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO C169)</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP)</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Protocol" title="Nagoya Protocol">Nagoya Protocol</a> on <a href="/wiki/Access_and_Benefit_Sharing_Agreement" title="Access and Benefit Sharing Agreement">Fair Access and Benefit-Sharing</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants (UNDROP)</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/High_Seas_Treaty" title="High Seas Treaty">High Seas Treaty (BBNJ Agreement)</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/WIPO_Treaty_on_Intellectual_Property,_Genetic_Resources_and_Associated_Traditional_Knowledge" title="WIPO Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge">Treaty on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources and Associated Traditional Knowledge (GRATK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Civil War">Sri Lankan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Peruvian_political_crisis" title="2009 Peruvian political crisis">2009 Peruvian political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_controversy" title="Alta controversy">Alta controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Chagossians" title="Expulsion of the Chagossians">Expulsion of the Chagossians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights in Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Danes_experiment" title="Little Danes experiment">Little Danes experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka_Crisis" title="Oka Crisis">Oka Crisis</a></li> <li>Residential schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon rubber boom">Rubber boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers#Forceful_relocation_of_indigenous_Bushman_people_in_Botswana" title="De Beers">San controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_rights" title="Category:Indigenous rights"><b>Indigenous rights</b></a> • <a href="/wiki/Category:Minority_rights" title="Category:Minority rights"><b>Minority rights</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_and_sexual_identities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template talk:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gender and sexual identities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gender_and_sexual_identities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">sexual</a> identities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender<br />identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Genders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femboy" title="Femboy">Femboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_of_center" title="Masculine of center">Masculine of center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third genders</a><br />and sexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apwint" title="Apwint">Apwint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binabinaaine" title="Binabinaaine">Binabinaaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bugis genders</a> <ul><li>Bissu</li> <li>Calabai</li> <li>Calalai</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibados" title="Chibados">Chibados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enaree" title="Enaree">Enaree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">Eunuch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%27afafine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa'afafine">Fa'afafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakafifine" title="Fakafifine">Fakafifine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCevedoce" title="Güevedoce">Güevedoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamana" title="Lhamana">Lhamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannathun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhannathun">Mukhannathun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1dleehi" title="Nádleehi">Nádleehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullo_(body_modification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullo (body modification)">Nullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palopa" title="Palopa">Palopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipiniq" title="Sipiniq">Sipiniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakasalewalewa" title="Vakasalewalewa">Vakasalewalewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual<br />orientation<br />identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Alternative labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">Asociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">Homosociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosociality" title="Heterosociality">Heterosociality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achillean" title="Achillean">Achillean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allosexuality" title="Allosexuality">Allosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analloeroticism" title="Analloeroticism">Analloeroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurisexuality" title="Plurisexuality">Plurisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphism" title="Sapphism">Sapphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_as_a_biological_variable" title="Sex as a biological variable">Sex as a biological variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_archaeology" title="Transgender archaeology">Transgender archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transgender_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transgender_topics" title="Template:Transgender topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transgender_topics" title="Template talk:Transgender topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transgender topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transgender_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity"><span class="wrap">Gender identities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny#Gender_identity" title="Androgyny">Androgyne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bugis_society" title="Gender in Bugis society">Bissu, Calabai, Calalai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Burrnesha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary or genderqueer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_fluidity" title="Gender fluidity">Gender fluidity</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koekchuch" title="Koekchuch">Koekchuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third gender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><span title="Neapolitan-language text"><i lang="nap"><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudoko_dako" title="Mudoko dako">Mudoko dako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li>Two-spirit</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-gender" title="X-gender">X-gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rae-rae" title="Rae-rae">Rae-rae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Health care</a> and medicine</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">Gender dysphoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria_in_children" title="Gender dysphoria in children">in children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty_blocker" title="Puberty blocker">Puberty blocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_hormone_therapy" title="Gender-affirming hormone therapy">Hormone therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminizing_hormone_therapy" title="Feminizing hormone therapy">feminizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_transgender_hormone_therapy" title="DIY transgender hormone therapy">DIY</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery" title="Gender-affirming surgery">Surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(male-to-female)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (male-to-female)">to female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-affirming_surgery_(female-to-male)" title="Gender-affirming surgery (female-to-male)">to male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_gender-affirming_healthcare" title="Legal status of gender-affirming healthcare">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pregnancy" title="Transgender pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_self-identification" title="Gender self-identification">Gender self-identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_gender" title="Legal gender">Legal gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_non-binary_gender" title="Legal recognition of non-binary gender">Legal recognition of non-binary gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender-rights_organizations" title="List of transgender-rights organizations">Rights organizations</a></li> <li>Toilets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_bill" title="Bathroom bill">bathroom bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilet" title="Unisex public toilet">unisex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Against transgender