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aria-controls="toc-Initial_fighting,_1914–1915-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Initial fighting, 1914–1915 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Initial_fighting,_1914–1915-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak_and_early_German_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_and_early_German_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Outbreak and early German attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_and_early_German_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_land_and_naval_offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_land_and_naval_offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British land and naval offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_land_and_naval_offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Tanganyika_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Tanganyika_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lake Tanganyika expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Tanganyika_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_offensives,_1916–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_offensives,_1916–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Allied offensives, 1916–1917</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allied_offensives,_1916–1917-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Allied offensives, 1916–1917 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Allied_offensives,_1916–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Empire_reinforcements,_1916" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire_reinforcements,_1916"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British Empire reinforcements, 1916</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire_reinforcements,_1916-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgian_offensives,_1916–17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgian_offensives,_1916–17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Belgian offensives, 1916–17</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgian_offensives,_1916–17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_offensive,_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_offensive,_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>British offensive, 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_offensive,_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_offensives,_1917–18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_offensives,_1917–18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>German offensives, 1917–18</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-German_offensives,_1917–18-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle German offensives, 1917–18 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-German_offensives,_1917–18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Mozambique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Mozambique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Portuguese Mozambique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Mozambique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Rhodesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Rhodesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Northern Rhodesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Rhodesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_surrender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_surrender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>German surrender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Society and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">East African campaign (World War I)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Afrika-veldtog" title="Oos-Afrika-veldtog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oos-Afrika-veldtog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89)" title="حملة شرق إفريقيا (الحرب العالمية الأولى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة شرق إفريقيا (الحرب العالمية الأولى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Усходнеафрыканская кампанія Першай сусветнай вайны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходнеафрыканская кампанія Першай сусветнай вайны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatre_d%27operacions_d%27%C3%80frica_oriental_(Primera_Guerra_Mundial)" title="Teatre d'operacions d'Àfrica oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Teatre d'operacions d'Àfrica oriental (Primera Guerra Mundial)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felttoget_i_%C3%98stafrika_(1._verdenskrig)" title="Felttoget i Østafrika (1. verdenskrig) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Felttoget i Østafrika (1. verdenskrig)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Weltkrieg_in_Ostafrika" title="Erster Weltkrieg in Ostafrika – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Weltkrieg in Ostafrika" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_(%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82)" title="Εκστρατεία Ανατολικής Αφρικής (Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκστρατεία Ανατολικής Αφρικής (Α΄ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_d%27Afrique_de_l%27Est_(Premi%C3%A8re_Guerre_mondiale)" title="Campagne d'Afrique de l'Est (Première Guerre mondiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne d'Afrique de l'Est (Première Guerre mondiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD_(%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84)" title="동아프리카 전역 (제1차 세계 대전) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동아프리카 전역 (제1차 세계 대전)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_dell%27Africa_Orientale_Tedesca" title="Campagna dell'Africa Orientale Tedesca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna dell'Africa Orientale Tedesca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="המערכה במזרח אפריקה במלחמת העולם הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה במזרח אפריקה במלחמת העולם הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampeni_za_Kivita_katika_Afrika_ya_Mashariki_(Vita_ya_Kwanza_ya_Dunia)" title="Kampeni za Kivita katika Afrika ya Mashariki (Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kampeni za Kivita katika Afrika ya Mashariki (Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felttoget_i_%C3%98st-Afrika_(f%C3%B8rste_verdenskrig)" title="Felttoget i Øst-Afrika (første verdenskrig) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Felttoget i Øst-Afrika (første verdenskrig)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_da_%C3%81frica_Oriental" title="Campanha da África Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha da África Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Восточноафриканская кампания (Первая мировая война) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточноафриканская кампания (Первая мировая война)" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&params=6_18_25.2_S_34_51_14.4_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°18′25.2″S</span> <span class="longitude">34°51′14.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.307000°S 34.854000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.307000; 34.854000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Series of battles in East Africa during World War I</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">East African campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African theatre of World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Askarikompanie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><br />An <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">Askari</a> company ready to march in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsch-Ostafrika</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3 August 1914 – 25 November 1918</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Modern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&params=6_18_25.2_S_34_51_14.4_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°18′25.2″S</span> <span class="longitude">34°51′14.4″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.307000°S 34.854000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.307000; 34.854000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> German East Africa partitioned by Britain, Belgium and Portugal</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span data-sort-value="South Africa"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="India"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/23px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/35px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_BSAC.svg/46px-Flag_of_BSAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Kenya_%281895%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281895%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Kenya_%281895%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281895%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Kenya_%281895%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kenya_%281895%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa Protectorate</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281914%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281914%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281914%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281914%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281914%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nyasaland_%281914%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Uganda_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria_%281914%E2%80%931952%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Congo_Free_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">Portugal</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa"><img alt="Union of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa"><img alt="Union of South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_(general)" title="Jacob van Deventer (general)">Jacob van Deventer</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hoskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Hoskins">Arthur Hoskins</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tombeur" title="Charles Tombeur">Charles Tombeur</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armand_Huygh%C3%A9" title="Armand Huyghé">Armand Huyghé</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic"><img alt="First Portuguese Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferreira_Gil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferreira Gil">Ferreira Gil</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic"><img alt="First Portuguese Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Teixeira_Pinto" title="João Teixeira Pinto">João Teixeira Pinto</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schnee" title="Heinrich Schnee">Heinrich Schnee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/23px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/35px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/45px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Wahle" title="Kurt Wahle">Kurt Wahle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> British Empire<br />Initially: 2 battalions<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197441_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197441-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />12,000–20,000 soldiers<br />Total: 250,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />600,000 <a href="/wiki/Porter_(carrier)" title="Porter (carrier)">porters</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Regulars (<a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a>)</b><br />Initially: 2,700<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Maximum: 18,000<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1918: 1,283<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Total: 22,000<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><b>Irregulars (<a href="/wiki/Ruga-Ruga" title="Ruga-Ruga">Ruga-Ruga</a>)</b> 12,000+<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesek201494_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesek201494-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 22,000<br />11,189 soldiers killed<br />95,000 porters died<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 5,000<br />2,620 soldiers killed<br />15,650 porters died<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic"><img alt="First Portuguese Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> 12,000+<br />5,533 soldiers killed<br />5,640 soldiers missing/POW<br />Unknown number of porter deaths<br /><b>Total</b>: 40,000+ military casualties </p> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 20,000</span> dead</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> 16,000+ military casualties </p> <ul><li>2,029 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009388_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009388-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2,849 deserted<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4,512 missing<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>7,122 POW<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> 7,000 porters died<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p>365,000 civilians died in war-related famines.