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{{about|the modern denomination|the historic church body|Malankara Church}} {{distinguish|Jacobite Syrian Christian Church}} {{More citations needed|date=June 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date = February 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox Christian denomination | icon = | icon_width = 100px | icon_alt = Logo of the MOSC | name = Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church<br/> (Indian Orthodox Church) | image = Devalokam Aramana, Kottayam.jpg | imagewidth = 250px | alt = Large, white two-storey building | caption = MOSC Catholicate Palace | branched_from = [[Saint Thomas Christians]], [[Malankara Church]] | main_classification = [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox]] | orientation = [[Eastern Christianity]] | liturgy = [[West Syriac Rite]] ([[Malankara Rite]]) | theology = [[Miaphysitism]] | polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] | scripture = [[Peshitta]] | governance=Episcopal Synod | structure= | leader_title = Primate | leader_name = Malankara Metropolitan & Catholicos of East [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] | area = [[India]] and the [[Saint Thomas Christians|Nasrani]] [[Malayali]] diaspora | language = [[Syriac language|Syriac]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Malayalam]],[[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] | headquarters = Catholicate Palace, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] | founder = [[Thomas the Apostle]] (according to tradition) <br> [[Dionysius of Vattasseril|Dionysius VI]]<ref name=AutoD>{{cite web|url=https://smiocbristol.org/vattasseril-thirumeni|title=St. Vattasseril Geevarghese Mar Dionysios|access-date=5 May 2022|publisher=St. Mary's Indian Orthodox|location=[[Pilning]], [[Bristol]]}}</ref><ref name=Dissident/>{{rp|285}}<ref name=Gorgias/> | founded_date = AD 52, 1912,<ref name=WCC>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of the Ecumenical Movement|chapter=Oriental Orthodox Churches|page=756-757|publisher=[[World Council of Churches]]|location=[[Geneva]]|editor1-last=Lossky|editor1-first=Nicholas|editor2-last=Bonino|editor2-first=José Miguez|editor3-last=Pobee|editor3-first=John|date=1991}}</ref><br>[[Malankara Orthodox-Jacobite church dispute|1912]]<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Daniel |editor-last=King|title=The Syriac World|chapter=The Syriac Church Denominations: An overview|first=Dietmar W.|last=Winkler|publisher=Routledge|year=2019|pages=130–131}}</ref> | independence = 1912 (Establishment of Catholicate)<ref name=CNEWA>{{cite web|url=https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/oriental-orthodox-churches/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church/|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|publisher=[[Catholic Near East Welfare Association]]|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> | absorbed= | merged_into= | separated_from= [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]<ref name=CEC>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Eastern Churches|author=[[Donald Attwater|Attwater, Donald]]|chapter=The Malankarese|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|location=[[Milwaukee]]|date=1935|edition=1937 revised}}</ref>{{rp|197}} | separations= [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]] (1930)<ref name=CEC>{{cite book|title=The Catholic Eastern Churches|author=[[Donald Attwater|Attwater, Donald]]|chapter=The Malankarese|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|location=[[Milwaukee]]|date=1935|edition=1937 revised}}</ref>{{rp|197}} | defunct= | congregations_type= | members = 0.5 million in Kerala<ref name="Population_kerala_pdf">{{cite web |url=http://14.139.171.199:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/87/WP468.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195258/http://14.139.171.199:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/87/WP468.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |archive-date=2022-06-11 |id=Working paper 468 |title=Religious denominations of Kerala |first=K.C. |last=Zachariah|date=April 2016 |publisher=Centre for Development Studies (CDS) |place=Kerala}}</ref> | ministers= | missionaries= | churches= | hospitals= | nursing_homes= | aid= | primary_schools= | secondary_schools= | tax_status= | tertiary= | other_names = '''മലങ്കര സഭ'''<br> ('''Malankara Church''')<br>'''Indian Orthodox Church'''<br> | website = [http://www.malankaraorthodoxchurch.in mosc.in] }} {{Oriental Orthodox sidebar}} {{Christianity in India sidebar}} The '''Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church''' ('''MOSC''')<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Arthur Russell|title= Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmMarHDbglgC&pg=PT40| year= 2010| publisher = Universal-Publishers| isbn= 978-1-59942-877-2|page=40|quote=The Malankara Orthodox Church of India(also called by a variety of names, such as the Malankara Church). It is located in Kerala, India.}}</ref> also known as the '''Indian Orthodox Church''' ('''IOC''')<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.neamericandiocese.org/index.aspx|title=Home|publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast American Diocese of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]|access-date=20 June 2022}}</ref> or simply as the '''Malankara Church''',<ref>{{Cite book| author1= John| author2= Anthony McGuckin|title=The Encyclopedia Of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 2 Volume Set| date= November 2010|publisher=Wiley-Blackwells| location=West Sussex|isbn=978-1-4443-9254-8|pages=878|quote= The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, also known as '''Indian Orthodox Church''' also '''Malankara Church''', is one of the major and oldest churches in the world.}}</ref> is an [[Autocephaly|autocephalous]]<ref>{{Cite book|author1= Lucian N. Leustean|title= Eastern Christianity and the Cold War, 1945–91 |year=2010|publisher=Routeledge Taylor & Francis Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-203-86594-1|pages=317}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Fahlbusch| author2 = Lochman| author3= Mbiti| author4= Pelikan| title= The Encyclopedia Of Christianity, Volume 5 S-Z| date = November 2010| publisher = Vandenhoeck&Rupercht|location=Gittingen, Germany|isbn= 978-0-8028-2417-2|pages=285|quote=The autocephalous Malankara Orthodox Church is governed by Holy Episcopal Synod of 24 Bishops presided over by His Holiness Moran Mar Baselios Mar Thoma Didimos Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan.}}</ref><ref name=CNEWA/> [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox church]] headquartered in [[#Catholicate|Devalokam]], near [[Kottayam]], [[India]]. It serves India's [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christian]] (also known as ''Nasrani'') population. According to tradition, these communities originated in the missions of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century (circa 52 AD).<ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch">[https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&q=Muziris ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 5''] by Erwin Fahlbusch. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing – 2008. p. 285. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-2417-2}}.</ref> It employs the [[Malankara Rite]], an Indian form of the [[West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]] [[liturgical rite]]. The MOSC descends from the [[Malankara Church]] and its affiliation with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]]. However, between 1909 and 1912, a [[Malankara Orthodox-Jacobite church dispute|schism]] over the authority of the [[Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]] resulted in the dissolution of the unified Malankara Church and establishment of the overlapping and conflicting MOSC and [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]] (JSCC).<ref name=Gorgias>{{cite book|title=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians|chapter=Thomas Christians|publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|author=[[Sebastian Brock|Brock, Sebastian P.]]