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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Robert+Koch" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Robert+Koch" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Biografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carrera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carrera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Carrera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carrera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Àntrax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Àntrax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Àntrax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Àntrax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vida_personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vida_personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vida personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vida_personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconeixements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconeixements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reconeixements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconeixements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Koch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 111 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - alemany suís" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alemany suís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AE%E1%89%A4%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5_%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%BD" title="ሮቤርት ኮኽ - amhàric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሮቤርት ኮኽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhàric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE" title="روبرت كوخ - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت كوخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE" title="روبيرت كوخ - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبيرت كوخ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - aimara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kox" title="Robert Kox - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Kox" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE" title="روبرت کوخ - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روبرت کوخ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Робэрт Кох - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Робэрт Кох" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%96" title="রোবের্ট কখ - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোবের্ট কখ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - cebuà" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AE" title="ڕۆبێرت کۆخ - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆبێرت کۆخ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кох Роберт - txuvaix" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кох Роберт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%87" title="Ρόμπερτ Κοχ - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Κοχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%AE" title="روبرت کخ - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روبرت کخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%9A" title="રોબર્ટ કોચ - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રોબર્ટ કોચ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9A" title="רוברט קוך - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט קוך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%96" title="रॉबर्ट कॉख - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रॉबर्ट कॉख" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AD" title="Ռոբերտ Կոխ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Կոխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%9B" title="ロベルト・コッホ - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロベルト・コッホ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - javanès" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ კოხი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ კოხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D" title="ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಕಾಚ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಕಾಚ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%BD%94%ED%9D%90" title="로베르트 코흐 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로베르트 코흐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - kurd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_Koch" title="Robertus Koch - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus Koch" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Kohs" title="Roberts Kohs - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Kohs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D" title="റോബർട്ട്‌ കോഖ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട്‌ കോഖ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%96" title="रॉबर्ट कॉख - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉबर्ट कॉख" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%98%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA" title="ရောဘတ် ကို့ချ် - birmà" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရောဘတ် ကို့ချ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%AE" title="رابرت کخ - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رابرت کخ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9A" title="रोबर्ट कोच - nepalès" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रोबर्ट कोच" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8D" title="ରବର୍ଟ କଚ୍ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରବର୍ଟ କଚ୍" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9A" title="ਰਾਬਰਟ ਕੋਚ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਬਰਟ ਕੋਚ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE" title="رابرٹ کوخ - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رابرٹ کوخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE" title="روبرټ کوخ - paixtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روبرټ کوخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paixtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Кох, Роберт - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кох, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D" title="राबर्ट् कोख् - sànscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राबर्ट् कोख्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sànscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ராபர்ட் கோக் - tàmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராபர்ட் கோக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tàmil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%8D" title="రాబర్ట్ కోచ్ - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాబర్ట్ కోచ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%84" title="โรแบร์ท ค็อค - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรแบร์ท ค็อค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Роберт Кох - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Кох" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86" title="رابرٹ کوچ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رابرٹ کوچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·科赫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ კოხი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ კოხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗伯特·科赫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Robert Koch" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E6%9F%AF%E9%9C%8D" title="羅伯柯霍 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅伯柯霍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37193#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Robert_Koch" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label 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title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Robert_Koch" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Robert_Koch" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&oldid=34264350" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la pàgina"><span>Enllaç permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=info" title="Més informació sobre aquesta pàgina"><span>Informació de la pàgina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citau&page=Robert_Koch&id=34264350&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informació sobre com citar aquesta pàgina"><span>Citau aquest article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRobert_Koch"><span>Obtén una URL abreujada</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fca.