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#block_9cbd41fd866946e1091f8e5cb86532d6 .acf-block-side-image-text__image { min-height: 40rem; } } </style> <div class="acf-block-side-image-text__text"> <p class="has-eyebrow-font-size">Our Work</p> <h1 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fusion-energy">Fusion Energy</h1> <p class="has-hdg-small-font-size">The potential for zero-carbon, <br>abundant energy</p> <p>Fusion is an advanced energy source with the potential to produce abundant, zero-emissions power around the world. Paving the way for fusion commercialization could allow us to integrate this carbon-free, firm source into the energy mix, and potentially revolutionize how we power the global economy.</p> </div> <div class="acf-block-side-image-text__image"> <img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="800" height="900" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27102734/FusionEnergy_SideImg_1a.jpg" class="animate fadeIn" alt="Fusion energy" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27102734/FusionEnergy_SideImg_1a.jpg 800w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27102734/FusionEnergy_SideImg_1a-533x600.jpg 533w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27102734/FusionEnergy_SideImg_1a-768x864.jpg 768w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27102734/FusionEnergy_SideImg_1a-267x300.jpg 267w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-brand-white-color has-brand-b-background-color has-content-wide-width" id="block_46bc7b8cb62f1941861dea6f12607c3c" > <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last "> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-fusion-energy-work">How does fusion energy work?</h2> <p><strong>Fusion energy is a natural phenomenon, the very process that powers the Sun and helps make life on the Earth possible.</strong> In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei merge to form a single heavier nucleus when the right temperature, density, and time length conditions are met. The process releases energy because the total mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the mass of the two original nuclei. The leftover mass becomes energy following the famous Einstein equation (E=mc2).</p> <p class="mt-2 has-hdg-small-font-size">Fusion energy has the potential to provide:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Always available, firm power with non-high-level radioactive waste or greenhouse gas emissions.</li> <li>High energy outputs with a very small land footprint, and no meltdown risk, reducing siting barriers.</li> <li>Accessibility worldwide, as it does not rely on regional natural resources.</li> <li>Potential for highly competitive power, producing more energy per gram of fuel than any other generating process.</li> </ul> <p class="mt-2 has-hdg-small-font-size">But challenges remain:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><strong>Technology Advancement:</strong> We do not currently have the technology commercialized to tap into this promising energy source. To make fusion a reality, we must advance a diversity of fusion technologies and develop and test fusion plants in real conditions.</li> <li><strong>Regulatory Certainty: </strong>We need clear, specific, and proportionate regulations that provide a reference framework for developers.</li> <li><strong>Industry and Market Cultivation:</strong> We must establish a global fusion industry with a global market. The fusion industry is flourishing as new companies and start-ups are being created worldwide, and international collaborations and contracts are evolving quickly.</li> </ul> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link has-brand-a-color has-brand-white-background-color has-text-color has-background wp-element-button" href="#faqs">View Fusion FAQs</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-content-widest-width" id="block_a88aa75ad5e3828ceb3b92e2fa5bea2d" > <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last "> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-latest-on-fusion-energy">The latest on fusion energy</h3> <div class="acf-block-post-slider" id="block_6b5cbd18aff02e084673e1d6fa10d995"> <div class="js-acf-block-post-slider page-section-slider acf-block-post-slider__slides"> <div class="post-slide"> <div class="post-list-item animate fadeInUp"> <article class="has-no-text-decoration-links"> <a class="post-list-item__a is-shadow-hover-style has-brand-b-color" href="https://www.catf.us/2024/11/new-report-finds-ai-high-performance-computing-poised-fast-track-fusion-energy-technologies/" > <figure aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="600" height="491" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-600x491.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Abstract data image" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-600x491.jpg 600w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1400x1145.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1536x1257.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-2048x1676.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-300x245.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </figure> <div class="post-list-item__text"> <span class="post-list-item__category block has-para-x-small-font-size "> <span class="screen-reader-text">Category: </span> News & Media </span> <h3 class=" has-hdg-x-small-font-size ">New report finds AI and high performance computing poised to fast-track fusion energy technologies</h3> <span class="post-list-item__date has-para-x-small-font-size block"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Published on: </span> November 14, 2024 </span> </div> </a> </article> </div> </div> <div class="post-slide"> <div class="post-list-item animate fadeInUp"> <article class="has-no-text-decoration-links"> <a class="post-list-item__a is-shadow-hover-style has-brand-b-color has-brand-c-background-color" href="https://www.catf.us/2024/04/releasing-potential-fusion-energy/" > <figure aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="600" height="425" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/21092819/GettyImages-1092180978-800x567.