|date=2018|editor-last=Mardutho|editor-first=Beth|access-date=9 July 2022}}</ref> Since 1912, the MOSC has maintained a [[catholicos|catholicate]], the [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]]–presently [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]]–who is the primate of the church. The MOSC drafted and formally adopted a constitution in 1934, in order to define the relationship it has with the Syriac Orthodox Church and the patriarch, wherein it defined itself a division of the Syriac Orthodox Church with its supreme spiritual leader being the Patriarch of Antioch. However the constitution stipulated that all the spiritual duties of the patriarch in the Malankara Church was entrusted to the Catholicos of the East and reiterated that its administration was the prerogative of the Malankara Metropolitan. The constitution further declared that the positions of the Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan are to be held by the same person from then on, who shall henceforth act as the spiritual and administrative head of the church.<ref name=":ConstitutionMOSC">{{Cite book |last=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church |url=http://archive.org/details/moscconstitutionenglish |title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in English}}</ref> The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church asserts [[Communion (Christian)|communion]] with the other Oriental Orthodox churches. However, regular legal and occasional physical confrontations between the MOSC and the Syriac Orthodox JSCC have continued despite multiple efforts to reconcile the churches.<ref name=Gorgias/><ref name=FirstPost>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/malankara-church-row-all-you-need-to-know-about-century-old-dispute-behind-high-drama-between-jacobite-orthodox-factions-in-kerala-7414211.html|title=Malankara church row: All you need to know about century-old dispute between Jacobite, Orthodox factions in Kerala|work=FirstPost|author=FP Staff|date=27 September 2019|access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=Dissident>{{cite book|title=The Dissident Eastern Churches|author=[[Donald Attwater|Attwater, Donald]]|location=[[Milwaukee]]|publisher=Bruce Publishing Company|date=1937}}</ref>{{rp|272}} The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts [[miaphysitism]],{{sfn|Winkler|1997|p=33-40}}{{sfn|Brock|2016|p=45–52}} which holds that in the one person of [[Jesus Christ]], divinity and humanity are united in one (μία, ''mia'') nature (φύσις – "[[physis]]") without separation, without confusion, without alteration and without mixing<ref>''The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity'' by Ken Parry 2009 {{ISBN|1-4443-3361-5}} page 88 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&dq=Miaphysitism&pg=PA88]</ref> where Christ is [[Consubstantiality|consubstantial]] with [[God the Father]]. Around 500 bishops within the Patriarchates of [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]] and [[Jerusalem]] refused to accept the [[dyophysitism]] (two natures) doctrine decreed by the 4th ecumenical council, the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451,{{Dubious|date=July 2021}} an incident that resulted in the second major split in the main body of the Christian Church (after the [[Nestorian schism]]). While the Oriental Orthodox churches rejected the [[Chalcedonian definition]], the sees that would later become the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] accepted this council.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07218b.htm |title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon |publisher=Newadvent.org |date=1910-06-01 |access-date=2013-06-30}}</ref> Self-reporting roughly 2.5 million members (with external estimates of roughly 1 million)<ref name=MOSCGorgias>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Baby|last=Varghese|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church |publisher=[[Gorgias Press]]|year=2011|author-link=Baby Varghese|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> across 30 [[diocese]]s worldwide, a significant proportion of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church's adherents reside in the southern India state of [[Kerala]] with the diaspora communities in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name=MOSCPOP>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/the_church/the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church|title=The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|access-date=31 May 2022|publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref> ==History== ===Early history=== {{See also|Saint Thomas Christian denominations|Malankara–Persia relations}} [[File:Branches & Denominations of Saint Thomas Christians.svg|thumb|420x420px|Chronological diagram of Saint Thomas Christian denominations]] According to tradition, Christianity first arrived in India with [[Thomas the Apostle]] during the 1st century AD, evolving into [[Saint Thomas Christians|Saint Thomas Christianity]] over several centuries.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Baby Varghese|title= Renewal in the Malankara Orthodox Church, India|journal= Studies in World Christianity|volume= 16|issue= 3|year= 2010|publisher= [[Edinburgh University Press]]|pages= 226–244|doi= 10.3366/swc.2010.0102|issn= 1354-9901}}</ref> While isolated and generally independent in administration, Indian Christians maintained contact with the Christian hierarchies of [[Antioch]], Persia, and potentially Alexandria.<ref name="newadvent.org">{{cite book|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm#X|chapter=St. Thomas Christians|title=Catholic Encyclopedia|via=[[New Advent]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125064004/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm|archive-date=25 January 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Christians| title=Thomas Christians| website=eGEDSH| last1=Brock| first1=Sebastian P.}}</ref> The Saint Thomas Christians had relationships with the Persian [[Church of the East]] from at least the 6th century onward. The Indians inherited its [[East Syriac dialect]] for liturgical use and gradually became Syriac Christians in ritual and doctrine. They received clerical support from Persian bishops, who traveled to [[Kerala]] in merchant ships on the [[spice route]].{{sfnm|Frykenberg|2008|1p=93|Wilmshurst|2000|2p=343}} For much of this period, Saint Thomas Christians were under the leadership of an [[archdeacon]] (a native ecclesiastical head with temporal powers, deriving from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''arkhidiākonos''). During the 16th century, efforts by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ''[[Padroado]]''–an arm of the [[Catholic Church]]–to bring the Saint Thomas Christians under the administration of the [[Latin Church]] and attempts to [[Liturgical Latinisation|Latinize]] the [[Malankara Rite]] led to the first of several rifts in the community. These divisions intensified following the 1599 [[Synod of Diamper]]. Saint Thomas Christians who were opposed to the [[Portuguese Padroado]] missionaries took the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] on 3 January 1653.{{sfn|Brown|1956|p=100}}{{sfn|Baum|Winkler|2003|p=115-116}}{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=316}} The [[Dutch East India Company]] expulsion of the Portuguese from much of Malabar enabled the reconciliation of some Saint Thomas Christians and the Catholic Church, with this group eventually evolving into the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic]] church that adopted the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]]'s [[East Syriac Rite]] and [[Dyophysite Christology|Diophysite christology]]. ===Malankara Church=== {{main|Malankara Church}} Many Saint Thomas Christian chose to remain independent from the Catholic Church. Patriarch Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, the [[Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem]], witnessed the 1665 ordination of Thomas as Bishop [[Thoma I]], who forged a renewed relationship with the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] of Antioch and Saint Thomas Christians, which laid the foundation for adopting [[West Syriac Rite|West Syrian liturgy]] and practices over the next two centuries. Those who supported the indigenous church leader of Malankara, Thoma I, and adopted [[West Syriac Rite|West Syrian]] liturgies and practices and [[Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] faith evolved into the [[Malankara Church]].{{sfnm|Vadakkekara|2007|1pp=84, 86|Frykenberg|2008|2p=361}}<ref>"Synod of Diamper." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 23 December 2011.