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Physiological constraints on diving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiological_constraints_on_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immersion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immersion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Immersion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immersion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Exposure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breath-hold_limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breath-hold_limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Breath-hold limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breath-hold_limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambient_pressure_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambient_pressure_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ambient pressure changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambient_pressure_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breathing_under_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breathing_under_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Breathing under pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breathing_under_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensory_impairment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensory_impairment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Sensory impairment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensory_impairment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diving modes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diving_modes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diving modes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diving_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freediving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freediving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Freediving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freediving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scuba_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scuba_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Scuba diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scuba_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface-supplied_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface-supplied_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Surface-supplied diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface-supplied_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_pressure_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_pressure_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Atmospheric pressure diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_pressure_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unmanned_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmanned_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Unmanned diving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unmanned_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diving activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physiological_discoveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiological_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Physiological discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiological_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diving environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diving_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diving environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diving_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depth_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depth_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Depth range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depth_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dive_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dive_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dive sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dive_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diving procedures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diver_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diver_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Diver training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diver_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_aspects_of_diving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_aspects_of_diving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Medical aspects of diving</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_aspects_of_diving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical aspects of diving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_aspects_of_diving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fitness_to_dive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fitness_to_dive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fitness to dive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fitness_to_dive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diving_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Diving medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Risks and safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risks_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Risks and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diving_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diving_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Diving hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diving_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Human factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Risk management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legal aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Economic aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economic aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Underwater diving</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderwaterduik" title="Onderwaterduik – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onderwaterduik" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauchen" title="Tauchen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tauchen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C8%B3fung" title="Dȳfung – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Dȳfung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B5" title="غوص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayvinq" title="Dayvinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dayvinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="دالغیج‌لیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دالغیج‌لیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%C3%A0ng-b%C4%AB" title="Chhàng-bī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhàng-bī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinisme" title="Submarinisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Submarinisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A1p%C4%9Bn%C3%AD" title="Potápění – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Potápění" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykning" title="Dykning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dykning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauchen" title="Tauchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tauchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukeldumine" title="Sukeldumine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sukeldumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B4%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Υποβρύχια κατάδυση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποβρύχια κατάδυση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buceo" title="Buceo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buceo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subakvado" title="Subakvado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subakvado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urpekaritza" title="Urpekaritza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urpekaritza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%DB%8C" title="غواصی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غواصی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaving" title="Kaving – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kaving" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plong%C3%A9e_sous-marine" title="Plongée sous-marine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plongée sous-marine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergullo" title="Mergullo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mergullo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E6%B2%95%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%90" title="入沕古子 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="入沕古子" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EC%88%98" title="잠수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잠수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Դայվինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դայվինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="ग़ोताख़ोरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग़ोताख़ोरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selam" title="Selam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6fun" title="Köfun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Köfun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subacquea" title="Subacquea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Subacquea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="צלילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צלילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дайвинг – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дайвинг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plonje_soumaren" title="Plonje soumaren – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plonje soumaren" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nardymas" title="Nardymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nardymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BAv%C3%A1rkod%C3%A1s" title="Búvárkodás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Búvárkodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selam" title="Selam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Selam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရေအောက်သို့ ဒိုင်ဗင်ထိုးခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေအောက်သို့ ဒိုင်ဗင်ထိုးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportduiken" title="Sportduiken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sportduiken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4" title="潜水 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="潜水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykking" title="Dykking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dykking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykking" title="Dykking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dykking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotada" title="Sotada – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sotada" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дайвинг – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Дайвинг" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambuyamentu" title="Sambuyamentu – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sambuyamentu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurkowanie" title="Nurkowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nurkowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergulho" title="Mergulho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mergulho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scufundare" title="Scufundare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Scufundare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27ultikuy" title="Ch'ultikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'ultikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дайвинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дайвинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Underwater diving" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A1panie" title="Potápanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Potápanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Роњење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роњење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukellus" title="Sukellus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sukellus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykning" title="Dykning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dykning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆழ்நீர் தாவுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆழ்நீர் தாவுதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="การดำน้ำ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การดำน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalg%C4%B1%C3%A7l%C4%B1k" title="Dalgıçlık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dalgıçlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Дайвінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дайвінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4" title="潜水 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="潜水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%BC%E6%B0%B4" title="氼水 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氼水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4" title="潜水 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潜水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179643#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benign_water_diving&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Descending below the surface of the water to interact with the environment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Olympic sport, see <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">Diving (sport)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diving_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Diving (disambiguation)">Diving</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diving_stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two divers wearing lightweight demand helmets stand back-to-back on an underwater platform holding on to the railings. The photo also shows the support vessel above the surface in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Diving_stage.jpg/220px-Diving_stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Diving_stage.jpg/330px-Diving_stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Diving_stage.jpg/440px-Diving_stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Surface-supplied divers riding a stage to the underwater workplace</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Underwater diving</b>, as a human activity, is the practice of descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment. It is also often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Diving_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Diving (disambiguation)">diving</a>, an ambiguous term with several possible meanings, depending on context. Immersion in water and exposure to high ambient pressure have <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> effects that limit the depths and duration possible in <a href="/wiki/Ambient_pressure" title="Ambient pressure">ambient pressure</a> diving. Humans are not physiologically and anatomically well-adapted to the environmental conditions of diving, and various equipment has been developed to extend the depth and duration of human dives, and allow different types of work to be done. </p><p>In ambient pressure diving, the diver is directly exposed to the pressure of the surrounding water. The ambient pressure diver may dive on breath-hold (<a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">freediving</a>) or use breathing apparatus for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> or <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diving</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">saturation diving</a> technique reduces the risk of <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> (DCS) after long-duration deep dives. <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suits</a> (ADS) may be used to isolate the diver from high ambient pressure. Crewed <a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">submersibles</a> can extend depth range to <a href="/wiki/Full_ocean_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Full ocean depth">full ocean depth</a>, and remotely controlled or robotic machines can reduce risk to humans. </p><p>The environment exposes the diver to a wide range of hazards, and though the risks are largely controlled by appropriate <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">diving skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">training</a>, types of <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a> used depending on the mode, depth and purpose of diving, it remains a relatively dangerous activity. Professional diving is usually regulated by occupational health and safety legislation, while recreational diving may be entirely unregulated. Diving activities are restricted to maximum depths of about 40 metres (130 ft) for recreational scuba diving, 530 metres (1,740 ft) for commercial saturation diving, and 610 metres (2,000 ft) wearing atmospheric suits. Diving is also restricted to conditions which are not excessively hazardous, though the level of risk acceptable can vary, and fatal incidents may occur. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a> (sometimes called sport diving or subaquatics) is a popular leisure activity. <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a> is a form of recreational diving under more challenging conditions. <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a> (commercial diving, diving for research purposes, or for financial gain) involves working underwater. <a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a> is the underwater work done by law enforcement, fire rescue, and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">underwater search and recovery</a> dive teams. <a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military diving</a> includes combat diving, <a href="/wiki/Clearance_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearance diving">clearance diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">ships husbandry</a>. <i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Deep_sea_diving"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Deep sea diving</span></span></i> is underwater diving, usually with surface-supplied equipment, and often refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a> with the traditional copper helmet. <i>Hard hat</i> diving is any form of diving with a <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">helmet</a>, including the standard copper helmet, and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet#Free-flow_helmets" title="Diving helmet">free-flow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet#Lightweight_demand_helmets" title="Diving helmet">lightweight demand helmets</a>. The history of breath-hold diving goes back at least to classical times, and there is evidence of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting and gathering</a> of seafoods that may have involved underwater swimming. Technical advances allowing the provision of breathing gas to a diver underwater at ambient pressure are recent, and self-contained breathing systems developed at an accelerated rate following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiological_constraints_on_diving">Physiological constraints on diving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physiological constraints on diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_physiology_of_underwater_diving" title="Human physiology of underwater diving">Human physiology of underwater diving</a></div> <p>Immersion in water and exposure to cold water and high pressure have physiological effects on the diver which limit the depths and duration possible in ambient pressure diving. Breath-hold endurance is a severe limitation, and breathing at high ambient pressure adds further complications, both directly and indirectly. Technological solutions have been developed which can greatly extend depth and duration of human ambient pressure dives, and allow useful work to be done underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-ECHM-EDTM_2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECHM-EDTM_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immersion">Immersion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Immersion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></div> <p>Immersion of the human body in water affects the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal system">renal system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluid_balance" title="Fluid balance">fluid balance</a>, and breathing, because the external <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic pressure">hydrostatic pressure</a> of the water provides support against the internal hydrostatic pressure of the blood. This causes a <a href="/wiki/Blood_shift_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood shift (diving)">blood shift</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Extravascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extravascular">extravascular</a> tissues of the limbs into the chest cavity,<sup id="cite_ref-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fluid losses known as <a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">immersion diuresis</a> compensate for the blood shift in hydrated subjects soon after immersion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollias_et_al_1976_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollias_et_al_1976-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrostatic pressure on the body from head-out immersion causes negative pressure breathing which contributes to the blood shift.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollias_et_al_1976_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollias_et_al_1976-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blood shift causes an increased respiratory and cardiac workload. Stroke volume is not greatly affected by immersion or variation in ambient pressure, but <a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">slowed heartbeat</a> reduces the overall cardiac output, particularly because of the diving reflex in <a href="/wiki/Breath-hold_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath-hold diving">breath-hold diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lung volume decreases in the upright position, owing to cranial displacement of the abdomen from hydrostatic pressure, and resistance to air flow in the airways increases because of the decrease in lung volume.<sup id="cite_ref-Kollias_et_al_1976_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kollias_et_al_1976-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appears to be a connection between <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a> and increased pulmonary blood flow and pressure, which results in capillary engorgement. This may occur during higher intensity exercise while immersed or submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">diving reflex</a> is a response to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic <a href="/wiki/Reflex" title="Reflex">reflexes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Panneton_2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panneton_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It optimises <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a> by preferentially distributing oxygen stores to the heart and brain, which allows extended periods underwater. It is exhibited strongly in <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">aquatic mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zapol_et_al_1989_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zapol_et_al_1989-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrats</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-McCulloch_2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCulloch_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also exists in other mammals, including <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diving_bird" title="Diving bird">Diving birds</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a>, have a similar diving reflex.<sup id="cite_ref-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diving reflex is triggered by chilling the face and holding the breath.<sup id="cite_ref-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Speck_and_Bruce_1978_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speck_and_Bruce_1978-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cardiovascular system constricts peripheral blood vessels, slows the pulse rate, redirects blood to the vital organs to conserve oxygen, releases red blood cells stored in the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, and, in humans, causes heart rhythm irregularities.<sup id="cite_ref-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Physiology_and_Pathophysiology-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquatic mammals have evolved <a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_underwater_diving" title="Physiology of underwater diving">physiological adaptations</a> to conserve oxygen during submersion, but apnea, slowed pulse rate, and vasoconstriction are shared with terrestrial mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Panneton_2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panneton_2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposure">Exposure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> response of organisms to sudden cold, especially cold water, and is a common cause of death from immersion in very cold water,<sup id="cite_ref-coldii_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coldii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as by falling through thin ice. The immediate shock of the cold causes involuntary inhalation, which if underwater can result in drowning. The cold water can also cause heart attack due to vasoconstriction;<sup id="cite_ref-phases_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phases-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the heart has to work harder to pump the same volume of blood throughout the body, and for people with heart disease, this additional workload can cause the heart to go into arrest. A person who survives the initial minute after falling into cold water can survive for at least thirty minutes provided they do not drown. The ability to stay afloat declines substantially after about ten minutes as the chilled muscles lose strength and co-ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-coldii_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coldii-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a> is reduced core body temperature that occurs when a body loses more heat than it generates.<sup id="cite_ref-NEJM2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEJM2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a major limitation to swimming or diving in cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-sterba_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterba-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reduction in finger dexterity due to pain or numbness decreases general safety and work capacity, which in turn increases the risk of other injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-sterba_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterba-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cheung_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cheung-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a> can affect the extremities in cold water diving, and <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a> can occur when air temperatures are low enough to cause tissue freezing. Body heat is lost much more quickly in water than in air, so water temperatures that would be tolerable as outdoor air temperatures can lead to hypothermia, which may lead to death from other causes in inadequately protected divers.<sup id="cite_ref-sterba_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sterba-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</a> of divers is complicated by breathing gases at raised ambient pressure and by gas mixtures necessary for limiting inert gas narcosis, work of breathing, and for accelerating decompression.<sup id="cite_ref-Neves_and_Thomas_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neves_and_Thomas-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breath-hold_limitations">Breath-hold limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Breath-hold limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breath-hold diving by an air-breathing animal is limited to the physiological capacity to perform the dive on the oxygen available until it returns to a source of fresh breathing gas, usually the air at the surface. As this internal oxygen supply reduces, the animal experiences an increasing urge to breathe caused by <a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">buildup of carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> in the blood,<sup id="cite_ref-Berta_et_al_2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berta_et_al_2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by loss of consciousness due to <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hypoxia" title="Cerebral hypoxia">cerebral hypoxia</a>. If this occurs underwater, it will drown.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Blackouts in freediving</a> can occur when the breath is held long enough for metabolic activity to reduce the oxygen partial pressure sufficiently to cause loss of consciousness. This is accelerated by exertion, which uses oxygen faster, and can be exacerbated by hyperventilation directly before the dive, which reduces the carbon dioxide level in the blood. Lower carbon dioxide levels increase the oxygen-haemoglobin affinity, reducing availability of oxygen to brain tissue towards the end of the dive (<a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a>); they also suppress the urge to breathe, making it easier to hold the breath to the point of blackout. This can happen at any depth.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_of_ascent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia of ascent">Ascent-induced hypoxia</a> is caused by a drop in oxygen partial pressure as ambient pressure is reduced. The partial pressure of oxygen at depth may be sufficient to maintain consciousness at that depth and not at the reduced pressures nearer the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_1996_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNS_clinic_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNS_clinic-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambient_pressure_changes">Ambient pressure changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ambient pressure changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_Squeeze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eye and surrounding skin of young male showing petechial and subconjunctival haemmorhages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mask_Squeeze.jpg/220px-Mask_Squeeze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mask_Squeeze.jpg/330px-Mask_Squeeze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Mask_Squeeze.jpg/440px-Mask_Squeeze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Mild barotrauma to a diver caused by mask squeeze</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">dysbarism</a>, is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> between a gas space inside, or in contact with the body, and the surrounding gas or fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically occurs when the organism is exposed to a large change in ambient pressure, such as when a diver ascends or descends. When diving, the pressure differences which cause the barotrauma are changes in hydrostatic pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial damage is usually due to over-stretching the tissues in tension or shear, either directly by expansion of the gas in the closed space, or by pressure difference hydrostatically transmitted through the tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barotrauma generally manifests as sinus or middle ear effects, decompression sickness, lung over-expansion injuries, and injuries resulting from external squeezes.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barotraumas of descent are caused by preventing the free change of volume of the gas in a closed space in contact with the diver, resulting in a pressure difference between the tissues and the gas space, and the unbalanced force due to this pressure difference causes deformation of the tissues resulting in cell rupture.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barotraumas of ascent are also caused when the free change of volume of the gas in a closed space in contact with the diver is prevented. In this case the pressure difference causes a resultant tension in the surrounding tissues which exceeds their tensile strength. Besides tissue rupture, the overpressure may cause ingress of gases into the adjoining tissues and further afield by bubble transport through the circulatory system. This can cause blockage of circulation at distant sites, or interfere with the normal function of an organ by its presence.