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>135,000 in German Africa</li> <li>30,000 in British Africa</li> <li>150,000 in Belgian Africa</li> <li>50,000 in Portuguese Africa</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Battle of Kilimanjaro">Kilimanjaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga" title="Battle of Tanga">Tanga</a></li> <p><b>1915</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jassin" title="Battle of Jassin">Jassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bukoba" title="Battle of Bukoba">Bukoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Lake_Tanganyika" title="Battle for Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a></li></ul> <p><b>1916</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salaita_Hill" title="Battle of Salaita Hill">Salaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Latema_Nek" title="Battle of Latema Nek">Latema Nek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabora_offensive" title="Tabora offensive">Tabora offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabora" title="Battle of Tabora">Tabora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kahe" title="Battle of Kahe">Kahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kondoa_Irangi" title="Battle of Kondoa Irangi">Kondoa Irangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Matamondo" title="Battle of Matamondo">Matamondo</a></li> <li>Kilosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mlali" title="Battle of Mlali">Mlali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutumi" title="Battle of Dutumi">Dutumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kisaki" title="Battle of Kisaki">Kisaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kibata" title="Battle of Kibata">Kibata</a></li></ul> <p><b>1917</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Behobeho" title="Battle of Behobeho">Behobeho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nambanje" title="Battle of Nambanje">Nambanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rumbo" title="Battle of Rumbo">Rumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narungombe" title="Battle of Narungombe">Narungombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahiwa" title="Battle of Mahiwa">Mahiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahenge_offensive" title="Mahenge offensive">Mahenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano" title="Battle of Ngomano">Ngomano</a></li></ul> <p><b>1918</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Namacurra" title="Battle of Namacurra">Namacurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lioma" title="Battle of Lioma">Lioma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Pere_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Pere Hills (page does not exist)">Pere Hills</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising" title="Chilembwe uprising">Chilembwe uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I#Makonbe_uprising,_1917" title="African theatre of World War I">Makombe uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barue_uprising" title="Barue uprising">Barue uprising</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theatres_of_World_War_I" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theatres_of_World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Theatres of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai & Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Saudi-Rashidi_War_(1915%E2%80%931918)" title="Second Saudi-Rashidi War (1915–1918)">Central Arabia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segale" title="Battle of Segale">Ethiopia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia-Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Theatre_of_WWI" title="North-West Frontier Theatre of WWI">North-West Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval theatres</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_North_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Baltic_Sea_1914%E2%80%931918" title="Template:Campaignbox Baltic Sea 1914–1918">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Command_of_the_Oceans_1914%E2%80%931917" title="Template:Campaignbox Command of the Oceans 1914–1917"> Indian and Pacific Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>East African campaign</b> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was a series of battles and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> actions, which started in <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> (GEA) and spread to portions of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>. The campaign all but ended in German East Africa in November 1917 when the Germans entered Mozambique and continued the campaign living off Portuguese supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strategy of the German colonial forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a>) <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a>, was to divert <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> forces from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> to Africa. His strategy achieved only mixed results after 1916 when he was driven out of German East Africa. The campaign in Africa consumed considerable amounts of money and war material that could have gone to other fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004642_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004642-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Germans in East Africa fought for the whole of the war, receiving word of the armistice on 14 November 1918 at 07:30 hours. Both sides waited for confirmation, with the Germans formally surrendering on 25 November. GEA became two <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate#Class_B_mandates" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations Class B Mandates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika Territory</a> of the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> of Belgium, while the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a> was ceded to Portugal. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_East_Africa">German East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: German East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg/220px-Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg/330px-Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg/440px-Ger_claims_Prof_Delbruck_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A map of the proposed <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Mittelafrika</a></i> with German territory in brown, British in pink.</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> (<i>Deutsch-Ostafrika</i>) was colonized by the Germans in 1885. The territory spanned 384,180 sq mi (995,000 km<sup>2</sup>) and covered the areas of modern <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChappell200511_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell200511-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony's indigenous population numbered seven and a half million and was governed by 5,300 Europeans. Although the colonial regime was relatively secure, the colony had recently been shaken by the <a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a> of 1904–1905. The German colonial administration could call on a military <i><a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a></i> ("Protection force") of 260 Europeans and 2,470 Africans, in addition to 2,700 white settlers who were part of the reservist <i><a href="/wiki/Landsturm" title="Landsturm">Landsturm</a></i>, as well as a small paramilitary <i><a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChappell200511_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChappell200511-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of World War I in Europe led to the increased popularity of German colonial expansion and the creation of a <i><a href="/wiki/Mittelafrika" title="Mittelafrika">Deutsch-Mittelafrika</a></i> ("German Central Africa") which would parallel a resurgent German Empire in Europe. <i>Mittelafrika</i> involved the annexation of territory, mostly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>, to link the German colonies in East, South-west and West Africa. Such an annexation would allow Germany to dominate central Africa and would make Germany by far the most powerful colonial power in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis1963207_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis1963207-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German colonial military in Africa was weak, poorly equipped and widely dispersed, with the largest military concentration in the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a> being in East Africa. Although better trained and more experienced than their opponents, many of the German soldiers were reliant on obsolete weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/Mauser_Model_1871" title="Mauser Model 1871">Model 1871 rifle</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a>, giving away the position of the firer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200427_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200427-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The militaries of the Allied powers also had similar problems of poor equipment and small size. Most colonial militaries were intended to serve as local paramilitary police for the repression of unrest or rebellion. They were neither equipped nor organized to fight against military forces of foreign powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200421_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200421-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_strategy">German strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The objective of the German forces in East Africa, led by Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a>, was to divert Allied forces and supplies from Europe to Africa. By threatening the important British <a href="/wiki/Uganda_Railway" title="Uganda Railway">Uganda Railway</a>, Lettow hoped to force British troops to invade East Africa, where he could fight a defensive campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELouis1963207–208_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELouis1963207–208-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, the German government had formed a defensive strategy for East Africa in which the military would withdraw to the hinterland and fight a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003575–576_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003575–576-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German colony in East Africa was a threat to the neutral Belgian Congo but the Belgian government hoped to continue its neutrality in Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> was constrained to adopt a defensive strategy until 15 August 1914, when German ships on Lake Tanganyika bombarded the port of Mokolobu and then the Lukuga post a week later. Some Belgian officials viewed hostilities in East Africa as an opportunity to expand Belgian holdings in Africa; the capture of Ruanda and Urundi could increase the bargaining power of the <a href="/wiki/De_Broqueville_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="De Broqueville government in exile">De Broqueville government</a> to ensure the restoration of Belgium after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003585_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003585-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the post-war negotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, the Colonial Minister, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Renkin" title="Jules Renkin">Jules Renkin</a>, sought to trade Belgian territorial gains in German East Africa for the Portuguese allocation in northern Angola, to gain Belgian Congo a longer coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004112_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004112-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_fighting,_1914–1915"><span id="Initial_fighting.2C_1914.E2.80.931915"></span>Initial fighting, 1914–1915</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Initial fighting, 1914–1915"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_and_early_German_attacks">Outbreak and early German attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outbreak and early German attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg/220px-Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg/330px-Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg/440px-Colonial_Africa_1913_German_East_Africa_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A map of the <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonial empire</a>; <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> is in dark blue.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The governors of the British and German East Africa wanted to avoid war and preferred a neutrality agreement based on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Act_of_1885" class="mw-redirect" title="Congo Act of 1885">Congo Act of 1885</a>, against the wishes of the local military commanders and their metropolitan governments. The agreement caused confusion in the opening weeks of the conflict. On 31 July, implementing contingency plans, the cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1905)" title="SMS Königsberg (1905)">SMS <i>Königsberg</i></a> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Dar-es-Salaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar-es-Salaam">Dar-es-Salaam</a> for operations against British commerce. Britain sent cruisers from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape of Good Hope Station">Cape Squadron</a> to shadow <i>Königsberg</i> and be ready to sink her, but she narrowly evaded them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2009152_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2009152-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain declared war on 4 August; on 5 August, troops from the Uganda protectorate assaulted German river outposts near Lake Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern199041–42_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern199041–42-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the same day, the British War Cabinet decided to send an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Expeditionary_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Expeditionary Force">Indian Expeditionary Force</a> (IEF) to occupy East Africa and thereby eliminate its ports as bases for raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern199030–31_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern199030–31-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Astraea_(1893)" title="HMS Astraea (1893)">HMS <i>Astraea</i></a> shelled the wireless station at <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>. <i>Astraea'</i>s captain then agreed to a ceasefire, on condition the town remained an open city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989122_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement caused discord between Vorbeck and Governor <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schnee" title="Heinrich Schnee">Heinrich Schnee</a>, his nominal superior, who opposed and later ignored the agreement; <i>Astraea</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s captain was also reprimanded for exceeding his authority. Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga" title="Battle of Tanga">Battle of Tanga</a>, when the IEF attempted to land there, the Royal Navy felt obliged to give warning that they were abrogating the agreement, forfeiting surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989166_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1914, the military and para-military forces in both colonies were mobilised, despite restrictions imposed by the two governors. The German <i>Schutztruppe</i> in East Africa had <span class="nowrap">260 Germans</span> of all ranks and <span class="nowrap">2,472 <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">Askari</a></span>, equivalent to the two battalions of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_African_Rifles" title="King's African Rifles">King's African Rifles</a> (KAR) in the British East African colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989109_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989109-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197441_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197441-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 August, German troops at <a href="/wiki/Moshi,_Tanzania" title="Moshi, Tanzania">Moshi</a> were informed that the neutrality agreement was at an end and ordered to raid across the border. On 15 August, Askari in the <a href="/wiki/Neu_Moshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neu Moshi">Neu Moshi</a> region engaged in their first offensive operation of the campaign. Two companies of Askari (300 men) seized <a href="/wiki/Taveta,_Kenya" title="Taveta, Kenya">Taveta</a>, on the British side of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a>, with the British firing a token volley and retiring in good order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197443_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197443-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Askari detachment on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika" title="Lake Tanganyika">Lake Tanganyika</a> raided Belgian facilities, seeking to destroy the steamer <i>Commune</i> and gain control of the lake. The Germans were unsure of the intentions of Portugal, which was not yet a British ally; on 24 August, German troops attacked Portuguese outposts across the <a href="/wiki/Rovuma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovuma River">Rovuma</a>, causing a diplomatic incident which was only smoothed over with difficulty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200421_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200421-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, the Germans began to raid deeper into <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">British Kenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="British Uganda">Uganda</a>. German naval power on Lake Victoria was limited to the gunboat <i>Kingani</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Tugboat" title="Tugboat">tugboat</a> armed with one <a href="/wiki/QF_1_pounder_pom-pom" class="mw-redirect" title="QF 1 pounder pom-pom">pom-pom</a> gun, which caused minor damage and made a great deal of noise. The British armed the Uganda Railway lake steamers <a href="/wiki/SS_William_Mackinnon" title="SS William Mackinnon">SS <i>William Mackinnon</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Kavirondo" title="SS Kavirondo">SS <i>Kavirondo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/SS_Winifred_(1901)" title="SS Winifred (1901)">SS <i>Winifred</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/SS_Sybil_(1901)" title="SS Sybil (1901)">SS <i>Sybil</i></a> as improvised gunboats. They trapped <i>Kingani</i>, which was scuttled by the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern199028,_55_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern199028,_55-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans later raised <i>Kingani</i>, dismounted her gun, and used her as a transport. With <i>Kingani</i> disarmed and her "teeth removed, British command of Lake Victoria was no longer in dispute."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974195_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974195-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_land_and_naval_offensive">British land and naval offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British land and naval offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Artillerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">German <i>Schutztruppe</i> with <i>Königsberg</i> gun</div></figcaption></figure> <p>To solve the raiding nuisance and to capture the northern, colonised region of the German colony, the British devised a plan for a two-pronged invasion. IEF "B" of <span class="nowrap">8,000 troops</span> in two brigades, would carry out an amphibious landing at <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</a> on 2 November 1914, to capture the city and gain control the Indian Ocean terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Usambara_Railway" title="Usambara Railway">Usambara Railway</a>. In the Kilimanjaro area, IEF "C" of <span class="nowrap">4,000 men</span> in one brigade would advance from British East Africa on Neu-Moshi on 3 November 1914, to the western terminus of the railroad (see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilimanjaro" title="Battle of Kilimanjaro">Battle of Kilimanjaro</a>). After capturing Tanga, IEF "B" would rapidly move north-west, join IEF "C" and mop up the remaining German forces. Although outnumbered <span class="nowrap">8:1 at</span> Tanga and <span class="nowrap">4:1 at</span> Longido, the <i>Schutztruppe</i> under Vorbeck prevailed. In the East Africa volume of the British official history (1941), Charles Hordern described the events as one of "the most notable failures in British military history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989178_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1989178-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two regular army regiments fought in the East African campaign. The 2nd Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_North_Lancashire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyal North Lancashire Regiment">Loyal North Lancashire Regiment</a> arrived with <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I#Indian_Expeditionary_Force_B" title="Indian Army during World War I">Indian Expeditionary Force B</a> the force that tried to capture Tanga and after this stayed on the border between British and German East Africa. The <a href="/wiki/25th_(Frontiersmen)_Battalion,_Royal_Fusiliers" title="25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers">25th (Frontiersmen) Battalion, Royal Fusiliers</a> was raised for service in East Africa in early 1915 and served throughout the war. Colonists were supplied by <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> in 1914–1915 including the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment, the Nyasaland Field Force and South African troops including the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Overseas_Expeditionary_Force" title="South African Overseas Expeditionary Force">South African Expeditionary Force</a> which arrived in February 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern1990530,_601,_603,_215_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern1990530,_601,_603,_215-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Königsberg</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> was in the Indian Ocean when war was declared. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zanzibar" title="Battle of Zanzibar">Battle of Zanzibar</a>, <i>Königsberg</i> sank the old <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pegasus_(1897)" title="HMS Pegasus (1897)">HMS <i>Pegasus</i></a> in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> harbour and then retired into the <a href="/wiki/Rufiji_River" title="Rufiji River">Rufiji River</a> delta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern199045_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern199045-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being cornered by warships of the British Cape Squadron, including an old <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleship</a>, two shallow-draught <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(warship)" title="Monitor (warship)">monitors</a> with 6 inches (150 mm) guns were brought from England and demolished the cruiser on 11 July 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern1990153_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern1990153-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British salvaged and used six 4 inches (100 mm) guns from <i>Pegasus</i>, which became known as the Peggy guns; the crew of <i>Königsberg</i> and the 4.1 inches (100 mm) main battery guns were taken over by the <i>Schutztruppe</i> and were used until the end of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHordern199045,_162_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHordern199045,_162-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Tanganyika_expedition">Lake Tanganyika expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lake Tanganyika expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Lake_Tanganyika" title="Battle for Lake Tanganyika">Battle for Lake Tanganyika</a></div> <p>The Germans had controlled the lake since the outbreak of the war, with three armed steamers and two unarmed motor boats. In 1915, two British motorboats, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Mimi_and_HMS_Toutou" title="HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou">HMS <i>Mimi</i> and <i>Toutou</i></a> each armed with a 3-pounder and a <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a>, were transported 3,000 mi (4,800 km) by land to the British shore of Lake Tanganyika. They captured the German ship <i>Kingani</i> on 26 December, renaming it <a href="/wiki/HMS_Fifi" title="HMS Fifi">HMS <i>Fifi</i></a> and with two Belgian ships under the command of Commander <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Spicer-Simson" title="Geoffrey Spicer-Simson">Geoffrey Spicer-Simson</a>, attacked and sank the German ship <i>Hedwig von Wissmann</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/MV_Liemba" title="MV Liemba">Graf von Götzen</a></i> and the <i>Wami</i>, an unarmed motor boat, became the only German ships left on the lake. In February 1916, the <i>Wami</i> was intercepted and run ashore by the crew and burned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewbolt200380–85_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewbolt200380–85-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettow-Vorbeck then had its <i>Königsberg</i> gun removed and sent by rail to the main fighting front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974211_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974211-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ship was scuttled in mid-July after a seaplane bombing attack by the Belgians on Kigoma and before advancing Belgian colonial troops could capture it; <i>Wami</i> was later re-floated and used by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoden2004_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoden2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_offensives,_1916–1917"><span id="Allied_offensives.2C_1916.E2.80.931917"></span>Allied offensives, 1916–1917</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Allied offensives, 1916–1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire_reinforcements,_1916"><span id="British_Empire_reinforcements.2C_1916"></span>British Empire reinforcements, 1916</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: British Empire reinforcements, 1916"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg/220px-World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg/330px-World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg/440px-World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The East African Theatre in World War I.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Horace_Smith-Dorrien" title="Horace Smith-Dorrien">Horace Smith-Dorrien</a> was assigned with orders to find and fight the <i>Schutztruppe</i> but he contracted pneumonia during the voyage to <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a>, which prevented him from taking command. In 1916, General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> was given the task of defeating Lettow-Vorbeck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003602_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003602-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smuts had a large army (for the area), some <span class="nowrap">13,000 South</span> Africans including <a href="/wiki/Boers" title="Boers">Boers</a>, British, Rhodesians and <span class="nowrap">7,000 <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></span> and African troops, a ration strength of <span class="nowrap">73,300 men.</span><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a Belgian force and a larger but ineffective group of <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">Portuguese</a> military units based in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. A large <a href="/wiki/Carrier_Corps" title="Carrier Corps">Carrier Corps</a> composed of African porters under British command, carried supplies into the interior. Despite the Allied nature of the effort, it was a South African operation of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. During the previous year, Lettow-Vorbeck had also gained personnel and his army was now <span class="nowrap">13,800 strong.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003599_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003599-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smuts attacked from several directions, the main attack coming from British East Africa (Kenya) in the north, while substantial forces from the Belgian Congo advanced from the west in two columns, crossing Lake Victoria on the British <a href="/wiki/Troop_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Troop ship">troop ships</a> <a href="/wiki/SS_Rusinga" title="SS Rusinga">SS <i>Rusinga</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_Usoga" title="SS Usoga">SS <i>Usoga</i></a> and into the Rift Valley. Another contingent advanced over Lake Nyasa (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Malawi" title="Lake Malawi">Lake Malawi</a>) from the south-east. All these forces failed to capture Lettow-Vorbeck and they all suffered from disease along the march. The 9th South African Infantry, started with 1,135 men in February, and by October its strength was reduced to 116 fit troops, with little fighting. The Germans nearly always retreated from the larger British troop concentrations and by September 1916, the German Central Railway from the coast at Dar es Salaam to <a href="/wiki/Ujiji" title="Ujiji">Ujiji</a> was fully under British control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003618_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003618-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Lettow-Vorbeck confined to the southern part of German East Africa, Smuts began to withdraw the South African, Rhodesian and Indian troops and replace them with Askari of the King's African Rifles (KAR), which by November 1918 had <span class="nowrap">35,424 men.</span> By the start of 1917, more than half the British Army in the theatre was composed of Africans and by the end of the war, it was nearly all-African. Smuts left the area in January 1917, to join the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Cabinet" title="Imperial War Cabinet">Imperial War Cabinet</a> at London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003627–628_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003627–628-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgian_offensives,_1916–17"><span id="Belgian_offensives.2C_1916.E2.80.9317"></span>Belgian offensives, 1916–17</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Belgian offensives, 1916–17"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tabora_offensive" title="Tabora offensive">Tabora offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahenge_offensive" title="Mahenge offensive">Mahenge offensive</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg/220px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg/330px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg/440px-Congo_belge_campagne_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i>, pictured in East Africa</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The British conscripted <span class="nowrap">120,000 carriers</span> to move Belgian supplies and equipment to <a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a> (in the east of the Belgian Congo) between late 1915 and early 1916. The lines of communication in the Congo required <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 260,000</span> carriers, who were barred by the Belgian government from crossing into German East Africa; Belgian troops were expected to live off the land. To avoid the plundering of civilians, loss of food stocks and risk of famine, with many farmers already conscripted and moved away from their land, the British set up the Congo Carrier Section of the East India Transport Corps (Carbel) with <span class="nowrap">7,238 carriers,</span> conscripted from Ugandan civilians and assembled at Mbarara in April 1916. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Force Publique</i></span>, started its campaign on 18 April 1916 under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tombeur" title="Charles Tombeur">Charles Tombeur</a>, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Molitor" title="Philippe Molitor">Philippe Molitor</a> and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frederik-Valdemar_Olsen" title="Frederik-Valdemar Olsen">Frederik-Valdemar Olsen</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Kigali" title="Kigali">Kigali</a> in Rwanda on 6 May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003617_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003617-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Askari in Burundi were forced to retreat by the numerical superiority of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Force Publique</i></span> and by 17 June, Burundi and Rwanda were occupied. The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Force Publique</i></span> and the British <a href="/wiki/Lake_Force" title="Lake Force">Lake Force</a> then started a thrust to capture <a href="/wiki/Tabora" title="Tabora">Tabora</a>, an administrative base in central German East Africa. Three columns took <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biharamuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biharamuro (page does not exist)">Biharamuro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mwanza" title="Mwanza">Mwanza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karema,_Tanzania" title="Karema, Tanzania">Karema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kigoma" title="Kigoma">Kigoma</a> and Ujiji. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabora" title="Battle of Tabora">Battle of Tabora</a> on 19 September, the Germans were defeated and the village occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003617–619_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003617–619-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the march, Carbel lost <span class="nowrap">1,191 carriers</span> died or missing presumed dead, a rate of <span class="nowrap">1:7, which</span> occurred despite the presence of two doctors and adequate medical supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009284–285_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009284–285-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent Belgian claims on German territory in a post-war settlement, Smuts ordered their forces to return to the Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi. The British were obliged to recall Belgian troops in 1917 and the two allies coordinated campaign plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003630_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003630-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_offensive,_1917"><span id="British_offensive.2C_1917"></span>British offensive, 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British offensive, 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major-General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hoskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Hoskins">Arthur Hoskins</a> (KAR), formerly the commander of the 1st East Africa Division, took over command of the campaign. After four months spent reorganising the lines of communication, he was then replaced by South African Major-General <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_(general)" title="Jacob van Deventer (general)">Jacob van Deventer</a>. Deventer began an offensive in July 1917, which by early autumn had pushed the Germans 100 mi (160 km) to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974281_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974281-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <span class="nowrap">15–19 October</span> 1917, Lettow-Vorbeck fought a costly battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahiwa" title="Battle of Mahiwa">Mahiwa</a>, with <span class="nowrap">519 German</span> casualties and <span class="nowrap">2,700 British</span> losses in the Nigerian brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974287_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974287-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the news of the battle reached Germany, Lettow-Vorbeck was promoted to <i>Generalmajor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt1981175_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt1981175-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_offensives,_1917–18"><span id="German_offensives.2C_1917.E2.80.9318"></span>German offensives, 1917–18</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: German offensives, 1917–18"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Portuguese Mozambique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg/220px-Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg/330px-Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg/440px-Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Lettow surrendering his forces at Abercorn, as seen by an African artist</div></figcaption></figure> <p>British units forced the <i>Schutztruppe</i> south and on 23 November, Lettow-Vorbeck crossed into Mozambique to plunder supplies from Portuguese garrisons. Lettow-Vorbeck divided his force into three groups on the march; a detachment of <span class="nowrap">1,000 men</span> under <i>Hauptmann</i> Theodor Tafel ran out of food and ammunition and was forced to surrender before reaching Mozambique. Lettow and Tafel were unaware they were only one day's march apart. The Germans fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano" title="Battle of Ngomano">Battle of Ngomano</a> in which the Portuguese garrison was routed, then marched through Mozambique in caravans of troops, carriers, wives and children for nine months but were unable to gain much strength.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974297_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974297-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mozambique, the <i>Schutztruppe</i> won a number of important victories which allowed it to remain active but also came close to destruction during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lioma" title="Battle of Lioma">Battle of Lioma</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pere_Hills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pere Hills (page does not exist)">Battle of Pere Hills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009379–383_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009379–383-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1974318_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1974318-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Northern Rhodesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Germans returned to German East Africa and crossed into <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_Rhodesia" title="Company rule in Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> in August 1918. from early October, news that could be gleaned went from bad to worse. It was rumoured that Hindenburg was dead and that the Allies were about to impose an armistice on Germany and morale amongst the Germans plunged and desertions by carriers increased. On 9 November the German force reached <a href="/wiki/Kasama,_Zambia" title="Kasama, Zambia">Kasama</a> whose district officer, Hector Croad, had evacuated the town on hearing of the German approach and stripped it of ammunition. The Germans pursued Croad who had lodged the supplies in a rubber factory on the opposite side of the <a href="/wiki/Chambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Chambezi River">Chambezi River</a>. The Germans began probing attacks on the factory on 12 November, as Lettow-Vorbeck and his column arrived. The Germans captured the factory after a four-hour engagement and the British melted away to the west. A British dispatch rider fell into German hands who told the Germans of the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a>. The information arrived in time to forestall another attack on the rubber factory and Croad met Lettow-Vorbeck, who found it difficult to believe that Germany had lost the war and impossible to accept that the Kaiser had fled to Holland and that Germany had become a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009385–386_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009385–386-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_surrender">German surrender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: German surrender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms of the armistice were a great shock to the Germans but at <span class="nowrap">11:00 a.m.</span> on 25 November 1918, Lettow-Vorbeck offered his surrender to the British at <a href="/wiki/Mbala,_Zambia" title="Mbala, Zambia">Abercorn</a>, two weeks after the signing of the armistice in Europe. Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/William_F.S._Edwards" title="William F.S. Edwards">William Edwards</a>, Lettow-Vorbeck, Walter Spangenburg, and Captain Anderson, Edwards declining Lettow-Vorbeck's sword. The governor of German East Africa, Heinrich Schnee did not sign the surrender to signify that Germans renounced claims to the colony. Article XVII of the armistice required the evacuation of the German forces from East Africa but the War Office interpreted this as to need unconditional surrender and disarmament, which was carried off "by a judicious mixture of firmness and bluff". Lettow-Vorbeck smelt a rat but was unable to confirm his suspicions with Berlin and gave way under protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009385–386_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009385–386-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign cost the British <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> £12 billion</span> at 2007 prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice20091_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice20091-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268,_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>General Lettow-Vorbeck led a victory parade in Berlin in 1919. </figcaption></figure> <p>Nearly 400,000 Allied soldiers, sailors, merchant marine crews, builders, bureaucrats and support personnel participated in the East Africa campaign. They were assisted in the field by 600,000 African bearers. The Allies employed nearly one million people in their pursuit of Lettow-Vorbeck and his small force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettow-Vorbeck was cut off and could entertain no hope of victory. His strategy was to keep as many British forces diverted to his pursuit for as long as possible and to make the British expend the largest amount of resources in men, shipping and supplies against him. Although diverting in excess of <span class="nowrap">200,000 Indian</span> and South African troops against his forces and garrison German East Africa in his wake, he could divert no more Allied manpower from the European theatre after 1916. While some shipping was diverted to the African theatre, it was not enough to inflict significant difficulties on the Allied navies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the end of the First World War, the narrative about the East African campaign became the subject of mythologization and distortions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006117–118_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006117–118-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning home, the <i>Schutztruppe</i> veterans, most importantly Lettow-Vorbeck, were treated as "heroes" by Germans who "refused to accept the reality of defeat in the field". Lettow-Vorbeck supported the narrative that his force had remained undefeated. By the time of his surrender, he insisted on signing the surrender documents on several conditions, including that his force was recorded as having stayed in the field until the conflict's end. In reality, he agreed to an unconditional surrender, albeit under protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009387–389_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009387–389-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1919, <i>Schutztruppe</i> veterans led by Lettow-Vorbeck held a victory parade in their tropical uniforms through the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a>, which was decorated in their honour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarwell1986355–356_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarwell1986355–356-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his troops were celebrated by Germans during the parade and afterwards. Lettow-Vorbeck was granted a series of public honors, with many figures contrasting Lettow-Vorbeck's perceived undefeated status with Germany's defeat in the war. Many right-wing and conservative officials saw Lettow-Vorbeck's force as a hopeful symbol and as a proof that civilians, not the military, were responsible for the post-war crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff200668–72,_74_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff200668–72,_74-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German colonial and military literature as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> pushed the view that Lettow-Vorbeck had been "undefeated in the field" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Im Feld unbesiegt!</i></span>) as part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006117–118_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006117–118-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Germany, Lettow-Vorbeck and the East African campaign became the subject of songs and glorification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006117–118_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006117–118-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Allied commanders also felt great respect for the East African <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutztruppe</i></span> and Lettow-Vorbeck in particular, further enhancing their military reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009387–390_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009387–390-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Views about Lettow-Vorbeck's campaign vary. Many modern historians and other researchers have continued to describe the Germans in East Africa as undefeated at the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasson2014161_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasson2014161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201588_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201588-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2002194_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2002194-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, some German historians have criticised this view and other narratives about Lettow-Vorbeck as outdated, biased and based on post-war legends.