</ref><ref>For the Acts and Decrees of the Synod cf. Michael Geddes, "A Short History of the Church of Malabar Together with the Synod of Diamper &c." London, 1694;Repr. in George Menachery, Ed., Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, Ollur 1998, pp.33-112</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Thekkedath, History of Christianity in India"</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">Eugene Cardinal Tisserant, "Eastern Christianity in India"</ref> ===19th century=== The Arthat Padiyola declared that the administration of Malankara Church was independent and the bishops from Rome, Antioch, and Babylon had no role in the Malankara Church hierarchy, despite continued efforts to integrate the remaining independent Saint Thomas Christians into these patriarchates. In 1807, four gospels of Holy Bible in Syriac were translated to Malayalam by Kayamkulam Philipose Ramban. The Malankara Orthodox Theological Seminary in Kottayam was established in 1815 under the leadership of Pulikottil Ittup Ramban (Mar Dionysius II). The Mavelikara Synod (Padiyola) led by Cheppad Mar Dionysius rejected the suggestions put forward by Anglican missioneries and Reformation group and declared the beliefs and theology of Malankara Church were same as the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch.{{cn|date=July 2022}} ===20th century=== [[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril]], who became the Malankara metropolitan bishop in 1908, played a significant role with the other clerical and lay leaders of Malankara in re-establishing the [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan|Catholicos of the East]] in India in 1912. In 1909 the relations with the Syrian Orthodox Church soured, when Patriarch [[Ignatius Abded Aloho II]] who arrived in India, began demanding registered deeds granting the patriarch temporal authority over the church. Dionysius rejected the request and thus emerged two factions in the church. The faction that supported the Patriarch came to be called as "Bava Kakshi" (Patriarch Faction) and the faction that supported the Malankara Metropolitan came to be known as "Methran Kakshi" (Metropolitan Faction).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/feud-began-19th-century-what-happened-jacobite-orthodox-locked-horns-96295 | title=A feud that began in 19th century: What happened before Jacobite-Orthodox locked horns | date=6 February 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/1599-today-tracing-kerala-s-jacobite-vs-orthodox-church-battle-66476 | title=From 1599 to today: Tracing Kerala's Jacobite vs Orthodox church battle | date=8 August 2017 }}</ref> The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church wanted to retain its [[autocephaly]], and appealed to [[List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch|Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch]] [[Ignatius Abdul Masih II]]. He enthroned Murimattathil Paulose Ivanios as Baselios Paulose I, [[Catholicos of the East]], on the apostolic throne of St. Thomas at St. Mary's Church in [[Niranam]] on 15 September 1912.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niranamchurch.com/|title= About the church|year = 2009|publisher= Niranam St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church|access-date=25 April 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100127171538/http://niranamchurch.com/|archive-date= 27 January 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1934, The Malankara Church adopted a constitution for smooth functioning of the church, parishes and institution. In 1947, Saint Gregorios of Parumala was declared as a saint by the Church. In 1952 the Official Residence of the Malankara Metropolitan and the Headquarters of Malankara Church was shifted to Devalokam from Pazhaya Seminary. In 1958, The Supreme Court declared Catholicos Baselios Geevarghese II as the legitimate Malankara Metropolitan. The two factions of the Malankara Orthodox Church rejoined. In 1964, Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch participated in the enthronement ceremony of the Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan, Baselios Augen I. In 1995, the Supreme Court of India declared the MOSC constitution adopted in 1934 was valid.{{cn|date=July 2022}} === 21st century === In 2002, fresh elections were conducted in Malankara Association under the observation of Supreme Court of India. The Supreme Court declared Catholicos [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II]] is the official and legitimate Malankara Metropolitan and also declared that this decision cannot be disputed in any platform. In 2003, Vattasheril [[Dionysius VI]] was declared as a saint. In 2012, the centennial of the establishment of the church and Catholicate were celebrated with history classes and church publications.<ref name=TOICentennial>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Centenary-celebrations-of-Malankara-Orthodox-Syrian-Church-begin/articleshow/10591803.cms|title = Centenary celebrations of Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church begin &#124; Kochi News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=3 November 2011 }}</ref> On 3 July 2017, a major verdict by the Supreme Court of India declared the MOSC legally applicable to all parishes in disputed possession between the MOSC and [[Jacobite Syrian Christian Church]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://scroll.in/article/858273/a-century-old-church-dispute-in-kerala-flares-up-again-as-supreme-court-rejects-plea-on-leadership| website=scroll.in| title=Kerala church split}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Hierarchy and doctrine== [[File:Malankara Metropolitan Mathews III.jpg|thumb|411x411px|[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] Present Catholicos and Malankara Metropolitan]] The spiritual head of the church is the Catholicos of the East, and its temporal head is the [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. Since 1934, both titles have been vested in one person; the official title of the head of the church is "The Catholicos of the Apostolic Throne of Saint Thomas and The Malankara Metropolitan". Baselios Marthoma Mathews III was enthroned as the Malankara Metropolitan and the Catholicos of the East. He is  the eighth [[Catholicose of the East]] in Malankara and the 21st [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]], including the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, accept only the first three [[ecumenical council]]s: the [[First Council of Nicaea]], the [[First Council of Constantinople]], and the [[Council of Ephesus]]. The church, like all other Oriental Orthodox Churches, uses the original [[Nicene Creed]]<ref>[http://mosc.in/the_church/the-ecumenical-council-of-nicea-and-nicene-creed Geevarghese Mar Yulios : Ecumenical Council of Nicea and Nicene Creed]</ref> without the [[filioque clause]].<ref>[http://mosc.in/the_church/oriental-and-eastern-orthodox-churches Paulos Mar Gregorios: Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches]</ref> Like the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], it primarily uses the [[liturgy of Saint James]] in [[Malayalam]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] and other Indian languages. === Liturgy and canonical hours === [[File:Holy Mass Celebration in Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.jpg|alt=Eucharist celebration|thumb|left|Eucharist celebration of the church.]] The church has used the [[Malankara Rite]], part of the [[Antiochene Rite]], since the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianorthodoxireland.ie/catholicate/liturgy/|title=Liturgy Holy Qurbana St. Thomas Indian Orthodox Church|date=2016-05-13|website=indianorthodoxireland.ie|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-06}}</ref> The [[Jacobite Church]] and the [[Maronite Church]] also belong to the same liturgical family. In the first half of the fifth century, the Antiochene church adopted the [[Liturgy of Saint James]]. In the 4th and 5th centuries, The liturgical language of fourth- and fifth-century Jerusalem and Antioch was Greek, and the original liturgy was composed in Greek. After the [[Council of Chalcedon]] in 451, the [[Eastern Church]] was divided in two; one group accepted the council, and the other opposed it. Both groups continued to use the Greek version of the Saint James liturgy. The [[Justin I|Byzantine emperor Justin]] (518–527) expelled the opponents from Antioch, and they took refuge in the Syriac-speaking [[Mesopotamia]] on the Roman–Persian border (modern eastern Syria, [[Iraq]], and southeastern Turkey). The Antiochene liturgical rites were gradually translated into Syriac, and [[Syriac sacral music|Syriac hymns]] were introduced. Gregorios Abdal Jaleel came to Malankara from Jerusalem in 1665 and introduced Syriac Orthodox liturgical rites. The most striking characteristic of the Antiochene liturgy is its large number of [[Anaphora (liturgy)|anaphoras]] (celebrations of the [[Eucharist]]). About eighty are known, and about a dozen are used in India. All have been composed following the Liturgy of Saint James.