<sup id="cite_ref-Brubakk_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brubakk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breathing_under_pressure">Breathing under pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breathing under pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></div> <p>Provision of breathing gas at ambient pressure can greatly prolong the duration of a dive, but there are other problems that may result from this technological solution. Absorption of metabolically inert gases is increased as a function of time and pressure, and these may both produce undesirable effects immediately, as a consequence of their presence in the tissues in the dissolved state, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_nervous_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure nervous syndrome">high pressure nervous syndrome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakk2003305_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakk2003305-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrubakk2003"The_High_Pressure_Nervous_Syndrome",_pp323-57_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrubakk2003"The_High_Pressure_Nervous_Syndrome",_pp323-57-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or cause problems when coming out of solution within the tissues during <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006vol._1,_ch._3,_sec._9.3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006vol._1,_ch._3,_sec._9.3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other problems arise when the concentration of metabolically active gases is increased. These range from the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">toxic effects of oxygen</a> at high partial pressure,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''200644vol._1,_ch._3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''200644vol._1,_ch._3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Hypercarbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercarbia">buildup of carbon dioxide</a> due to excessive work of breathing, increased <a href="/wiki/Dead_space_(physiology)" title="Dead space (physiology)">dead space</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lanphier_1956b_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanphier_1956b-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or inefficient removal, to the exacerbation of the toxic effects of contaminants in the breathing gas due to the increased concentration at high pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Table_5.2_Air_Purity_Standards_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Table_5.2_Air_Purity_Standards-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrostatic pressure differences between the interior of the lung and the breathing gas delivery, increased breathing gas density due to ambient pressure, and increased flow resistance due to higher breathing rates may all cause increased <a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">work of breathing</a>, fatigue of the respiratory muscles, and a physiological limit to effective ventilation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendergast_and_Lundgren_2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_et_al_2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_et_al_2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensory_impairment">Sensory impairment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sensory impairment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlatMask_above-below.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of a rectangular grating through a flat-glazed diving half-mask, showing magnification and a detail of slight pincushion distortion and chromatic aberration in the through-water view." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FlatMask_above-below.jpg/220px-FlatMask_above-below.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FlatMask_above-below.jpg/330px-FlatMask_above-below.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/FlatMask_above-below.jpg/440px-FlatMask_above-below.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Views through a flat mask, above and below water</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> is affected by the clarity and the <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of the medium. Visibility underwater is reduced because light passing through water attenuates rapidly with distance, leading to lower levels of natural illumination. Underwater objects are also blurred by scattering of light between the object and the viewer, resulting in lower contrast. These effects vary with the wavelength of the light, and the colour and <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> of the water. The human eye is optimised for air vision, and when it is immersed in direct contact with water, <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a> is adversely affected by the difference in refractive index between water and air. Provision of an airspace between the cornea and the water can compensate, but causes scale and distance distortion. Artificial illumination can improve visibility at short range.<sup id="cite_ref-Luria_and_Kinney_1970_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luria_and_Kinney_1970-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stereoscopic acuity, the ability to judge relative distances of different objects, is considerably reduced underwater, and this is affected by the field of vision. A narrow field of vision caused by a small viewport in a helmet results in greatly reduced stereoacuity,<sup id="cite_ref-Luria_and_Kinney_1970_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luria_and_Kinney_1970-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an apparent movement of a stationary object when the head is moved.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferris_1972_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferris_1972-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects lead to poorer hand-eye coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-Luria_and_Kinney_1970_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luria_and_Kinney_1970-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water has different <a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">acoustic properties</a> from those of air. Sound from an underwater source can propagate relatively freely through body tissues where there is contact with the water as the acoustic properties are similar. When the head is exposed to the water, some sound is transmitted by the eardrum and middle ear, but a significant part reaches the cochlea independently, by bone conduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shupak_et_al_2005_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shupak_et_al_2005-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sound localisation is possible, though difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2009_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human hearing underwater, in cases where the diver's ear is wet, is less sensitive than in air.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2009_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frequency sensitivity underwater also differs from that in air, with a consistently higher threshold of hearing underwater; sensitivity to higher frequency sounds is reduced the most.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2009_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of headgear affects noise sensitivity and noise hazard depending on whether transmission is wet or dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2009_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human hearing underwater is less sensitive with wet ears than in air, and a neoprene hood causes substantial attenuation. When wearing a helmet, hearing sensitivity is similar to that in surface air, as it is not greatly affected by the breathing gas or chamber atmosphere composition or pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony_et_al_2009_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony_et_al_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because sound travels faster in heliox than in air, voice <a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">formants</a> are raised, making divers' speech high-pitched and distorted, and hard to understand for people not used to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ackerman_and_Maitland_1975_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ackerman_and_Maitland_1975-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased density of breathing gases under pressure has a similar and additive effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothman_et_al_1980_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothman_et_al_1980-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tactile sensory perception in divers may be impaired by the environmental protection suit and low temperatures. The combination of instability, equipment, neutral buoyancy and resistance to movement by the inertial and viscous effects of the water encumbers the diver. Cold causes losses in sensory and motor function and distracts from and disrupts cognitive activity. The ability to exert large and precise force is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilling_et_al_2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilling_et_al_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_balance" title="Sense of balance">Balance</a> and equilibrium depend on vestibular function and secondary input from visual, organic, cutaneous, kinesthetic and sometimes auditory senses which are processed by the central nervous system to provide the sense of balance. Underwater, some of these inputs may be absent or diminished, making the remaining cues more important. Conflicting input may result in vertigo, disorientation and <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>. The vestibular sense is essential in these conditions for rapid, intricate and accurate movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilling_et_al_2013_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilling_et_al_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioceptive</a> perception makes the diver aware of personal position and movement, in association with the vestibular and visual input, and allows the diver to function effectively in maintaining physical equilibrium and balance in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilling_et_al_2013_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilling_et_al_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the water at neutral buoyancy, the proprioceptive cues of position are reduced or absent. This effect may be exacerbated by the diver's suit and other equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilling_et_al_2013_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilling_et_al_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taste and smell are not very important to the diver in the water but more important to the saturation diver while in accommodation chambers. There is evidence of a slight decrease in threshold for taste and smell after extended periods under pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Shilling_et_al_2013_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shilling_et_al_2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_modes">Diving modes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diving modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several modes of diving distinguished largely by the <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> supply system used, and whether the diver is exposed to the ambient pressure. The <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">diving equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">support equipment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">procedures</a> are largely determined by the mode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freediving">Freediving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Freediving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divers_(2901939922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A croup of three divers dressed in wetsuits standing on a rocky shore with the sea in the background. On the ground are inflated truck inner tube floats with nets to support their catch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Divers_%282901939922%29.jpg/220px-Divers_%282901939922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Divers_%282901939922%29.jpg/330px-Divers_%282901939922%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Divers_%282901939922%29.jpg/440px-Divers_%282901939922%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Recreational breath-hold divers in basic equipment with floats and catch bags suitable for collecting lobster or shellfish</figcaption></figure> <p>The ability to dive and swim underwater while holding one's breath is considered a useful emergency skill, an important part of water sport and Navy safety training, and an enjoyable leisure activity.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_Sport_Diving_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_Sport_Diving-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underwater diving without breathing apparatus can be categorised as underwater swimming, <a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">snorkelling</a> and freediving. These categories overlap considerably. Several competitive <a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">underwater sports</a> are practised without breathing apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-Aquathon_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquathon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Apnoea_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apnoea-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hockey_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hockey-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rugby_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rugby-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spearfishing_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spearfishing-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Freediving precludes the use of external breathing devices, and relies on the ability of divers to hold their breath until resurfacing. The technique ranges from simple breath-hold diving to competitive <a href="/wiki/Apnea" title="Apnea">apnea</a> dives. Fins and a diving mask are often used in free diving to improve vision and provide more efficient propulsion. A short breathing tube called a snorkel allows the diver to breathe at the surface while the face is immersed. <a href="/wiki/Snorkelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Snorkelling">Snorkelling</a> on the surface with no intention of diving is a popular water sport and recreational activity.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_Sport_Diving_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_Sport_Diving-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPAL_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPAL-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scuba_diving">Scuba diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Scuba diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Scuba diving in open circuit and rebreather modes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:279px;max-width:279px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:205px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DIR_Divers_Sandra_edwards_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two divers swim over a rocky reef in clear water. They are trimmed level and show good technique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DIR_Divers_Sandra_edwards_2010.JPG/277px-DIR_Divers_Sandra_edwards_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="277" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DIR_Divers_Sandra_edwards_2010.JPG/416px-DIR_Divers_Sandra_edwards_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/DIR_Divers_Sandra_edwards_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Recreational scuba divers on open circuit</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:205px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_(EOD)_divers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diver appears to work on a large spherical mine, with another diver observing from a distance in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28EOD%29_divers.jpg/157px-US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28EOD%29_divers.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28EOD%29_divers.jpg/236px-US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28EOD%29_divers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28EOD%29_divers.jpg/314px-US_Navy_explosive_ordnance_disposal_%28EOD%29_divers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="1421" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">Explosive ordnance disposal</a> divers using rebreathers</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Scuba diving is diving with a <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">self-contained underwater breathing apparatus</a>, which is completely independent of surface supply. Scuba gives the diver mobility and horizontal range far beyond the reach of an umbilical hose attached to surface-supplied diving equipment (SSDE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_Section_3_Scuba_Diving_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_Section_3_Scuba_Diving-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scuba divers engaged in armed forces covert operations may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Frogmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogmen">frogmen</a>, combat divers or attack swimmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Welham_1999_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welham_1999-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled, and consist of one or more <a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">diving cylinders</a> containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a <a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">diving regulator</a>. They may include additional cylinders for decompression gas or emergency breathing gas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Section_4_Emergency_Air_Supply_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Section_4_Emergency_Air_Supply-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Closed-circuit or semi-closed circuit <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">rebreather</a> scuba systems allow recycling of exhaled gases. The volume of gas used is reduced compared to that of open circuit, so a smaller cylinder or cylinders may be used for an equivalent dive duration. They greatly extend the time spent underwater as compared to open circuit for the same gas consumption. Rebreathers produce fewer bubbles and less noise than scuba which makes them attractive to covert military divers to avoid detection, scientific divers to avoid disturbing marine animals, and media divers to avoid bubble interference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_17_Section_1_Introduction_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_17_Section_1_Introduction-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A scuba diver moves underwater primarily by using <a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">fins</a> attached to the feet;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_1_Section_4_Scuba_Diving_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_1_Section_4_Scuba_Diving-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> external propulsion can be provided by a <a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">diver propulsion vehicle</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">towboard</a> pulled from the surface. Other equipment includes a <a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">diving mask</a> to improve <a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">underwater vision</a>, a protective <a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">diving suit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">equipment to control buoyancy</a>, and equipment related to the specific circumstances and purpose of the dive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Diver_and_Diving_Support_Equipment_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Diver_and_Diving_Support_Equipment-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scuba divers are trained in the <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">procedures and skills</a> appropriate to their level of certification by instructors affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">diver certification organisations</a> which issue these <a href="/wiki/Diver_certification" title="Diver certification">diver certifications</a>. These include standard operating procedures for using the equipment and dealing with the general <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">hazards of the underwater environment</a>, and emergency procedures for self-help and assistance of a similarly equipped diver experiencing problems. A minimum level of <a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">fitness and health</a> is required by most training organisations, and a higher level of fitness may be needed for some applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_7_Diver_and_Support_Personnel_Training_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_7_Diver_and_Support_Personnel_Training-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface-supplied_diving">Surface-supplied diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Surface-supplied diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Surface-supplied diving in surface-oriented and saturation modes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:314px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A US Navy surface supplied diver wearing a lightweight demand helmet and holding the umbilical at head level is shown entering the water by jumping in. The view is from the deck from which the diver has jumped, and shows the back of the diver as the fins first contact the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg/210px-U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg/315px-U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg/420px-U.S._Navy_Diver_enters_the_water_during_a_training_evolution_at_the_Naval_Diving_and_Salvage_Training_Center_140218-N-IC111-156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Surface-oriented diver entering the water</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:314px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Night view of a white spherical pressure chamber in a blue pipe frame supporting several blue bulk gas storage clinders, suspended over the water by cables. The bell umbilical is visible at the top and a ballast weight can be seen below at the water surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg/224px-US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg/336px-US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg/448px-US_Navy_010707-N-3093M-003_Diver_Transfer_Capsule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Closed diving bell, also known as a diver transfer capsule</div></div></div></div></div> <p>An alternative to self-contained breathing systems is to supply breathing gases from the surface through a hose. When combined with a communication cable, a <a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">pneumofathometer</a> hose and a safety line it is called the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cable" title="Umbilical cable">diver's umbilical</a>, which may include a hot water hose for heating, video cable and breathing gas <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving#Gas_reclaim_systems" title="Saturation diving">reclaim</a> line. The diver wears a full-face mask or helmet, and gas may be supplied on demand or as a continuous free flow. More basic equipment that uses only an air hose is called an <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Air_line" title="Surface-supplied diving">airline</a> or hookah system.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Diver_and_Diving_Support_Equipment_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_5_Diver_and_Diving_Support_Equipment-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eleftheriou_2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleftheriou_2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the diver to breathe using an air supply hose from a high pressure cylinder or <a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">diving air compressor</a> at the surface. Breathing gas is supplied through a mouth-held demand valve or light full-face mask. Airline diving is used for work such as hull cleaning and archaeological surveys, for shellfish harvesting, and as <a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">snuba</a>, a shallow water activity typically practised by tourists and those who are not scuba-certified.<sup id="cite_ref-Eleftheriou_2013_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eleftheriou_2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huffington_2014_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huffington_2014-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snuba_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snuba-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a> lets professional divers live and work under pressure for days or weeks at a time. After working in the water, the divers rest and live in a dry pressurised <a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">underwater habitat</a> on the bottom or a saturation life support system of pressure chambers on the deck of a <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">diving support vessel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil platform</a> or other floating platform at a similar pressure to the work depth. They are transferred between the surface accommodation and the underwater workplace in a pressurised closed <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bell</a>. Decompression at the end of the dive may take many days, but since it is done only once for a long period of exposure, rather than after each of many shorter exposures, the overall risk of decompression injury to the diver and the total time spent decompressing are reduced. This type of diving allows greater work efficiency and safety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_15_Saturation_Diving_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_15_Saturation_Diving-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial divers refer to diving operations where the diver starts and finishes the diving operation at atmospheric pressure as <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface oriented</a>, or bounce diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekdal_2004_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekdal_2004-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diver may be deployed from the shore or a diving support vessel and may be transported on a diving <span title="See entry on this page at § stage" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_P%E2%80%93S#stage" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: P–S">stage</a></span> or in a diving bell. Surface-supplied divers almost always wear <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">diving helmets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">full-face diving masks</a>. The bottom gas can be air, <a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">nitrox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">heliox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">trimix</a>; the decompression gases may be similar, or may include pure oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decompression procedures include in-water decompression or <a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">surface decompression</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">deck chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_9_Air_Decompression_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_9_Air_Decompression-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell#Structure_of_a_typical_wet_bell" title="Diving bell">wet bell</a> with a gas filled dome provides more comfort and control than a stage and allows for longer time in water. Wet bells are used for air and mixed gas, and divers can decompress on oxygen at 12 metres (40 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2006_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell#Structure_of_a_typical_closed_bell" title="Diving bell">closed bell</a> systems have been designed that can be easily mobilised, and include a two-man bell, a <a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">launch and recovery system</a> and a chamber for decompression after <a href="/wiki/Transfer_under_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer under pressure">transfer under pressure</a> (TUP). Divers can breathe air or mixed gas at the bottom and are usually recovered with the chamber filled with air. They decompress on oxygen supplied through built in breathing systems (BIBS) towards the end of the decompression. Small bell systems support bounce diving down to 120 metres (390 ft) and for bottom times up to 2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2006_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A relatively portable surface gas supply system using high pressure gas cylinders for both primary and reserve gas, but using the full diver's umbilical system with pneumofathometer and voice communication, is known in the industry as "scuba replacement".<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving#Compressor_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Compressor diving</a> is a rudimentary method of surface-supplied diving used in some tropical regions such as the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The divers swim with a half mask and fins and are supplied with air from an industrial low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">air compressor</a> on the boat through plastic tubes. There is no reduction valve; the diver holds the hose end in his mouth with no demand valve or <a href="/wiki/Mouthpiece_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouthpiece (scuba)">mouthpiece</a> and allows excess air to spill out between the lips.<sup id="cite_ref-Into_the_Blue_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Into_the_Blue-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_pressure_diving">Atmospheric pressure diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Atmospheric pressure diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Atmospheric pressure suit and submersible modes</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Diver4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diver in an armoured diving suit stands on a launch and recovery platform on the support vessel, attended by a crewman." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Navy_Diver4.jpg/118px-Navy_Diver4.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Navy_Diver4.jpg/177px-Navy_Diver4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Navy_Diver4.jpg/236px-Navy_Diver4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">US Navy Atmospheric Diving System (ADS)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:318px;max-width:318px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:177px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large support vessel with a small rectangular profile deep submergence vehicle suspended over the water at the stern" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/316px-Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" decoding="async" width="316" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/474px-Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/632px-Limiting_Factor_to_be_prepared_for_a_dive_into_the_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1349" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Full ocean depth rated DSV <i>Limiting Factor</i> prepared for a dive into the Atlantic Ocean</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Submersible" title="Submersible">Submersibles</a> and rigid atmospheric diving suits (ADS) enable diving to be carried out in a dry environment at normal atmospheric pressure. An ADS is a small one-person articulated submersible which resembles a <a href="/wiki/Plate_armour" title="Plate armour">suit of armour</a>, with elaborate joints to allow bending, while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. An ADS can be used for dives of up to about 700 metres (2,300 ft) for many hours. It eliminates the majority of physiological dangers associated with deep diving – the occupant does not need to decompress, there is no need for special gas mixtures, and there is no danger of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">nitrogen narcosis</a> – at the expense of higher cost, complex logistics and loss of dexterity.