men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary radical feminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_asylum_seekers" title="Transgender asylum seekers">Asylum seekers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenderism" title="Cisgenderism">Cisgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_inequality" title="Transgender inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_prison#Transgender_issues" title="LGBTQ people in prison">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_genocide" title="Transgender genocide">genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">trans panic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="wrap">Society and culture</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_transgender_anatomy" title="Terminology of transgender anatomy">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%A5haj" title="Blåhaj">Blåhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_transgender_people" title="Christianity and transgender people">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ-related films</a></li> <li>Events <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Awareness_Week" title="Transgender Awareness Week">Awareness Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Day_of_Remembrance" title="Transgender Day of Remembrance">Day of Remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Transgender_Day_of_Visibility" title="International Transgender Day of Visibility">Day of Visibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_march" title="Trans march">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Non-Binary_People%27s_Day" title="International Non-Binary People's Day">Non-binary People's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events#Worldwide" title="List of LGBTQ events">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayals_of_transgender_people" title="Media portrayals of transgender people">Media portrayals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_trans_characters" title="List of fictional trans characters">fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feature_films_with_transgender_characters" title="List of feature films with transgender characters">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_people" title="List of transgender people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_pornography" title="Transgender pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_publications" title="List of transgender publications">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_sexuality" title="Transgender sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_sports" title="Transgender people in sports">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ice_hockey" title="Transgender people in ice hockey">ice hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_youth" title="Transgender youth">Youth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Androphilia_and_gynephilia" title="Androphilia and gynephilia">Androphilia and gynephilia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchard%27s_transsexualism_typology" title="Blanchard's transsexualism typology">Blanchard's typology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_gender_nonconformity" title="Childhood gender nonconformity">Childhood gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender / cissexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Gender detransitioning</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transitioning</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Gender-sexuality questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid-onset_gender_dysphoria_controversy" title="Rapid-onset gender dysphoria controversy">Rapid-onset dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_studies" title="Transgender studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmedicalism" title="Transmedicalism">Transmedicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history" title="Transgender history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_transgender_people_in_Argentina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of transgender people in Argentina (page does not exist)">Argentina</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_transg%C3%A9nero_en_Argentina" class="extiw" title="es:Historia transgénero en Argentina">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Chile">Chile</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_trans_en_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Historia trans en Chile">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Finland" title="Transgender history in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender history in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender history in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender history in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_China" title="Transgender people in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people in ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transgender_people_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transgender people in France (page does not exist)">France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transidentit%C3%A9_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Transidentité en France">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Singapore" title="Transgender people in Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Argentina" title="Transgender rights in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Identity_Law_(Argentina)" title="Gender Identity Law (Argentina)">2012 law</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_Law_-_Lohana_Berkins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diana Sacayán Law - Lohana Berkins (page does not exist)">2021 law</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Diana_Sacay%C3%A1n_-_Lohana_Berkins" class="extiw" title="es:Ley Diana Sacayán - Lohana Berkins">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Re_Kevin_%E2%80%93_validity_of_marriage_of_transsexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Re Kevin – validity of marriage of transsexual">re Kevin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivia <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Bolivia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Identity Law (Bolivia) (page does not exist)">2016 law</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Bolivia)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de identidad de género (Bolivia)">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Canada" title="Transgender rights in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_to_amend_the_Canadian_Human_Rights_Act_and_the_Criminal_Code" title="An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code">2016 bill C-16</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_Identity_Law_(Chile)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender Identity Law (Chile) (page does not exist)">2018 law</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_identidad_de_g%C3%A9nero_(Chile)" class="extiw" title="es:Ley de identidad de género (Chile)">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender rights in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Transgender_Persons_Bill,_2014" title="Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014">2014 Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2019" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019">2019 Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kerala" title="LGBT rights in Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu" title="LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Iran" title="Transgender rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Ireland" title="Transgender rights in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Transgender rights in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Bill,_2017" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2017">2017 bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_Persons_(Protection_of_Rights)_Act,_2018" title="Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018">2018 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">2003 Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_South_Korea" title="Transgender people in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ley_Trans" title="Ley Trans">2022 law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transgender rights in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Recognition_Act_2004" title="Gender Recognition Act 2004">2004 act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_legal_history_in_the_United_States" title="Transgender legal history in the United States">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity_under_Title_IX" title="Gender identity under Title IX">title IX</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comprehensive_Law_for_Trans_People&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comprehensive Law for Trans People (page does not exist)">2018 law</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_Integral_para_Personas_Trans" class="extiw" title="es:Ley Integral para Personas Trans">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders" title="List of transgender political office-holders">Political<br /> office-holders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transgender_public_officeholders_in_the_United_States" title="List of transgender public officeholders in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ" title="LGBTQ">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex" title="Sex">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transgender_topics" title="Outline of transgender topics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transgender_history" title="Timeline of transgender history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transgender_topics" title="Category:Transgender topics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portal_Transgender.