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=242 | title = Malankara Orthodox Church – Holy Qurbana | publisher = Malankaraorthodoxchurch.in | access-date = 23 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430041054/http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=242 | archive-date = 30 April 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> Christians of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church pray the [[canonical hours]] of the [[Shehimo]] at [[fixed prayer times]] seven times a day.<ref name="Kurian2020">{{cite web |last1=Kurian |first1=Jake |title="Seven Times a Day I Praise You" – The Shehimo Prayers |url=http://www.ds-wa.org/seven-times-a-day-i-praise-you-the-sheema-prayers.html |publisher=[[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Diocese of South-West America of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]|access-date=2 August 2020}}</ref> The [[Liturgy of Addai and Mari|liturgy of Mor Addai]] is still in use, in anaphora form, similar to the Maronite Sharar. The [[Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom|anaphora of St. John Chrysostom]] is sometimes used. === Saints === {{Nasrani people}} In conformity with other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] and [[Oriental Orthodox Churches|Oriental Orthodox churches]], and also with the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]], the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church adheres to the tradition of seeking the [[intercession of saints]]. Several have been [[Canonization|canonized]]: * [[Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala]]: Entombed in [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala]], and canonized by Geevarghese II in 1947 * [[Baselios Yeldo]]: Entombed in [[St. Thomas Church, Kothamangalam]], and canonised by Geevarghese II in 1947 * [[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril]]: Entombed in the [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]], and canonized by Mathews II in 2003 * [[Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares]]: Entombed in St. Mary's Orthodox Church, Ribandar, and declared a regional saint by Paulose II in 2015. (Not officially canonized a saint)<ref>{{cite book |last1= Philip|first1= Dr. Ajesh T.|last2=Alexander| first2=George| date= May 2018|series =Western Rites of Syriac-Malankara Orthodox Churches | volume = I|title= The Mission Untold|location= India|publisher= OCP Publications, Alappuzha| pages = 17|isbn= 978-1-387-80316-3}}</ref> * [[Fr. Roque Zephrin Noronah]]: Entombed in St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Brahmavar, and declared a regional saint by Paulose II in 2015 (Not officially canonized a saint)<ref>{{cite book |last1= Philip|first1= Dr. Ajesh T.|last2=Alexander| first2=George| date= May 2018|series =Western Rites of Syriac-Malankara Orthodox Churches | volume = I|title= The Mission Untold|location= India|publisher= OCP Publications, Alappuzha| pages = 83|isbn= 978-1-387-80316-3}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="230"> File:Raja Ravi Varma, Gheevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala (1905).jpg|alt=Painted icon|Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala File:Geevarghese Mar Dionysius of Vattasseril.jpg|alt=Another icon|Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril File:Juliusthirumeni.jpg|alt=Another icon|Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares </gallery> === Metropolitan === The temporal, ecclesiastical and spiritual administration of the church is vested in the [[Malankara Metropolitan]], subject to the church constitution which was adopted in 1934.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ovsonline.in/1934-constitution-malankara-orthodox-church/|title=1934 constitution of The Malankara Church (മലങ്കരസഭ ഭരണഘടന)|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502165529/http://www.ovsonline.in/1934-constitution-malankara-orthodox-church/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Malankara Metropolitan is president of the Malankara Syrian Christian Association (Malankara Association) and its managing committee, and trustee of community properties. He is the custodian of the Pazhaya Seminary and other common properties of Malankara Syrian Community. He is also the custodian of vattipanam interest which was deposited in Travancore Government by Marthoma VII. He is elected by the Malankara association. ==== List of Malankara metropolitans ==== #[[Thoma I]] (1653–1670)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://koonankurishu.net/koonan-kurishu-old-syrian-church/koonan-kurishu-sathyam/amp/|title=Coonan Cross Oath History|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224140528/http://koonankurishu.net/koonan-kurishu-old-syrian-church/koonan-kurishu-sathyam/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> #[[Thoma II]] (1670–1686) #[[Thoma III]] (1686–1688) #[[Thoma IV]] (1688–1728) #[[Thoma V]] (1728–1765) #[[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Thoma VI]] (1765–1808) #[[Thoma VII]] (1808–1809) #[[Thoma VIII]] (1809–1816) #[[Thoma IX]] (1816) #[[Pulikkottil Dionysius II|Dionysius II]] (1816) #[[Punnathra Dionysius III|Dionysius III]] (1817–1825) #[[Dionysius IV of Cheppad|Dionysius IV]] (1825–1852) #[[Mathews Athanasius]] (1852–1877) #[[Dionysious V|Dionysius V]] (1865–1909)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1883692/ |title= Royal Court Verdict declared Pulikottil Joseph Dionysius as the rightful Malankara Metropolitan}}</ref> #[[Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril|Dionysius VI]] (1909–1934)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/107194354/?type=print/|title= In 1929, Travancore High Court declared Dionysius of Vattasseril will remain as the Malankara Metropolitan (Vattipanam Suit) }}</ref> #[[Baselios Geevarghese II|Geevarghese II]] (1934–1964)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/107194354/?type=print/|title=In 1958, Supreme Court of India declared Baselios Geevarghese II is the rightful Malankara Metropolitan (Samudayam Suit)}}</ref> ''From 1934 Malankara Metropolitan also holds the office of [[Catholicos of the East]] of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church.'' #[[Baselios Augen I|Augen I]] (1964–1975), also Catholicos of the East #[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I|Mathews I]] (1975–1991), also Catholicos of the East #[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II|Mathews II]] (1991–2005),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=60636|title= Supreme Court Order July 12, 2002 declared Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II is the unquestionable Malankara Metropolitan of the Malankara Church}}</ref> also Catholicos of the East #[[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I|Didymos I]] (2005–2010), also Catholicos of the East #[[Paulose II (Indian Orthodox Church)|Paulose II]] (2010–2021), also Catholicos of the East #[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III|Mathews III]] (15 October 2021 – present), also Catholicos of the East<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/supreme-head-of-the-malankara-orthodox-syrian-church-passes-away/article35273281.ece/amp/ |title=Supreme head of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church passes away|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-catholicos-of-the-east-baselios-marthoma-paulose-ii-installed-phot-report/|title=Ordination of the new Malankara Metropolitan & Catholicos. H.H Moran Baselios Marthoma Paulose 2 is the present Malankara Metropolitan.Baselios Marthoma Paulose 2 is the 21st Malankara Metropolitan.|date=November 2010}}</ref> === Catholicate === "Catholicos" means "the general head", and can be considered equivalent to "universal bishop."<ref name="Catholicate">{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/catholicate|title=The Catholicate of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|website=Malankara Syrian Orthodox Church|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> The early church had three priestly ranks: ''episcopos'' (bishop), priest and deacon. By the end of the third century, bishops of important cities in the [[Roman Empire]] became known as metropolitans. The fourth-century ecumenical councils recognized the authority of the metropolitan. By the fifth century, the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria and Antioch gained control of the churches in surrounding cities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Catholicate of the Malankara orthodox Syrian Church {{!