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Fusion" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/21092819/GettyImages-1092180978-800x567.jpg 800w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/21092819/GettyImages-1092180978-1500x1062.jpg 1500w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/21092819/GettyImages-1092180978-768x544.jpg 768w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/21092819/GettyImages-1092180978-1536x1088.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </figure> <div class="post-list-item__text"> <span class="post-list-item__category block has-para-x-small-font-size "> <span class="screen-reader-text">Category: </span> Technology </span> <h3 class=" has-hdg-x-small-font-size ">Releasing the potential of fusion energy </h3> <span class="post-list-item__date has-para-x-small-font-size block"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Published on: </span> April 12, 2024 </span> </div> </a> </article> </div> </div> <div class="post-slide"> <div class="post-list-item animate fadeInUp"> <article class="has-no-text-decoration-links"> <a class="post-list-item__a is-shadow-hover-style has-brand-b-color" href="https://www.catf.us/2024/04/adding-to-the-energy-mix-fusion-breakthroughs-lead-to-new-options/" > <figure aria-hidden="true"> <img decoding="async" width="600" height="491" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-600x491.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="Abstract data image" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-600x491.jpg 600w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1400x1145.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1536x1257.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-2048x1676.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-300x245.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </figure> <div class="post-list-item__text"> <span class="post-list-item__category block has-para-x-small-font-size "> <span class="screen-reader-text">Category: </span> Technology </span> <h3 class=" has-hdg-x-small-font-size ">Adding to the energy mix: Fusion breakthroughs lead to new options </h3> <span class="post-list-item__date has-para-x-small-font-size block"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Published on: </span> April 12, 2024 </span> </div> </a> </article> </div> </div> <div class="post-slide"> <div class="post-list-item animate fadeInUp"> <article class="has-no-text-decoration-links"> <a class="post-list-item__a is-shadow-hover-style has-brand-b-color has-brand-d-background-color" href="https://www.catf.us/2024/04/fusion-regulation-must-reflect-real-hazards/" > <figure aria-hidden="true"> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="421" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web-600x421.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium wp-post-image" alt="" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web-600x421.jpg 600w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web-1400x983.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web-768x539.jpg 768w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web-1536x1078.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web-300x211.jpg 300w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/12150140/fusion-concept-web.jpg 2000w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </figure> <div class="post-list-item__text"> <span class="post-list-item__category block has-para-x-small-font-size "> <span class="screen-reader-text">Category: </span> News & Media </span> <h3 class=" has-hdg-x-small-font-size ">Fusion regulation must reflect the real hazards </h3> <span class="post-list-item__date has-para-x-small-font-size block"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Published on: </span> April 12, 2024 </span> </div> </a> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/21092133/gray-texture.png" class="acf-block-page-section__background-image" alt="Gray Background Texture" aria-hidden="true" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/21092133/gray-texture.png 200w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/21092133/gray-texture-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px" /> </div> <div class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-brand-b-background-color has-content-widest-width" id="block_25f28c7471e94a90f3d61ae685a9c514" > <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last "> <div class="wp-block-group has-brand-white-background-color has-background is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div style="height:5px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <p class="has-text-align-left has-hdg-medium-font-size">Our vision</p> <p>CATF envisions a world where <strong>fusion energy has a viable pathway to commercial development</strong>, with the potential to transform our global energy matrix and dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.</p> <p>Our fusion experts engage industry leaders, governments, technology companies, national laboratories, and potential investors to advocate for the creation of a global market for the fusion industry with proper regulation. We play the critical role of catalyst and coordinator to find existing gaps in the industrialization and regulatory process and to set up and lead strategies to fill those gaps.</p> <p>We aim to create a network that facilitates international collaboration, early commercial connections, engages in policy advocacy, and interfaces with public communications efforts to commercialize fusion energy systems.