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<span>Opening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_and_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_and_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle and siege</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_and_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Result</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> 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Alexander's army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illyrian_forces_in_Alexander's_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Peliona" title="Bitka kod Peliona – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bitka kod Peliona" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%99%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πολιορκία του Πηλίου Ιλλυρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία του Πηλίου Ιλλυρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Peli%C3%B3n" title="Batalla de Pelión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Pelión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_P%C3%A9lion" title="Siège de Pélion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Pélion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Pelium" title="Pengepungan Pelium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Pelium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Pelion" title="Assedio di Pelion – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Pelion" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="პელიუმის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პელიუმის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9lioni_csata" title="Pélioni csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pélioni csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Опсадата на Пелион (Белион) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсадата на Пелион (Белион)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Pelion" title="Bitwa pod Pelion – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Pelion" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrethimi_i_Pelionit" title="Rrethimi i Pelionit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrethimi i Pelionit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Peliona" title="Bitka kod Peliona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Peliona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelionin_taistelu" title="Pelionin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pelionin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Облога Пеліума – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Облога Пеліума" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Siege by Alexander the Great against the Illyrians (335 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Pelium</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plain_of_Pelium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Plain_of_Pelium.jpg/300px-Plain_of_Pelium.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Plain_of_Pelium.jpg/450px-Plain_of_Pelium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Plain_of_Pelium.jpg/600px-Plain_of_Pelium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="878" /></a></span><br />The Plain of Pelium</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>335 BC</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Macedonian victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/King_Glaukias" class="mw-redirect" title="King Glaukias">Glaukias</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>23,000 total </p> <ul><li>12,000 heavy infantry</li> <li>8,000 light infantry</li> <li>3,000 cavalry</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 7,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 5,000</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Alexander's first attempt to siege Pelion failed and the Macedonians were forced by Illyrians to retreat on the other side of the river, which thus far could have been interpreted as a sort of Illyrian victory. But after three days Alexander undertook a night attack defeating by surprise the defenseless Illyrians. Without support from the outside, Cleitus and his Illyrians burned the stronghold and fled to Glaukias' realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Pelium</a> (335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes" title="Battle of Thebes">Thebes</a> (335 BC)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Persia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Granicus" title="Battle of the Granicus">Granicus</a> (334 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Miletus" title="Siege of Miletus">Miletus</a> (334 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Halicarnassus" title="Siege of Halicarnassus">Halicarnassus</a> (334 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Issus</a> (333 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(332_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (332 BC)">Tyre</a> (332 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaza_(332_BCE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)">Gaza</a> (332 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaugamela" title="Battle of Gaugamela">Gaugamela</a> (331 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Uxian_Defile" title="Battle of the Uxian Defile">Uxian Defile</a> (331 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Persian Gate</a> (330 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cyropolis" title="Siege of Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a> (329 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaxartes" title="Battle of Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a> (329 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitamenes" title="Spitamenes">Gabai</a> (328 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdian Rock">Sogdian Rock</a> (327 BC)</li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Indian subcontinent</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cophen_campaign" title="Cophen campaign">Cophen</a> (327 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aornos" title="Aornos">Aornos</a> (326 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hydaspes" title="Battle of the Hydaspes">Hydaspes</a> (326 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallian_campaign" title="Mallian campaign">Mallian campaign</a> (326 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>siege of Pelium</b> was undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> tribes in parts of what is modern-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. It was critical for Alexander to take this pass as it provided easy access to Illyria and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, which was urgently needed in order to quell the unrest in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Greece</a> at this time in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a>. This was an important point of demarcation in Alexander's early reign, as it established him among the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian</a> tribes to the north as a serious monarch to be reckoned with, just as he would later establish this precedent for the <a href="/wiki/Greek_city_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city states">Greek city states</a> under his hegemony. Taking this pass allowed Alexander to march his army to southern Greece quickly, which would eventually result in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thebes" title="Battle of Thebes">total destruction of Thebes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>News of the Illyrian revolt under