}} |url=https://mosc.in/catholicate/catholicate/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=mosc.in}}</ref> They gradually became the heads of the regional churches, and were known as patriarchs (common father). Outside the Roman Empire, patriarchs were known as catholicos. There were four catholicates before the fifth century: the Catholicate of the East, the Catholicate of Armenia, the Catholicate of Georgia and the Catholicate of Albania. The archdeacons reigned from the fourth to the 16th centuries; in 1653, the archdeacon was elevated to bishop by the community as Mar Thoma I. The Catholicate of the East was relocated to India in 1912, and [[Baselios Paulose I]] was seated on the apostolic throne of St. Thomas as the Catholicos of the East by the disposed Patriarch of Antioch Abdul Masih. The headquarters of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and the Catholicos of the East is the Catholicate Palace at Devalokam, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], which was consecrated on 31 December 1951. The new palace, built in 1961, was dedicated by visiting Armenian Catholicos [[Vazgen I]]. The Holy Synod and Managing committee designated H.G.Dr. Mathews Mor Severios to the new Malankara Metropolitan and Catholicos of Malankara Church succeeding Baselios Marthoma Paulose II. He was consecrated as the 22nd Malankara Metropolitan during the Malankara Association that took place on 14 October 2021 at St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala and enthroned as the 9th Catholicos of Malankara Church on 15 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stthomasorthodoxcathedral.com/index.php?/our-church/catholicos-of-the-east.html|title=Catholicos of the East {{!}} our-church|website=stthomasorthodoxcathedral.com|access-date=2019-11-06|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804005445/https://www.stthomasorthodoxcathedral.com/index.php?%2Four-church%2Fcatholicos-of-the-east.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Relic]]s of St. Thomas are kept in the catholicate chapel, and [[Baselios Geevarghese II|Geevarghese II]], [[Baselios Augen I|Augen I]], [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I|Mathews I]] and [[Paulose II (Indian Orthodox Church)|Paulose II]] are interred there. ==== List of Catholicos of the East of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church ==== The list of [[Catholicos of the East]] of Malankara Church: *[[Baselios Paulose I]] (1912–1914) ** Vacant (1914–1925) *[[Baselios Geevarghese I]] (1925–1928) *[[Baselios Geevarghese II]] (1929–1964) ** From 1934 Catholicos is also holding the office of [[Malankara Metropolitan]]. *[[Baselios Augen I]] (1964–1975) *[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews I|Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews I]] (1975–1991) *[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews II|Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews II]] (1991–2005) *[[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I|Baselios Mar Thoma Didymos I]] (2005–2010) *[[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II|Baselios Mar Thoma Paulose II]] (2010–2021) *[[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III|Baselios Mar Thoma Mathews III]] (2021–present) ==Administration== Until the 17th century, the church was administered by the archdeacon (Malankara Moopan).<ref>Niranam Granthavari (Record of History written during 1770–1830). Editor Paul Manalil, M.O.C.Publications, Catholicate Aramana, Kottayam. 2002.</ref> The elected archdeacon was in charge of day-to-day affairs, including the ordination of deacons to the priesthood. Ordinations were performed by Persian bishops visiting India. The Malankara Palliyogam (a forerunner of the Malankara Association) consisted of elected representatives from individual parishes. The isolation of the Malankara church from the rest of [[Christendom]] preserved the apostolic age's democratic nature through interactions with Portuguese (Roman Catholic) and British (Anglican) colonialists. From the 17th to the 20th centuries, the church had five pillars of administration: * The Episcopal Synod, presided over by the Catholicos of the East * The Malankara Association, presided by [[Malankara Metropolitan]] * Three trustees: the Malankara metropolitan and [[Priest Trustee|priest]] and lay trustees * The Malankara Association's managing and working committees<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/administration/the-managing-committee|title=The Managing Committee|website=mosc.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/administration/the-working-committee|title=The Working Committee|website=mosc.in}}</ref> ===1934 church constitution=== Envisioned by Dionysius VI, the church's general and day-to-day administration was codified in its 1934 constitution. The constitution<ref name=mosc>{{cite web|title=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Constitution|year= 1934|url= https://mosc.in/uploads/2015/05/MOSC-Constitution.pdf|quote=The Malankara Church is a division of the Orthodox Syrian Church. The Primate of the Orthodox Syrian Church is the Patriarch of Antioch.}}</ref> was presented at the 26 December 1934 Malankara Christian Association meeting at M. D. Seminary,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mosc.in/administration/administration|title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Church |website=mosc.in}}</ref> adopted and enacted. It has been amended three times. Although the constitution was challenged in court by dissident supporters of the [[Patriarch of Antioch]], [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] rulings in 1958, 1995, 2017 and 2018 upheld its validity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-says-no-review-of-malankara-verdict/article20487475.ece|title=SC says no review of Malankara Church verdict: Upholds 1934 constitution of Church| last=Rajagopal|first= Krishnadas|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 November 2017}}</ref> The constitution's first article asserts the relationship between the [[Syriac Orthodox Church]] and the Malankara Church. The second article addresses the establishment of the Malankara Church by St. Thomas and ascribes primacy to the [[Catholicos]]. The third article regards the church's name. The fourth article describes the faith and its traditions. The fifth article examines church governance [[canon law]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/administration/administration|title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Church|publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref> ===Malankara Association=== The elected Malankara Association, consisting of parish members, manages the church's religious and social concerns. Formerly the Malankara Palli-yogam (മലങ്കര പള്ളി യോഗം; Malankara Parish Assembly, its modern form is believed to have been founded in 1873 as the Mulanthuruthy Synod, a gathering of parish representatives in [[Parumala]]. In 1876, the Malankara Association began.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=266 | title = Malankara Association | publisher = malankaraorthodoxchurch.in | access-date = 22 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130425202247/http://malankaraorthodoxchurch.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=266 | archive-date = 25 April 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> The church constitution outlines the association's powers and responsibilities. The [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]] is the president, and the diocesan [[metropolitan bishop]]s are vice-presidents. All positions are elected. Each parish is represented in the association by an elected priest and laypeople, proportional to parish-membership size. ===Co-trustees=== This is a list of co-trustees ([[Priest Trustee|priest trustee]] & lay trustee) elected by the Malankara Association of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/administration/malankara-association |title=Malankara Association |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ovsonline.in/?p=27876 |title=Malankara Association |publisher=www.ovsonline.in |accessdate=2023-04-15}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%;" |- ! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 10%; color: #000000;" | Year of Election ! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Clergy Trustee ! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Duration ! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Lay Trustee ! style="background-color: #DCDCDC; width: 20%; color: #000000;" | Duration |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1869 | style="text-align: center;"|Punnathra Chacko Chandapilla Kathanar | style="text-align: center;"|21 Oct 1869 – 13 Sep 1886 | style="text-align: center;"|Kulangara Ittychan Pailey | style="text-align: center;"|12 Oct 1869 – ? |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1886 | style="text-align: center;"|Konat Kora Yohannan Kathanar | style="text-align: center;"|13 Sep 1886 – 9 Mar 1890 | style="text-align: center;"|Kunnumpurath Kora Ulahannan, Kottayam | style="text-align: center;"|13 Sep 1886 & <br>31 Mar 1892 – 24 Feb 1901 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1892 | style="text-align: center;"|Konat Kora Mathan Malpan | style="text-align: center;"|31 Mar 1892 & <br>23 Nov 1895 – 7 Sep 1911 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1901 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|C. J. Kurien (Kunnumpurath Ulahannan Kora), Kottayam | style="text-align: center;"|25 Apr 1901 – 7 Sep 1911 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1911 | style="text-align: center;"|Palappalil Mani Paulose Kathanar Pampakuda | style="text-align: center;"|7 Sep 1911 – 21 Dec 1955 | style="text-align: center;"|Chirakadavil Kora Kochu Korula, Kottayam (d. 1931) | style="text-align: center;"|07 Sep 1911 – 31 May 1931 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1931 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|E. I Joseph, Kottayam | style="text-align: center;"|10 Jul 1931 – 15 Jul 1946 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1958 | style="text-align: center;"|Manalil Jacob Kathanar | style="text-align: center;"|26 Dec 1958 – 28 Dec 1965 | style="text-align: center;"|Ooppoottil Kurien Abraham, Kottayam | style="text-align: center;"|26 Dec 1958 – 12 Dec 1978 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1965 | style="text-align: center;"|Thengumthottathil T. S. Abraham Cor Episcopa | style="text-align: center;"|28 Dec 1965 – 28 Dec 1982 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1980 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| | style="text-align: center;"|Padinjarekkara P. C. Abraham, Kottayam | style="text-align: center;"|1 May 1980 – 21 Mar 2007 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1982 | style="text-align: center;"|Konat Abraham Malpan | style="text-align: center;"|28 Dec 1982 – 3 Mar 1987 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|1987 | style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Mathai Nooranal | style="text-align: center;"|29 Dec 1987 – 29 Nov 2002 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|2004 | style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Dr. O. Thomas | style="text-align: center;"|10 Jun 2004 – 21 Mar 2007 | style="text-align: center;"|- | style="text-align: center;"| |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|2007 | style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Johns Abraham Konat | style="text-align: center;"|21 Mar 2007 – 7 Mar 2012 | style="text-align: center;"|M.G. George Muthoot | style="text-align: center;"|21 Mar 2007 – 7 Mar 2012 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|2012 | style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Johns Abraham Konat | style="text-align: center;"|7 Mar 2012 – 1 Mar 2017 | style="text-align: center;"|M.G. George Muthoot | style="text-align: center;"|7 Mar 2012 – 1 Mar 2017 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|2017 | style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Dr. M.O. John | style="text-align: center;"|1 Mar 2017 – 4 Aug 2022 | style="text-align: center;"|George Paul (d. 2019) | style="text-align: center;"|1 Mar 2017 – 26 Nov 2019 |- valign="top" style="background-color: #FFFFFF;" | style="text-align: center;"|2022 | style="text-align: center;"|Fr. Dr. Thomas Varghese Amayil | style="text-align: center;"|4 Aug 2022 – present | style="text-align: center;"|Ronny Varghese Abraham | style="text-align: center;"|4 Aug 2022 – present |} ===Dioceses=== Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Dioceses<ref>{{cite web|title= Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Dioceses|url=http://mosc.in/dioceses|work=mosc.in|access-date=10 April 2018|date=1 November 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref> {{div col|colwidth=25em}} # [[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese|Thiruvananthapuram Diocese]] # [[Kollam Orthodox Diocese|Kollam Diocese]] # [[Kottarakkara Punaloor Orthodox Diocese|Kottarakkara Punaloor Diocese]] # [[Adoor Kadampanad Orthodox Diocese|Adoor Kadampanad Diocese]] # [[Thumpamon Orthodox Diocese|Thumpamon Diocese]] # [[Nilakal Orthodox Diocese|Nilakal Diocese]] # [[Mavelikara Orthodox Diocese|Mavelikara Diocese]] # [[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese|Chengannur Diocese]] # [[Niranam Orthodox Diocese|Niranam Diocese]] # [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Diocese]] # [[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central Diocese]] # [[Idukki Orthodox Diocese|Idukki Diocese]] # [[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad West Diocese]] # [[Kandanad East Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad East Diocese]] # [[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi Diocese]] # [[Angamaly Malankara Orthodox Diocese|Angamaly Diocese]] # [[Thrissur Orthodox Diocese|Thrissur Diocese]] # [[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese|Kunnamkulam Diocese]] # [[Malabar Diocese]] # [[Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese|Sulthan Bathery Diocese]] # [[Brahmavar Orthodox Diocese|Brahmavar Diocese]] # [[Bangalore Orthodox Diocese|Bangalore Diocese]] # [[Madras Orthodox Diocese|Madras Diocese]] # [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]] # [[Ahmedabad Orthodox Diocese|Ahmedabad Diocese]] # [[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Delhi Diocese]] # [[Calcutta Orthodox Diocese|Calcutta Diocese]] # [[UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese|UK, Europe and Africa Diocese]] # [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast America Diocese]] # [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Southwest America Diocese]] # [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Canada|Canada Diocese]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalpana No.267/2024 – New Diocese|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2024/01/No.-267-2024-New-Diocese-with-List.pdf |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in |date=1 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> # [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific Diocese]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalpana No.267/2024 – New Diocese|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2024/01/No.-267-2024-New-Diocese-with-List.pdf |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in |date=1 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> {{div col end}} === Metropolitan bishops === The church's episcopal synod has the following diocesan bishops:<ref>{{cite web | title =Holy Synod | url =http://mosc.in/holysynod | website =mosc.in | date = 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2022/01/Kalpana-344-2022-1.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 344/2022 Appointments of Bishops |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kalpana No.267/2024 – New Diocese|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2024/01/No.-267-2024-New-Diocese-with-List.pdf |access-date=2 November 2024 |work=mosc.in |date=1 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> {{div col | colwidth=30em}} * [[Baselios Marthoma Mathews III]] Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan.[[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad West]], [[Bangalore Orthodox Diocese|Bangalore Diocese]], [[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central]], [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific Diocese]] and [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Canada|Canada Diocese]] * [[Thomas Mar Athanasius (Malankara bishop)|Thomas Athanasius]] – Metropolitan of [[Kandanad East Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad East Diocese]] * [[Yuhanon Meletius]] – Metropolitan of [[Thrissur Orthodox Diocese|Thrissur Diocese]] * [[Kuriakose Clemis]] Valiya Metropolita<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2023/01/No.-248-Kalpana-H-G-Mar-Cleemis-Metropolitan.