</p> <p><strong>Through our analysis, we aim to:</strong></p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>Support increases in technology readiness levels (TRLs) and advance commercial demonstrations </li> <li>Highlight the need for reference schemes, regulatory frameworks, and infrastructure </li> <li>Contribute to the development of appropriate fusion energy policy </li> <li>Contribute to the development of a global fusion energy industry </li> <li>Propose solutions to overcome supply chain issues </li> <li>Add new tools and skills into the field for workforce development </li> <li>Explore alternate approaches to fusion </li> </ul> </div> </div> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1400" height="1145" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1400x1145.jpg" class="acf-block-page-section__background-image" alt="Abstract data image" aria-hidden="true" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1400x1145.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-600x491.jpg 600w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-768x628.jpg 768w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-1536x1257.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-2048x1676.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/27103257/AbstractTech_LargeBG_1a-300x245.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px" /> </div> <div class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-brand-white-color has-brand-b-background-color has-content-wide-width" id="block_0cd408161f2c36f397d060ecc974bf72" > <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last "> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2> <p class="has-hdg-small-font-size">CATF is paving the way toward the global demonstration and establishment of a fusion energy industry this decade.</p> <p>We are undertaking and commissioning fusion energy market studies, technology readiness assessments, and regulatory analysis, emphasizing areas for international collaboration. As an objective and independent resource for stakeholders in the fusion sector, we are raising awareness of the potential for fusion energy – educating lawmakers, industry, and the NGO community on its potential while emphasizing the sector as a potential career path and business opportunity for supply chain providers.</p> <p></p> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/12110604/Web_MandateCog_Icon_1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-26290" style="width:150px" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/12110604/Web_MandateCog_Icon_1.png 300w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/12110604/Web_MandateCog_Icon_1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Technology development</strong></p> <p>Advance the technology readiness levels (TRL) of existing technologies, create international reference databases, facilitate the introduction of new tools into fusion development and support new fusion concepts. </p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:5%"> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/04160148/Web_Expand_Icon_2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-29104" style="width:150px" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/04160148/Web_Expand_Icon_2.png 300w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/04160148/Web_Expand_Icon_2-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>De-risk</strong></p> <p>Provide guidance elements and resources that mitigate uncertainties in the deployment of fusion as a commercial source of energy. </p> </div> </div> <div style="height:35px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/21091949/Report_Icon_1a.png" alt="Report Icon" class="wp-image-23428" style="width:150px" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/21091949/Report_Icon_1a.png 400w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/21091949/Report_Icon_1a-150x150.png 150w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/21091949/Report_Icon_1a-300x300.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Access industrial environments</strong></p> <p>Develop reference tools to analyze, develop, and integrate fusion within the energy mix prospect, including in net-zero emission scenarios and beyond. </p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:5%"> <div style="height:100px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/12110238/Web_Capitol_Icon_1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-26287" style="width:150px" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/12110238/Web_Capitol_Icon_1.png 300w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/12110238/Web_Capitol_Icon_1-150x150.png 150w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Advocate</strong></p> <p>Position fusion as a climate technology needed in the net-zero industry while advocating for adequate policies that enable the development of fusion as a safe and commercially viable source of energy. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-alt-tp pt-6 pt-3-m has-alt-bp pb-5 pb-3-m" id="block_3124a16affbdf32a54c282968463a406" style="background-image: url('https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/21092133/gray-texture.png');" > <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last "> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center" id="h-meet-the-experts">Meet the experts</h2> <p class="has-text-align-center">Meet our staff working on fusion energy.</p> <div class="acf-block-bio-tiles is-content-width-widest" id="block_51f9c3e9e22dc2890cdde24a8faac368"> <ul class="action-tiles"> <li class="action-tile action-tile--bio has-no-text-decoration-links has-brand-b-link-color has-brand-a-link-hover-color animate fadeInUp "> <a class="action-tile__inner-container has-brand-white-background-color is-shadow-hover-style" href="https://www.catf.us/experts/sehila-gonzalez/" > <figure> <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="600" height="600" src="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/16110725/sehila-gonzalez.jpg" class="attachment-medium size-medium" alt="Sehila Gonzalez" srcset="https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/16110725/sehila-gonzalez.jpg 600w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/16110725/sehila-gonzalez-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.catf.us/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/16110725/sehila-gonzalez-300x300.