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006144–146_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006144–146-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_and_economy">Society and economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Society and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg/220px-Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg/330px-Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg/440px-Captured_German_Askari_waiting_to_draw_their_rations_on_Lindi_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a> <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">askaris</a> who were captured in southern <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> in late 1917, wait for their rations at a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camp</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The fighting in East Africa led to an export boom in <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> and an increase in the political influence of <a href="/wiki/White_Kenyans" class="mw-redirect" title="White Kenyans">White Kenyans</a>. In 1914, the Kenyan economy was in decline but because of emergency legislation giving white colonists control over black-owned land in 1915, exports rose from £3.35 million to £5.9 million by 1916. The increase in the value of exports was mostly due to products like <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">raw cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>. White control of the economy rose from 14 per cent to 70 per cent by 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004115_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2004115-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign and recruiting in <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> contributed to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Chilembwe_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilembwe rebellion">Chilembwe rebellion</a> in January 1915, by <a href="/wiki/John_Chilembwe" title="John Chilembwe">John Chilembwe</a>, an American-educated <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> minister. Chilembwe was motivated by grievances against the colonial system including forced labour and racial discrimination. The revolt broke out in the evening of 23 January 1915 when rebels, incited by Chilembwe, attacked the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/A._L._Bruce_Estates" title="A. L. Bruce Estates">A. L. Bruce Plantation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magomero" title="Magomero">Magomero</a> and killed three white colonists. An abortive attack on an armoury in <a href="/wiki/Blantyre" title="Blantyre">Blantyre</a> followed during the night. By the morning of 24 January the colonial authorities had mobilised the colonial militia and redeployed regular military units from the KAR. After a failed attack by government troops on Mbombwe on 25 January, the rebels attacked a Christian mission at <a href="/wiki/Nguludi" title="Nguludi">Nguludi</a> and burned it down. Mbombwe was retaken by government forces unopposed on 26 January. Many of the rebels, including Chilembwe, fled towards Portuguese Mozambique but most were captured. About forty rebels were executed in the aftermath and 300 were imprisoned; Chilembwe was shot dead by a police patrol near the border on 3 February. Although the rebellion did not achieve lasting success, it is commonly cited as a watershed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi" title="History of Malawi">Malawian history</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg/220px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg/330px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg/440px-Ministry_of_Information_First_World_War_Official_Collection_Q15528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">African porters in European service suffered high rates of casualties from disease</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001, Hew Strachan estimated that British losses in the East African campaign were <span class="nowrap">3,443 killed</span> in action, <span class="nowrap">6,558 died</span> of disease and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90,000</span> African porters died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003641,_568_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachan2003641,_568-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, Paice recorded <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 22,000 British</span> casualties in the East African campaign, of whom <span class="nowrap">11,189 died,</span> <span class="nowrap">9 percent</span> of the <span class="nowrap">126,972 troops</span> in the campaign. By 1917, the conscription of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1,000,000</span> Africans as carriers, depopulated many districts and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 95,000</span> porters had died, among them <span class="nowrap">20 percent</span> of the Carrier Corps in East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009392–393_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009392–393-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the porters who died, <span class="nowrap">45,000 were</span> Kenyan, amounting to <span class="nowrap">13 percent</span> of the male population. The campaign cost the British £70 million, close to the war budget set in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2011120_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2011120-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChantrill2016_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChantrill2016-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> official wrote that the East African campaign had not become a scandal only "... because the people who suffered most were the carriers - and after all, who cares about native carriers?".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009393_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009393-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian record of <span class="nowrap">5,000 casualties</span> includes <span class="nowrap">2,620 soldiers</span> killed in action or died of disease but excludes <span class="nowrap">15,650 porter</span> deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnuaire1922100_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnuaire1922100-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese casualties in Africa were <span class="nowrap">5,533 soldiers</span> killed, <span class="nowrap">5,640 troops</span> missing or captured and an unknown but significant number wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStatistics1920352–357_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStatistics1920352–357-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg/220px-German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg/330px-German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg/440px-German_WW1_Memorial_in_Iringa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Memorial to the German soldiers killed during the campaign in <a href="/wiki/Iringa" title="Iringa">Iringa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In the German colonies, no records of the number of people conscripted or casualties were kept but in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Der_Weltkrieg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Der Weltkrieg (page does not exist)">Der Weltkrieg</a></i>, the German official history, Ludwig Boell (1951) wrote "... of the loss of levies, carriers, and boys (sic) [we could] make no overall count due to the absence of detailed sickness records". Paice wrote of a 1989 estimate of <span class="nowrap">350,000 casualties</span> and a death rate of <span class="nowrap">1-in-7 people.</span> Carriers were rarely paid and food and cattle were requisitioned from civilians; a famine caused by the subsequent food shortage and poor rains in 1917 led to another <span class="nowrap">300,000 civilian</span> deaths in German East Africa. The conscription of farm labour in British East Africa and the failure of the 1917–1918 rains, led to famine and in September the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">1918 flu pandemic</a> reached sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya and Uganda <span class="nowrap">160,000–200,000 people</span> died, in South Africa there were <span class="nowrap">250,000–350,000 deaths</span> and in German East Africa <span class="nowrap">10–20 percent</span> of the population died of famine and disease; in sub-Saharan Africa, <span class="nowrap">1,500,000–2,000,000 people</span> died in the flu epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009393–398_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009393–398-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the German conduct of war directly led to the death of at least 350,000 civilians in East Africa; most German colonial soldiers and officers, including Lettow-Vorbeck, never expressed remorse for these losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009398_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009398-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">200 Europeans and 2,500 Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContey200246_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContey200246-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3,000 Europeans and 15,000 Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowson200387_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowson200387-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">115 Europeans and 1,168 Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowson200387_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowson200387-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">5,000 Europeans and 17,000 Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact number of irregulars in German service is unknown; the British <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> estimated that it was 12,000. Numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ruga-Ruga" title="Ruga-Ruga">Ruga-Ruga</a> in German service also tended fluctuate greatly due to the fact that they fought, left or deserted when they saw fit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesek201494–97_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesek201494–97-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Clodfelter, this includes 1,290 Askari and 739 Germans (100 officers); 874 Germans were also wounded including those captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Clodfelter, 2,487 Askari and 2 Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017415_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017415-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Clodfelter, 2,847 Germans and 4,275 Askari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The proportions of African civilians who died of war-related causes are Kenya 30,000, Tanzania 100,000, Mozambique 50,000, Rwanda 15,000, Burundi 20,000 and Belgian Congo 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlikman200488_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlikman200488-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The ship is still in service as the <i>Liemba</i>, plying the lake under the Tanzanian flag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009230_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009230-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Allied force in East Africa became composed almost entirely of South African, Indian, and other colonial troops. Black South African troops were not considered for European service as a matter of policy, while all Indian units had been withdrawn from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(WWI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Front (WWI)">Western Front</a> by the end of 1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In early November 1917, the German naval dirigible <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_LZ104" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeppelin LZ104"><i>L.59</i></a> travelled over 4,200 mi (6,800 km) in 95 hours towards East Africa, but was recalled by the German admiralty before it arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillmott2003192_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillmott2003192-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Chambeshi_Monument" title="Chambeshi Monument">Lettow-Vorbeck Memorial</a> marks the spot in <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice20091_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice20091-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prominent early proponents of the claim about an Allied <i>de facto</i> defeat in the East African campaign included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Gerhard_Jacob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Gerhard Jacob (page does not exist)">Ernst Gerhard Jacob</a>, a former colonial official and historian, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz-Wilhelm_Bauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz-Wilhelm Bauer (page does not exist)">Heinz-Wilhelm Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy</a> official and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Doering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Doering (page does not exist)">Walther Doering</a>, a higher-ranking member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskolonialbund" title="Reichskolonialbund">Reichskolonialbund</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006118_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulte-Varendorff2006118-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"This essentially undefeated German campaign has ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasson2014161_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasson2014161-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In practice, when the Armistice was declared in 1918 von Lettow-Vorbeck remained undefeated, ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone201588_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone201588-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Upon learning of the armistice in Europe, he negotiated the surrender of his undefeated army. Lettow-Vorbeck had ..