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 248 – H G Mar Cleemis Valiya Metropolita |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-26}}</ref> – Retired * [[Geevarghese Coorilose]] – Metropolitan of [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]] * [[Zachariah Nicholovos]] – Metropolitan of [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Northeast America|Northeast America Diocese]] & Asst. Metropolitan of [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Canada|Canada Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.neamericandiocese.org/news/news-events/-new-diocese-for-the-malankara-church/489?fbclid=IwY2xjawGX7KxleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHfL_5IHGU4fURcEEdaOSYUe453Rolp8wbCC6CCw2U_2V5b5IO7iSrTfmpg_aem_FcAFM8XblqXQ8p42tB_Kzw|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Canada Diocese (Kalpana No. MOSC/CMM/270/2024)|publisher=neamericandiocese.org|accessdate=2024-11-05}}</ref> * [[Yakob Irenios]] – Metropolitan of [[Kochi Orthodox Diocese|Kochi Diocese]] * [[Gabriel Gregorios]] -Metropolitan of [[Thiruvananthapuram Orthodox Diocese|Trivandrum Diocese]] * [[Yuhanon Chrysostamos]] – Metropolitan of [[Niranam Orthodox Diocese|Niranam Diocese]] * [[Yuhanon Policarpos]] – Metropolitan of [[Angamaly Malankara Orthodox Diocese|Ankamali Diocese]] * [[Mathews Theodosius]] - On Leave * [[Joseph Dionysius]] – Metropolitan of [[Kollam Orthodox Diocese|Kollam Diocese]] * [[Abraham Ephiphanios]] – Metropolitan of [[Mavelikara Orthodox Diocese|Mavelikara Diocese]] * [[Mathews Thimothios]] – Metropolitan of [[Chengannur Orthodox Diocese|Chengannur Diocese]] * [[Alexios Eusebios]] - Metropolitan of [[Calcutta Orthodox Diocese|Calcutta Diocese]] * [[Yuhanon Dioscoros]] – Metropolitan of [[Kottayam Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Diocese]] & Asst. Metropolitan of [[Kottayam Central Orthodox Diocese|Kottayam Central]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malankarasabha.org/content/22212/New-markAssistant-Metropolitanmark-Appointed-for-Kottayam-Central-Diocese-Malankara-Orthodox-Church|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Kottayam Central Diocese|publisher=www.malankarasabha.org|accessdate=2024-07-12}}</ref> [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Asia Pacific|Asia Pacific Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malankarasabha.org/content/30005/Dr-Yuhanon-Mar-Diascoros-Appointed-as-Assistant-Bishop-of-the-AsiaPacific-Diocese|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Asia-Pacific Diocese Kalpana No. MOSC/CMM/271/2024|publisher=malankarasabha.org|accessdate=2024-11-05}}</ref> * [[Youhanon Demetrios]] – Metropolitan of [[Delhi Orthodox Diocese|Delhi Diocese]] * [[Yuhanon Thevodoros]] – Metropolitan of [[Kottarakkara Punalur Orthodox Diocese|Kottarakara–Punalur Diocese]] * [[Yakob Elias]] – Metropolitan of [[Brahmavar Orthodox Diocese|Brahmavar Diocese]] * [[Joshua Nicodemos]] – Metropolitan of [[Nilakal Orthodox Diocese|Nilackal Diocese]] * [[Zacharias Aprem]] – Metropolitan of [[Adoor Kadampanad Orthodox Diocese|Adoor–Kadampanadu Diocese]] * [[Geevarghese Yulios]] – Metropolitan of [[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese|Kunnamkulam Diocese]] * [[Abraham Seraphim]] – Metropolitan of [[Thumpamon Orthodox Diocese|Thumbamon Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2023/01/Kalpana-Thumpamon-Diocese.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 240 – Thumpamon Diocese Mar Seraphim Metropolitan |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-27}}</ref> * [[Abraham Stephanos]]-Metropolitan of [[UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese|UK, Europe, Africa Diocese]] * [[Thomas Ivanios]]- Metropolitan of [[Malankara Orthodox Diocese of Southwest America|Southwest America Diocese]] * [[Geevarghese Theophilos]]- Metropolitan of [[Ahmedabad Orthodox Diocese|Ahmedabad Diocese]] & Asst. Metropolitan of [[Bombay Orthodox Diocese|Bombay Diocese]] * [[Geevarghese Philexinos]]- Metropolitan of [[Madras Orthodox Diocese|Madras Diocese]] & Asst. Metropolitan of [[Bangalore Orthodox Diocese|Bangalore Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mosc.in/uploads/2023/01/Kalpana-Bangalore-Diocese.pdf |title=Kalpana No. 242 – Bangalore Diocese Mar Philaxenos Metropolitan |publisher=mosc.in |accessdate=2023-09-27}}</ref> * [[Geevarghese Pachomios]]- Metropolitan of [[Malabar Orthodox Diocese|Malabar Diocese]] * [[Geevarghese Barnabas]]- Metropolitan of [[Sulthan Bathery Orthodox Diocese|Sulthan Bathery Diocese]] * [[Zachariah Severios]]- Metropolitan of [[Idukki Orthodox Diocese|Idukki Diocese]] & Asst. Metropolitan of [[Kandanad West Orthodox Diocese|Kandanad West Diocese]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.malankarasabha.org/content/22152/HG-Zacharias-Mar-Severios-Appointed-markAssistant-Metropolitanmark-of-Kandanad-West-Diocese|title=Appointments of Asst. Metropolitan of Kandanad West Diocese|publisher=www.malankarasabha.org|accessdate=2024-07-10}}</ref> {{div col end}} ==Churches with historical importance== {{multiple image | direction = vertical | image1 = Parumala Church.jpg | caption1 = [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala]] | image2 = നിരണം പള്ളി.jpg | caption2 = [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam]] | image3 = Arappally02.jpg | caption3 = [[St. Mary's Church, Thiruvithamcode]] | image4 = Chengannur 2.JPG | caption4 = [[Old Syrian Church, Chengannur]] | image5 = Vettickal Dayara.jpg | caption5 = [[St.Thomas Dayara, Vettikkal]] | image6 = St George Church Kochi.jpg | caption6 = [[St George Orthodox Koonan Kurishu Old Syrian Church]], [[Mattancherry]] | image7 = StGeorgeOrthodoxChurch Puthuppalli.jpg | caption7 = [[St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally]] | image8 = | caption8 = [[St. George's Church, Mylapra]] | caption9 = [[St. George's Church, Chandanapally]] | image9 = Chandanappally Valiyapally.jpg }} * [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Parumala]] * [[St. George Orthodox Church, Chandanapally|St. George's Church, Chandanapally]] * [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Arthat]] * [[St. Mary's Church, Thiruvithamcode]], established by Apostle Saint Thomas * [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam]], established by Apostle Saint Thomas * [[St. Mary’s Orthodox Cathedral, Puthencavu]] * [[Mar Beshanania Orthodox Church, Vanchithra, Kozhencherry]] * [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Pazhanji]] * [[St. Mary's Church, Kottayam]] * [[Kallada]][[Valiyapally]] * [[Kundara]][[Valiyapally]] * [[St. Thomas Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Mulanthuruthy]] * [[Thumpamon Valiya Pally]] * [[South Bazar Church|Ambalam Pally, Kunnamkulam]] * [[Thevalakkara]] [[Church (building)|Church]] *[[Karthikappally|Kottakkakathu Old Syrian Church, Karthikappally]] * [[St. George Orthodox Church, Puthuppally|Puthuppally Pally]] * [[St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral, Kandanad]] * [[St. George Orthodox Valiyapally, Mylapra]] * [[St. Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, Kadampanad]] * [[St. Peter and St. Paul's Church, Kolenchery]] * [[St. George Orthodox Church, Cheppad]] * [[St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Cathedral, Piravom]] * [[St. George's Church, Kadamattom]] * [[St Mary's Orthodox Church, Kallooppara]] * [[St. George's Church, Chandanapally]] * [[St. Mary’s Orthodox Cathedral, Puthiyacavu Mavelikara]] * [[Old Syrian Church, Chengannur]] * St. Stephen's Orthodox Cathedral, Kudassanad * [[Kadeesa Orthodox Cathedral, Kayamkulam]] ==Monasteries and convents== *[[Monastery of Saint Thomas, Vettikkal]] *[[Mount Tabor Monastery, Pathanapuram]] *[[The Bethany Ashram]] ==Spiritual organizations== The church has a number of spiritual organizations: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} *Orthodox Syrian Sunday School Association of the East (OSSAE)<ref>{{cite web | url =http://ossae.org/ |title=OSSAE website| website =ossae.org}}</ref> *Orthodox Christian Youth Movement (OCYM) *[[Mar Gregorios Orthodox Christian Student Movement]] (MGOCSM)<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.mgocsm.in/index.php |title=MGOCSMwebsite| website = mgocsm.in/index.php}}</ref> *Divyabodhanam (Theological Education Programme for the Laity) *St. Paul's & St.Thomas Suvishesha Sangam (National Association for Mission Studies) *Orthodox Sabha Gayaka Sangham *Malankara Orthodox Baskiyoma Association *Servants of the Cross *Akhila Malankara Prayer Group Association *Akhila Malankara Orthodox Shusrushaka Sangham (AMOSS) *Mission Board and Mission Society *Ministry of Human