the chieftain <a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glaukias" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaukias">Glaukias</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> first reached the ears of Alexander while he was campaigning on the Danube against some of the northern tribes that his father, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> had previously reduced to a satisfactory level of subjection, although not outright submission. As this area had been far from the Greek theatre of operations, Phillip had been satisfied with the level of subjection he had reduced them to. </p><p>Alexander was immediately concerned about the news of this revolt, as the fortified settlement of <a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelium</a> itself occupied one of the most important passes between Illyria and Macedonia. As a result of this, Alexander would have to make a long march around a mountain range to the south, and then into Illyria. In addition to this, without access to this crucial pass, Alexander could be cut off from Greece, which had freshly revolted, and would eventually do so again, with aid of the Great King. The loss of this pass, and the resultant long march would give the Greek city states to the south ample time to prepare for Alexander's arrival while he was reducing the Illyrians. </p><p>An ally of Alexander offered aid to him by protecting his flank from Illyrian tribes while he marched towards Pelium. <a href="/wiki/Langarus" title="Langarus">Langarus</a>, of the Agrianians, made frequent incursions into the country of the <a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a>, and managed to put them on guard sufficiently to allow Alexander to march by in relative peace. Having successfully made this march, Alexander arrived to find Cleitus in control of Pelium and awaiting the arrival of King Glaukias with reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-d201_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d201-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Alexander arrived, Cleitus reportedly sacrificed three boys, three girls, and three black rams before meeting the Macedonians.<sup id="cite_ref-d201_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d201-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening">Opening</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander arrived with 23,000 soldiers and determined to attack Pelium at once, as he hoped to take the place out of hand before <a href="/wiki/King_Glaukias" class="mw-redirect" title="King Glaukias">King Glaukias</a> could arrive and reinforce Cleitus. The first thing Alexander did upon arriving was set up the Macedonian camp.<sup id="cite_ref-d201_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d201-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Macedonians found that not only was Pelium itself held, which commanded the plateau, but the heights surrounding the Plain of Pelium was held in force. Upon completing the camp, Alexander resolved to attack the troops of Cleitus that were surrounding the heights. This he did with some effect, and as a result of this assault the Illyrians retreated within the walls of Pelium.<sup id="cite_ref-d201_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d201-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alexander then attempted to take the town by assault, but failing in this,<sup id="cite_ref-d201_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d201-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he started to erect <a href="/wiki/Investment_(military)" title="Investment (military)">circumvallation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contravallation" class="mw-redirect" title="Contravallation">contravallation</a> around Pelium. This, however, was interrupted by the arrival of Glaukias and his reinforcements the next day, which compelled Alexander to retreat from the heights that he had captured the day before. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_and_siege">Battle and siege</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle and siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg/220px-Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg/330px-Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg/440px-Pelium_Man%C5%93uvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="932" /></a><figcaption>Pelium <a href="/wiki/Maneuver_warfare" title="Maneuver warfare">Manœuvre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Having been forced back into the plain itself by King <a href="/wiki/Glaukias" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaukias">Glaukias</a>, Alexander was in now a perilous situation. He was outnumbered by the Illyrians, who were free to gather supplies. Not only that, but Alexander was anxious to take Pelium quickly before Thebes and Athens could seriously consider imperiling Macedonian hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, not only did Alexander have pressing issues elsewhere, but the Illyrian forces were determined to annihilate Alexander's forces, and could afford to wait. </p><p>Being short of supplies, Alexander sent <a href="/wiki/Philotas" title="Philotas">Philotas</a>, one of his lieutenants, out to <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">forage</a> for materials. King Glaukias witnessed this force leaving, and pursued and attacked the foragers. However, Alexander was - with some difficulty - able to fend off the attackers and extricate his <a href="/wiki/Hypaspists" title="Hypaspists">hypaspists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrianians" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrianians">Agrianians</a>, and bowmen. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Seeking to seize his line of retreat before putting his shoulder to the siege, Alexander desired to attack the heights that commanded the defile through which he had come. This defile was small, and only four men could march through it abreast.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drew up some of his infantry and cavalry in front of the settlement of Pelium itself to defend this maneuver from being attacked by a sortie from Cleitus.<sup id="cite_ref-d204_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then drew up his <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">phalanx</a>, one hundred and twenty men deep,<sup id="cite_ref-d204_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d204-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 200 cavalry on either flank, and arranged his soldiers to perform close-order drills down on the plain, in full view of the Illyrians, in complete silence. As Peter Green describes: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At given signals the great forest of sarissas would rise to the vertical 'salute' position, and then dip horizontally as for battle-order. The bristling spear-line swung now right, now left, in perfect unison. The phalanx advanced, wheeled into column and line, moved through various intricate formations as though on the parade-ground - all without a word being uttered. The barbarians had never seen anything like it. From their positions in the surrounding hills they stared down at this weird ritual, scarcely able to believe their eyes. Then, little by little, one straggling group after another began to edge closer, half-terrified, half-enthralled. Alexander watched them, waiting for the psychological moment. Then, at last, he gave his final pre-arranged signal. The left wing of the cavalry swung into wedge formation, and charged. At the same moment, every man of the phalanx beat his spear on his shield, and from thousands of throats there went up the terrible ululating Macedonian war-cry - 'Alalalalai!' - echoing and reverberating from the mountains. This sudden, shattering explosion of sound, especially after the dead stillness which had preceded it, completely unnerved Glaucias' tribesmen, who fled back in wild confusion from the foothills to the safety of their fortress.