<sup id="cite_ref-subsea_2001_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subsea_2001-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crewed submeribles have been built rated to <a href="/wiki/Full_ocean_depth" class="mw-redirect" title="Full ocean depth">full ocean depth</a> and have dived to the deepest known points of all the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-Technology_specifications_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technology_specifications-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Molloy_2019_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Molloy_2019-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unmanned_diving">Unmanned diving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unmanned diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A work class remotely operated underwater vehicle working on a complex underwater installation using a manipulator arm." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg/220px-ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg/330px-ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg/440px-ROV_working_on_a_subsea_structure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>ROV working on a subsea structure</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">Autonomous underwater vehicles</a> (AUVs) and <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicles</a> (ROVs) can carry out some functions of divers. They can be deployed at greater depths and in more dangerous environments. An AUV is a robot which travels underwater without requiring real-time input from an operator. AUVs constitute part of a larger group of unmanned undersea systems, a classification that includes non-autonomous ROVs, which are controlled and powered from the surface by an operator/pilot via an umbilical or using remote control. In military applications AUVs are often referred to as unmanned undersea vehicles (UUVs).<sup id="cite_ref-ROVCAT_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROVCAT-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AUV_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AUV-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_activities">Diving activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diving activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_activities" title="Diving activities">Diving activities</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Diving activities</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_Diver_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Helmeted surface-supplied diver using a coated electrode to arc-weld a steel patch to the underwater hull of a landing craft." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Working_Diver_01.jpg/131px-Working_Diver_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Working_Diver_01.jpg/197px-Working_Diver_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Working_Diver_01.jpg/262px-Working_Diver_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ship repair work may involve <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">underwater welding</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:201px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck,_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team,_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A scuba diver swims over a reef with a large still camera in an underwater housing with dome port and electronic strobes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck%2C_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team%2C_c.jpg/303px-US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck%2C_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team%2C_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck%2C_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team%2C_c.jpg/455px-US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck%2C_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team%2C_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck%2C_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team%2C_c.jpg/606px-US_Navy_120209-N-XD935-302_Mass_Communication_Specialist_1st_Class_Shane_Tuck%2C_assigned_to_the_Expeditionary_Combat_Camera_Underwater_Photo_Team%2C_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a> is done by recreational and professional divers.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>People may dive for various reasons, both personal and professional. While a newly qualified recreational diver may dive purely for the experience of diving, most divers have some additional reason for being underwater. <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a> is purely for enjoyment and has several specialisations and <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical disciplines</a> to provide more scope for varied activities for which specialist training can be offered, such as <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">cave diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">ice diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">deep diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Technical_diving_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technical_diving-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-richardson1999_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richardson1999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">underwater sports</a> are available for exercise and competition.<sup id="cite_ref-CMAS_Sports_committee_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAS_Sports_committee-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are various aspects of <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">professional diving</a> that range from part-time work to lifelong careers. Professionals in the recreational diving industry include instructor trainers, diving instructors, assistant instructors, <a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">divemasters</a>, dive guides, and scuba technicians. A <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">scuba diving tourism</a> industry has developed to service recreational diving in regions with popular dive sites. Commercial diving is industry related and includes <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> tasks such as in <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">offshore construction</a>, dam maintenance and harbour works. Commercial divers may also be employed to perform tasks related to marine activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Naval_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval diving">naval diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">ships husbandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">marine salvage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_1910.410_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_1910.410-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Careers_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Careers-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sokanu_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokanu-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other specialist areas of diving include <a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">military diving</a>, with a long history of military <a href="/wiki/Frogmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogmen">frogmen</a> in various roles. They can perform roles including direct combat, reconnaissance, infiltration behind enemy lines, placing mines, <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a> or engineering operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In civilian operations, <a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">police diving</a> units perform search and rescue operations, and recover evidence. In some cases <a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">diver rescue</a> teams may also be part of a <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramedical_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedical service">paramedical service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">sea rescue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lifeguard" title="Lifeguard">lifeguard</a> unit, and this may be classed as <a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">public safety diving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2002_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2002-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_2015_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_2015-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also professional <a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">media divers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">underwater photographers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videography" title="Videography">videographers</a>, who record the underwater world, and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">scientific divers</a> in fields of study which involve the underwater environment, including <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">oceanographers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speleologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Speleologists">speleologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">underwater archaeologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_1_History_of_Diving_and_NOAA_Contributions_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_1_History_of_Diving_and_NOAA_Contributions-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sokanu_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sokanu-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The choice between scuba and surface-supplied diving equipment is based on both legal and logistical constraints. Where the diver requires mobility and a large range of movement, scuba is usually the choice if safety and legal constraints allow. Higher risk work, particularly commercial diving, may be restricted to surface-supplied equipment by legislation and codes of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Diving history</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the centre foreground, a man in a transparent cylinder is being lowered into the water by a group of turbaned figures on a small sailing vessel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg/131px-Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg/197px-Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg/262px-Alexander_the_Great_diving_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">16th-century <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> lowered in a glass diving bell</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:198px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Monochrome view of the deck of a ship with a pair of divers, and a group of onlookers, some of which are crew of the ship. To the left is a diver in an armoured suit, and to the right the diver is in standard diving dress with copper helmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg/303px-Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="303" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg/455px-Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg/606px-Tritonia_Lusitania_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two divers, one wearing the <i>Tritonia</i> ADS and the other standard diving dress, preparing to explore the wreck of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a>, 1935</div></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> as a widespread means of hunting and gathering, both for food and other valuable resources such as <a href="/wiki/Pearl_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl diving">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">coral</a>, dates from before 4500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Edmonds_1975_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edmonds_1975-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> times <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">commercial diving</a> applications such as <a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">sponge diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_salvage" title="Marine salvage">marine salvage</a> were established.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickse_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickse-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military diving goes back at least as far as the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Thucydides_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thucydides-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with recreational and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater sport">sporting</a> applications being a recent development. Technological development in <a href="/wiki/Ambient_pressure" title="Ambient pressure">ambient pressure</a> diving started with stone weights (<a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Skandalopetra">skandalopetra</a>) for fast descent, with rope assist for ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-Hendrickse_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hendrickse-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diving bell is one of the earliest types of equipment for underwater work and exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevan1999_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevan1999-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use was first described by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> in the 4th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Bachrach1998_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bachrach1998-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th and 17th centuries CE, <a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">diving bells</a> became more useful when a renewable supply of air could be provided to the diver at depth,<sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and progressed to <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diving</a> helmets – in effect miniature diving bells covering the diver's head and supplied with compressed air by <a href="/wiki/Diving_air_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air pump">manually operated pumps</a> – which were improved by attaching a waterproof suit to the helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Slight_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slight-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century these became the <a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">standard diving dress</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made a far wider range of marine civil engineering and salvage projects practicable.<sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broadwater_2016_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broadwater_2016-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Acott1999_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acott1999-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Limitations in mobility of the surface-supplied systems encouraged the development of both <a href="/wiki/Open_circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circuit scuba">open circuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">closed circuit scuba</a> in the 20th century, which allow the diver a much greater autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouquayrol_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouquayrol-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What_is_a_rebreather_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_a_rebreather-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quick_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quick-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These became popular during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> for <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">clandestine military operations</a>, and post-war for <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">scientific</a>, search and rescue, <a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">media diving</a>, recreational and <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a>. The heavy free-flow surface-supplied copper helmets evolved into <a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet#Lightweight_demand_helmet" title="Diving helmet">lightweight demand helmets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are more economical with breathing gas, important for deeper dives using expensive <a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">helium based breathing mixtures</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saturation_diving" title="Saturation diving">Saturation diving</a> reduced the risks of decompression sickness for deep and long exposures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-davis1955_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis1955-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative approach was the development of the ADS or armoured suit, which isolates the diver from the pressure at depth, at the cost of mechanical complexity and limited dexterity. The technology first became practicable in the middle 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Thornton_2000_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thornton_2000-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carmagnolle_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carmagnolle-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isolation of the diver from the environment was taken further by the development of <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicles</a> (ROV or ROUV) in the late 20th century, where the operator controls the ROV from the surface, and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle" title="Autonomous underwater vehicle">autonomous underwater vehicles</a> (AUV), which dispense with an operator altogether. All of these modes are still in use and each has a range of applications where it has advantages over the others, though diving bells have largely been relegated to a means of transport for surface-supplied divers. In some cases combinations are particularly effective, such as the simultaneous use of surface orientated or saturation surface-supplied diving equipment and work or observation class remotely operated vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Acott1999_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acott1999-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pieds-lourds_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pieds-lourds-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiological_discoveries">Physiological discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Physiological discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Scott_Haldane_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A full height monochrome portrait of a middle-aged white man with a receding hairline and a bushy moustache." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Scott_Haldane_1902.jpg/170px-John_Scott_Haldane_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Scott_Haldane_1902.jpg/255px-John_Scott_Haldane_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/John_Scott_Haldane_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>John Scott Haldane, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 19th century, as salvage operations became deeper and longer, an unexplained malady began afflicting the divers; they would suffer breathing difficulties, dizziness, joint pain and paralysis, sometimes leading to death. The problem was already well known among workers building tunnels and bridge footings operating under pressure in <a href="/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)" title="Caisson (engineering)">caissons</a> and was initially called <i>caisson disease</i>; it was later renamed <i>the bends</i> because the joint pain typically caused the sufferer to <a href="/wiki/Grecian_bend" title="Grecian bend">stoop</a>. Early reports of the disease had been made at the time of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pasley" title="Charles Pasley">Charles Pasley</a>'s salvage operation, but scientists were still ignorant of its causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Acott1999_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acott1999-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a> was the first to understand it as decompression sickness (DCS). His work, <i>La Pression barométrique</i> (1878), was a comprehensive investigation into the physiological effects of air pressure, both above and below the normal.<sup id="cite_ref-Bert_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bert-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He determined that inhaling pressurised air caused <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> to dissolve into the <a href="/wiki/Bloodstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodstream">bloodstream</a>; rapid depressurisation would then release the nitrogen into its gaseous state, forming bubbles that could block the <a href="/wiki/Blood_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood circulation">blood circulation</a> and potentially cause paralysis or death. Central nervous system <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a> was also first described in this publication and is sometimes referred to as the "Paul Bert effect".<sup id="cite_ref-Bert_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bert-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Acott2_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acott2-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> designed a <a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">decompression chamber</a> in 1907, and he produced the first <a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">decompression tables</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> in 1908 after extensive experiments with animals and human subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-acott_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-acott-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boycott_Damant_and_Haldane_1908_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boycott_Damant_and_Haldane_1908-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timetables_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timetables-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tables established a method of <a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice#Staged_decompression" title="Decompression practice">decompression in stages</a> – it remains the basis for decompression methods to this day. Following Haldane's recommendation, the maximum safe operating depth for divers was extended to 61 metres (200 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Navy continued research into decompression, and in 1915 the first <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Construction_and_Repair" title="Bureau of Construction and Repair">Bureau of Construction and Repair</a> decompression tables were developed by French and Stilson.<sup id="cite_ref-CarlstonMathias2012_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarlstonMathias2012-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental dives were conducted in the 1930s, forming the basis for the 1937 US Navy air decompression tables. Surface decompression and oxygen use were also researched in the 1930s. The US Navy 1957 tables were developed to correct problems found in the 1937 tables.<sup id="cite_ref-Huggins_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huggins-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1965 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_LeMessurier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh LeMessurier (page does not exist)">Hugh LeMessurier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a> published their paper, <i>A <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">thermodynamic approach</a> arising from a study on Torres Strait diving techniques</i>, which suggested that decompression following schedules based on conventional models results in asymptomatic bubble formation which must then be re-dissolved at the decompression stops before it can be eliminated. This is slower than allowing the gas to be eliminated while it is still in solution, and indicates the importance of minimising bubble phase gas for efficient decompression.<sup id="cite_ref-LeMessurier_and_Hills_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeMessurier_and_Hills-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RRR6176_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRR6176-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=M.P._Spencer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.P. Spencer (page does not exist)">M.P. Spencer</a> showed that Doppler ultrasonic methods can detect venous bubbles in asymptomatic divers,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1249001_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1249001-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dr Andrew Pilmanis showed that safety stops reduced bubble formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Huggins_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huggins-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981 D.E. Yount described the <a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a>, proposing a mechanism of bubble formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Yount_1981_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yount_1981-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several other <a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory#Bubble_models" title="Decompression theory">bubble models</a> followed. The pathophysiology of decompression sickness is not yet fully understood, but <a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">decompression practice</a> has reached a stage where the risk is fairly low, and most incidents are successfully treated by <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">therapeutic recompression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen therapy">hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a>. Mixed <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gases</a> are used to reduce the effects of the hyperbaric environment on ambient pressure divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Huggins_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huggins-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wienke_2002_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wienke_2002-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Imbert_2004_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imbert_2004-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efficient decompression requires the diver to ascend fast enough to establish as high a decompression gradient, in as many tissues as safely possible, without provoking the development of symptomatic bubbles. This is facilitated by the highest acceptably safe oxygen partial pressure in the breathing gas, and avoiding gas changes that could cause counterdiffusion bubble formation or growth. The development of schedules that are both safe and efficient has been complicated by the large number of variables and uncertainties, including personal variation in response under varying environmental conditions and workload.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_2020_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2020-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_environment">Diving environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diving environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diver is visible underwater in a hole cut in the ice cover of a small lake. Blocks of ice cut to form the hole are stacked to one side, and a second diver sits on the edge of the hole with his legs in the water. A rough wooden ladder bridges the hole. The dive site is cordoned off with a red and white tape, and other members of the support team stand to the side, with onlookers outside the cordon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG/220px-Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG/330px-Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG/440px-Plong%C3%A9e_sous_glace_VJ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Ice diving</figcaption></figure> <p>The diving environment is limited by accessibility and risk, but includes water and occasionally other liquids. Most underwater diving is done in the shallower coastal parts of the oceans, and inland bodies of fresh water, including lakes, dams, quarries, rivers, springs, flooded caves, reservoirs, tanks, swimming pools, and canals, but may also be done in large bore ducting and sewers, power station cooling systems, cargo and <a href="/wiki/Ballast_tank" title="Ballast tank">ballast tanks</a> of ships, and liquid-filled industrial equipment. The environment may affect gear configuration: for instance, freshwater is less dense than saltwater, so less added weight is needed to achieve diver neutral buoyancy in freshwater dives.<sup id="cite_ref-Graver2010_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graver2010-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water temperature, <a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">visibility</a> and movement also affect the diver and the dive plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diving in liquids other than water may present special problems due to density, viscosity and chemical compatibility of diving equipment, as well as possible environmental hazards to the diving team.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benign conditions, sometimes also referred to as <span title="See entry on this page at § confined water" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_A%E2%80%93C#confined_water" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: A–C">confined water</a></span>, are environments of low risk, where it is extremely unlikely or impossible for the diver to get lost or entrapped, or be exposed to hazards other than the basic underwater environment. These conditions are suitable for initial training in the critical survival skills, and include swimming pools, training tanks, aquarium tanks and some shallow and protected shoreline areas.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Benign_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Benign-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open water is unrestricted water such as a sea, lake or <a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites#Quarry_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">flooded quarry</a>, where the diver has unobstructed direct vertical access to the surface of the water in contact with the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Aus_Part_3_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aus_Part_3-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> implies that if a problem arises, the diver can directly ascend vertically to the atmosphere to breathe air.<sup id="cite_ref-Divers_dictionary_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Divers_dictionary-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a> is done along a near vertical face. <a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a> is done in good visibility in <span title="See entry on this page at § mid-water" class="glossary-link-internal" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed #86a1ff; color:initial;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology:_H%E2%80%93O#mid-water" title="Glossary of underwater diving terminology: H–O">mid-water</a></span> where the bottom is out of sight of the diver and there may be no fixed visual reference.<sup id="cite_ref-Haddock_and_Heine_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haddock_and_Heine-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a> is mid-water diving at night, particularly on a moonless night.<sup id="cite_ref-Black-water_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black-water-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Indigo_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indigo-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An overhead or <a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">penetration diving</a> environment is where the diver enters a space from which there is no direct, purely vertical ascent to the safety of breathable atmosphere at the surface. <a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">wreck diving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">ice diving</a> and diving inside or under other natural or artificial underwater structures or enclosures are examples. The restriction on direct ascent increases the risk of diving under an overhead, and this is usually addressed by adaptations of procedures and use of equipment such as redundant breathing gas sources and guide lines to indicate the route to the exit.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Scientific_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Scientific-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a> can allow the diver to experience a different <a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">underwater environment</a>, because many <a href="/wiki/Marine_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine animal">marine animals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a>, for example in mountain lakes, requires modifications to the decompression schedule because of the reduced atmospheric pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson_2000_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson_2000-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_9,_Section_13_-_Diving_at_altitude_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_9,_Section_13_-_Diving_at_altitude-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depth_range">Depth range</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Depth range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A scuba diver in a wetsuit holds onto the shotline at a decompression stop. He is breathing from a rebreather and carrying a side-slung 80 cubic foot aluminium bailout cylinder on each side. A second diver is partly visible to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg/220px-Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg/330px-Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg/440px-Trevor_Jackson_returns_from_SS_Kyogle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>A technical diver using a closed circuit <a href="/wiki/Rebreather" title="Rebreather">rebreather</a> with open circuit <a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">bailout cylinders</a> returns from a 600-foot (180 m) dive.