Empowerment *Akhila Malankara Balasamajam *St. Thomas Orthodox Vaidika Sanghom *Marth Mariam Vanitha Samajam (women's wing) *Sruti School of Liturgical Music *Ecological Commission *Ardra Charitable Trust<ref>{{cite web |title=Spiritual Organisation |url=http://mosc.in/spiritual |website=mosc.in |publisher=Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}}</ref> {{div col end}} ==Seminaries== The two seminaries which offers bachelor's and master's degrees in theology are [[Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ots.edu.in/|title=Orthodox Theological Seminary Kottayam|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> and [[St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary, Nagpur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Thomas Orthodox Theological Seminary {STOTS), Nagpur |url=http://stots.in/ |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The Malankara Orthodox Seminary at Kottayam is the first Orthodox Seminary in Asia established in year 1815. ==Ecumenical relations== The church was a founding member of the [[World Council of Churches]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://archive.org/details/wcca5/page/230/mode/2up?q=list| title=World council of churches, Amsterdam 1948| website=archive.org| year=1948| page=230}}</ref> Catholicos Geevarghese II and other metropolitan participated in the 1937 Conference on Faith and Order in [[Edinburgh]]; a church delegation participated in the 1948 WCC meeting in [[Amsterdam]] in 1948, and the church played a role in the 1961 WCC conference in [[New Delhi]]. Metropolitan [[Paulos Gregorios]] was president of the WCC from 1983 to 1991. The church participated in the 1965 Conference of Oriental Orthodox Churches in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.theorthodoxchurch.info/aacp/resolutions/addis-ababa-conference/| title=Addis Ababa Conference| website=theorthodoxchurch.info}}</ref> It is a member of the [[Faith and Order Commission]], the [[Christian Conference of Asia]] and the Global Christian Forum. A number of primates of sister churches have visited, including [[Patriarch Justinian of Romania]] in February 1957 and in January 1969; [[Catholicos of All Armenians]] [[Vazgen I]] in December 1963; Armenian Patriarch [[Yeghishe Derderian of Jerusalem|Derderian]] of Jerusalem in December 1972; [[Patriarch Pimen I of Moscow]] in January 1977; [[Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia]] [[Ilia II of Georgia|Ilia II]] in September 1982; Archbishop of Canterbury [[Robert Runcie]] in 1986, Patriarch [[Teoctist Arăpașu]] of Romania in 1989; [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople|Bartholomew I]] in November 2000; Metropolitan (later Patriarch) [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow|Kirill]] of the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in December 2006; [[Catholicos of All Armenians]] [[Karekin II]] in November 2008, [[List of Abunas of Ethiopia|Patriarch of Ethiopia]] [[Abune Paulos]] in December 2008; the [[Holy See of Cilicia|Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia]] [[Aram I|Aram I Keshishian]] in February 2010, and [[List of Abunas of Ethiopia|Patriarch of Ethiopia]] [[Abune Mathias]] in November 2016. ===Order of St. Thomas=== The [[Order of St. Thomas (award)|Order of St. Thomas]], the church's highest award is presented to heads of state and churches by the [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]]. Recipients include [[Bartholomew I of Constantinople]], Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians [[Karekin II]], Patriarch of Ethiopia [[Abune Paulos]], Armenian Catholicos of Cilicia [[Aram I]], and Patriarch of Ethiopia [[Abune Mathias]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://malankaraorthodox.tv/?p=62396 |website=Malankaraorthodox.tv| title=Recipients of the order of St. Thomas| access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Christianity|India}} *[[List of Malankara Metropolitans]] *[[List of metropolitans of the Indian Orthodox Church]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|title=The Church of the East: A Concise History|year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon|isbn=9781134430192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}} * {{Cite journal|last=Brock|first=Sebastian P.|author-link=Sebastian P. Brock|title=Miaphysite, not Monophysite!|journal=Cristianesimo Nella Storia|year=2016|volume=37|number=1|pages=45–52|isbn=9788815261687|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwKJDAEACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar|year=1956|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ}} * {{Citation | last = Fahlbusch | first = Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley | year = 198 | title = The Encyclopedia of Christianity | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2008 | isbn = 978-0-8028-2417-2 }} * {{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-826377-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}} * Joseph Cheeran, et al.(2002) Tradition and History of Indian Orthodox Church, p.&nbsp;300–423 * Menachery, George (1973). [http://www.indianchristianity.com/ ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India Vol. II'']. * Menachery, George (1998). [http://www.indianchristianity.com/ ''The Indian Church History Classics: The Nazranies'']. * {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=Colonialism and Christian Missions|year=1966|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgdLAAAAIAAJ}} * {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC}} * {{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002|orig-year=1985|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893329|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC}} * Tamcke, Martin (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=E2UYCm6b2v0C&dq=%22Ignatius+Abdul+Masih+II%22&pg=PA214 ''Die Christen vom tur Abdin: Hinführung zur Syrisch-orthodoxen Kirche'']. Verlag Otto Lembeck. 3874765806. * {{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ}} * Van der Ploeg, J. P. M. (1983). ''The Christians of St. Thomas in South India and their Syriac Manuscripts''. Dharmaram Publications. * {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000|location=Louvain|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}} * {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|year=2011|location=London|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=9781907318047|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ}} * {{Cite journal|last=Winkler|first=Dietmar W.|title=Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology|journal=The Harp|year=1997|volume=10|number=3|pages=33–40|url=https://www.academia.edu/15344445}} {{Refend}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}} * [http://mosc.in/ Official website of the Indian (Malankara) Orthodox Syrian Church] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090923113736/http://www.catholicate.org/ Complete website of Catholicos of The East and Malankara Metropolitan] * [http://marthoman.tv/images/MOSC%20Constitution.pdf Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Constitution of 1934] * [http://orthodoxradio.in/ Indian Orthodox Radio | E – Radio from the Shores of Malankara to the World] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218230815/http://www.orthodoxherald.com/ Indian Orthodox Herald: News about the Catholicate of the East] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140518135510/http://www.mathamariammedia.com/ Matha Mariam Media: A Complete Orthodox Web Portal maintained by Trivandrum Diocese] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082948/http://www.icon.org.in/icon_prev_catholicoses.icon ICON Indian Christian Orthodox Network – Catholicos of the East] * [http://marthoman.tv/ Malankara Orthodox TV] {{Christianity in Kerala}} {{Churches in India}} {{Dioceses of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church}} {{Syriac Christianity}} {{Oriental Orthodoxy footer}} {{Patriarchates in Christianity}} {{History of Christianity}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church| ]] [[Category:1912 establishments in British India]] [[Category:Oriental Orthodoxy in India]] [[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]] [[Category:Members of the National Council of Churches]] [[Category:Members of the World Council of Churches]] [[Category:Oriental Orthodox organizations established in the 20th century]] [[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Orthodox_Church&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" 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