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRobert_Koch"><span>Descarrega el codi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimeix/exporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Llibre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Robert+Koch"><span>Crea un llibre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Robert_Koch&action=show-download-screen"><span>Baixa com a PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&printable=yes" title="Versió per a impressió d'aquesta pàgina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versió per a impressora</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> En altres projectes </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37193" title="Enllaç a l'element del repositori de dades connectat [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element a Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33733479">.mw-parser-output .infobox_bodystyle{font-size:85%;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titleclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_titlestyle_pharaon{color:#202122;background-color:#f1f1de}.mw-parser-output .infobox_aboveclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_headerclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;border-bottom:2px solid #ccccff;border-top:2px solid #ccccff}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderclass{color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_subheaderstyle1{width:100%;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox_belowstyle{border-top:#aaa 1px solid;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label{color:#202122;background-color:#eeeeee;padding-right:1.2em;text-align:start}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-data .infobox-label{color:inherit;background-color:inherit}}.mw-parser-output .infobox_center_BG{text-align:center;color:#202122;background-color:#d6d6c2}.mw-parser-output .infobox_coa{padding-top:0.3em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#3C7790}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox .extiw{color:#5F9CBB;background-color:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r33733479"> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:90%;width:25em;infobox_bodystyle"><caption class="infobox_titleclass" style="font-weight:bold"><span style="float:left;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plantilla:Infotaula persona"><img alt="Plantilla:Infotaula persona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/20px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/30px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg/40px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-outline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></span><span class="fn">Robert Koch</span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Robert_Koch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg/242px-Robert_Koch.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg/363px-Robert_Koch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Robert_Koch.jpg/484px-Robert_Koch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="3124" /></a></span><br /> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P18" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Biografia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Naixement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">(de) <span lang="de">Robert Heinrich Hermann Koch</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P1477" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br />11 desembre 1843 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P569" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15377091" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15377091">Clausthal (Alemanya)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P19" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start">27 maig 1910 <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P570" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> (66 anys)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden (Imperi Alemany)</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P20" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Causa de mort</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Infart_de_miocardi" title="Infart de miocardi">infart de miocardi</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P509" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Formació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Universitat_Georg-August_de_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universitat Georg-August de Göttingen">Universitat de Göttingen</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P69" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Director de tesi</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q65840" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q65840">Georg Meissner</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P184" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Activitat</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Camp de treball</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia">Microbiologia</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P101" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Lloc de treball </span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/%C3%80frica_Oriental_Alemanya" title="Àfrica Oriental Alemanya">Àfrica Oriental Alemanya</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P937" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupació</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864503" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q864503">biòleg</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1622272" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1622272">professor d'universitat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmic" title="Químic">químic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fot%C3%B2graf" title="Fotògraf">fotògraf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metge" title="Metge">metge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inventor" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4002666" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4002666">metge militar</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P106" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Ocupador</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Universitat_Humboldt_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Universitat Humboldt de Berlín">Universitat Humboldt de Berlín</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P108" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Membre de</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding: 0;"><div class="" style="width:100%;" align="left"></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Nacional_de_Ci%C3%A8ncies_dels_Estats_Units" title="Acadèmia