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2002194_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2002194-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Von Lettow-Vorbeck’s continual success in fighting against a combined allied force in what resembled guerrilla tactics more than open battle left his troops the only German military unit undefeated at the end of the war in 1918."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneck2008105_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneck2008105-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller197441-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197441_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller197441_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1974">Miller 1974</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001359_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolmes2001">Holmes 2001</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfield2007274_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfield2007">Garfield 2007</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEContey200246-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEContey200246_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFContey2002">Contey 2002</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowson200387-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowson200387_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowson200387_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowson2003">Crowson 2003</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017416_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesek201494-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesek201494_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPesek2014">Pesek (2014)</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPesek201494–97-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPesek201494–97_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPesek2014">Pesek (2014)</a>, pp. 94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorlang200891_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorlang2008">Morlang 2008</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009388-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009388_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaice2009">Paice 2009</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichels2009117_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMichels2009">Michels 2009</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017415-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017415_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErlikman200488-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErlikman200488_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErlikman2004">Erlikman 2004</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolmes2001361_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaice2009">Paice 2009</a>, pp. 393–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaice2009398-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaice2009398_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaice2009">Paice 2009</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2004" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Ross (2004). <i>The Forgotten Front: The East Africa Campaign, 1914–1918</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2344-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2344-9"><bdi>978-0-7524-2344-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Front%3A+The+East+Africa+Campaign%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2344-9&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell2005" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Mike (2005). <i>The British Army in World War I: The Eastern Fronts</i>. Vol. III. Oxford: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-401-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-401-6"><bdi>978-1-84176-401-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Army+in+World+War+I%3A+The+Eastern+Fronts&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-401-6&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopaedia of Casualty and other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopaedia+of+Casualty+and+other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Corbett" title="Julian Corbett">Corbett, J. S.</a> (2009) [1938]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations01corb"><i>Naval Operations</i></a>. History of the Great War based on Official Documents. Vol. I (2nd repr. Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-489-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-489-5"><bdi>978-1-84342-489-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Operations&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Great+War+based+on+Official+Documents&rft.edition=2nd+repr.+Imperial+War+Museum+and+Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84342-489-5&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavaloperations01corb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowson2003" class="citation book cs1">Crowson, T. A. (2003). <i>When Elephants Clash. A Critical Analysis of Major General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck in the East African Theatre of the Great War</i>. NTIS, Springfield, VA.: Storming Media. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634605194">634605194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Elephants+Clash.+A+Critical+Analysis+of+Major+General+Paul+Emil+von+Lettow-Vorbeck+in+the+East+African+Theatre+of+the+Great+War&rft.place=NTIS%2C+Springfield%2C+VA.&rft.pub=Storming+Media&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634605194&rft.aulast=Crowson&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlikman2004" class="citation book cs1">Erlikman, Vadim (2004). <i>Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke</i> [<i>Population Losses in the Twentieth Century: A Handbook</i>]. Moscow: Russkai︠a︡ panorama. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-93165-107-1"><bdi>978-5-93165-107-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poteri+narodonaseleniia+v+XX+veke&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Russkai%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1+panorama&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-5-93165-107-1&rft.aulast=Erlikman&rft.aufirst=Vadim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Byron_Farwell" title="Byron Farwell">Farwell, Byron</a> (1986). <i>The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918</i>. New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02369-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02369-5"><bdi>978-0-393-02369-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+in+Africa%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02369-5&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=Byron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1989" class="citation book cs1">Farwell, B. (1989). <i>The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30564-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30564-7"><bdi>978-0-393-30564-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+in+Africa%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30564-7&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoden2004" class="citation book cs1">Foden, G. (2004). <a href="/wiki/Mimi_and_Toutou_Go_Forth" title="Mimi and Toutou Go Forth"><i>Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika</i></a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100984-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100984-1"><bdi>978-0-14-100984-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mimi+and+Toutou+Go+Forth%3A+The+Bizarre+Battle+for+Lake+Tanganyika&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100984-1&rft.aulast=Foden&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfield2007" class="citation book cs1">Garfield, Brian (2007). <i>The Meinertzhagen Mystery</i>. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-041-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-041-9"><bdi>978-1-59797-041-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meinertzhagen+Mystery&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-041-9&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHordern1990" class="citation book cs1">Hordern, C. (1990) [1941]. <i>Military Operations East Africa: August 1914 – September 1916</i>. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-158-9"><bdi>978-0-89839-158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Operations+East+Africa%3A+August+1914+%E2%80%93+September+1916&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Imperial+War+Museum+%26+Battery+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-158-9&rft.aulast=Hordern&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(military_historian)" title="Richard Holmes (military historian)">Holmes, Richard</a> (2001). <i>The Oxford Companion to Military History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860696-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860696-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860696-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Military+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860696-3&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1981" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, E. P. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guerillacolonelv00hoyt"><i>Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire</i></a></span>. New York: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-555210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-555210-4"><bdi>978-0-02-555210-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerilla%3A+Colonel+von+Lettow-Vorbeck+and+Germany%27s+East+African+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-02-555210-4&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguerillacolonelv00hoyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichels2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Michels, Stefanie (2009). <i>Schwarze Deutsche Kolonialsoldaten. Mehrdeutige Repräsentationsräume und früher Kosmopolitismus in Afrika</i> [<i>Black German Colonial Soldiers. Ambiguous Representational Spaces and Former Cosmopolitanism in Africa</i>]. Histoire Transcript (Firm) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>: transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-1054-3"><bdi>978-3-8376-1054-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schwarze+Deutsche+Kolonialsoldaten.+Mehrdeutige+Repr%C3%A4sentationsr%C3%A4ume+und+fr%C3%BCher+Kosmopolitismus+in+Afrika&rft.place=Bielefeld&rft.series=Histoire+Transcript+%28Firm%29&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-1054-3&rft.aulast=Michels&rft.aufirst=Stefanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1974" class="citation book cs1">Miller, C. (1974). <i>Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in East Africa</i>. New York: MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-584930-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-584930-3"><bdi>978-0-02-584930-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+the+Bundu%3A+The+First+World+War+in+East+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-02-584930-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorlang2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morlang, Thomas (2008). <i>Askari und Fitafita. "Farbige" Söldner in den deutschen Kolonien</i> [<i>Askari and Fitafita. 'Colored' Mercenaries in the German Colonies</i>]. Schlaglichter der Kolonialgeschichte (in German). <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: Ch. Links Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-476-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-476-1"><bdi>978-3-86153-476-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Askari+und+Fitafita.+%22Farbige%22+S%C3%B6ldner+in+den+deutschen+Kolonien&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Schlaglichter+der+Kolonialgeschichte&rft.pub=Ch.+Links+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-86153-476-1&rft.aulast=Morlang&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewbolt2003" class="citation book cs1">Newbolt, H. (2003) [1928]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb"><i>History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Naval Operations</i></a>. Vol. IV (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Longmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-492-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84342-492-5"><bdi>978-1-84342-492-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Great+War+Based+on+Official+Documents%3A+Naval+Operations&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84342-492-5&rft.aulast=Newbolt&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavaloperations04corb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaice2009" class="citation book cs1">Paice, E. (2009) [2007]. <i>Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa</i> (Phoenix ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2349-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2349-1"><bdi>978-0-7538-2349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tip+and+Run%3A+The+Untold+Tragedy+of+the+Great+War+in+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Phoenix&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2349-1&rft.aulast=Paice&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPesek2014" class="citation book cs1">Pesek, Michael (2014). "Ruga-ruga: The History of an African Profession, 1820–1918". In Berman, Nina; Mühlhahn, Klaus; Nganang, Patrice (eds.). <i>German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. pp. 85–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruga-ruga%3A+The+History+of+an+African+Profession%2C+1820%E2%80%931918&rft.btitle=German+Colonialism+Revisited%3A+African%2C+Asian%2C+and+Oceanic+Experiences&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=85-100&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Pesek&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis, Wm. Roger</a> (1963). <i>Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/445674">445674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruanda-Urundi%2C+1884%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F445674&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Wm.+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2011" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, L. (2011). <i>World War One: The Global Revolution</i>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-73626-8"><bdi>978-0-521-73626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+One%3A+The+Global+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-73626-8&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics1920" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statisticsofmili00grea"><i>Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920</i></a> (online ed.). London: War Office. 1920. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1318955">1318955</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+the+Military+Effort+of+the+British+Empire+During+the+Great+War+1914%E2%80%931920&rft.place=London&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=War+Office&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1318955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatisticsofmili00grea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte-Varendorff2006" class="citation book cs1">Schulte-Varendorff, Uwe (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlI5uclSKfsC"><i>Kolonialheld für Kaiser und Führer. General Lettow-Vorbeck</i></a>. Berlin: C.H. Links. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783861534129" title="Special:BookSources/9783861534129"><bdi>9783861534129</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolonialheld+f%C3%BCr+Kaiser+und+F%C3%BChrer.+General+Lettow-Vorbeck&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=C.H.+Links&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783861534129&rft.aulast=Schulte-Varendorff&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdlI5uclSKfsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_John_Anthony_Stone" title="David John Anthony Stone">Stone, David</a> (2015). <i>The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844862917" title="Special:BookSources/9781844862917"><bdi>9781844862917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kaiser%27s+Army%3A+The+German+Army+in+World+War+One&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781844862917&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Strachan, H.</a> (2003) [2001]. <i>The First World War: To Arms</i>. Vol. I (pbk. ed.). Oxford: OUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926191-8"><bdi>978-0-19-926191-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+To+Arms&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=pbk.&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926191-8&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachan2004" class="citation book cs1">Strachan, H. (2004). <i>The First World War in Africa</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925728-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925728-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+in+Africa&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925728-7&rft.aulast=Strachan&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer</a> (2002). <i>The Great War, 1914-1918</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134817504" title="Special:BookSources/9781134817504"><bdi>9781134817504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War%2C+1914-1918&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134817504&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmott2003" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P. (2003). <i>First World War</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-0029-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-0029-2"><bdi>978-1-4053-0029-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-0029-2&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnuaire1922" class="citation journal cs1">"Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919" [Statistics of Belgium and the Belgian Congo Annual]. <i>Annuaire Statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge</i>. Bruxelles: Institut national de statistique for Ministère des affaires économiques. 1922. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0770-2221">0770-2221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annuaire+Statistique+de+la+Belgique+et+du+Congo+Belge&rft.atitle=Annuaire+statistique+de+la+Belgique+et+du+Congo+Belge+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=0770-2221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContey2002" class="citation journal cs1">Contey, F. (2002). "Zeppelin Mission to East Africa". <i>Aviation History</i>. <b>XIII</b> (1). Weider History Group. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1076-8858">1076-8858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+History&rft.atitle=Zeppelin+Mission+to+East+Africa&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1076-8858&rft.aulast=Contey&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nasson, Bill (2014). "More Than Just von Lettow-Vorbeck: Sub-Saharan Africa in the First World War". <i>Geschichte und Gesellschaft</i>. <b>40</b> (2). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13109%2Fgege.2014.40.2.160">10.13109/gege.2014.40.2.160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-613X">0340-613X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geschichte+und+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=More+Than+Just+von+Lettow-Vorbeck%3A+Sub-Saharan+Africa+in+the+First+World+War&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13109%2Fgege.2014.40.2.160&rft.issn=0340-613X&rft.aulast=Nasson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneck2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schneck, Peter (2008). "The New Negro from Germany". <i>American Art</i>. <b>22</b> (3). The University of Chicago Press: 102–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F595810">10.1086/595810</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1073-9300">1073-9300</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191450795">191450795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Art&rft.atitle=The+New+Negro+from+Germany&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=102-111&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191450795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1073-9300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F595810&rft.aulast=Schneck&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChantrill2016" class="citation web cs1">Chantrill, C. (29 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukpublicspending.co.uk/total_spending_1914UKmn">"Spending / Pie Chart 1914"</a>. <i>ukpublicspending co uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ukpublicspending+co+uk&rft.atitle=Spending+%2F+Pie+Chart+1914&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft.aulast=Chantrill&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukpublicspending.co.uk%2Ftotal_spending_1914UKmn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott2002" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, P. (2002). <i>Armies in East Africa 1914–1918</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-489-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-489-4"><bdi>978-1-84176-489-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+in+East+Africa+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-489-4&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert1915" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, A. F. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southwestafricad00calvuoft"><i>South-West Africa During the German Occupation, 1884–1914</i></a>. London: T. W. Laurie. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7534413">7534413</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-West+Africa+During+the+German+Occupation%2C+1884%E2%80%931914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+W.+Laurie&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7534413&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthwestafricad00calvuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert1917" class="citation book cs1">Calvert, A. F. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germaneastafrica00calvrich"><i>German East Africa</i></a>. London: T. W. Laurie. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088504">1088504</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+East+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+W.+Laurie&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088504&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermaneastafrica00calvrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2014" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Jonathon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lOGXAgAAQBAJ&q=In+1885%2C+Germans+colonized+the+lands+that+became+German+East+Africa+%28Deutsch-Ostafrika%29.&pg=PA247"><i>Between: A Story of Africa: A Novel</i></a>. Bloomington, IN: WestBow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4908-1451-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4908-1451-3"><bdi>978-1-4908-1451-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between%3A+A+Story+of+Africa%3A+A+Novel&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4908-1451-3&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlOGXAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2B1885%252C%2BGermans%2Bcolonized%2Bthe%2Blands%2Bthat%2Bbecame%2BGerman%2BEast%2BAfrica%2B%2528Deutsch-Ostafrika%2529.%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Clifford_(colonial_administrator)" title="Hugh Clifford (colonial administrator)">Clifford, H. C.</a> (2013) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goldcoastregimen00clif"><i>The Gold Coast Regiment in the East African Campaign</i></a> (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78331-012-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78331-012-8"><bdi>978-1-78331-012-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Coast+Regiment+in+the+East+African+Campaign&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78331-012-8&rft.aulast=Clifford&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoldcoastregimen00clif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDane1919" class="citation book cs1">Dane, E. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcampaigns00dane"><i>British Campaigns in Africa and the Pacific, 1914–1918</i></a>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2460289">2460289</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Campaigns+in+Africa+and+the+Pacific%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2460289&rft.aulast=Dane&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcampaigns00dane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDifford1920" class="citation book cs1">Difford, I. D. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyof1stbattal00diffuoft"><i>The Story of the 1st Battalion Cape Corps, 1915–1919</i></a>. Cape Town: Hortors. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13300378">13300378</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+1st+Battalion+Cape+Corps%2C+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Hortors&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13300378&rft.aulast=Difford&rft.aufirst=I.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryof1stbattal00diffuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownes1919" class="citation book cs1">Downes, W. D. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withnigeriansing00down"><i>With the Nigerians in German East Africa</i></a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10329057">10329057</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+Nigerians+in+German+East+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10329057&rft.aulast=Downes&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithnigeriansing00down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFendall1992" class="citation book cs1">Fendall, C. P. (1992) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eastafricanforce00fend"><i>The East African Force 1915–1919</i></a> (Battery Press ed.). London: H. F. & G. Witherby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-174-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89839-174-9"><bdi>978-0-89839-174-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+African+Force+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Battery+Press&rft.pub=H.+F.+%26+G.+Witherby&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-89839-174-9&rft.aulast=Fendall&rft.aufirst=C.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feastafricanforce00fend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenssen1914" class="citation book cs1">Frenssen, G. (1914) [1906]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petermoorsjourn00frengoog"><i>Peter Moors Fahrt nach Südwest</i></a> [<i>Peter Moor's Journey to South-West Africa: A Narrative of the German Campaign</i>] (Houghton Mifflin, NY ed.). Berlin: Grote. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2953336">2953336</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peter+Moors+Fahrt+nach+S%C3%BCdwest&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=Houghton+Mifflin%2C+NY&rft.pub=Grote&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2953336&rft.aulast=Frenssen&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetermoorsjourn00frengoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1963" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, B. (1963). <i>On to Kilimanjaro</i>. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-04620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-04620-0"><bdi>978-1-111-04620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+to+Kilimanjaro&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Macrae+Smith&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1-111-04620-0&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges1999" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, G., ed. (1999). <i>The Carrier Corps: The Story of the Military Labor Forces in the Conquest of German East Africa, 1914–1919</i> (2nd revised ed.). Nairobi: Nairobi University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605134579">605134579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carrier+Corps%3A+The+Story+of+the+Military+Labor+Forces+in+the+Conquest+of+German+East+Africa%2C+1914%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Nairobi&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Nairobi+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605134579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1968" class="citation book cs1">Hoyt, E. P. (1968). <i>The Germans Who Never Lost</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-096400-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-096400-0"><bdi>978-0-09-096400-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans+Who+Never+Lost&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-09-096400-0&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillais1919" class="citation book cs1">Millais, J. G. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifefrederickco00millgoog"><i>Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O., Capt. 25th Royal Fusiliers</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5322545">5322545</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Frederick+Courtenay+Selous%2C+D.S.O.%2C+Capt.+25th+Royal+Fusiliers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5322545&rft.aulast=Millais&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifefrederickco00millgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley1963" class="citation book cs1">Mosley, L. (1963). <i>Duel for Kilimanjaro: An Account of the East African Campaign 1914–1918</i>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655839799">655839799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duel+for+Kilimanjaro%3A+An+Account+of+the+East+African+Campaign+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655839799&rft.aulast=Mosley&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup1988" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondbendinrive00nort"><i>Beyond the Bend in the River: African Labor in Eastern Zaire, 1865–1940</i></a>. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89680-151-6"><bdi>978-0-89680-151-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Bend+in+the+River%3A+African+Labor+in+Eastern+Zaire%2C+1865%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Center+for+International+Studies&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89680-151-6&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondbendinrive00nort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatience1997" class="citation book cs1">Patience, K. (1997). <i>Konigsberg: A German East African Raider</i> (2001 revised ed.). Bahrain: Author. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223264994">223264994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konigsberg%3A+A+German+East+African+Raider&rft.place=Bahrain&rft.edition=2001+revised&rft.pub=Author&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223264994&rft.aulast=Patience&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford2001" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, A. (2001). <i>Kaputala: The Diary of Arthur Beagle & The East Africa Campaign 1916–1918</i>. Hand Over Fist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9540517-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9540517-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9540517-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaputala%3A+The+Diary+of+Arthur+Beagle+%26+The+East+Africa+Campaign+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Hand+Over+Fist+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-9540517-0-9&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard1919" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, S. H. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somenotesontacti00sheprich"><i>Some Notes on Tactics in the East African Campaign</i></a>. India: Simla?. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609954711">609954711</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Notes+on+Tactics+in+the+East+African+Campaign&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Simla%3F&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609954711&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomenotesontacti00sheprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSibley1973" class="citation book cs1">Sibley, J. R. (1973). <i>Tanganyikan Guerilla</i>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-09801-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-09801-6"><bdi>978-0-345-09801-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanganyikan+Guerilla&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-345-09801-6&rft.aulast=Sibley&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStapleton2005" class="citation book cs1">Stapleton, T. (2005). <i>The Rhodesia Native Regiment and the East Africa Campaign of the First World War</i>. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-498-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88920-498-0"><bdi>978-0-88920-498-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhodesia+Native+Regiment+and+the+East+Africa+Campaign+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-88920-498-0&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1981" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, W. (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ghostsofafricano00stev"><i>The Ghosts of Africa</i></a></span>. New York: Ballantine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-29793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-29793-8"><bdi>978-0-345-29793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghosts+of+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-345-29793-8&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fghostsofafricano00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittall1917" class="citation book cs1">Whittall, W. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withbothaandsmu00whitgoog"><i>With Botha and Smuts in Africa</i></a>. London: Cassell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3504908">3504908</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Botha+and+Smuts+in+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3504908&rft.aulast=Whittall&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwithbothaandsmu00whitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1917" class="citation book cs1">Young, F. B. (1917). <i><a href="/wiki/Marching_on_Tanga" title="Marching on Tanga">Marching on Tanga</a></i>. New York: E. P. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717640690">717640690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marching+on+Tanga&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717640690&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=F.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1961" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, G. A. M. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N5/V4N5.htm">"The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918"</a>. <i>The Northern Rhodesia Journal</i>. <b>IV</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0549-9674">0549-9674</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Rhodesia+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Evacuation+of+Kasama+in+1918&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=0549-9674&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=G.+A.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrzam.org.uk%2FNRJ%2FV4N5%2FV4N5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Theses</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation thesis cs1">Anderson, R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5195/"><i>World War I in East Africa, 1916–1918</i></a>. <i>theses.gla.ac.uk</i> (PhD). University of Glasgow. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/498854094">498854094</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252464">uk.bl.ethos.252464</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=World+War+I+in+East+Africa%2C+1916%E2%80%931918&rft.inst=University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F498854094&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.gla.ac.uk%2F5195%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign (World War I)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N5/V4N5.htm">The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol066ed.html">The German East Africa Campaign 1914–1918</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntz.info/gen/b00628.html#03534">The War with Germany in East Africa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142714/http://www.arbr03694.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/KaputalaSecondEdition.html">Rutherford, Alan. Kaputala, 2nd edition, Hand Over Fist Press, 2014.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808213738/http://www.zeppelin.com/en/PDF/Zeppelin_era_airship.pdf">The Zeppelin Airship Era</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank R. (1922). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/East Africa, Military Operations"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/East_Africa,_Military_Operations">"East Africa, Military Operations" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 30 (12th ed.). pp. 875–886.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+Africa%2C+Military+Operations&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=875-886&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+African+campaign+%28World+War+I%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Digre, Brian : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_warfare_and_occupation_africa/">Colonial Warfare and Occupation (Africa)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129171344/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_warfare_and_occupation_africa/">Archived</a> 29 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tanzania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tanzania_topics" title="Template:Tanzania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tanzania_topics" title="Template talk:Tanzania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tanzania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tanzania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tanzania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tanzania" title="Outline of Tanzania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tanzania" title="History of Tanzania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tanzanian_history" title="Timeline of Tanzanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East African Campaign <span style="font-size:85%;">(World War I)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanganyika (territory)">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Sultanate of Zanzibar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanzibar slave trade">Zanzibar slave trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Revolution" title="Zanzibar Revolution">Zanzibar Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusha_Declaration" title="Arusha Declaration">Arusha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Ujamaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Tanzania" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Republic_of_Tanzania" title="Coat of arms of the United Republic of Tanzania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Tanzania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Tanzania.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_arms_of_Tanzania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tanzania" title="Geography of Tanzania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tanzania" title="List of cities in Tanzania">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Tanzania" title="Districts of Tanzania">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Tanzania" title="List of islands of Tanzania">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Tanzania" title="List of lakes of Tanzania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Tanzania" title="List of protected areas of Tanzania">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tanzania" title="Regions of Tanzania">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers in Tanzania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Tanzania" title="List of volcanoes in Tanzania">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Tanzania" title="Wildlife of Tanzania">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tanzania" title="Politics of Tanzania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tanzania" title="Cabinet of Tanzania">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tanzania" title="Constitution of Tanzania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Tanzania" title="Corruption in Tanzania">Corruption</a></li> <li>Courts (<a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Tanzania" title="High Court of Tanzania">High Court</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tanzania" title="Elections in Tanzania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tanzania" title="Foreign relations of Tanzania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tanzania" title="Human rights in Tanzania">Human rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tanzania">LGBT rights</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania_People%27s_Defence_Force" title="Tanzania People's Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Tanzania)" title="National Assembly (Tanzania)">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Tanzania" title="List of political parties in Tanzania">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tanzania" title="President of Tanzania">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Tanzania" title="List of heads of state of Tanzania">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Tanzania">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tanzania" title="Prime Minister of Tanzania">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Tanzania">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tanzania" title="Agriculture in Tanzania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Tanzania" title="Bank of Tanzania">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Tanzania" title="List of companies of Tanzania">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_shilling" title="Tanzanian shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam_Stock_Exchange" title="Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Tanzania" title="Taxation in Tanzania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Tanzania" title="Tourism in Tanzania">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tanzania" title="Transport in Tanzania">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Tanzania" title="Category:Society of Tanzania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tanzania" title="Culture of Tanzania">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tanzania" title="Demographics of Tanzania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tanzania" title="Education in Tanzania">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Tanzania" title="List of ethnic groups in Tanzania">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tanzania" title="Flag of Tanzania">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Tanzania" title="Healthcare in Tanzania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Tanzania" title="HIV/AIDS in Tanzania">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tanzania" title="Languages of Tanzania">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tanzanians" title="List of Tanzanians">List of Tanzanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_literature" title="Tanzanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Tanzania">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tanzania" title="Music of Tanzania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_and_waste_management_in_Tanzania" title="Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania">Natural resource and waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Persecution of Albinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Tanzania" title="Public holidays in Tanzania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Tanzania" title="Sport in Tanzania">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Tanzania" title="Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unguja" title="Unguja">Unguja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_Archipelago" title="Zanzibar Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar_House_of_Representatives" title="Zanzibar House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tanzania" title="Outline of Tanzania">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tanzania" title="Outline of Tanzania">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tanzania" title="Category:Tanzania">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tanzania" title="Portal:Tanzania">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" 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