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/16px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/24px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Portal_Transgender.svg/32px-Portal_Transgender.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="136" data-file-height="117" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transgender" title="Portal:Transgender">Transgender portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_topics" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ" title="Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ" title="Template talk:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_LGBTQ_topics" title="Outline of LGBTQ topics">LGBTQ topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Academic_fields_*_Discourse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_academic_disciplines" title="Outline of academic disciplines">Academic fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Education and the LGBTQ community">LGBTQ topics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_literature" title="Gay literature">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_literature" title="Lesbian literature">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_literature" title="Transgender literature">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_psychology" title="LGBTQ psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_studies" title="Queer studies">Queer studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">Queer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Community_*_Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community" title="LGBTQ community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture" title="LGBTQ culture">Culture</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay anthem">Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_awards" title="List of LGBTQ-related awards">Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_literary_awards" title="List of LGBTQ literary awards">Literary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_bar" title="Lesbian bar">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_community" title="Bisexual community">Bisexual community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ-owned_business" title="LGBTQ-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_out" title="Coming out">Coming out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_community_centre" title="LGBTQ community centre">Community centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_king" title="Drag king">Drag king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_queen" title="Drag queen">Drag queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_events" title="List of LGBTQ events">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_awareness_periods" title="List of LGBTQ awareness periods">Awareness periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_film_festivals" title="List of LGBTQ film festivals">Film festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_village" title="Gay village">Gay village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay-friendly" title="Gay-friendly">Gay-friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_icon" title="Gay icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_literature" title="LGBTQ literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_music" title="LGBTQ music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ%2B_media" title="LGBTQ+ media">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBT-related_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of LGBT-related films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New queer cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_periodicals" title="List of LGBTQ periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_portrayal_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Media portrayal of LGBTQ people">Portrayal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_organizations_and_conferences" title="List of LGBTQ-related organizations and conferences">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_LGBTQ_people" title="Lists of LGBTQ people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pets_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Pets and the LGBTQ community">Pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_(LGBTQ_culture)" title="Pride (LGBTQ culture)">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pride_Month" title="Pride Month">Pride Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride_parade" title="Pride parade">Pride parade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">Religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gay_Rodeo_Association" title="International Gay Rodeo Association">Rodeos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_relationship" title="Same-sex relationship">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slogans" title="LGBTQ slogans">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_modern_sports" title="Homosexuality in modern sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takat%C4%81pui" title="Takatāpui">Takatāpui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_theatre" title="LGBTQ theatre">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_theatre_companies" title="List of LGBTQ theatre companies">Companies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_tourism" title="LGBTQ tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_symbols" title="LGBTQ symbols">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaysper" title="Gaysper">Gaysper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">Labrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_plaque" title="Rainbow plaque">Rainbow plaque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pride_flag" title="Pride flag">Pride flags</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromantic_flag" title="Aromantic flag">Aromantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexual_flag" title="Asexual flag">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_flag_(gay_culture)" title="Bear flag (gay culture)">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexual_flag" title="Bisexual flag">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_flag_of_South_Africa" title="Gay flag of South Africa">Gay flag of South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men%27s_flags" title="Gay men's flags">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_flag" title="Intersex flag">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_pride_flag" title="Leather pride flag">Leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_flags" title="Lesbian flags">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_flag" title="Non-binary flag">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexual_flag" title="Pansexual flag">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow flag (LGBT)">Rainbow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_crossing" title="Rainbow crossing">Rainbow crossing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_flag" title="Transgender flag">Transgender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Gender_identities_*_Sexual_identities_*_Sexual_diversities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Sexual diversities</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gender_identity" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny" title="Androgyny">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boi_(slang)" title="Boi (slang)">Boi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bender" title="Gender bender">Gender bender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_nonconformity" title="Gender nonconformity">Gender nonconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanith" title="Khanith">Khanith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary / genderqueer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyby" title="Theyby">Theyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akava%27ine" title="Akava'ine">Akava'ine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_man" title="Trans man">Trans