Nacional de Ciències dels Estats Units">Acadèmia Nacional de Ciències dels Estats Units</a> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61664704" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q61664704">associat estranger de l'Acadèmia Nacional de Ciències</a>) <small>(1903–)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> <small>(1897–)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Reial_Acad%C3%A8mia_Sueca_de_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Reial Acadèmia Sueca de Ciències">Reial Acadèmia Sueca de Ciències</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Francesa_de_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Francesa de les Ciències">Acadèmia Francesa de les Ciències</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Prussiana_de_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Prussiana de les Ciències">Acadèmia Prussiana de les Ciències</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_de_Ci%C3%A8ncies_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Acadèmia de Ciències de Rússia">Acadèmia de Ciències de Rússia</a> (<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2625729" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2625729">membre corresponent</a>) <br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Americana_de_les_Arts_i_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Americana de les Arts i les Ciències">Acadèmia Americana de les Arts i les Ciències</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_nationale_de_m%C3%A9decine" title="Académie nationale de médecine">Académie nationale de médecine</a> <br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q835943" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q835943">Reial Societat d'Arts i Ciències de Göteborg</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P463" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Alumnes</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Andreas_Grib_Fibiger" title="Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger">Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q77360" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q77360">August von Wassermann</a>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19365396" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q19365396">Alexander Crever Abbott</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2590864" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2590864">John Addison Fordyce</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P802" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Carrera militar</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Conflicte</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Guerra_francoprussiana" title="Guerra francoprussiana">guerra franco-prussiana</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P607" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Obra</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox-label" style="text-align:start;"><b>Obres destacables</b></div><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Postulats_de_Koch" title="Postulats de Koch">Postulats de Koch</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P800" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Estudiant doctoral</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Adolf_von_Behring" title="Emil Adolf von Behring">Emil Adolf von Behring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Loeffler" title="Friedrich Loeffler">Friedrich Loeffler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitasato_Shibasabur%C5%8D" title="Kitasato Shibasaburō">Shibasaburo Kitasato</a> i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q77360" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q77360">August von Wassermann</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P185" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Localització dels arxius</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q679041" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q679041">Robert Koch Institute</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679041?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P485" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Família</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cònjuge</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22249542" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q22249542">Hedwig Koch</a> <small>(2021–)</small><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22249541" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q22249541">Emmy Koch</a> <small>(1867–1893)</small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P26" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Fills</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q111214733" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q111214733">Gertrud Pfuhl</a><br /> <small>(<span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg/15px-OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg/23px-OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg/30px-OOjs_UI-like_kinship-progressive-black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="19" data-file-height="17" /></a></span>)</small> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22249541" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q22249541">Emmy Koch</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P40" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Pares</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23038394" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q23038394">Hermann Koch</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P22" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span>  i <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124214464" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q124214464">Mathilde Henriette Koch</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P25" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Germans</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15429261" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15429261">Hugo Koch</a><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q124219793" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q124219793">Helene Koch</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P3373" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:start"><a href="/wiki/William_Threlfall" title="William Threlfall">William Threlfall</a><small>, <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4113832" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q4113832">besnebot</a></small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P1038" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header infobox_headerclass" style="text-align:center">Premis</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div style="text-align:start;"><ul><li><small>(1909)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Maximiliansorden_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaft_und_Kunst_BAR.png/30px-DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Maximiliansorden_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaft_und_Kunst_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Maximiliansorden_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaft_und_Kunst_BAR.png/45px-DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Maximiliansorden_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaft_und_Kunst_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Maximiliansorden_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaft_und_Kunst_BAR.png/60px-DE-BY_Der_Bayerische_Maximiliansorden_f%C3%BCr_Wissenschaft_und_Kunst_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q565030" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q565030">Orde bavaresa de Maximilià per la Ciència i les Arts</a></li><li><small>(1905)</small> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/45px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/60px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_o_Medicina" title="Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina">Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia</a></li><li><small>(4 març 1897)</small>  <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14906020" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q14906020">Membre estranger de la Royal Society</a></li><li> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png/30px-Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png/45px-Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png/60px-Ord.Aquilarossa-GC.