</figcaption></figure> <p>The recreational diving depth limit set by the EN 14153-2 / ISO 24801-2 level 2 "<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Diver">Autonomous Diver</a> " standard is 20 metres (66 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-EUF_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUF-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recommended depth limit for more extensively trained recreational divers ranges from 30 metres (98 ft) for PADI divers,<sup id="cite_ref-padi1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padi1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this is the depth at which nitrogen narcosis symptoms generally begin to be noticeable in adults), to 40 metres (130 ft) specified by <a href="/wiki/Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational Scuba Training Council">Recreational Scuba Training Council</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-padi1_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-padi1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50 metres (160 ft) for divers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> breathing air,<sup id="cite_ref-Cole_2008_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole_2008-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 60 metres (200 ft) for teams of 2 to 3 French Level 3 recreational divers, breathing air.<sup id="cite_ref-Code_du_sport_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code_du_sport-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For technical divers, the recommended maximum depths are greater on the understanding that they will use less narcotic gas mixtures. 100 metres (330 ft) is the maximum depth authorised for divers who have completed Trimix Diver certification with <a href="/wiki/IANTD" class="mw-redirect" title="IANTD">IANTD</a><sup id="cite_ref-IANTD_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IANTD-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Advanced Trimix Diver certification with <a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">TDI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TDI_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDI-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 332 metres (1,089 ft) is the world record depth on scuba (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-GuinnessGabr_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuinnessGabr-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial divers using saturation techniques and heliox breathing gases routinely exceed 100 metres (330 ft), but they are also limited by physiological constraints. <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">Comex</a> Hydra 8 experimental dives reached a record open water depth of 534 metres (1,752 ft) in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Hydra_8_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hydra_8-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atmospheric pressure diving suits are mainly constrained by the technology of the articulation seals, and a US Navy diver has dived to 610 metres (2,000 ft) in one.<sup id="cite_ref-Depth_record_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Depth_record-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nuytco_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nuytco-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dive_sites">Dive sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dive sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of the coastal waters from the top of a hill, showing an approximately circular hole in the shallow coastal reef tangent to the deeper water offshore." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg/220px-BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg/330px-BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg/440px-BlueHole_Rohscan_bearb_150d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)" title="Blue Hole (Red Sea)">Blue Hole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dahab" title="Dahab">Dahab, Egypt</a>, a world-renowned recreational dive site</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></div> <p>The common term for a place at which one may dive is a dive site. As a general rule, professional diving is done where the work needs to be done, and recreational diving is done where conditions are suitable. There are many recorded and publicised <a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">recreational dive sites</a> which are known for their convenience, points of interest, and frequently favourable conditions. Diver training facilities for both professional and recreational divers generally use a small range of dive sites which are familiar and convenient, and where conditions are predictable and the environmental risk is relatively low.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Training_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Training-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diving_procedures">Diving procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Diving procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving procedures</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></div> <p>Due to the inherent risks of the environment and the necessity to operate the equipment correctly, both under normal conditions and during incidents where failure to respond appropriately and quickly can have fatal consequences, <a href="/wiki/Standard_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard procedure">standard procedures</a> are used in preparation of the equipment, preparation to dive, during the dive if all goes according to plan, after the dive, and in the event of a reasonably foreseeable contingency. The standard procedures are not necessarily the only course of action that will have a satisfactory outcome, but they are generally procedures which have been found by experiment and experience to work well and reliably when applied in response to the given circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-Larn_and_Whistler_1993_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larn_and_Whistler_1993-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All formal diver training is based on the learning of standard skills and procedures, and in many cases the <a href="/wiki/Over-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-learning">over-learning</a> of critical skills until the procedures can be performed without hesitation even when distracting circumstances exist. Where reasonably practicable, <a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">checklists</a> may be used to ensure that preparatory procedures are carried out in the correct sequence and that no steps are inadvertently omitted.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranapurwala_et_al_2015_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranapurwala_et_al_2015-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAN_Checklists_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAN_Checklists-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADCI_2016_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADCI_2016-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some procedures are common to all manned modes of diving, but most are specific to the mode of diving and many are specific to the equipment in use.<sup id="cite_ref-Class_4_training_standard_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_4_training_standard-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Class_II_diver_training_standard_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Class_II_diver_training_standard-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ADCI_2016_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADCI_2016-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diving procedures are those which are directly relevant to diving safety and efficiency, but do not include task specific skills. Standard procedures are particularly helpful where communication is by hand or rope signal – the <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Hand_signals" title="Diver communications">hand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Line_signals" title="Diver communications">line signals</a> are examples of standard procedures themselves – as the communicating parties have a better idea of what the other is likely to do in response. Where <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Voice_communication" title="Diver communications">voice communication</a> is available, <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Voice_communication_protocol" title="Diver communications">standardised communications protocol</a> reduces the time needed to convey necessary information and the error rate in transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-P_D_Handbook_6.2_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P_D_Handbook_6.2-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diving procedures generally involve the correct application of the appropriate diving skills in response to the current circumstances, and range from selecting and testing equipment to suit the diver and the dive plan, to the rescue of oneself or another diver in a life-threatening emergency. In many cases, what might be a life-threatening emergency to an untrained or inadequately skilled diver, is a mere annoyance and minor distraction to a skilled diver who applies the correct procedure without hesitation. Professional diving operations tend to adhere more rigidly to standard operating procedures than recreational divers, who are not legally or contractually obliged to follow them, but the prevalence of diving accidents is known to be strongly correlated to human error, which is more common in divers with less training and experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranapurwala_et_al_2015_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranapurwala_et_al_2015-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">technical diving</a> is strongly supportive of common standard procedures for all members of a <a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)#Unified_team" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">dive team</a>, and prescribes the procedures and equipment configuration which may affect procedures to the members of their organisations.<sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terms <i>diving skills</i> and <i>diving procedures</i> are largely interchangeable, but a procedure may require the ordered application of several skills, and is a broader term. A procedure may also conditionally branch or require repeated applications of a skill, depending on circumstances. Diver training is structured around the learning and practice of standard procedures until the diver is assessed as competent to apply them reliably in reasonably foreseeable circumstances, and the certification issued limits the diver to environments and equipment that are compatible with their training and assessed skill levels. The teaching and assessment of diving skills and procedures is often restricted to registered <a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">instructors</a>, who have been assessed as competent to teach and assess those skills by the <a href="/wiki/Diver_certification_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver certification agencies">certification or registration agency</a>, who take the responsibility of declaring the diver competent against their <a href="/wiki/Educational_assessment" title="Educational assessment">assessment</a> criteria. The teaching and assessment of other task oriented skills does not generally require a diving instructor.<sup id="cite_ref-ADCI_2016_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADCI_2016-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is considerable difference in the diving procedures of professional divers, where a diving team with formally appointed members in specific roles and with recognised competence is required by law,<sup id="cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recreational diving, where in most jurisdictions the diver is not constrained by specific laws, and in many cases is not required to provide any evidence of competence.<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_1910.410_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_1910.410-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diver_training">Diver training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Diver training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of about 12 divers on the shore of a flooded quarry preparing surface-supplied diving equipment for diver training exercises. Several umbilicals are laid out for use in figure 8 coils." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG/220px-Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG/330px-Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG/440px-Commercial_diver_training_at_Blue_Rock_Quarry_P3233799.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Commercial diver training in a <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></div> <p>Underwater diver training is normally given by a qualified <a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">instructor</a> who is a member of one of many <a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">diver training agencies</a> or is registered with a government agency. Basic diver training entails the learning of skills required for the safe conduct of activities in an underwater environment, and includes procedures and skills for the use of diving equipment, safety, emergency self-help and rescue procedures, dive planning, and use of dive tables.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications#Hand_signals" title="Diver communications">Diving hand signals</a> are used to communicate underwater. Professional divers will also learn other methods of communication.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An entry level diver must learn the techniques of breathing underwater through a demand regulator, including clearing it of water and recovering it if dislodged from the mouth, and clearing the mask if it is flooded. These are critical survival skills, and if not competent the diver is at a high risk of drowning. A related skill is sharing breathing gas with another diver, both as the donor and the recipient. This is usually done with a secondary demand valve carried for this purpose. Technical and professional divers will also learn how to use a backup gas supply carried in an independent scuba set, known as the emergency gas supply or bailout cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_139-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To avoid injury during descent, divers must be competent at equalising the <a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">ears</a>, sinuses and mask; they must also learn not to hold their breath while ascending, to avoid barotrauma of the lungs. The speed of ascent must be controlled to avoid decompression sickness, which requires buoyancy control skills. Good <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Buoyancy_control" title="Scuba skills">buoyancy control</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">trim</a> also allow the diver to manoeuvre and move about safely, comfortably and efficiently, using <a href="/wiki/Swimfins" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimfins">swimfins</a> for propulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_139-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some knowledge of physiology and the <a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">physics of diving</a> is considered necessary by most diver certification agencies, as the diving environment is alien and relatively hostile to humans. The physics and physiology knowledge required is fairly basic, and helps the diver to understand the effects of the diving environment so that informed acceptance of the associated risks is possible. The physics mostly relates to gases under pressure, <a href="/wiki/Buoyancy" title="Buoyancy">buoyancy</a>, heat loss, and <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> underwater. The physiology relates the physics to the effects on the human body, to provide a basic understanding of the causes and risks of <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">barotrauma</a>, decompression sickness, gas toxicity, <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a> and sensory variations. More advanced training often involves first aid and rescue skills, skills related to specialised diving equipment, and underwater work skills.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO_138-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IDSA_139-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDSA-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further training is required to develop the skills necessary for diving in a wider range of environments, with specialised equipment, and to become competent to perform a variety of underwater tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-High_risk_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_risk-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_2006-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_7_Diver_and_Support_Personnel_Training_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''NOAA_Diving_Manual''2001Chapter_7_Diver_and_Support_Personnel_Training-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_1_History_of_Diving-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_aspects_of_diving">Medical aspects of diving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Medical aspects of diving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></div> <p>The medical aspects of diving and hyperbaric exposure include examination of divers to establish medical fitness to dive, diagnosis and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">diving disorders</a>, treatment by recompression and <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen therapy">hyperbaric oxygen therapy</a>, toxic effects of gases in a hyperbaric environment,<sup id="cite_ref-ECHM-EDTM_2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECHM-EDTM_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and treatment of injuries incurred while diving which are not directly associated with immersion, depth, or pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Kindwall_2004_83-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kindwall_2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fitness_to_dive">Fitness to dive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fitness to dive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></div> <p>Medical fitness to dive is the medical and physical suitability of a diver to function safely in the underwater environment using underwater diving equipment and procedures. As a general principle, fitness to dive is dependent on the absence of conditions which would constitute an unacceptable risk for the diver, and for professional divers, to any member of the diving team. General physical fitness requirements are also often specified by a certifying agency, and are usually related to ability to swim and perform the activities that are associated with the relevant type of diving. The general hazards of diving are much the same for recreational divers and professional divers, but the risks vary with the diving procedures used. These risks are reduced by appropriate skills and equipment. Medical fitness to dive generally implies that the diver has no known medical conditions that limit the ability to do the job or jeopardise the safety of the diver or the team, that might get worse as an consequence of diving, or unacceptably predispose the diver to diving or occupational illness.<sup id="cite_ref-EDTC_fitness_standard_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDTC_fitness_standard-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depending on the circumstances, fitness to dive may be established by a signed statement by the diver that he or she does not suffer from any of the disqualifying conditions and is able to manage the ordinary physical requirements of diving, by a detailed medical examination by a physician registered as a <a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine#Education_and_registration_of_practitioners" title="Diving medicine">medical examiner of divers</a> following a prescribed procedural checklist, attested by a legal document of fitness to dive issued by the medical examiner and recorded on a national database, or by alternatives between these extremes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitness_2001_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitness_2001-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a> is not normally evaluated before recreational or commercial diver training, but can influence the safety and success of a diving career.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_2000_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2000-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving_medicine">Diving medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Diving medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a> and <a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decompression_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the cramped interior of a cylinder containing two benches and two diver trainees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Decompression_chamber.jpg/220px-Decompression_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Decompression_chamber.jpg/330px-Decompression_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Decompression_chamber.jpg/440px-Decompression_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3753" data-file-height="2601" /></a><figcaption>Military and commercial divers are trained in the procedures for use of a <a href="/wiki/Recompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Recompression chamber">recompression chamber</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">diving disorders</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a> is the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of conditions caused by exposing divers to the underwater environment. It includes the effects of pressure on gas filled spaces in and in contact with the body, and of partial pressures of breathing gas components, the diagnosis and treatment of conditions caused by marine hazards and how fitness to dive and the side effects of drugs used to treat other conditions affects a diver's safety. <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a> is another field associated with diving, since recompression in a hyperbaric chamber with hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the definitive treatment for two of the most important diving-related illnesses, <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_embolism#Decompression_illness" title="Air embolism">arterial gas embolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_20_Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Decompression_Sickness_and_Arterial_Gas_Embolism_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_20_Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Decompression_Sickness_and_Arterial_Gas_Embolism-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bove_2013_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bove_2013-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diving medicine deals with medical research on issues of diving, the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">diving disorders</a>, treatment of diving accident injuries and diving fitness. The field includes the effect on the human body of breathing gases and their contaminants under high pressure, and the relationship between the state of physical and psychological health of the diver and safety. In diving accidents it is common for multiple disorders to occur together and interact with each other, both causatively and as complications. Diving medicine is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">occupational medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a>, and first aid and recognition of symptoms of diving disorders are important parts of diver education.<sup id="cite_ref-ECHM-EDTM_2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECHM-EDTM_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_safety">Risks and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Risks and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfa_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a flag with white hoist and blue swallowtail fly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alfa_flag.svg/200px-Alfa_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alfa_flag.svg/300px-Alfa_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alfa_flag.svg/400px-Alfa_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a red flag with a white diagonal band from the top of the hoist to the bottom of the fly" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg/200px-Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg/300px-Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg/400px-Pavillon_rouge_avec_une_diagonale_blanche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="77" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">international code flag "Alpha"</a>, meaning: "I have a diver down; keep well clear at slow speed" (top); alternative <a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">"Diver down" flag</a> in common use in the United States and Canada (bottom)</div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div> <p>Risk is a combination of hazard, vulnerability and likelihood of occurrence, which can be the probability of a specific undesirable consequence of a hazard, or the combined probability of undesirable consequences of all the hazards of an activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Coppola_2015_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coppola_2015-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The presence of a combination of several hazards simultaneously is common in diving, and the effect is generally increased risk to the diver, particularly where the occurrence of an incident due to one hazard triggers other hazards with a resulting cascade of incidents. Many diving fatalities are the result of a cascade of incidents overwhelming the diver, who should be able to manage any single reasonably foreseeable incident and its probable direct consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_1996_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg_1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lock_2011_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock_2011-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barsky_2003_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barsky_2003-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commercial diving operations may expose the diver to more and sometimes greater hazards than recreational diving, but the associated occupational health and safety legislation is less tolerant of risk than recreational, particularly technical divers, may be prepared to accept.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_1996_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg_1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lock_2011_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock_2011-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial diving operations are also constrained by the physical realities of the operating environment, and expensive engineering solutions are often necessary to control risk. A formal hazard identification and risk assessment is a standard and required part of the planning for a commercial diving operation, and this is also the case for offshore diving operations. The occupation is inherently hazardous, and great effort and expense are routinely incurred to keep the risk within an acceptable range. The <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">standard methods of reducing risk</a> are followed where possible.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_1996_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg_1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lock_2011_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock_2011-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAWR_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAWR-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistics on injuries related to commercial diving are normally collected by national regulators. In the UK the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE) is responsible for the overview of about 5,000 commercial divers; in Norway the corresponding authority is the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Safety_Authority_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum Safety Authority Norway">Petroleum Safety Authority Norway</a> (PSA), which has maintained the DSYS database since 1985, gathering statistics on over 50,000 diver-hours of commercial activity per year.<sup id="cite_ref-QinetiQ_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QinetiQ-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DSYS_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DSYS-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The risks of dying during <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">recreational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">scientific</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">commercial diving</a> are small, and for <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a>, deaths are usually associated with poor <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Breathing_gas_management" title="Scuba skills">gas management</a>, poor <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Buoyancy_control,_trim_and_stability" title="Scuba skills">buoyancy control</a>, equipment misuse, entrapment, rough water conditions and pre-existing health problems. Some fatalities are inevitable and caused by unforeseeable situations escalating out of control, but the majority of diving fatalities can be attributed to human error on the part of the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-Concannon_2011_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concannon_2011-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 2006 to 2015 there were an estimated 306 million recreational dives made by US residents and 563 recreational diving deaths from this population. The fatality rate was 1.8 per million recreational dives, and 47 deaths for every 1000 emergency department presentations for scuba injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Buzzacott_2018_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buzzacott_2018-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a> have a major financial impact by way of lost income, lost business, insurance premium increases and high litigation costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Concannon_2011_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Concannon_2011-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equipment failure is rare in <a href="/wiki/Open_circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circuit scuba">open circuit scuba</a>, and when the cause of death is recorded as <a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">drowning</a>, it is usually the consequence of an uncontrollable series of events in which drowning is the endpoint because it occurred in water, while the initial cause remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2010_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2010-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the triggering event is known, it is most commonly a shortage of breathing gas, followed by buoyancy problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Denoble_et_al_2008_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denoble_et_al_2008-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air embolism is also frequently cited as a cause of death, often as a consequence of other factors leading to an uncontrolled and badly managed <a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills#Ascents_and_descents" title="Scuba skills">ascent</a>, occasionally aggravated by medical conditions. About a quarter of diving fatalities are associated with cardiac events, mostly in older divers. There is a fairly large body of data on diving fatalities, but in many cases the data are poor due to the standard of investigation and reporting. This hinders research which could improve diver safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Ange_2010_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ange_2010-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caruso_2011_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caruso_2011-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Artisanal fishermen and gatherers of marine organisms in less developed countries may expose themselves to relatively high risk using diving equipment if they do not understand the physiological hazards, particularly if they use inadequate equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Westin_2005_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westin_2005-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diving_hazards">Diving hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Diving hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving hazards</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></div> <p>Divers operate in an environment for which the human body is not well suited. They face special physical and health risks when they go underwater or use high pressure breathing gas. The consequences of diving incidents range from merely annoying to rapidly fatal, and the result often depends on the equipment, skill, response and fitness of the diver and diving team. The hazards include <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#The_aquatic_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">the aquatic environment</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Exposure_to_a_pressurised_environment_and_pressure_changes" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">exposure to a pressurised environment and pressure changes</a>, particularly pressure changes during descent and ascent, and breathing gases at high ambient pressure. <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a> is usually reliable, but has been known to fail, and loss of buoyancy control or thermal protection can be a major burden which may lead to more serious problems. There are also hazards of <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#The_specific_diving_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">the specific diving environment</a>, which include strong water movement and local pressure differentials, and hazards related to access to and egress from the water, which vary from place to place, and may also vary with time. Hazards inherent in the diver include <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Pre-existing_physiological_and_psychological_conditions_in_the_diver" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">pre-existing physiological and psychological conditions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">personal behaviour and competence</a> of the individual. For those pursuing other activities while diving, there are additional <a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Hazards_of_the_dive_task_and_special_equipment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">hazards of task loading, of the dive task and of special equipment</a> associated with the task.