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Peter Green, <i>Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C.</i> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-pg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Macedonian forces took the heights overlooking Pelium. During this engagement, not a single Macedonian armored soldier was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-d206_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, deaths among light troops were usually not reported, and it is unknown whether any were killed in this instance.<sup id="cite_ref-d206_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were still some Illyrian light infantry on the heights that commanded the ford, and it was critical for Alexander to seize these heights in order to gain control of the entire plain. Before engaging in battle, Alexander decided to re-establish his camp on the far side of the river near the ford in order to ensure the security of both his operations and his camp. However, in the process of doing so he ran the danger of being engaged in the rear while his troops were crossing the river. The Illyrians indeed attacked him, perceiving his army to be retreating. So he ordered his troops to turn around to simulate an advance, while initiating a charge with his <a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">companion cavalry</a>. Meanwhile, he also ordered his archers to turn around and fire their arrows from mid-stream.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained a place of relative security on the far side of the river, Alexander was able to freely supply his army and await reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-d206_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After three days,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before reinforcements arrived, however, Macedonian scouts reported that they observed the Illyrians becoming careless in protecting the settlement, as they thought Alexander was in retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-d206_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d206-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Acting on this <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a>, Alexander awaited the arrival of night, and then rushed ahead without awaiting the crossing of his complete force, leading his archers, his shield-bearing guards, the Agrianians, and the brigade of <a href="/wiki/Coenus_(general)" title="Coenus (general)">Coenus</a> as the leading unit. He then rushed down upon the defenders with his Agrianians and archers, who were formed in phalanx formation. Many of the Illyrians were still asleep, and were taken completely by surprise. A great slaughter followed; many of the Illyrians were also captured.<sup id="cite_ref-d208_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d208-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerycaption">Pelium Maneuver</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelium-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1"><img alt="1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pelium-2.png/240px-Pelium-2.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pelium-2.png/360px-Pelium-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pelium-2.png/480px-Pelium-2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px"><div class="gallerytext">1</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelium-3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="2"><img alt="2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pelium-3.png/240px-Pelium-3.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pelium-3.png/360px-Pelium-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pelium-3.png/480px-Pelium-3.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px"><div class="gallerytext">2</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelium-4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="3"><img alt="3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pelium-4.png/240px-Pelium-4.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pelium-4.png/360px-Pelium-4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pelium-4.png/480px-Pelium-4.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px"><div class="gallerytext">3</div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelium-5.png" class="mw-file-description" title="4"><img alt="4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pelium-5.png/240px-Pelium-5.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pelium-5.png/360px-Pelium-5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Pelium-5.png/480px-Pelium-5.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 140px"><div class="gallerytext">4</div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of this siege, Alexander gained Pelium, and built a fresh outpost there, as the Illyrians had burnt the settlement that had previously been situated there.<sup id="cite_ref-d208_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d208-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illyrians asked for terms, and Alexander was happy to accept their terms and allow them to swear loyalty to him for a time. Having completed his conquest, Alexander had established himself as a new monarch to be revered,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was now free to march south to <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> and deal with the threat from Thebes and Athens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illyrian_influence_on_Macedon's_military"><span id="Illyrian_influence_on_Macedon.27s_military"></span>Illyrian influence on Macedon's military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Illyrian influence on Macedon's military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alexander's Illyrian campaign constituted his testing ground as a general, and in particular his warm up for <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Persia" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">his Persian campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2024158_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2024158-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illyrians were a people experienced in mountain-fighting tactics, and Alexander learned many of them during the siege, which turned out to be useful later in Asia. All of Alexander's techniques that he used in the <a href="/wiki/Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapies">satrapies</a> of eastern Persia, which most historians consider to be so new and peculiar for Alexander, were used for the first time by him in the campaign against the Illyrians. Alexander continued to improve these mountain-fighting tactics throughout the Persian war. Besides the tactics he learned in the battle of Pelion, Alexander had already spent at least some of his youth at the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian court</a> when he sought refuge there from his father, thereby gaining familiarity with Illyrian customs, habits and especially, military strategies and techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2017106–108_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2017106–108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illyrian_forces_in_Alexander's_army"><span id="Illyrian_forces_in_Alexander.27s_army"></span>Illyrian forces in Alexander's army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Illyrian forces in Alexander's army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the battle some permanent arrangement between Alexander and the Illyrians was evidently established, because Alexander proceeded as if the issue with the Illyrians was entirely resolved, heading quickly southwards to deal with the Theban uprising in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021525_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021525-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Alexander's army incorporated Illyrian forces when crossing to Asia in 334 BC, with an additional 3,000 Illyrian reinforcements joining Alexander in 327 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2024158_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2024158-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021524–525_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, pp. 524–525.