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18579597" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q18579597">Gran Creu de l'Orde de l'Àguila Roja</a></li><li>  <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15124573" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15124573">ciutadà honorari de Berlín</a></li><li>  <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q57575890" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q57575890">ciutadà honorari de Clausthal-Zellerfeld</a></li><li> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/30px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/45px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/60px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></span></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15056034" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q15056034">Orde del Mèrit de les Arts i les Ciències</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P166" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><div class="infobox_coa"><b> Signatura </b><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Robert_Koch_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Robert_Koch_signature.svg/220px-Robert_Koch_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Robert_Koch_signature.svg/330px-Robert_Koch_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Robert_Koch_signature.svg/440px-Robert_Koch_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="403" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#P109" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center;text-align:start"><hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/94169435" title="Find a Grave: 94169435" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Find a Grave: 94169435" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/22px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/33px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg/44px-Creative-Tail-Halloween-grave.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32531" title="Project Gutenberg: 32531" rel="nofollow"><img alt="Project Gutenberg: 32531" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg/15px-Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg/23px-Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg/30px-Latin_capital_letter_script_G_with_hook.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#identifiers" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch</b> (<a href="/wiki/Clausthal-Zellerfeld" title="Clausthal-Zellerfeld">Clausthal-Zellerfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baixa_Sax%C3%B2nia" title="Baixa Saxònia">Baixa Saxònia</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_de_desembre" title="11 de desembre">11 de desembre</a> de <a href="/wiki/1843" title="1843">1843</a> - <a href="/wiki/27_de_maig" title="27 de maig">27 de maig</a> de <a href="/wiki/1910" title="1910">1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>) fou un <a href="/wiki/Metge" title="Metge">metge</a> i <a href="/wiki/Microbi%C3%B2leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiòleg">microbiòleg</a> alemany guardonat amb el <a href="/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Medicina_o_Fisiologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia">Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia</a> el <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a>. Descobridor del <a href="/wiki/Bacil_de_Koch" title="Bacil de Koch">bacil de la tuberculosi</a> l'any <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a> i del causant del <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2lera" title="Còlera">còlera</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i>) el <a href="/wiki/1883" title="1883">1883</a>, és considerat un dels fundadors de la <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologia" title="Bacteriologia">bacteriologia</a> com a ciència experimental establint el fonament del <a href="/wiki/Cultiu_microbi%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultiu microbià">cultiu microbià</a> pur imperant durant tot el segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>, fins a la popularització de mètodes d'identificació molecular de microorganismes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El seu descobriment del bacteri de l'àntrax (<i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i>) el 1876 es considera el naixement de la bacteriologia moderna.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koch va utilitzar els seus descobriments per establir que els gèrmens <i>podien causar una malaltia específica</i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i va proporcionar directament proves per a la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_microbiana_de_la_malaltia" title="Teoria microbiana de la malaltia">teoria germinal de les malalties</a>, creant per tant la base científica de <a href="/wiki/Salut_p%C3%BAblica" title="Salut pública">la salut pública</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> salvant milions de vides. Per l'obra de la seva vida, Koch és vist com un dels fundadors de la medicina moderna.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mentre treballava com a metge privat, Koch va desenvolupar moltes tècniques innovadores en microbiologia. Va ser el primer a utilitzar la lent d'immersió en oli, <a href="/wiki/Condensador_(%C3%B2ptica)" title="Condensador (òptica)">el condensador</a> i <a href="/wiki/Microfotografia" title="Microfotografia">la microfotografia</a> en microscòpia. La seva invenció del <a href="/wiki/Medi_de_cultiu" title="Medi de cultiu">mètode de cultiu bacterià</a> utilitzant agar i plaques de vidre (desenvolupat més tard com a <a href="/wiki/Placa_de_Petri" title="Placa de Petri">placa de Petri</a> pel seu assistent <a href="/wiki/Julius_Richard_Petri" title="Julius Richard Petri">Julius Richard Petri</a>) el va convertir en el primer a cultivar bacteris al laboratori. En agraïment a la seva feina, va ser nomenat assessor del govern a l’Oficina de Salut Imperial el 1880, ascendit a un càrrec executiu superior (<i>Geheimer Regierungsrat</i>) el 1882, director de l'Institut d'Higiene i Càtedra (professor d'higiene) de la Facultat de Medicina de <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Humboldt_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Universitat Humboldt de Berlín">Universitat de Berlín</a> el 1885 i el Reial Institut Prussià de Malalties Infeccioses (més tard rebatejat com a Institut Robert Koch després de la seva mort) el 1891. </p><p>Els mètodes que Koch va utilitzar en bacteriologia van portar a l'establiment d'un concepte mèdic conegut com a <a href="/wiki/Postulats_de_Koch" title="Postulats de Koch">postulats de Koch</a>, quatre principis mèdics generalitzats per determinar la relació dels patògens amb