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /> </figure> <h3 class="has-hdg-small-font-size">Sehila Gonzalez de Vicente</h3> Global Director, Fusion Energy <div class="action-tile__icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="31" height="22" viewBox="0 0 31 22"> <g fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <line x1=".5" x2="29.5" y1="11" y2="11" stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="square"/> <polyline stroke="#000" points="13.081 4.042 13.081 18.042 27.081 18.042" transform="rotate(-135 20.081 11.042)"/> </g> </svg> </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-horizontal is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-2 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button is-style-underlined"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://www.catf.us/about/our-experts/">Meet All CATF Experts</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="acf-block-page-section alignfull has-brand-c-background-color has-content-wide-width" id="faqs" > <div class="acf-block-page-section__inner-container normalize-first-last "> <p class="has-text-align-center has-hdg-medium-font-size">Fusion energy FAQs</p> <div class="acf-block-accordion" id="block_1036285451357e5a66d7a44256755d22"> <div class="acf-block-accordion__column"> <div class="acf-block-accordion__section animate fadeInUp"> <h3 class="js-acf-accordion-subhead">What is fusion energy?</h3> <p>Nuclear fusion occurs when one or more lighter atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus, while releasing energy. This reaction happens in nature: it is the process that powers stars like the Sun, and because of fusion’s net energy generation, life on the Earth is possible.</p> </div> <div class="acf-block-accordion__section animate fadeInUp"> <h3 class="js-acf-accordion-subhead">What are fusion energy’s benefits?</h3> <p>Fusion energy provides distinct advantages as a net-zero, firm energy source:</p> <ol> <li>Zero Carbon Emissions: Unlike fossil fuels, fusion energy emits no greenhouse gases during the fusion process. By transitioning to fusion power, we can significantly reduce our carbon footprint, preserve natural resources, and foster a cleaner environment for future generations.</li> <li>Abundant Fuel Supply: Fusion fuel sources, such as deuterium and tritium, can be extracted from seawater and are virtually inexhaustible. With an ample supply of fuel, fusion energy offers long-term energy security and relief from concerns over resource scarcity.</li> <li>Safety and Waste Reduction: Fusion is self-limiting, making it inherently safe. Moreover, fusion machines are being tailored to not generate high level radioactive waste, making fusion a responsible and sustainable energy option.</li> <li>Minimal Land Requirements: Fusion offers higher energy output per land used with no significant space requirements for fuel or waste.</li> <li>Less Transmission Expansion: Fusion’s smaller footprint increases the suitability of locating plants near demand centers, thus reducing the expansion of long-distance transmission systems.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="acf-block-accordion__section animate fadeInUp"> <h3 class="js-acf-accordion-subhead">What are the different approaches to tapping into fusion energy?</h3> <p>There are many different approaches to harnessing the power of fusion energy – and CATF encourages advancement of all approaches that offer promise. Here are some of the most prominent approaches:</p> <ol> <li>Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF): The most prominent fusion research approach, MCF involves using powerful magnetic fields to confine and heat the plasma to the extreme temperatures required for fusion. Projects such as ITER and SPARC (a compact fusion machine being developed by MIT and Commonwealth Fusion Systems) aim to achieve sustained fusion reactions and pave the way for commercial-scale fusion power plants.</li> <li>Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF): Developed in the 1970’s by the U.S. Naval Reactors program, MTF relies on an imploding cylindrical metal liner that compresses a preheated and magnetized plasma configuration until thermonuclear conditions are achieved.</li> <li>Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF): In ICF, high-energy lasers or particle beams compress and heat small fuel pellets to induce fusion. This approach, exemplified by the National Ignition Facility (NIF) in the United States, seeks to replicate the conditions found in the core of stars. While ICF faces technical challenges, progress is being made in achieving ignition and sustained fusion reactions.</li> <li>Field Reverse Configuration: Field reversed configurations, as well as related field-reversed mirrors, offer compact toroids with little or no toroidal magnetic field. This approach is characterized by high beta plasmas and their macroscopic stability.</li> <li>Other Fusion Categories: Magnetic or electric pinches, inertial electrostatic confinement, muon-catalyzed fusion and other forms of low-power fusion also exist, often at earlier stages of development when compared to more familiar categories.</li> </ol> </div> <div class="acf-block-accordion__section animate fadeInUp"> <h3 class="js-acf-accordion-subhead">What is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?</h3> <p>Fusion and fission are different ways to convert energy into something useful, like heat or electricity. Both have the power to generate zero-carbon energy.