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d201-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d201_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d201_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d201_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d201_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d201_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d204-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d204_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d204_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pg-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pg_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Green, p.132-133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d206-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d206_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d206_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d206_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d206_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d208-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d208_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d208_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodge, 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2024158-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2024158_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2024158_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing2024">King 2024</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe2017106–108-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowe2017106–108_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowe2017">Howe 2017</a>, pp. 106–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021525-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVujčić2021525_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVujčić2021">Vujčić 2021</a>, p. 525.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDodge1890" class="citation book cs1">Dodge, Theodore (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RcwAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA201"><i>Alexander</i></a>. New York, NY: Da Capo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80690-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80690-8"><bdi>0-306-80690-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Da+Capo&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=0-306-80690-8&rft.aulast=Dodge&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RcwAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Pelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondWalbank2001" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N. G. L.; Walbank, Frank William (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpb3JdwuDQIC"><i>A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C.</i></a> Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814815-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814815-1"><bdi>0-19-814815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia%3A+336-167+B.C.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-814815-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.+G.+L.&rft.au=Walbank%2C+Frank+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqpb3JdwuDQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Pelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2017" class="citation book cs1">Howe, T. (2017). "Plain tales from the hills: Illyrian influences on Argead military development". In Müller, S.; Howe, Tim; Bowden, H.; Rollinger, R. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_S_swEACAAJ"><i>The History of the Argeads: New Perspectives</i></a>. Wiesbaden. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447108515" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447108515"><bdi>978-3447108515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plain+tales+from+the+hills%3A+Illyrian+influences+on+Argead+military+development&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Argeads%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pub=Wiesbaden&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3447108515&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_S_swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Pelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1991" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderofmaced0000gree"><i>Alexander of Macedon, 356-323 B.C.</i></a></span>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520071662" title="Special:BookSources/0520071662"><bdi>0520071662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Macedon%2C+356-323+B.C.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0520071662&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderofmaced0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Pelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2024" class="citation book cs1">King, Karol J. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdrsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">"Macedonia"</a>. In Ogden, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cdrsEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Alexander the Great</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 147–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108887427" title="Special:BookSources/9781108887427"><bdi>9781108887427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Alexander+the+Great&rft.pages=147-164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781108887427&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Karol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcdrsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Pelium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVujčić2021" class="citation journal cs1">Vujčić, Nemanja (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/download/16601/7421">"The City of Pelion and the Illyrian War of Alexander"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>61</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+City+of+Pelion+and+the+Illyrian+War+of+Alexander&rft.volume=61&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Vuj%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Nemanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F16601%2F7421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Pelium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Pelium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander02.html">Livius</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909224605/http://www.livius.org/aj-al/alexander/alexander02.html">Archived</a> 2016-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924071184281">T.A.Dodge. 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