<sup id="cite_ref-General_Hazards_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-General_Hazards-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hazards_and_Solutions_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hazards_and_Solutions-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_factors">Human factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Human factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></div> <p>The major factors influencing diving safety are the environment, the diving equipment and the performance of the diver and the dive team. The underwater environment is alien, both physically and psychologically stressful, and usually not amenable to control, though divers can be selective of the conditions in which they are willing to dive. The other factors must be controlled to mitigate the overall stress on the diver and allow the dive to be completed in acceptable safety. The equipment is critical to diver safety for life support, but is generally reliable, controllable and predictable in its performance.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_1996_146-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg_1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors">Human factors</a> are the physical or <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> properties of individuals, or social behaviour specific to humans, which influence functioning of technological systems as well as human-environment equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_1996_146-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg_1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human error is inevitable and everyone makes mistakes at some time, and the consequences of these errors are varied and depend on many factors. Most errors are minor and do not cause harm, but in a high risk environment, such as in diving, errors are more likely to have catastrophic consequences. Examples of human error leading to accidents are available in vast numbers, as it is the direct cause of 60% to 80% of all accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Perrow_1984_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perrow_1984-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">Human error</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">panic</a> are considered to be the leading causes of diving accidents and fatalities. A study by William P. Morgan indicates that over half of all divers in the survey had experienced panic underwater at some time during their diving career,<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1995_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_1995-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these findings were independently corroborated by a survey that suggested 65% of recreational divers have panicked under water.<sup id="cite_ref-Staff_1996_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staff_1996-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Panic frequently leads to errors in a diver's judgement or performance, and may result in an accident.<sup id="cite_ref-Lock_2011_147-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lock_2011-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1995_161-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_1995-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elliott_1984_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elliott_1984-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shelanski_1996_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelanski_1996-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vorosmarti_1987_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vorosmarti_1987-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">safety</a> of underwater diving operations can be improved by reducing the frequency of human error and the consequences when it does occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Blumenberg_1996_146-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenberg_1996-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only 4.46% of the recreational diving fatalities in a 1997 study were attributable to a single contributory cause.<sup id="cite_ref-PARAS_1997_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARAS_1997-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining fatalities probably arose as a result of a progressive sequence of events involving two or more procedural errors or equipment failures, and since procedural errors are generally avoidable by a well-trained, intelligent and alert diver, working in an organised structure, and not under excessive stress, it was concluded that the low accident rate in professional scuba diving is due to this factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Tetlow_2006_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow_2006-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study also concluded that it would be impossible to eliminate all minor contraindications of scuba diving, as this would result in overwhelming bureaucracy and bring all diving to a halt.<sup id="cite_ref-PARAS_1997_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PARAS_1997-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a> is the influence of the interaction between the diver and the equipment on the design of the equipment on which the diver relies to stay alive and in reasonable comfort, and to perform the planned tasks during a dive. The design of the equipment can strongly influence its effectiveness in performing the desired functions. Divers vary considerably in <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometric dimensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_strength" title="Physical strength">physical strength</a>, joint flexibility, and other physiological characteristics within the range of acceptable fitness to dive. <a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a> should allow as full a range of function as reasonably practicable, and should be matched to the diver, the environment, and the task. <a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a> is usually shared by a wide range of divers, and must work for them all.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most difficult stages of a dive for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational diver">recreational divers</a> are out of water activities and transitions between water and the surface site such as carrying equipment on shore, exiting from water to boat and shore, surface swimming, and dressing into the equipment. Safety and reliability, adjustability to fit the individual, performance, and simplicity were rated the most important features for diving equipment by recreational divers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bitterman_et_al_2009_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bitterman_et_al_2009-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Professional_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional diver">professional diver</a> is supported by a <a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">surface team</a>, who are available to assist with the out-of-water activities to the extent necessary to reduce the risk associated with them to a level acceptable in terms of the governing regulations and codes of practice.<sup id="cite_ref-CoP_Inshore_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoP_Inshore-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diving_at_Work_Regulations_1997-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_management">Risk management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Risk management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Southwood_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diver is carrying two cylinders, one on his back and the other at his side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peter_Southwood_2.jpg/220px-Peter_Southwood_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peter_Southwood_2.jpg/330px-Peter_Southwood_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Peter_Southwood_2.jpg/440px-Peter_Southwood_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Solo diver managing risk of breathing gas supply failure by carrying a bailout cylinder (slung at the diver's left side)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a> of diving operations involves the usual measures of <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering controls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engineering-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">administrative controls</a> and procedures,<sup id="cite_ref-Administration_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Administration-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PPE_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPE-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Hazard_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazard identification">hazard identification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a> (HIRA), <a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective equipment">protective equipment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screening_(medicine)" title="Screening (medicine)">medical screening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">standardised procedures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk_management_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk_management-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHS_answers_170-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHS_answers-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional divers are generally legally obliged to carry out and formally record these measures,<sup id="cite_ref-DAWR_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAWR-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and though recreational divers are not legally required to do many of them,<sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> competent recreational divers, and particularly technical divers, generally perform them informally but routinely, and they are an important part of technical diver training. For example, a medical statement or examination for fitness, pre-dive site assessment and briefing, safety drills, thermal protection, equipment redundancy, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">alternative air source</a>, buddy checks, <a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">buddy or team diving</a> procedures, <a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">dive planning</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">dive computers</a> to monitor and record the dive profile and decompression status, <a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">underwater hand signals</a>, and carrying <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen administration</a> equipment are all routinely part of technical diving.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurr_2008_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurr_2008-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_aspects">Legal aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legal aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></div> <p>Inshore and inland commercial and military diving is regulated by legislation in many countries. Responsibility of the employer, client and diving personnel is specified in these cases; <sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DAWR_149-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAWR-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offshore commercial diving may take place in international waters, and is often done following the guidelines of a voluntary membership organisation such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA), which publishes <a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">codes of accepted best practice</a> which their member organisations are expected to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_D014_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA_D014-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IMCA_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMCA-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recreational diver training and dive leading are industry regulated in some countries, and only directly regulated by government in a subset of them. In the UK, HSE legislation includes recreational diver training and dive leading for reward;<sup id="cite_ref-DAWR_149-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAWR-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the US and South Africa industry regulation is accepted, though non-specific health and safety legislation still applies.<sup id="cite_ref-29_CFR_1910.424_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29_CFR_1910.424-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009_77-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Israel recreational diving activities are regulated by the Recreational Diving Act, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Rec_Diving_Act_1979_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rec_Diving_Act_1979-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legal responsibility for recreational diving service providers is usually limited as far as possible by <a href="/wiki/Waiver" title="Waiver">waivers</a> which they require the customer to sign before engaging in any diving activity. The extent of <a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">duty of care</a> of recreational <a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">buddy divers</a> is unclear and has been the subject of considerable litigation. It is probable that it varies between jurisdictions. In spite of this lack of clarity, buddy diving is recommended by <a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">recreational diver training agencies</a> as safer than <a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">solo diving</a>, and some service providers insist that customers dive in buddy pairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Coleman_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coleman-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SPUMShalstead_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPUMShalstead-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_2011_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell_2011-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_aspects">Economic aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Economic aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></div> <p>Scuba diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational diver">recreational divers</a> at destinations other than where they live. It includes aspects of training, equipment sales, rental and service, guided experiences and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental tourism">environmental tourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_et_al_2013_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock_et_al_2013-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_and_Musa_2015_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock_and_Musa_2015-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provision of transport to and from dive sites without convenient shore entry may be provided by basic, day excursion, and live-aboard <a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">dive boats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BSAC_Sport_Diving_1985_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSAC_Sport_Diving_1985-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivations to travel for scuba diving are complex and may vary considerably during the diver's development and experience. Participation can vary from once off to multiple dedicated trips per year over several decades. The popular destinations fall into several groups, including tropical reefs, shipwrecks and cave systems, each frequented by its own group of enthusiasts, with some overlap. Customer satisfaction is largely dependent on the quality of services provided, and personal communication has a strong influence on the popularity of specific service providers in a region.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_et_al_2013_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock_et_al_2013-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a> includes a wide range of applications, of varying economic impact. All of them are in support of specific sectors of industry, commerce, defence, or public service, and their economic impacts are closely related to their importance to the relevant sector, and their effects on the diving equipment manufacturing and support industries. The importance of diving to the scientific community is not well recorded, but analysis of publications shows that diving supports scientific research largely through efficient and targeted sampling.<sup id="cite_ref-Sayer_2007_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sayer_2007-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modes of diving are equipment intensive, and much of the equipment is either life-support or specialised equipment for the application. This has led to a manufacturing industry in support of both recreational and professional diving, where developments in one mode often find applications in another. In terms of total numbers of divers, the recreational diving industry has a far larger market, but the costs of equipment and relatively large manning requirements of professional diving make that market substantial in its own right. The international <a href="/wiki/Diving_Equipment_and_Marketing_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Equipment and Marketing Association">Diving Equipment and Marketing Association</a>, (DEMA), exists to promote the scuba diving and snorkeling industry.<sup id="cite_ref-DEMA_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEMA-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism#Demographics" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism § Demographics</a></div> <p>The number of active scuba divers is not recorded systematically, but has been estimated on occasions with varying levels of confidence. One of the problems is the lack of a generally accepted definition of what constitutes an active scuba diver. The situation for freedivers and snorkelers is even less clear, as most freedivers have no qualification registered anywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_et_al_2020_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler_et_al_2020-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Diving Equipment and Marketing Association (DEMA) estimate from 2.5 to 3.5 million active scuba divers in the US and up to 6 million worldwide, about 11 million snorkelers in the US, and about 20 million snorkelers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-DEMA_2021_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEMA_2021-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sports_and_Fitness_Industry_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sports and Fitness Industry Association (page does not exist)">Sports and Fitness Industry Association</a> (SFIA) reported 2,351,000 casual participants, and 823,000 core participants in 2019, also in the US. <a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN), reported 2019 membership numbers worldwide: DAN US/Canada, 274,708; DAN Europe, 123,680; DAN Japan, 18,137; DAN World Asia Pacific, 12,163; DAN World Latin America/Brazil, 8,008; DAN South Africa, 5,894.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_et_al_2020_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler_et_al_2020-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The active US scuba diving population could be fewer than 1,000,000, possibly as low as 500,000, depending on the definition of <i>active</i>. Numbers outside the US are less clear.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_et_al_2020_187-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler_et_al_2020-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may be compared with PADI worldwide statistics for 2021, in which they claim to have issued more than 28 million diver certifications since 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-PADI_2021_stats_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PADI_2021_stats-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entry of non-divers through certification courses also provides an indicator of numbers, though there is no record of whether a diver remains active after certification unless further training is registered. Three training and certification agencies – <a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI), <a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI), and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI) reported a combined average of 22,325 entry-level certifications per quarter. Estimating the number of active scuba instructors in the US and internationally is also difficult. Over 300 individual certifying agencies train and certify divers, dive leaders, and instructors, but there are also an unknown number of instructors who are registered with more than one agency. PADI reported 137,000 professional members (instructors and divemasters) worldwide in 2019. On the assumption that PADI represents 70% of the market share, the number of instructors globally may be about 195,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_et_al_2020_187-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler_et_al_2020-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) reports 4,500 divers at 150 organisational member scientific diving programmes (2020), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 3,380 commercial divers in the US (2018). The number of active public safety divers in the US is also uncertain, but estimated to be between 3,000 and 5,000 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadler_et_al_2020_187-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadler_et_al_2020-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Working_Diver_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diver wearing a diving helmet is sanding a repair patch on a submarine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Working_Diver_02.jpg/220px-Working_Diver_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Working_Diver_02.jpg/330px-Working_Diver_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Working_Diver_02.jpg/440px-Working_Diver_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A diver at work on hull maintenance</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></div> <p>The environmental impact of recreational diving is the effects of diving tourism on the marine environment. Usually these are considered to be adverse effects, and include damage to reef organisms by incompetent and ignorant divers, but there may also be positive effects as the environment is recognised by the local communities to be worth more in good condition than degraded by inappropriate use, which encourages conservation efforts. During the 20th century recreational scuba diving was considered to have generally low environmental impact, and was consequently one of the activities permitted in most marine protected areas. Since the 1970s diving has changed from an elite activity to a more accessible recreation, marketed to a very wide demographic. To some extent better equipment has been substituted for more rigorous training, and the reduction in perceived risk has shortened minimum training requirements by several training agencies. Training has concentrated on an acceptable risk to the diver, and paid less attention to the environment. The increase in the popularity of diving and in tourist access to sensitive ecological systems has led to the recognition that the activity can have significant environmental consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammerton_2014_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammerton_2014-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recreational scuba diving has grown in popularity during the 21st century, as is shown by the number of certifications issued worldwide, which has increased to about 23 million by 2016 at about one million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucrezi_2016_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucrezi_2016-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scuba diving tourism is a growth industry, and it is necessary to consider <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sustainability" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental sustainability">environmental sustainability</a>, as the expanding impact of divers can adversely affect the <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">marine environment</a> in several ways, and the impact also depends on the specific environment. Tropical coral reefs are more easily damaged by poor diving skills than some temperate reefs, where the environment is more robust due to rougher sea conditions and fewer fragile, slow-growing organisms. The same pleasant sea conditions that allow development of relatively delicate and highly diverse ecologies also attract the greatest number of tourists, including divers who dive infrequently, exclusively on vacation and never fully develop the skills to dive in an environmentally friendly way.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimmock_et_al_2013_182-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimmock_et_al_2013-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> training has been shown to be effective in reducing diver contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammerton_2014_190-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammerton_2014-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ecological impact of <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diving" title="Commercial diving">commercial diving</a> is a small part of the impact of the specific industry supported by the diving operations, as commercial diving is not done in isolation. In most cases the impact of diving operations is insignificant in comparison with the overall project, and environmental impact assessments may be required before the project is authorised for some classes of project.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFLII_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFLII-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ELaw_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELaw-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underwater <a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">ships husbandry</a> may be an exception to this general tendency, and specific precautions to limit ecological impact may be required. Several of these operations will release some quantity of harmful material into the water, particularly hull cleaning operations which will release antifouling toxins.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDS_1999_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDS_1999-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alien biofouling organisms may also be released during this process.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDS_1999_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDS_1999-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Other forms of <a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">professional diving</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">scientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">archaeological dives</a>, are planned to minimise impact, which may be a condition for the application for a permit.<sup id="cite_ref-NHL_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHL-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAHRA_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAHRA-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Engineering-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Engineering_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engineering methods control the hazard at its source. When feasible, the work environment and the job itself are designed to eliminate hazards or reduce exposure to hazards: If feasible, the hazard is removed or substituted by something that is not hazardous. If removal is not feasible, the hazard is enclosed to prevent exposure during normal operations. Where complete enclosure is not feasible, barriers are established to limit exposure during normal operations.<sup id="cite_ref-OHS_answers_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHS_answers-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Administration-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Administration_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Safe work practices, appropriate training, medical screening and limiting exposure by rotation of workers, breaks and limits on shift length are forms of administrative controls. They are intended to limit the effect of the hazard on the worker when it cannot be eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-OHS_answers_170-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHS_answers-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPE-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPE_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Personal protective clothing and equipment are required in diving operations as exposure to the inherent hazards cannot be engineered out of normal operations, and safe work practices and management controls cannot provide sufficient protection from exposure. Personnel protective controls assume the hazard will be present and the equipment will prevent injury to those exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-OHS_answers_170-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHS_answers-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ECHM-EDTM_2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ECHM-EDTM_2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECHM-EDTM_2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ECHM-EDTM_2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKot2011" class="citation book cs1">Kot, Jacek (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echm.org/documents/ECHM-EDTC%20Educational%20and%20Training%20Standards%20(2011).pdf"><i>Educational and Training Standards for Physicians in Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kiel, Germany: Joint Educational Subcommittee of the European Committee for Hyperbaric Medicine (ECHM) and the European Diving Technical Committee (EDTC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160928193136/http://www.echm.org/documents/ECHM-EDTC%20Educational%20and%20Training%20Standards%20(2011).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=What+is+optimal+decompression%3F&rft.date=2020-05-16&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DnIO9qI5XODw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graver2010-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graver2010_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraver2010" class="citation book cs1">Graver, Dennis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Scuba Diving</i></a>. Human Kinetics. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780736079006" title="Special:BookSources/9780736079006"><bdi>9780736079006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scuba+Diving&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780736079006&rft.aulast=Graver&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBQuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski_2006-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_2006_108-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski2006" class="citation book cs1">Jablonski, Jarrod (2006). "9: Diving environments". <i>Doing It Right: The Fundamentals of Better Diving</i>. High Springs, Florida: Global Underwater Explorers. pp. 137–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9713267-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9713267-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9713267-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9%3A+Diving+environments&rft.btitle=Doing+It+Right%3A+The+Fundamentals+of+Better+Diving&rft.place=High+Springs%2C+Florida&rft.pages=137-&rft.pub=Global+Underwater+Explorers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9713267-0-5&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High_risk-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-High_risk_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Barsky, Steven (2007). <i>Diving in High-Risk Environments</i> (4th ed.). Ventura, California: Hammerhead Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9674305-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9674305-7-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diving+in+High-Risk+Environments&rft.place=Ventura%2C+California&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hammerhead+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9674305-7-7&rft.aulast=Barsky&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoP_Benign-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoP_Benign_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109051309/http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/benignconditions2014.pdf"><i>Code of Practice for Diving in Benign Conditions, version 0 7</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pretoria: South African Department of Labour. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labour.gov.za/DOL/downloads/documents/useful-documents/occupational-health-and-safety/benignconditions2014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Code+of+Practice+for+Diving+in+Benign+Conditions%2C+version+0+7&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pub=South+African+Department+of+Labour&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.labour.gov.za%2FDOL%2Fdownloads%2Fdocuments%2Fuseful-documents%2Foccupational-health-and-safety%2Fbenignconditions2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aus_Part_3-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aus_Part_3_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Section 2". <i>Australian Standard AS2815.3-1992, Training and certification of occupational divers, Part 3: Air diving to 50m</i> (2nd ed.). Homebush, New South Wales: Standards Australia. 1992. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7262-7631-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7262-7631-6"><bdi>978-0-7262-7631-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+2&rft.btitle=Australian+Standard+AS2815.3-1992%2C+Training+and+certification+of+occupational+divers%2C+Part+3%3A+Air+diving+to+50m&rft.place=Homebush%2C+New+South+Wales&rft.pages=9&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Standards+Australia&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7262-7631-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divers_dictionary-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Divers_dictionary_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://godivenow.com/learn-to-dive/divers-dictionary">"Divers dictionary"</a>. godivenow.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116001651/http://godivenow.com/learn-to-dive/divers-dictionary">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divers+dictionary&rft.pub=godivenow.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgodivenow.com%2Flearn-to-dive%2Fdivers-dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haddock_and_Heine-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haddock_and_Heine_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddockHeine2005" class="citation book cs1">Haddock, Stephen H. D.; Heine, John N. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325232044/http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/casg/casgh05001.pdf"><i>Scientific Blue-Water Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. California Sea Grant College Program. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsgd.gso.uri.edu/casg/casgh05001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Blue-Water+Diving&rft.pub=California+Sea+Grant+College+Program&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Haddock&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H.+D.&rft.au=Heine%2C+John+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsgd.gso.uri.edu%2Fcasg%2Fcasgh05001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-water-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black-water_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartick2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bartick, Mike (Spring 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertdiver.com/Blackwater_Diving">"Blackwater Diving"</a>. <i>Alert Diver</i>. Divers Alert Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107092937/http://www.alertdiver.com/Blackwater_Diving">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alert+Diver&rft.atitle=Blackwater+Diving&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Bartick&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertdiver.com%2FBlackwater_Diving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indigo-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indigo_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indigoscuba.com/all-youll-ever-need-to-know-about-blackwater-diving/">"All you'll ever need to know about Blackwater Diving!"</a>. <i>info@indigoscuba.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107092938/http://www.indigoscuba.com/all-youll-ever-need-to-know-about-blackwater-diving/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=info%40indigoscuba.com&rft.atitle=All+you%27ll+ever+need+to+know+about+Blackwater+Diving%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indigoscuba.com%2Fall-youll-ever-need-to-know-about-blackwater-diving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSAC-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BSAC_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 6". <i>Diving Manual</i> (10th ed.). London: British Sub-Aqua Club. 1983. pp. 383–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0950678610" title="Special:BookSources/978-0950678610"><bdi>978-0950678610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6&rft.btitle=Diving+Manual&rft.place=London&rft.pages=383-7&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=British+Sub-Aqua+Club&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0950678610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson_2000-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jackson_2000_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2000" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Jack (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scubadiving0000jack"><i>Scuba Diving</i></a></span>. Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scubadiving0000jack/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811729277" title="Special:BookSources/9780811729277"><bdi>9780811729277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scuba+Diving&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780811729277&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscubadiving0000jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_9,_Section_13_-_Diving_at_altitude-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_9,_Section_13_-_Diving_at_altitude_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006"><i>US Navy Diving Manual</i> (2006)</a>, Chapter 9, Section 13 - Diving at altitude.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUF-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EUF_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195452/http://www.euf-certification.org/index.php?id=6629">"Competencies of a recreational scuba diver at level 2 "Autonomous Diver"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. EUF Certification International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euf-certification.org/index.php?id=6629">the original</a> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competencies+of+a+recreational+scuba+diver+at+level+2+%22Autonomous+Diver%22&rft.pub=EUF+Certification+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euf-certification.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D6629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-padi1-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-padi1_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-padi1_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrylske2006" class="citation book cs1">Brylske, A. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</i> (3rd ed.). Rancho Santa Margarita, California: <a href="/wiki/PADI" class="mw-redirect" title="PADI">PADI</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878663-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878663-01-6"><bdi>978-1-878663-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Recreational+Diving&rft.place=Rancho+Santa+Margarita%2C+California&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=PADI&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-878663-01-6&rft.aulast=Brylske&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole_2008-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole_2008_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2008" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Bob (March 2008). 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Melbourne, Victoria: SPUMS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+South+Pacific+Underwater+Medicine+Society&rft.atitle=Fitness+to+dive%3A+Panel+discussion+with+audience+participation&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Elliott%2C+DH&rft.au=Walker%2C+R&rft.au=Gorman%2C+DF&rft.au=Haller%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2000-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2000_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2000" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Ernest (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/psychological_issues_in_diving_">"Medical info: Psychological Issues in Diving"</a>. Divers Alert Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171111210921/https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/medical/articles/psychological_issues_in_diving_">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+info%3A+Psychological+Issues+in+Diving&rft.pub=Divers+Alert+Network&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diversalertnetwork.org%2Fmedical%2Farticles%2Fpsychological_issues_in_diving_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in the September/October 2000 issue of Alert Diver.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_20_Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Decompression_Sickness_and_Arterial_Gas_Embolism-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''US_Navy_Diving_Manual''2006Chapter_20_Diagnosis_and_Treatment_of_Decompression_Sickness_and_Arterial_Gas_Embolism_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006"><i>US Navy Diving Manual</i> (2006)</a>, Chapter 20 Diagnosis and Treatment of Decompression Sickness and Arterial Gas Embolism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bove_2013-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bove_2013_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBove2013" class="citation web cs1">Bove, Alfred A. 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Elsevier. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128017036" title="Special:BookSources/9780128017036"><bdi>9780128017036</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807233711/https://booksite.elsevier.com/samplechapters/9780123821744/Chapter_3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA322423.pdf"><i>Human Factors in Diving</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Berkeley, California: Marine Technology & Management Group, University of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231085221/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA322423.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Formal+risk+identification+in+professional+scuba&rft.place=Colegate%2C+Norwich&rft.pub=HSE+books%2C+HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Tetlow&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Frrpdf%2Frr436.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bitterman-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBitterman" class="citation book cs1">Bitterman, Noemi. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10%3A+Human+factors+and+design+in+recreational+diving+equipment%3A+A+woman%27s+perspective&rft.btitle=Women+and+pressure&rft.pages=189-204&rft.aulast=Bitterman&rft.aufirst=Noemi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26596648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bitterman_et_al_2009-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bitterman_et_al_2009_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittermanOfirRatner2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bitterman, Noemi; Ofir, Erez; Ratner, Nadav (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9468963">"Recreational diving: Reevaluation of task, environment, and equipment definitions"</a>. <i>European Journal of Sport Science</i>. <b>9</b> (5). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Centre+for+Occupational+Health+and+Safety&rft.atitle=Hazard+Control&rft.date=2006-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccohs.ca%2Foshanswers%2Fhsprograms%2Fhazard_control.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Risk_management-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Risk_management_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osha.gov/dte/grant_materials/fy11/sh-22224-11/3_Risk_Management.pptx">"Class 3 - Risk Assessment and Accident Investigation, Unit 3 - Job Hazard Analysis"</a>. <i>CAF Construction Site Safety Certificate Program</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAF+Construction+Site+Safety+Certificate+Program&rft.atitle=Class+3+-+Risk+Assessment+and+Accident+Investigation%2C+Unit+3+-+Job+Hazard+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osha.gov%2Fdte%2Fgrant_materials%2Ffy11%2Fsh-22224-11%2F3_Risk_Management.pptx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurr_2008-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurr_2008_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurr2008" class="citation book cs1">Gurr, Kevin (August 2008). "13: Operational Safety". In Mount, Tom; Dituri, Joseph (eds.). <i>Exploration and Mixed Gas Diving Encyclopedia</i> (1st ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elaw.org&rft.atitle=South+Africa&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elaw.org%2Fcontent%2Fsouth-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDS_1999-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNDS_1999_194-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDS_1999_194-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appaundernod.pdf">"Underwater Ship Husbandry: Nature of Discharge (EPA-842-R-99-001.)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phase I Final Rule and Technical Development Document of Uniform National Discharge Standards</i>. United States Environmental Protection Agency. April 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218101838/https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appaundernod.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phase+I+Final+Rule+and+Technical+Development+Document+of+Uniform+National+Discharge+Standards&rft.atitle=Underwater+Ship+Husbandry%3A+Nature+of+Discharge+%28EPA-842-R-99-001.%29&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fsites%2Fproduction%2Ffiles%2F2015-08%2Fdocuments%2F2007_07_10_oceans_regulatory_unds_tdddocuments_appaundernod.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHL-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NHL_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/regulatory-compliance.htm">"National Historical Landmarks: Regulatory Compliance"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. 11 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319153258/https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalhistoriclandmarks/regulatory-compliance.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=National+Historical+Landmarks%3A+Regulatory+Compliance&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fsubjects%2Fnationalhistoriclandmarks%2Fregulatory-compliance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAHRA-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAHRA_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahra.org.za/maritime-and-underwater-cultural-heritage/">"Maritime and underwater cultural heritage"</a>. <i>www.sahra.org.za</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAHRA" class="mw-redirect" title="SAHRA">SAHRA</a>. 23 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410192253/https://www.sahra.org.za/maritime-and-underwater-cultural-heritage/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sahra.org.za&rft.atitle=Maritime+and+underwater+cultural+heritage&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahra.org.za%2Fmaritime-and-underwater-cultural-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrubakk2003" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Peter B; Rostain, Jean Claude (2003). "The High Pressure Nervous Syndrome". In Brubakk, Alf O.; Neuman, Tom S. (eds.). <i>Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving, 5th Rev ed</i>. United States: Saunders. pp. 323–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2571-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7020-2571-6"><bdi>978-0-7020-2571-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+High+Pressure+Nervous+Syndrome&rft.btitle=Bennett+and+Elliott%27s+physiology+and+medicine+of+diving%2C+5th+Rev+ed&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=323-57&rft.pub=Saunders&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7020-2571-6&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Peter+B&rft.au=Rostain%2C+Jean+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supsalv.org/00c3_publications.asp?destPage=00c3&pageID=3.9"><i>US Navy Diving Manual, 6th revision</i></a>. Washington, DC.: US Naval Sea Systems Command. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US+Navy+Diving+Manual%2C+6th+revision&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC.&rft.pub=US+Naval+Sea+Systems+Command&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supsalv.org%2F00c3_publications.asp%3FdestPage%3D00c3%26pageID%3D3.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_Diving_Manual2001" class="citation book cs1">Joiner, James T, ed. (28 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noaadivingmanual00noaa"><i>NOAA Diving Manual, Diving for Science and Technology</i></a> (4th ed.). Silver Spring, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, National Undersea Research Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941332-70-5"><bdi>978-0-941332-70-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NOAA+Diving+Manual%2C+Diving+for+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=Silver+Spring%2C+Maryland&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration%2C+Office+of+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Research%2C+National+Undersea+Research+Program&rft.date=2001-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0-941332-70-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoaadivingmanual00noaa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnderwater+diving" class="Z3988"></span> CD-ROM prepared and distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) in partnership with NOAA and Best Publishing Company</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Cousteau J.Y.</a> (1953) <i>Le Monde du Silence</i>, translated as <i>The Silent World</i>, Hamish Hamilton Ltd., London; ASIN B000QRK890</li> <li>Lang M.A. & Brubakk A.O. (eds., 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/smithsoniancontributions/proceedings/SC_RecordSingle.cfm?title=33"><i>The Future of Diving: 100 Years of Haldane and Beyond</i></a>, Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington DC</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_diving&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/Surface_oriented_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface oriented diving">Surface oriented diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">Surface-supplied diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned diving">Unmanned diving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_equipment" title="Diving equipment">Diving equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_and_disinfection_of_personal_diving_equipment" title="Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment">Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers">List of diving equipment manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout gas">Bailout gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom gas">Bottom gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing air">Breathing air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression gas">Decompression gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliox" title="Heliox">Heliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydreliox" title="Hydreliox">Hydreliox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrox_(breathing_gas)" title="Hydrox (breathing gas)">Hydrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox" title="Nitrox">Nitrox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel gas">Travel gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_(breathing_gas)" title="Trimix (breathing gas)">Trimix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buoyancy and<br />trim equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_diving_system" title="Avelo diving system">Avelo diving system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buoyancy_compensator_(diving)" title="Buoyancy compensator (diving)">Buoyancy compensator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_inflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Power inflator">Power inflator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dump_valve_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dump valve (diving)">Dump valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_buoyancy_pressure_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable buoyancy pressure vessel">Variable buoyancy pressure vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_weighting_system" title="Diving weighting system">Diving weighting system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ankle weights (diving)">Ankle weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_weights" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated weights">Integrated weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_weights_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trim weights (diving)">Trim weights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weight_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight belt">Weight belt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_buoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression buoy">Decompression buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression chamber">Decompression chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_trapeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression trapeze">Decompression trapeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_upline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey upline">Jersey upline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIM_suit" title="JIM suit">JIM suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtsuit" title="Newtsuit">Newtsuit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sladen_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sladen suit">Sladen suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving suit">Standard diving suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_vest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rash vest">Rash vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_skins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive skins">Dive skins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-water_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-water suit">Hot-water suit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helmets<br />and masks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fog" title="Anti-fog">Anti-fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-flow helmet">Free-flow helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightweight_demand_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightweight demand helmet">Lightweight demand helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orinasal_mask" title="Orinasal mask">Orinasal mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_water_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shallow water helmet">Shallow water helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard diving helmet">Standard diving helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Band mask">Band mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-face mask">Full-face mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Half mask">Half mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom timer">Bottom timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">Depth gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_computer" title="Dive computer">Dive computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive timer">Dive timer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_watch" title="Diving watch">Diving watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_release_valve" title="Helium release valve">Helium release valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumofathometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumofathometer">Pneumofathometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pressure_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Submersible pressure gauge">Submersible pressure gauge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobility<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver propulsion vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerSwim" title="PowerSwim">PowerSwim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towboard" title="Towboard">Towboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_sub" title="Wet sub">Wet sub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_air_source" title="Alternative air source">Alternative air source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus regulator">Octopus regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_snap" title="Bolt snap">Bolt snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddy line">Buddy line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_light" title="Dive light">Dive light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_cutting_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's cutting tool">Diver's cutting tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's knife">Diver's knife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_telephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's telephone">Diver's telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through-water_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Through-water communications">Through-water communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_harness" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving safety harness">Diving safety harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_gas_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency gas supply">Emergency gas supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout block">Bailout block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeline_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifeline (diving)">Lifeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screw_gate_carabiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Screw gate carabiner">Screw gate carabiner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_locator_beacon" title="Emergency locator beacon">Emergency locator beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_tether" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue tether">Rescue tether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety helmet">Safety helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark-proof_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark-proof cage">Shark-proof cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoopy_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snoopy loop">Snoopy loop</a></li> <li>Navigation equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_line" title="Distance line">Distance line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_compass" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving compass">Diving compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_reel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive reel">Dive reel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_marker" title="Line marker">Line marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_marker_buoy" title="Surface marker buoy">Surface marker buoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Silt screw">Silt screw</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_breathing_apparatus" title="Underwater breathing apparatus">Underwater<br />breathing<br />apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suit" title="Atmospheric diving suit">Atmospheric diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_cylinder" title="Diving cylinder">Diving cylinder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Burst disc">Burst disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_cylinder_valve" title="Scuba cylinder valve">Scuba cylinder valve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_helmet" title="Diving helmet">Diving helmet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_helmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Reclaim helmet">Reclaim helmet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_diving_regulators" title="Mechanism of diving regulators">Mechanism of diving regulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_malfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator malfunction">Regulator malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_freeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator freeze">Regulator freeze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-hose regulator">Single-hose regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin-hose_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin-hose regulator">Twin-hose regulator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-face_diving_mask" title="Full-face diving mask">Full-face diving mask</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_scuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-circuit scuba">Open-circuit<br />scuba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">Scuba set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_bottle" title="Bailout bottle">Bailout bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression cylinder">Decompression cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent doubles">Independent doubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifolded_twin_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifolded twin set">Manifolded twin set</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_manifold" title="Scuba manifold">Scuba manifold</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_bottle" title="Pony bottle">Pony bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba configuration">Scuba configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidemount">Sidemount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_cylinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling cylinder">Sling cylinder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">Diving rebreathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton_CDBA" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton CDBA">Carleton CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Divers_Life_Support_Equipment" title="Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment">Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rebreather" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic rebreather">Cryogenic rebreather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUMA" title="CUMA">CUMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSEA" class="mw-redirect" title="DSEA">DSEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_PVR-BASC" title="Halcyon PVR-BASC">Halcyon PVR-BASC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_RB80" title="Halcyon RB80">Halcyon