man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transsexual" title="Transsexual">Transsexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_woman" title="Trans woman">Trans woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mak_nyah" title="Mak nyah">Mak nyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womxn" title="Womxn">Womxn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenogender" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenogender">Xenogender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">Third sex / Third gender</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakla" title="Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Balkan sworn virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bissu">Bissu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafafine" title="Faʻafafine">Faʻafafine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakaleit%C4%AB" title="Fakaleitī">Fakaleitī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminiello" title="Femminiello">Femminiello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathoey" title="Kathoey">Kathoey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81h%C5%AB" title="Māhū">Māhū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muxe" title="Muxe">Muxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travesti_(gender_identity)" title="Travesti (gender identity)">Travesti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Two-spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkte" title="Winkte">Winkte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sexual_orientations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attraction_to_transgender_people" title="Attraction to transgender people">Attraction to transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjee" title="Banjee">Banjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bi-curious" title="Bi-curious">Bi-curious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteroflexibility" title="Heteroflexibility">Heteroflexible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosexuality" title="Monosexuality">Monosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-heterosexual" title="Non-heterosexual">Non-heterosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer" title="Queer">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questioning_(sexuality_and_gender)" title="Questioning (sexuality and gender)">Questioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same_gender_loving" title="Same gender loving">Same gender loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">Sexual minority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom (gender identity)">Tom</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dee_(gender_identity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dee (gender identity)">Dee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_acronyms" title="List of LGBTQ acronyms">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detransition" title="Detransition">Detransition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">Effeminacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_target_location_error" title="Erotic target location error">Erotic target location error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-gay_movement" title="Ex-gay movement">Ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-ex-gay" title="Ex-ex-gay">Ex-ex-gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">Gender and sexual diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_assignment" title="Sex assignment">Gender assignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_transition" title="Gender transition">Gender transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_and_the_LGBTQ_community" title="Healthcare and the LGBTQ community">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_medical_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ medical organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">Hermaphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Androgynos" title="Androgynos">Androgynos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tumtum_(Judaism)" title="Tumtum (Judaism)">Tumtum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_men" title="Sexual practices between men">Sexual practices between men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex%E2%80%93gender_distinction" title="Sex–gender distinction">Sex–gender distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_gender_identity-based_cultures" title="Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures">Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_ally" title="Straight ally">Straight ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomboy" title="Tomboy">Tomboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care" title="Transgender health care">Transgender health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sexual_practices_between_women" title="Sexual practices between women">Sexual practices between women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history" title="LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_homosexuality" title="History of homosexuality">History of homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">History of gay men in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism" title="History of lesbianism">History of lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history">LGBTQ history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_migration" title="LGBT migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">Social movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_student_movement" title="LGBTQ student movement">Students</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="History of Christianity and homosexuality">History of Christianity and homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_unions" title="History of same-sex unions">History of same-sex unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty" title="Pederasty">Pederasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history" title="Category:LGBTQ history">Category:LGBTQ history</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-modern era</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelphopoiesis" title="Adelphopoiesis">Adelphopoiesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Homosexuality in ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_pre-Columbian_Peru" title="Homosexuality in pre-Columbian Peru">pre-Columbian Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Homosexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_medieval_Europe" title="Homosexuality in medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th to <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_19th_century" title="LGBT rights in the 19th century">19th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molly_house" title="Molly house">Molly house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_377" title="Section 377">Section 377</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_homosexual_movement" title="First homosexual movement">First homosexual movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history,_20th_century" title="Timeline of LGBT history, 20th century">20th century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_the_Forty-One" title="Dance of the Forty-One">Dance of the Forty-One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Sexualwissenschaft" title="Institut für Sexualwissenschaft">Institut für Sexualwissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_scandal" title="Cadet scandal">Cadet scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Legislative_Investigation_Committee" title="Florida Legislative Investigation Committee">Florida Legislative Investigation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_queen" title="Sea queen">Sea queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Liberation_Front" title="Gay Liberation Front">Gay Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handkerchief_code" title="Handkerchief code">Handkerchief code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Gay_Liberation_Front_1971_Festival_of_Light_action" title="UK Gay Liberation Front 1971 Festival of Light action">Festival of Light action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_homosexuel_d%27action_r%C3%A9volutionnaire" title="Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire">Front homosexuel d'action révolutionnaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E2%80%931980_Florida_orange_juice_boycott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977–1980 Florida orange juice boycott (page does not exist)">Florida orange juice boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Soap" title="Operation Soap">Operation Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_HIV/AIDS" title="Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS">Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACT_UP" title="ACT UP">ACT UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_28" title="Section 28">Section 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasty_nightclub_raid" title="Tasty nightclub