malalties específiques. El concepte encara s'utilitza en la majoria de situacions i influeix en principis epidemiològics posteriors com els <a href="/wiki/Criteris_de_Bradford_Hill" title="Criteris de Bradford Hill">criteris de Bradford Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Va seguir una gran controvèrsia quan Koch va descobrir <a href="/wiki/Tuberculina" title="Tuberculina">la tuberculina</a> com a medicament per a la tuberculosi que es va demostrar que era ineficaç, però es va desenvolupar per al diagnòstic de la tuberculosi després de la seva mort. Per les seves investigacions sobre la tuberculosi, va rebre el <a href="/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Fisiologia_o_Medicina" title="Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina">Premi Nobel de Fisiologia o Medicina</a> el 1905. El dia que va anunciar el descobriment del bacteri de la tuberculosi, el 24 de març de 1882, l’<a href="/wiki/Organitzaci%C3%B3_Mundial_de_la_Salut" title="Organització Mundial de la Salut">Organització Mundial de la Salut</a> ha celebrat cada any des de 1982 com el <i><a href="/wiki/Dia_Mundial_de_la_Tuberculosi" title="Dia Mundial de la Tuberculosi">Dia Mundial de la Tuberculosi</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografia">Biografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Biografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Va néixer a la ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Clausthal-Zellerfeld" title="Clausthal-Zellerfeld">Clausthal-Zellerfeld</a>, població avui a l'<a href="/wiki/Estat_federat_alemany" title="Estat federat alemany">estat federat alemany</a> de <a href="/wiki/Baixa_Sax%C3%B2nia" title="Baixa Saxònia">Baixa Saxònia</a>, fill d'Hermann Koch (1814–1877) i Mathilde Julie Henriette (nascuda Biewend; 1818–1871). El seu pare era enginyer de mines. Era el tercer de tretze germans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Va destacar acadèmicament des de petit. Abans d'entrar a l'escola el 1848, s'havia ensenyat per si mateix a llegir i escriure.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Va completar l'educació secundària el 1862, havent destacat en ciències i matemàtiques.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després d'acabar els seus estudis escolars brillantment, als 19 anys, Koch va ingressar a la <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Georg-August_de_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Universitat Georg-August de Göttingen">Universitat de Göttingen</a> per estudiar ciències naturals. Es va dedicar a les matemàtiques, la física i la botànica. Va ser nomenat ajudant al Museu Patològic de la universitat.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Després de tres semestres, va decidir canviar la seva àrea d'estudi a la medicina, ja que aspirava a ser metge. Durant el seu cinquè semestre a la facultat de medicina, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle" title="Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle">Jacob Henle</a>, un anatomista que havia publicat una <a href="/wiki/Teoria_microbiana_de_la_malaltia" title="Teoria microbiana de la malaltia">teoria del contagi</a> el 1840, li va demanar que participés en el seu projecte d'investigació sobre l'estructura del nervi uterí. Aquesta investigació li va valer un premi d'investigació de la universitat i li va permetre estudiar breument amb <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>, que en aquell moment era considerat <i>el metge més reconegut d'Alemanya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En el seu sisè semestre, Koch va començar a investigar a l'Institut Fisiològic, on va estudiar la secreció d’<a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_succ%C3%ADnic" title="Àcid succínic">àcid succínic</a>, que és una molècula de senyalització que també participa en el <a href="/wiki/Cicle_de_Krebs" title="Cicle de Krebs">metabolisme dels mitocondris</a>. Això finalment constituiria la base de la seva tesi. El gener de 1866, es va graduar a la facultat de medicina, guanyant els honors de la màxima distinció, <i><a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" title="Cum laude">màxima cum laude</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>L'any <a href="/wiki/1880" title="1880">1880</a> va ser nomenat membre del Departament de Salut Imperial de <a href="/wiki/Berl%C3%ADn" title="Berlín">Berlín</a> i entre <a href="/wiki/1891" title="1891">1891</a> i <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a> va ser director de l'Institut de Malalties Infeccioses. Va morir el 1910 a conseqüència d'un <a href="/wiki/Infart_de_miocardi" title="Infart de miocardi">infart de miocardi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carrera">Carrera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Carrera"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Després de graduar-se el 1866, Koch va treballar breument com a assistent a l'Hospital General d'Hamburg. L'octubre d'aquell any, es va traslladar a l'Idiot's Hospital de Langenhagen, prop de Hannover, com a metge general. El 1868 es va traslladar a Neimegk i després a Rakwitz el 1869. Quan va començar la <a href="/wiki/Guerra_francoprussiana" title="Guerra francoprussiana">guerra francoprussiana</a> el 1870, el 1871 es va allistar a l'exèrcit alemany com a cirurgià voluntari per donar suport a l'esforç de guerra.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Va ser donat d'alta un any més tard i va ser nomenat com a metge de districte (<i>Kreisphysikus</i>) a Wollstein a <a href="/wiki/Prov%C3%ADncia_de_Posen" title="Província de Posen">la Posen</a> <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BAssia" title="Prússia">prusiana</a> (ara Wolsztyn, Polònia). Quan la seva família s'hi va instal·lar, la seva dona li va regalar un microscopi com a regal d'aniversari. Amb el microscopi va muntar un laboratori privat i va començar la seva carrera en microbiologia.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koch va començar a realitzar investigacions sobre microorganismes en un laboratori connectat a la sala d'examen del seu pacient. Les seves primeres investigacions en aquest laboratori van donar lloc a una de les seves principals contribucions al camp de la microbiologia, ja que va desenvolupar la tècnica del creixement de bacteris. A més, va aconseguir aïllar i fer créixer patògens seleccionats en un <a href="/wiki/Cultiu_microbiol%C3%B2gic" title="Cultiu microbiològic">cultiu pur de laboratori</a>. El seu descobriment del bacil de l'àntrax (més tard anomenat <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i>) va impressionar molt <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Julius_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Julius Cohn">Ferdinand Julius Cohn</a>, professor de la Universitat de Breslau (actualment Universitat de Wrocław), que el va ajudar a publicar el descobriment el 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cohn havia establert l'Institut de Fisiologia Vegetal<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i va convidar Koch a demostrar-hi el seu nou bacteri el 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koch va ser traslladat a Breslau com a metge de districte el 1879. Un any després, va marxar a Berlín quan va ser nomenat/batejat assessor del govern a l'oficina de salut imperial, on va treballar des de 1880 fins a 1885. Després del seu descobriment del bacteri de la tuberculosi, va ser ascendit a <i>Geheimer Regierungsrat</i>, un alt càrrec executiu, el juny de 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 1885, Koch va rebre dos nomenaments com a administrador i professor a <a href="/wiki/Universitat_Humboldt_de_Berl%C3%ADn" title="Universitat Humboldt de Berlín">la Universitat de Berlín</a>. Va esdevenir Director de l'Institut d'Higiene i Càtedra (Professor d'Higiene) de la Facultat de Medicina.