</p> <p>Energy is defined as the ability to do work. The categories of potential energy include kinetic, electrical, magnetic, nuclear, and gravitational. For each category, scientists have formulas to describe them. Fusion and fission both convert energy from atoms, but in opposite ways.</p> <p>Fusion brings small nuclei so close that together that they fuse. Nuclei must be near enough that they can feel each other’s nuclear force. For fusion to occur, reacting nuclei must be very close to each other, within 10<sup>-10</sup>– 10<sup>-15</sup> (a thousand trillionth) meter of one another. This is the same process that powers stars. The stars exploit their own gravity to create plasma conditions in their central regions where net fusion energy is generated. On Earth, fusion energy machines rely on other categories of energy to create similar conditions.</p> <p>Fission breaks atoms apart, splitting up big nuclei into smaller ones. A neutron hits a larger atom, forcing it to split into two smaller atoms—also known as fission products. Additional neutrons are also released that can initiate a chain reaction. Energy is released when each atom splits.</p> </div> <div class="acf-block-accordion__section animate fadeInUp"> <h3 class="js-acf-accordion-subhead">Does nuclear fusion produce waste? </h3> <p><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">Fusion does produce waste. However, e</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">fforts are underway to minimize, circularize</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">,</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8"> or </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">eliminate</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8"> waste from the fusion energy cycle as much as possible. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">Most of the concepts being developed</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8"> include materials affected by tritium. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">Tritium is a low beta energy emitter and </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">low risk</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8"> when outside the human body. As an isotope of hydrogen, it is highly mobile and can displace hydrogen in a range of organic compounds that can be inhaled or ingested (see Boyer, 2009). Tritium occurs naturally in the environment in </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8">very low</span> <span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2Themed SCXW184148721 BCX8">concentrations</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW184148721 BCX8"> and it was widely dispersed into the atmosphere during weapons testing in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Accordingly, tritium release limits to the environment are stringent. As it is short-lived, tritiated waste will be 99% decayed within 82 years. </span></p> <p><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">Also, </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">reduced activation materials </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">will result </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">in </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">low</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">-level radioactive waste</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8"> after 100 years</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8"> of operation shutdown</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">F</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">usion</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">–</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">tailored Reduced Activation Ferritic Martensitic steels like EUROFER97 and F82H have be</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8">en</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265093625 BCX8"> produced </span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentStart CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 CommentHighlightRest SCXW265093625 BCX8">with this objective</span><span class="NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRestV2 SCXW265093625 BCX8">. </span></p> </div> <div class="acf-block-accordion__section animate fadeInUp"> <h3 class="js-acf-accordion-subhead">Is nuclear fusion safe?</h3> <p>Yes, fusion energy can be safely commercialized. Fusion is self-limiting, meaning the machine generating it turns off as soon as it is not in control – making it inherently safe. This characteristic results from the dependable physics of magnetically confined plasma. Additionally, fusion energy machines create their fuel as they operate, so unlike fossil and fission plants, no large stockpile of fuel exists on site. They are designed in a way that does not produce highly radioactive, long-lived nuclear waste.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="footer has-brand-b-background-color has-brand-white-color has-text-decoration-hover has-no-text-decoration-links has-brand-white-link-color has-brand-white-link-hover-color has-para-x-small-font-size " aria-label="Footer" > <div class="footer__top"> <div class="is-page-section-grid"> <div class="footer-area footer-area--contact normalize-first-last"> <h2 class="has-hdg-xx-small-font-size mb-1">Get in touch</h2> <div class="textwidget normalize-first-last"><p class="do-not-translate has-para-small-font-size"><a href="/contact/">Contact Us</a></p> <p class="do-not-translate has-para-small-font-size"><strong>CATF Headquarters</strong><br /> 114 State Street, 6th Floor<br /> Boston, MA 02109<br /> Email: <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#b6dfd8d0d9f6d5d7c2d098c3c5"><span class="__cf_email__" 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