raid">Tasty nightclub raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Abanicos_police_raid" title="Bar Abanicos police raid">Bar Abanicos police raid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBTQ_history,_21st_century" title="Timeline of LGBTQ history, 21st century">21st century</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline of same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-LGBT_law" title="Russian anti-LGBT law">Russian anti-LGBT law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Homosexuality_Act,_2014" title="Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014">Anti-Homosexuality Act, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_wave" title="Rainbow wave">Rainbow wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Night" title="Rainbow Night">Rainbow Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Rights_and_legal_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">Rights and legal issues</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="LGBTQ rights by country or territory">LGBTQ rights by country or territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_articles_by_region" title="List of LGBTQ rights articles by region">List of LGBTQ rights articles by region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LGBTQ rights topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil unions and partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization of homosexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_people_and_military_service" title="LGBT people and military service">Military service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_parenting" title="Same-sex parenting">Same-sex parenting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_assisted_reproductive_technology_by_LGBT_people" title="Use of assisted reproductive technology by LGBT people">Assisted reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_same-sex_married_couples" title="List of same-sex married couples">List of couples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Legal status of transgender people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_movement" title="Transgender rights movement">Transgender rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQI%2B_rights_at_the_United_Nations" title="LGBTQI+ rights at the United Nations">United Nations</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Principles" title="Yogyakarta Principles">Yogyakarta Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ rights movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_organizations" title="List of LGBTQ rights organizations">LGBTQ rights groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ_rights_activists" title="List of LGBTQ rights activists">LGBTQ rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_capitalism" title="Rainbow capitalism">Rainbow capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Separatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gay_separatism" title="Gay separatism">Gay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian separatism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="Sexual_orientation_—_Medicine,_science_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a> — Medicine, science and sexology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autism_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Autism and LGBTQ identities">Autism and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_birth_order_and_male_sexual_orientation" title="Fraternal birth order and male sexual orientation">Birth order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_sexual_orientation" title="Demographics of sexual orientation">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBTQ_identities" title="Disability and LGBTQ identities">Disability and LGBTQ identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_and_sexual_orientation" title="Environment and sexual orientation">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_psychology" title="Homosexuality and psychology">Homosexuality and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_the_DSM" title="Homosexuality in the DSM">Homosexuality in the DSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsey_scale" title="Kinsey scale">Kinsey scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klein_Sexual_Orientation_Grid" title="Klein Sexual Orientation Grid">Klein Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_and_sexual_orientation" title="Neuroscience and sexual orientation">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_hormones_and_sexual_orientation" title="Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation">Prenatal hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_inversion_(sexology)" title="Sexual inversion (sexology)">Sexual inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual orientation identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sexual_orientation_and_medicine" title="Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine">Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;;background:lavender;"><div id="*_Societal_attitudes_*_Prejudice_*_Violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></li> <li>Prejudice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_toward_homosexuality" title="Societal attitudes toward homosexuality">Societal attitudes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropatriarchy" title="Heteropatriarchy">Heteropatriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinkwashing_(LGBTQ)" title="Pinkwashing (LGBTQ)">Pinkwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_panic_defense" title="Gay panic defense">Gay panic defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_of_LGBTQ_people" title="List of suicides of LGBTQ people">Suicides of LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_monuments_and_memorials" title="Category:LGBTQ monuments and memorials">Monuments and memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerbaiting" title="Queerbaiting">Queerbaiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people and religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prejudice and discrimination</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_homophobia" title="Liberal homophobia">Liberal homophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_lesbians" title="Discrimination against lesbians">Discrimination against lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Discrimination against non-binary people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_LGBT_community" title="Racism in the LGBT community">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle_scale" title="Riddle scale">Riddle scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">Violence against LGBTQ people</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBT_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom">History of violence in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people_in_the_United_States" title="History of violence against LGBTQ people in the United States">History of violence in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="List of acts of violence against LGBTQ people">Acts of violence against LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Stop Murder Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Violence against transgender people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">Unlawfully killed transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; color:black;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/16px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/24px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/32px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ" title="Category:LGBTQ">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1431650/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td 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[\"CITEREFThomas2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreuer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrexler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVictor_Salvo_//_The_Legacy_Project\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVowel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Vries2009\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"As written\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Dynamic list\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 12,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Indigenous rights footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBTQ\"] = 1,\n [\"LGBTQ sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 36,\n [\"Langx\"] = 13,\n [\"Long quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sexual identities\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-30T05:12:58Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T14:31:25Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ad\/Bay_Area_American_Indian_Two_Spirits%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg","headline":"umbrella term for the third gender in the indigenous North American cultures"}</script> </body> </html>