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 1891, va renunciar a la seva càtedra i es va convertir en director del Royal Prussian Institute for Infectious Diseases (ara l’Institut Robert Koch) que constava d'una divisió clínica i llits per a la divisió d'investigació clínica. Per això, va acceptar condicions dures. El Ministeri de Salut prussià va insistir després de l'escàndol de 1890 amb <a href="/wiki/Tuberculina" title="Tuberculina">la tuberculina</a>, que Koch havia descobert i pretenia com a remei per a la tuberculosi, que qualsevol dels invents de Koch pertanyeria incondicionalment al govern i no seria compensat. Koch va perdre el dret a sol·licitar la protecció de patents.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El 1906, es va traslladar a l'Àfrica oriental per investigar una cura per a <a href="/wiki/Tripanosomosi" title="Tripanosomosi">la tripanosomiasi</a> (malaltia del son). Va establir el camp d'investigació Bugula on fins a 1000 persones al dia eren tractades amb el fàrmac experimental <a href="/wiki/%C3%80cid_arsan%C3%ADlic" title="Àcid arsanílic">Atoxil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partir del <a href="/wiki/1904" title="1904">1904</a> va iniciar un periple per <a href="/wiki/Sud-%C3%A0frica" title="Sud-àfrica">Sud-àfrica</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Illa_de_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Illa de Java">Java</a> en l'estudi de malalties infeccioses. Durant la seva estada a <a href="/wiki/Calcuta" title="Calcuta">Calcuta</a> va aïllar i identificar el bacil del <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2lera" title="Còlera">còlera</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i>). L'any <a href="/wiki/1905" title="1905">1905</a> fou guardonat amb el <a href="/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Medicina_o_Fisiologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia">Premi Nobel de Medicina o Fisiologia</a> «per les seves investigacions sobre la tuberculosi»,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i desenvolupà els anomenats <a href="/wiki/Postulats_de_Koch" title="Postulats de Koch">Postulats de Koch</a> que estableixen els motius pel qual un organisme és el motiu d'una <a href="/wiki/Malaltia" title="Malaltia">malaltia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etiologia" title="Etiologia">etiologia</a>). </p><p>Posteriorment desenvolupà la <a href="/wiki/Tuberculina" title="Tuberculina">tuberculina</a> a partir d'un extracte en glicerina del bacil de la tuberculosi; Koch va pensar que la tuberculina podria utilitzar-se per a immunitzar contra la tuberculosi i fou desenvolupada com a remei per la malaltia, però finalment va resultar no efectiva per aquest propòsit. Posteriorment serviria com a tècnica de diagnòstic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Àntrax"><span id=".C3.80ntrax"></span>Àntrax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Àntrax"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg/220px-Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg/330px-Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg/440px-Cycle_of_infection_in_anthrax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3413" /></a><figcaption><b>El cicle de la malaltia de l'àntrax.</b> Les partícules d'àntrax viuen en estat vegetatiu fins que s'exposen a l'oxigen, on formen moltes espores infeccioses. Poden viure al sòl i ser consumits pels herbívors. Els grans herbívors, com les vaques, són els més susceptibles a la malaltia de l'àntrax, i els humans es veuen afectats pels residus animals, fecals o cadàvers, per aquests herbívors. La infecció per àntrax es transmet als humans quan les espores entren al cos, ja sigui per inhalació, ferides obertes o un altre mètode d'entrada. Un cop dins, les espores s'activen, permetent que els bacteris es multipliquin i escampin les seves toxines. Una altra propagació de la infecció és a través de mosques que mosseguen, com els mosquits, que entren en contacte amb la sang i les femtes dels herbívors, precedits pel contacte amb la carn humana (informació de Bergman <i>et al.</i>, 2006).</figcaption></figure> <p>Robert Koch és àmpliament conegut pel seu treball amb <a href="/wiki/Carboncle_(malaltia)" title="Carboncle (malaltia)">l'àntrax</a>, descobrint que l'agent causant de la malaltia mortal és <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i>. Després de convertir-se oficialment en metge de districte a Wollstein (avui Wolsztyn), Polònia, el 1872, Robert va començar a aprofundir en la malaltia anomenada àntrax. A prop de Wollstein, la malaltia de l'àntrax s'estava prenent regularment la vida dels humans i del bestiar sense proves que expliquin per què. Finalment, el 1876, Koch va poder fer un descobriment increïble que l'àntrax era provocat per un patogen singular. El descobriment de Koch de l'etapa inactiva, les espores de l'àntrax, li va permetre desvelar amb èxit el misteri darrere de la malaltia de l'àntrax. Aconseguint una millor comprensió d'aquest patogen, va poder donar llum sobre la notable resistència del bacteri als factors ambientals (<i>Robert Koch - Conferència Nobel</i> 2018). Aquest assoliment innovador va marcar a Koch com el científic pioner a descobrir que un organisme microscòpic estava causant la propagació d'una malaltia. Les seves troballes van ser especialment impressionants, ja que es van fer en un laboratori mal equipat a Wollstein. </p><p>Va publicar el descobriment en un llibret com <i>Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, Begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus Anthracis</i> (<i>L'etiologia de la malaltia d'àntrax, basada en la història del desenvolupament del Bacillus Anthracis</i>) el 1876 mentre treballava a Wöllstein.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La seva publicació el 1877 sobre l'estructura del bacteri de l'àntrax<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> va marcar la primera fotografia d'un bacteri.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Va descobrir la formació d’<a href="/wiki/End%C3%B2spora" title="Endòspora">espores</a> en els bacteris de l'àntrax, que podrien romandre latents en condicions específiques. Tanmateix, en condicions òptimes, les espores es van activar i van provocar malalties. Per determinar aquest agent causant, va fixar en sec cultius bacterians sobre portaobjectes de vidre, va utilitzar colorants per tacar els cultius i els va observar a través d'un microscopi. El seu treball amb l'àntrax és notable perquè va ser el primer a vincular un microorganisme específic amb una malaltia específica, rebutjant la idea de <a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3_espont%C3%A0nia" title="Generació espontània">la generació espontània</a> i donant suport a la <a href="/wiki/Teoria_microbiana_de_la_malaltia" title="Teoria microbiana de la malaltia">teoria germinal de la malaltia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vida_personal">Vida personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Vida personal"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El juliol de 1867, Koch es va casar amb Emma (Emmy) Adolfine Josephine Fraatz, i els dos van tenir una filla, Gertrude, el 1868. El seu matrimoni va acabar després de 26 anys el 1893, i més tard aquell mateix any, es va casar amb l'actriu Hedwig Freiberg (1872–1945).