RB80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDA71" title="IDA71">IDA71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interspiro_DCSC" title="Interspiro DCSC">Interspiro DCSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-5" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-5">LAR-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-6" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-6">LAR-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAR-V" class="mw-redirect" title="LAR-V">LAR-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">LARU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_IV_Amphibian" title="Mark IV Amphibian">Mark IV Amphibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4ger_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Dräger Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_CDBA" title="Siebe Gorman CDBA">Siebe Gorman CDBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman_Salvus" title="Siebe Gorman Salvus">Salvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_(rebreather)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siva (rebreather)">Siva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_equipment" title="Surface-supplied diving equipment">Surface-supplied<br />diving equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_line" title="Air line">Air line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_umbilical" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's umbilical">Diver's umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hookah_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hookah (diving)">Hookah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuba replacement">Scuba replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuba" title="Snuba">Snuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_equipment_manufacturers" title="List of diving equipment manufacturers"> Diving<br />equipment<br />manufacturers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AP_Diving" title="AP Diving">AP Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeks" title="Apeks">Apeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung_America" title="Aqua Lung America">Aqua Lung America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Lung/La_Spirotechnique" title="Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique">Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuchat" title="Beuchat">Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cavalero" title="René Cavalero">René Cavalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-Lunar" title="Cis-Lunar">Cis-Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cressi-Sub" title="Cressi-Sub">Cressi-Sub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacor_(scuba_diving)" title="Dacor (scuba diving)">Dacor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESCO" title="DESCO">DESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_Xtras" title="Dive Xtras">Dive Xtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divex" title="Divex">Divex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Unlimited_International" title="Diving Unlimited International">Diving Unlimited International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A4gerwerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drägerwerk">Drägerwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faber_Industrie_S.p.A." title="Faber Industrie S.p.A.">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenzy" title="Fenzy">Fenzy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fernez" title="Maurice Fernez">Maurice Fernez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Ferraro_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Ferraro (naval officer)">Technisub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gugen" title="Oscar Gugen">Oscar Gugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinke_(diving_equipment_manufacturer)" title="Heinke (diving equipment manufacturer)">Heinke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeinrichsWeikamp" title="HeinrichsWeikamp">HeinrichsWeikamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Outdoors" title="Johnson Outdoors">Johnson Outdoors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mares_(scuba_equipment)" title="Mares (scuba equipment)">Mares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_Diving" title="Morse Diving">Morse Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrod" title="Nemrod">Nemrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_Worldwide" title="Oceanic Worldwide">Oceanic Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearwater_Research" title="Shearwater Research">Shearwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebe_Gorman" title="Siebe Gorman">Siebe Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Products" title="Submarine Products">Submarine Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suunto" title="Suunto">Suunto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_support_equipment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_equipment" title="Diving support equipment">Diving support equipment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Access equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_stirrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Boarding stirrup">Boarding stirrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver lift">Diver lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving ladder">Diving ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_platform_(scuba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving platform (scuba)">Diving platform (scuba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downline_(diving)" title="Downline (diving)">Downline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay" title="Jackstay">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messenger_line" title="Messenger line">Messenger line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_pool" title="Moon pool">Moon pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />handling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor#Filtration" title="Diving air compressor">Air filtration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">Activated carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopcalite" title="Hopcalite">Hopcalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">Silica gel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_scrubber" title="Carbon dioxide scrubber">Carbon dioxide scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_filling_system" title="Cascade filling system">Cascade filling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_pump" title="Diver's pump">Diver's pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_compressor" title="Diving air compressor">Diving air compressor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_air_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving air filter">Diving air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Water separator">Water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure breathing air compressor">High pressure breathing air compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_pressure_breathing_air_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Low pressure breathing air compressor">Low pressure breathing air compressor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending" title="Gas blending">Gas blending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas panel">Gas panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reclaim_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas reclaim system">Gas reclaim system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage bank">Gas storage bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_quad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage quad">Gas storage quad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_storage_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas storage tube">Gas storage tube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_analyzer" title="Helium analyzer">Helium analyzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrox_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrox production">Nitrox production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_gas_separation" title="Membrane gas separation">Membrane gas separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">Pressure swing adsorption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_analyser" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen analyser">Oxygen analyser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro-galvanic_oxygen_sensor" title="Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor">Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compatibility" title="Oxygen compatibility">Oxygen compatibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_equipment" title="Decompression equipment">Decompression<br />equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-lock">Air-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Built-in_breathing_system" title="Built-in breathing system">Built-in breathing system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression tables">Decompression tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_bell" title="Diving bell">Diving bell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_cursor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell cursor">Bell cursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed bell">Closed bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clump_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Clump weight">Clump weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_and_recovery_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch and recovery system (diving)">Launch and recovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet bell">Wet bell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_chamber" title="Diving chamber">Diving chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving stage">Diving stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Dive_Planner" title="Recreational Dive Planner">Recreational Dive Planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation system">Saturation system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_rubber_raiding_craft" title="Combat rubber raiding craft">Combat rubber raiding craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveaboard" title="Liveaboard">Liveaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subskimmer" title="Subskimmer">Subskimmer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_support_vessel" title="Diving support vessel">Diving support vessel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(K07)" title="HMS Challenger (K07)">HMS Challenger (K07)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterhabitat" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_habitat" title="Underwater habitat">Underwater<br />habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_Reef_Base" title="Aquarius Reef Base">Aquarius Reef Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Shelf_Station_Two" title="Continental Shelf Station Two">Continental Shelf Station Two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_Habitat" title="Helgoland Habitat">Helgoland Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter_Space_Analog_Station" title="Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station">Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEALAB" title="SEALAB">SEALAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektite_habitat" title="Tektite habitat">Tektite habitat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated<br />underwater vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8A4-class_ROUV" title="8A4-class ROUV">8A4-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABISMO" title="ABISMO">ABISMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_ROV_Team" title="Atlantis ROV Team">Atlantis ROV Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COTSBot" title="COTSBot">COTSBot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURV" title="CURV">CURV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Drone" title="Deep Drone">Deep Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89paulard" title="Épaulard">Épaulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Explorer_ROV" title="Global Explorer ROV">Global Explorer ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldfish-class_ROUV" title="Goldfish-class ROUV">Goldfish-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaik%C5%8D_ROV" title="Kaikō ROV">Kaikō ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C5%9Fif_ROUV" title="Kaşif ROUV">Kaşif ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-Term_Mine_Reconnaissance_System" title="Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System">Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini_Rover_ROV" title="Mini Rover ROV">Mini Rover ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenROV" title="OpenROV">OpenROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_KIEL_6000" title="ROV KIEL 6000">ROV KIEL 6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROV_PHOCA" title="ROV PHOCA">ROV PHOCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_ROV" title="Scorpio ROV">Scorpio ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon-class_ROV" title="Sea Dragon-class ROV">Sea Dragon-class ROV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_tractor" title="Seabed tractor">Seabed tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafox_drone" title="Seafox drone">Seafox drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaPerch" title="SeaPerch">SeaPerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SJT-class_ROUV" title="SJT-class ROUV">SJT-class ROUV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T1200_Trenching_Unit" title="T1200 Trenching Unit">T1200 Trenching Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoRay_UROVs" title="VideoRay UROVs">VideoRay UROVs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_down_flag" title="Diver down flag">Diver down flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_shot" title="Diving shot">Diving shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENOS_Rescue-System" title="ENOS Rescue-System">ENOS Rescue-System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_lifeboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric lifeboat">Hyperbaric lifeboat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_stretcher" title="Hyperbaric stretcher">Hyperbaric stretcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackstay_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackstay (diving)">Jackstay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonline" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonline">Jonline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_gas_supply_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve gas supply (diving)">Reserve gas supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving spread">Diving spread</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Air spread">Air spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_spread" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation spread">Saturation spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_water_system_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot water system (diving)">Hot water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">Sonar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_positioning_system" title="Underwater acoustic positioning system">Underwater acoustic positioning system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustic_communication" title="Underwater acoustic communication">Underwater acoustic communication</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freediving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Deep" title="Nordic Deep">Nordic Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_Blue" title="Vertical Blue">Vertical Blue</a></li> <li>Disciplines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant weight">Constant weight</a> (CWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_bi-fins" title="Constant weight bi-fins">Constant weight bi-fins</a> (CWTB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_weight_without_fins" title="Constant weight without fins">Constant weight without fins</a> (CNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea" title="Dynamic apnea">Dynamic apnea</a> (DYN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic apnea without fins">Dynamic apnea without fins</a> (DNF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Free immersion">Free immersion</a> (FIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-limits_apnea" title="No-limits apnea">No-limits apnea</a> (NLT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_apnea" title="Static apnea">Static apnea</a> (STA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandalopetra_diving" title="Skandalopetra diving">Skandalopetra diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea">Variable weight apnea</a> (VWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_weight_apnea_without_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable weight apnea without fins">Variable weight apnea without fins</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_mask" title="Diving mask">Diving mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_suit" title="Diving suit">Diving suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkel_(swimming)" title="Snorkel (swimming)">Snorkel (swimming)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">Swimfins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monofin" title="Monofin">Monofin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_polo_cap" title="Water polo cap">Water polo cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Andollo" title="Deborah Andollo">Deborah Andollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Arrigoni" title="Simone Arrigoni">Simone Arrigoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppo_Biscarini" title="Peppo Biscarini">Peppo Biscarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Board" title="Michael Board">Michael Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Campbell" title="Sara Campbell">Sara Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derya_Can_G%C3%B6%C3%A7en" class="mw-redirect" title="Derya Can Göçen">Derya Can Göçen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak" title="Goran Čolak">Goran Čolak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Coste" title="Carlos Coste">Carlos Coste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Croft_(diver)" title="Robert Croft (diver)">Robert Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandy-Rae_Cruickshank" title="Mandy-Rae Cruickshank">Mandy-Rae Cruickshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasemin_Dalk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7" title="Yasemin Dalkılıç">Yasemin Dalkılıç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_D%27Imporzano" title="Leonardo D'Imporzano">Leonardo D'Imporzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahika_Erc%C3%BCmen" title="Şahika Ercümen">Şahika Ercümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Farrell_(freediver)" title="Emma Farrell (freediver)">Emma Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferreras" title="Francisco Ferreras">Francisco Ferreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Frolla" title="Pierre Frolla">Pierre Frolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Eberhard" title="Flavia Eberhard">Flavia Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehgan_Heaney-Grier" title="Mehgan Heaney-Grier">Mehgan Heaney-Grier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Kristoffersen" title="Elisabeth Kristoffersen">Elisabeth Kristoffersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Yevhenovych_Khvetkevych" class="mw-redirect" title="Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych">Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Maiorca" title="Enzo Maiorca">Enzo Maiorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Mayol" title="Jacques Mayol">Jacques Mayol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Meyer" title="Karol Meyer">Karol Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Middleton_(free-diver)" title="Kate Middleton (free-diver)">Kate Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mifsud" title="Stéphane Mifsud">Stéphane Mifsud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Molchanov" title="Alexey Molchanov">Alexey Molchanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Mullins_(freediver)" title="Dave Mullins (freediver)">Dave Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Musimu" title="Patrick Musimu">Patrick Musimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_N%C3%A9ry" title="Guillaume Néry">Guillaume Néry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Nitsch" title="Herbert Nitsch">Herbert Nitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Pelizzari" title="Umberto Pelizzari">Umberto Pelizzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Philip" title="Liv Philip">Liv Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelie_Pompe" title="Annelie Pompe">Annelie Pompe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stig_Severinsen" title="Stig Severinsen">Stig Severinsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sietas" title="Tom Sietas">Tom Sietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aharon_Solomons" title="Aharon Solomons">Aharon Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek_(free-diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Štěpánek (free-diver)">Martin Štěpánek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Steyn" title="Walter Steyn">Walter Steyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Streeter" title="Tanya Streeter">Tanya Streeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Trubridge" title="William Trubridge">William Trubridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devrim_Cenk_Ulusoy" title="Devrim Cenk Ulusoy">Devrim Cenk Ulusoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Uruk" title="Fatma Uruk">Fatma Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danai_Varveri" title="Danai Varveri">Danai Varveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessia_Zecchini" title="Alessia Zecchini">Alessia Zecchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliia_Zharkova" title="Nataliia Zharkova">Nataliia Zharkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_blackout" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep-water blackout">Deep-water blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout#Terminology" title="Freediving blackout">Shallow-water blackout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_wrestling" title="Octopus wrestling">Octopus wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1900_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_underwater_swimming" title="Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming">Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Professional_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ama_(diving)" title="Ama (diving)">Ama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver">Commercial diver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial offshore diver">Commercial offshore diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazmat diver">Hazmat diver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haenyeo" title="Haenyeo">Haenyeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Media diver">Media diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Police diver">Police diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver">Public safety diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver">Scientific diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater archaeologist">Underwater archaeologist</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydiving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_diving" title="Military diving">Military<br />diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_engineer_diver" title="Army engineer diver">Army engineer diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces_Divers" title="Canadian Armed Forces Divers">Canadian Armed Forces Divers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_diver" title="Clearance diver">Clearance diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">Frogman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minentaucher" title="Minentaucher">Minentaucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy_ships_diver" title="Royal Navy ships diver">Royal Navy ships diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_divers" title="United States military divers">United States military divers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navy_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Navy diver (United States Navy)">U.S. Navy diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_diver_(United_States_Navy)" title="Master diver (United States Navy)">U.S.Navy master diver</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Militarydivingunits" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_diving_units" title="List of military diving units">Military<br />diving<br />units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearance_Diving_Branch_(RAN)" title="Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)">Clearance Diving Branch (RAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commando_Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Commando Hubert">Commando Hubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Special_Operations_Force" title="Lithuanian Special Operations Force">Combat Divers Service (Lithuania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comando_Raggruppamento_Subacquei_e_Incursori_Teseo_Tesei" title="Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei">Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frogman_Corps_(Denmark)" title="Frogman Corps (Denmark)">Frogman Corps (Denmark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Especiales" title="Fuerzas Especiales">Fuerzas Especiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukuryu" title="Fukuryu">Fukuryu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grup_Gerak_Khas" class="mw-redirect" title="Grup Gerak Khas">Grup Gerak Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdkommando" title="Jagdkommando">Jagdkommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Formoza" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Formoza">JW Formoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_GROM" class="mw-redirect" title="JW GROM">JW GROM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JW_Komandos%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="JW Komandosów">JW Komandosów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommando_Spezialkr%C3%A4fte_Marine" title="Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine">Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOPASKA" title="KOPASKA">KOPASKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARCOS" title="MARCOS">MARCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Commandos" title="Marine Commandos">Marine Commandos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinejegerkommandoen" title="Marinejegerkommandoen">Marinejegerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Raider_Regiment" title="Marine Raider Regiment">Marine Raider Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minedykkerkommandoen" title="Minedykkerkommandoen">Minedykkerkommandoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Marine_Corps#Operational_Diving_Unit" title="Namibian Marine Corps">Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Diving_Unit_(Singapore)" title="Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)">Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Service_Diving_Section" title="Naval Service Diving Section">Naval Service Diving Section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command" title="Naval Special Operations Command">Naval Special Operations Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Diving_Division_(SA_Navy)" title="Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)">Operational Diving Division (SA Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_commando_frogmen" title="Russian commando frogmen">Russian commando frogmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappers_Divers_Group" title="Sappers Divers Group">Sappers Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayetet_13" title="Shayetet 13">Shayetet 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service_Regiment" title="Special Air Service Regiment">Special Air Service Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Actions_Detachment" title="Special Actions Detachment">Special Actions Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Service" title="Special Boat Service">Special Boat Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Boat_Squadron_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)">Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Command_(Turkey)" title="Special Forces Command (Turkey)">Special Forces Command (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Forces_Group_(Belgium)" title="Special Forces Group (Belgium)">Special Forces Group (Belgium)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Battalion_(Croatia)" title="Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)">Special Operations Battalion (Croatia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Service_Group_(Navy)" title="Special Service Group (Navy)">Special Service Group (Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Warfare_Diving_and_Salvage" title="Special Warfare Diving and Salvage">Special Warfare Diving and Salvage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Divers_Group" title="Tactical Divers Group">Tactical Divers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Force_Reconnaissance" title="United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance">US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Reconnaissance_Battalions" title="United States Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions">US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">US Navy SEALs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Construction_Teams" title="Underwater Construction Teams">Underwater Construction Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Command" title="Underwater Demolition Command">Underwater Demolition Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Underwater Demolition Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Offence_(Turkish_Armed_Forces)" title="Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)">Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNGERIN" title="UNGERIN">UNGERIN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_work" title="Underwater work">Underwater<br />work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_offshore_diving" title="Commercial offshore diving">Commercial offshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_diving" title="Hazmat diving">Hazmat diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_welding" title="Hyperbaric welding">Hyperbaric welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_construction" title="Marine construction">Marine construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_construction" title="Underwater construction">Underwater construction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_diving" title="Media diving">Media diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_diving" title="Police diving">Police diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potable_water_diving" title="Potable water diving">Potable water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diving" title="Public safety diving">Public safety diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diving" title="Scientific diving">Scientific diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_husbandry" title="Ships husbandry">Ships husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_diving" title="Sponge diving">Sponge diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">Submarine pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Archaeology of shipwrecks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cutting_and_welding" title="Underwater cutting and welding">Underwater cutting and welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_demolition" title="Underwater demolition">Underwater demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_inspection" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater inspection">Underwater inspection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_logging" title="Underwater logging">Underwater logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_search_and_recovery" title="Underwater search and recovery">Underwater search and recovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_videography" title="Underwater videography">Underwater videography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_survey" title="Underwater survey">Underwater survey</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Salvage_diving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salvage_diving" title="Salvage diving">Salvage diving</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Egypt" title="SS Egypt">SS <i>Egypt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronan_(ship)" title="Kronan (ship)"><i>Kronan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Belle_(ship)" title="La Belle (ship)"><i>La Belle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Laurentic_(1908)" title="SS Laurentic (1908)">SS <i>Laurentic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_warship_Mars" title="Swedish warship Mars"><i>Mars</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose"><i>Mary