<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Koch_A_Life_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Koch_A_Life-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El 9 d'abril de 1910, Koch va patir un atac de cor i mai no es va recuperar completament. El 27 de maig, tres dies després de donar una conferència sobre la seva investigació sobre la tuberculosi a l’<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Prussiana_de_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies" title="Acadèmia Prussiana de les Ciències">Acadèmia de Ciències de Prussia</a>, Koch va morir a <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a> als 66 anys. Després de la seva mort, l'Institut va donar el seu nom al seu establiment en honor seu. No era religiós.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconeixements">Reconeixements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Reconeixements"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En honor seu s'anomenà el <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A0ter_(impacte)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cràter (impacte)">cràter</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koch_(cr%C3%A0ter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koch (cràter) (encara no existeix)">Koch</a> sobre la superfície de la <a href="/wiki/Lluna" title="Lluna">Lluna</a> i posteriorment l'<a href="/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide">asteroide</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=(10847)_Koch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="(10847) Koch (encara no existeix)">(10847) Koch</a> descobert el <a href="/wiki/5_de_gener" title="5 de gener">5 de gener</a> de <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> per <a href="/wiki/Freimut_B%C3%B6rngen" title="Freimut Börngen">Freimut Börngen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFFleming1952"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fleming</span>, Alexander <i>British Medical Journal</i>, 2, 4778, 1952, pàg. 269. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.4778.269">10.1136/bmj.2.4778.269</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2020971">2020971</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTanBerman2008"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tan</span>, S. 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Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCVnOb6VXmg">original</a> el 30 de gener 2024. [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMargo2011"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Margo</span>, Curtis E. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024225616/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/427189">Còpia arxivada</a>» (en anglès). <i>Archives of Ophthalmology</i>, 129, 4, 11-04-2011, pàg. 498–500. 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Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12491235">original</a> el 2024-06-11. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1053%2Fspid.2002.127205">10.1053/spid.2002.127205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12491235?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:12491235">12491235</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFAkkermans2014"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Akkermans</span>, Rebecca «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411085658/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24717622/">Còpia arxivada</a>». <i>The Lancet</i>, 2, 4, 2014, pàg. 264–265. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24717622">original</a> el 2024-04-11. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS2213-2600%2814%2970018-9">10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70018-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24717622?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:24717622">24717622</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFErnst1918"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ernst</span>, H. 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Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130022">original</a> el 2023-07-25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25130022">25130022</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBlevinsBronze2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Blevins</span>, Steve M.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bronze</span>, Michael S. <i>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>, 14, 9, 2010, pàg. e744–751. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2009.12.003">10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413340?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20413340">20413340</a> [Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSakula1982"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sakula</span>, A. <i>Thorax</i>, 37, 4, 1982, pàg. 246–251. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.37.4.246">10.1136/thx.37.4.246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC459292">459292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6180494?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:6180494">6180494</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSakula1983"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sakula</span>, A. <i>The Canadian Veterinary Journal</i>, 24, 4, 1983, pàg. 127–131. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1790283">1790283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17422248?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17422248">17422248</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-1">16,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:12_16-2">16,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFErnst1918"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ernst</span>, H. C. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725203254/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130022">Còpia arxivada</a>». <i>Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences</i>, 53, 10, 1918, pàg. 825–827. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25130022">original</a> el 2023-07-25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25130022">25130022</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSakula1982"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sakula</span>, A. <i>Thorax</i>, 37, 4, 1982, pàg. 246–251. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.37.4.246">10.1136/thx.37.4.246</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC459292">459292</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6180494?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:6180494">6180494</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:32_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSakula1983"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sakula</span>, A. <i>The Canadian Veterinary Journal</i>, 24, 4, 1983, pàg. 127–131. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1790283">1790283</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17422248?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17422248">17422248</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPick2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Pick</span>, E. <i>Nature</i>, 411, 6840, 2001, pàg. 885. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.411..885P">2001Natur.411..885P</a>. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35082239">10.1038/35082239</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11418826?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:11418826">11418826</a> [Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSalomonsen1950"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Salomonsen</span>, C. J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611134639/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15434544/">Còpia arxivada</a>». <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i>, 24, 4, 1950, pàg. 333–351. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15434544">original</a> el 2024-06-11. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44443542">44443542</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15434544?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15434544">15434544</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFGradmann2001"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Gradmann</span>, C. <i>Medical History</i>, 45, 1, 2001, pàg. 1–32. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300000028">10.1017/s0025727300000028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044696">1044696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11235050?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:11235050">11235050</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Gradmann: Laboratory Disease, Robert Koch's Medical Bacteriology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2009, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-8018-9313-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-8018-9313-1">ISBN 978-0-8018-9313-1</a>, p. 111 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bonhomme</span>, Edna. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006181607/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/10/6/when-africa-was-a-german-laboratory/">When Africa was a German laboratory</a>» (en anglès). <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2020/10/6/when-africa-was-a-german-laboratory/">original</a> el 6 d’octubre 2020. [Consulta: 7 octubre 2020].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html">Pàgina de l'Institut Nobel, Premi Nobel de Medicina 1905</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226094746/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/index.html%0A%20">Arxivat</a> 2018-12-26 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En anglès">(anglès)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKoch2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Koch</span>, Robert «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610083342/http://edoc.rki.de/documents/rk/508-5-26/PDF/5-26.pdf">Còpia arxivada</a>» (en alemany). <i>Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen</i>, 2, 2, 2010, pàg. 277 (1–22). Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/5139">original</a> el 2016-06-10. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25646%2F5064">10.25646/5064</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKoch2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Koch</span>, Robert «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227063719/https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/5140">Còpia arxivada</a>» (en alemany). <i>Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen</i>, 2, 2010, pàg. 399–434. Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoc.rki.de/handle/176904/5140">original</a> el 2020-02-27. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25646%2F5065">10.25646/5065</a> [Consulta: 1r novembre 2024].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:03_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBlevinsBronze2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Blevins</span>, Steve M.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Bronze</span>, Michael S. <i>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>, 14, 9, 2010, pàg. e744–751. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijid.2009.12.003">10.1016/j.ijid.2009.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20413340?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20413340">20413340</a> [Consulta: free].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Koch_A_Life-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Koch_A_Life_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brock, Thomas. <i>Robert Koch: A life in medicine and bacteriology.</i> ASM Press: Washington DC, 1999. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas D. Brock (1988). Robert Koch: A Life in Medicine and Bacteriology. ASM Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-1-55581-143-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-1-55581-143-3">ISBN 978-1-55581-143-3</a>. "He loved seeing new things, but showed no interest in politics. Religion never entered his life."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegeu_també"><span id="Vegeu_tamb.C3.A9"></span>Vegeu també</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Vegeu també"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causa_(medicina)" title="Causa (medicina)">Causa (medicina)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Enllaços_externs"><span id="Enlla.C3.A7os_externs"></span>Enllaços externs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Koch&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la secció: Enllaços externs"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin:5px; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; text-align:left;" class="infobox noprint plainlinks"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%">En altres projectes de <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Wikimedia" title="Fundació Wikimedia">Wikimedia</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch" class="extiw" title="commons:Robert Koch"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Galeria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/17px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/26px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/34px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Robert_Koch" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Robert Koch"><b>Commons</b></a><span style="font-size:70%;"> (Categoria)</span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37193?uselang=ca#sitelinks-special" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKoch1910"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Koch</span>, Robert «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/epidemiologyoftu00koch">Epidemiology of the tuberculosis</a>» (Diversos formats d'arxiu disponibles) (en anglès). <i>Annual Report</i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, 1910, pàg. 659-674 [Consulta: 14 desembre 2011]. «Traducció d'una ponència feta en alemany a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Acad%C3%A8mia_de_Ci%C3%A8ncies_de_Berl%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acadèmia de Ciències de Berlín (encara no existeix)">Acadèmia de Ciències de Berlín</a> (7 d'abril de 1910, poques setmanes abans del decés de Koch). Document electrònic allotjat a The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>»</span></li> <li><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKoch1885"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Koch</span>, Robert. H. Hucke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/waswissenundknne00koch"><i>Was Wissen und Können unsere Aerzte? : Ueber Naturheilung und medicinische Kunst</i></a> (Diversos formats d'arxiu) (en alemany), 1885, p. 514 pàgs. [Consulta: 14 desembre 2011]. «El títol es traduiria com “Quins coneixements i habilitats per als metges? Sobre la natura de la nostra medicina i arts curatòries.” Document electrònic allotjat a The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>»</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+Wissen+und+K%C3%B6nnen+unsere+Aerzte%3F+%3A+Ueber+Naturheilung+und+medicinische+Kunst&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=1885&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=514+p%C3%A0gs.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaswissenundknne00koch"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list 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