Rose</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_George_(1756)" title="HMS Royal George (1756)">HMS <i>Royal George</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasa_(ship)" title="Vasa (ship)"><i>Vasa</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving contractor">Diving<br />contractors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_maritime_d%27expertises" title="Compagnie maritime d'expertises">COMEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helix_Energy_Solutions_Group" title="Helix Energy Solutions Group">Helix Energy Solutions Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_waterjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasive waterjet">Abrasive waterjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_(dredging_device)" title="Airlift (dredging device)">Airlift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baited_remote_underwater_video" title="Baited remote underwater video">Baited remote underwater video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_surface_cleaning" title="In-water surface cleaning">In-water surface cleaning</a> <ul><li>Brush cart</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cavitation_cleaning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cavitation cleaning (page does not exist)">Cavitation cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_washing" title="Pressure washing">Pressure washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigging" title="Pigging">Pigging</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_stab" title="Hot stab">Hot stab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bag" title="Lifting bag">Lifting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">Remotely operated underwater vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_lance" title="Thermal lance">Thermal lance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremie" title="Tremie">Tremie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_jetting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water jetting (page does not exist)">Water jetting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">Limpet mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speargun" title="Speargun">Speargun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sling" title="Hawaiian sling">Hawaiian sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polespear" title="Polespear">Polespear</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Underwaterfirearm" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater<br />firearm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyrojet" title="Gyrojet">Gyrojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mk_1_Underwater_Defense_Gun" title="Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun">Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhead_(firearm)" title="Powerhead (firearm)">Powerhead</a></li> <li>Underwater pistols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P11" title="Heckler & Koch P11">Heckler & Koch P11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPP-1_underwater_pistol" title="SPP-1 underwater pistol">SPP-1 underwater pistol</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater revolvers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAI_underwater_revolver" title="AAI underwater revolver">AAI underwater revolver</a></li></ul></li> <li>Underwater rifles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADS_amphibious_rifle" title="ADS amphibious rifle">ADS amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APS_underwater_rifle" title="APS underwater rifle">APS underwater rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-DT_amphibious_rifle" title="ASM-DT amphibious rifle">ASM-DT amphibious rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBS-06" title="QBS-06">QBS-06</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recreational_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diving" title="Recreational diving">Recreational diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Index of recreational dive sites">Index of recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wreck_diving_sites" title="List of wreck diving sites">List of wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_recreational_dive_sites" title="Outline of recreational dive sites">Outline of recreational dive sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidemount_diving" title="Sidemount diving">Sidemount diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_organisations" title="Diver organisations">Diver<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo_Speleological_Survey" title="Quintana Roo Speleological Survey">Quintana Roo Speleological Survey</a> (QRSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodville_Karst_Plain_Project" title="Woodville Karst Plain Project">Woodville Karst Plain Project</a> (WKPP)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving tourism<br />industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_center" title="Dive center">Dive center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_East_Timor" title="Diving in East Timor">Diving in East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_in_the_Maldives" title="Diving in the Maldives">Diving in the Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_tourism" title="Scuba diving tourism">Scuba diving tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands">Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_ships_for_wreck_diving_sites" title="Sinking ships for wreck diving sites">Sinking ships for wreck diving sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_on_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater diving on Guam">Underwater diving on Guam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving events<br />and festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversnight" title="Diversnight">Diversnight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Bike_Race" title="Underwater Bike Race">Underwater Bike Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_safety" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_equipment_design" title="Human factors in diving equipment design">Human factors in diving equipment design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_in_diving_safety" title="Human factors in diving safety">Human factors in diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">Safety-critical system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving fatalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_emergency" title="Underwater diving emergency">Underwater diving emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_safety" title="Water safety">Water safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_surface_searches" title="Water surface searches">Water surface searches</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_hazards" title="Diving hazards">Diving<br />hazards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">List of diving hazards and precautions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_the_diving_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazards of the diving environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-P_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-P (hazard)">Delta-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entanglement_(hazard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entanglement (hazard)">Entanglement hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Overhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt_out" title="Silt out">Silt out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave action">Wave action</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freeflow" title="Freeflow">Freeflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Use_of_breathing_equipment_in_an_underwater_environment" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Failure_of_diving_equipment_other_than_breathing_apparatus" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_point_of_failure" title="Single point of failure">Single point of failure</a></li></ul></li> <li>Physiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_decompression" title="Uncontrolled decompression">Uncontrolled decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_hazards_and_precautions#Diver_behaviour_and_competence" title="List of diving hazards and precautions">Diver behaviour and competence</a> <ul><li>Lack of <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconfidence_effect" title="Overconfidence effect">Overconfidence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_loading" title="Task loading">Task loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety#Trait" title="Anxiety">Trait anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willful_violation" title="Willful violation">Willful violation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Consequences" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consequences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_procedures" title="Diving procedures">Diving<br />procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_descending_(diving)" title="Ascending and descending (diving)">Ascending and descending</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_ascent" title="Emergency ascent">Emergency ascent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boat_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat diving">Boat diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_and_kayak_diving" title="Canoe and kayak diving">Canoe and kayak diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_diving" title="Buddy diving">Buddy diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_check" title="Buddy check">buddy check</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">Decompression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_practice" title="Decompression practice">Decompression practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyle_stop" title="Pyle stop">Pyle stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratio_decompression" title="Ratio decompression">Ratio decompression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_briefing" title="Dive briefing">Dive briefing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_log" title="Dive log">Dive log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_planning" title="Dive planning">Dive planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_thirds_(diving)" title="Rule of thirds (diving)">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_planning" title="Scuba gas planning">Scuba gas planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_communications" title="Diver communications">Diver communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_rescue" title="Diver rescue">Diver rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doing_It_Right_(scuba_diving)" title="Doing It Right (scuba diving)">Doing It Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_diving" title="Drift diving">Drift diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_blending_for_scuba_diving" title="Gas blending for scuba diving">Gas blending for scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_diving" title="Rebreather diving">Rebreather diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_gas_management" title="Scuba gas management">Scuba gas management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diving" title="Solo diving">Solo diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_diving" title="Wall diving">Wall diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li>Hazard identification and risk assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_evacuation_and_rescue" title="Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue">Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_control" title="Risk control">Risk control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_pit" title="Incident pit">Incident pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout%E2%80%93tagout" title="Lockout–tagout">Lockout–tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_awareness" title="Situation awareness">Situation awareness</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_team" title="Diving team">Diving team</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellman_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellman (diving)">Bellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber operator">Chamber operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_medical_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver medical technician">Diver medical technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver%27s_attendant" class="mw-redirect" title="Diver's attendant">Diver's attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_systems_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving systems technician">Diving systems technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas man">Gas man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_support_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support technician">Life support technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-by_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Stand-by diver">Stand-by diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment<br />safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathing gas quality">Breathing gas quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing_and_inspection_of_diving_cylinders" title="Testing and inspection of diving cylinders">Testing and inspection of diving cylinders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_test" title="Hydrostatic test">Hydrostatic test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustained_load_cracking" title="Sustained load cracking">Sustained load cracking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulator" title="Diving regulator">Diving regulator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breathing_performance_of_regulators" title="Breathing performance of regulators">Breathing performance of regulators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational<br />safety and<br />health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Diving_Contractors_International" title="Association of Diving Contractors International">Association of Diving Contractors International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_response_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency response plan">Emergency response plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety_officer" title="Diving safety officer">Diving safety officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_superintendent" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving superintendent">Diving superintendent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_supervisor" title="Diving supervisor">Diving supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diving_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_disorders" title="Diving disorders">Diving<br />disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signs_and_symptoms_of_diving_disorders" title="List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders">List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp" title="Cramp">Cramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternobaric_vertigo" title="Alternobaric vertigo">Alternobaric vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barostriction" class="mw-redirect" title="Barostriction">Barostriction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">Air embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barodontalgia" title="Barodontalgia">Barodontalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental barotrauma">Dental barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_barotrauma" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary barotrauma">Pulmonary barotrauma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_arthralgia" title="Compression arthralgia">Compression arthralgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_illness" title="Decompression illness">Decompression illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freediving_blackout" title="Freediving blackout">Freediving blackout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">Hyperoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inert gases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avascular_necrosis" title="Avascular necrosis">Avascular necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysbaric_osteonecrosis" title="Dysbaric osteonecrosis">Dysbaric osteonecrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobaric_counterdiffusion" title="Isobaric counterdiffusion">Isobaric counterdiffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taravana" title="Taravana">Taravana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_nervous_syndrome" title="High-pressure nervous syndrome">High-pressure nervous syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis" title="Hydrogen narcosis">Hydrogen narcosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis" title="Nitrogen narcosis">Nitrogen narcosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbon dioxide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypercapnia" title="Hypercapnia">Hypercapnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocapnia" title="Hypocapnia">Hypocapnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breathing gas<br />contaminants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersion<br />related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_diuresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion diuresis">Immersion diuresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinctive_drowning_response" title="Instinctive drowning response">Instinctive drowning response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_water_aspiration_syndrome" title="Salt water aspiration syndrome">Salt water aspiration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming-induced_pulmonary_edema" title="Swimming-induced pulmonary edema">Swimming-induced pulmonary edema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_valve_oxygen_therapy" title="Demand valve oxygen therapy">Demand valve oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">Hyperbaric treatment schedules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-water_recompression" title="In-water recompression">In-water recompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_recompression" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic recompression">Therapeutic recompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Examiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Examiner">Diving Medical Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Practitioner">Diving Medical Practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Medical Technician">Diving Medical Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_nursing" title="Hyperbaric nursing">Hyperbaric nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screening</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">Atrial septal defect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_drugs_on_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of drugs on fitness to dive">Effects of drugs on fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_to_dive" title="Fitness to dive">Fitness to dive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_fitness_to_dive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological fitness to dive">Psychological fitness to dive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_diving_physiology_and_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of researchers in diving physiology and medicine">Researchers in<br />diving physiology<br />and medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Bachrach" title="Arthur J. Bachrach">Arthur J. Bachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_R._Behnke" title="Albert R. Behnke">Albert R. Behnke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Bennett" title="Peter B. Bennett">Peter B. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bert" title="Paul Bert">Paul Bert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Bond" title="George F. Bond">George F. Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_O._Brubakk" title="Alf O. Brubakk">Alf O. Brubakk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._B%C3%BChlmann" title="Albert A. Bühlmann">Albert A. Bühlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guybon_Chesney_Castell_Damant" title="Guybon Chesney Castell Damant">Guybon Chesney Castell Damant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_William_Donald" title="Kenneth William Donald">Kenneth William Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paul_Fife" title="William Paul Fife">William Paul Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Hamilton_Jr." title="Robert William Hamilton Jr.">Robert William Hamilton Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Valence_Hempleman" title="Henry Valence Hempleman">Henry Valence Hempleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Erskine_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Erskine Hill">Leonard Erskine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Andrew_Hills" title="Brian Andrew Hills">Brian Andrew Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Hoppe-Seyler" title="Felix Hoppe-Seyler">Felix Hoppe-Seyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mitchell" title="Simon Mitchell">Simon Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Momsen" title="Charles Momsen">Charles Momsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_W._Pollock" title="Neal W. Pollock">Neal W. Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawlins_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Rawlins (Royal Navy officer)">John Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley_Shilling" title="Charles Wesley Shilling">Charles Wesley Shilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Thalmann" title="Edward D. Thalmann">Edward D. Thalmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diving medical<br />research<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Medical_Association" title="Aerospace Medical Association">Aerospace Medical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a> (DAN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Diseases_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving Diseases Research Centre">Diving Diseases Research Centre</a> (DDRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Medical_Advisory_Council" title="Diving Medical Advisory Council">Diving Medical Advisory Council</a> (DMAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Diving_Technology_Committee" title="European Diving Technology Committee">European Diving Technology Committee</a> (EDTC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_and_Baromedical_Society" title="European Underwater and Baromedical Society">European Underwater and Baromedical Society</a> (EUBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Board_of_Diving_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Technology" title="National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology">National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Medical_Research_Laboratory" title="Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory">Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy_School_of_Underwater_Medicine" title="Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine">Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Underwater_Medicine_Society" title="South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society">South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society</a> (SPUMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association" title="Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association">Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association</a> (SAUHMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society" title="Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society">Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society</a> (UHMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Experimental_Diving_Unit" title="United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit">United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit</a> (NEDU)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liability_in_recreational_diving" title="Civil liability in recreational diving">Civil liability in recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_of_care" title="Duty of care">Duty of care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislation_regulating_underwater_diving" title="List of legislation regulating underwater diving">List of legislation regulating underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_diving_accidents" title="Investigation of diving accidents">Investigation of diving accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Protection_of_the_Underwater_Cultural_Heritage" title="Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage">Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_underwater_diving" title="History of underwater diving">History of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_decompression_research_and_development" title="History of decompression research and development">History of decompression research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Diving_Museum" title="History of Diving Museum">History of Diving Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_scuba_diving" title="History of scuba diving">History of scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Maritime_Museum" title="Lyons Maritime Museum">Lyons Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Sea_Museum" title="Man in the Sea Museum">Man in the Sea Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_diving_technology" title="Timeline of diving technology">Timeline of diving technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearling_in_Western_Australia" title="Pearling in Western Australia">Pearling in Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Navy_decompression_models_and_tables" title="US Navy decompression models and tables">US Navy decompression models and tables</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_Commodore" title="SS Commodore">SS <i>Commodore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS <i>Monitor</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_Revenge" title="Queen Anne's Revenge">Queen Anne's Revenge</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whydah_Gally" title="Whydah Gally">Whydah Gally</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater art<br />and artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Diver" title="The Diver">The Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_deCaires_Taylor" title="Jason deCaires Taylor">Jason deCaires Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineers<br />and inventors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_de_Ayanz_y_Beaumont" title="Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont">Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Alfonso Borelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Martin_Cabirol" title="Joseph-Martin Cabirol">Joseph-Martin Cabirol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Clarke_(scientist)" title="John R. Clarke (scientist)">John R. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anthony_Deane" title="Charles Anthony Deane">Charles Anthony Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Deane_(inventor)" title="John Deane (inventor)">John Deane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Corlieu" title="Louis de Corlieu">Louis de Corlieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Denayrouze" title="Auguste Denayrouze">Auguste Denayrouze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Eldred" title="Ted Eldred">Ted Eldred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fleuss" title="Henry Fleuss">Henry Fleuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Gagnan" title="Émile Gagnan">Émile Gagnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Heinrich_Klingert" title="Karl Heinrich Klingert">Karl Heinrich Klingert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft_(diver)" title="Peter Kreeft (diver)">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Le_Prieur" title="Yves Le Prieur">Yves Le Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lethbridge" title="John Lethbridge">John Lethbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salim_Peress" title="Joseph Salim Peress">Joseph Salim Peress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Piccard" title="Auguste Piccard">Auguste Piccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoie" title="Joe Savoie">Joe Savoie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Franklyn_Searle" title="Willard Franklyn Searle">Willard Franklyn Searle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Smith_(inventor)" title="Gordon Smith (inventor)">Gordon Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Siebe" title="Augustus Siebe">Augustus Siebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie_Touboulic" title="Pierre-Marie Touboulic">Pierre-Marie Touboulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Triger" title="Jacques Triger">Jacques Triger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua-Lung" title="Aqua-Lung">Aqua-Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RV_Calypso" title="RV Calypso">RV <i>Calypso</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP-350_Denise" title="SP-350 Denise">SP-350 <i>Denise</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonos" title="Nikonos">Nikonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porpoise_(scuba_gear)" title="Porpoise (scuba gear)">Porpoise regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_diving_dress" title="Standard diving dress">Standard diving dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub_Marine_Explorer" title="Sub Marine Explorer">Sub Marine Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_scuba" title="Vintage scuba">Vintage scuba</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diverpropulsionvehicles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_propulsion_vehicle" title="Diver propulsion vehicle">Diver<br />propulsion<br />vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_SEAL_Delivery_System" title="Advanced SEAL Delivery System">Advanced SEAL Delivery System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos_CE2F_series" title="Cosmos CE2F series">Cosmos CE2F series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Combat_Submersible" title="Dry Combat Submersible">Dry Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">Human torpedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorised_Submersible_Canoe" title="Motorised Submersible Canoe">Motorised Submersible Canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Nymph" title="Necker Nymph">Necker Nymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-2_Mala-class_swimmer_delivery_vehicle" title="R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle">R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAL_Delivery_Vehicle" title="SEAL Delivery Vehicle">SEAL Delivery Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_Water_Combat_Submersible" title="Shallow Water Combat Submersible">Shallow Water Combat Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siluro_San_Bartolomeo" title="Siluro San Bartolomeo">Siluro San Bartolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfreighter" title="Welfreighter">Welfreighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_Nellie" title="Wet Nellie">Wet Nellie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military and<br />covert operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">Sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_cageless_shark-diving_expedition" title="1992 cageless shark-diving expedition">1992 cageless shark-diving expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_31" title="Mission 31">Mission 31</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass_Award" title="Hans Hass Award">Hans Hass Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Scuba_Diving_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame">International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Diving_Chamber_Dive_Lectures" title="London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures">London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOGI_Awards" title="NOGI Awards">NOGI Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Divers_Hall_of_Fame" title="Women Divers Hall of Fame">Women Divers Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_boat" title="Dive boat">Dive boat</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_MV_Conception" title="Sinking of MV Conception">Sinking of MV <i>Conception</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diver rescues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpazat_cave_rescue" title="Alpazat cave rescue">Alpazat cave rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tham_Luang_cave_rescue" title="Tham Luang cave rescue">Tham Luang cave rescue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_(carpenter)" title="John Day (carpenter)">John Day (carpenter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spalding" title="Charles Spalding">Charles Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Watson">Ebenezer Watson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Keenan" title="Stephen Keenan">Stephen Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Leferme" title="Loïc Leferme">Loïc Leferme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Mestre" title="Audrey Mestre">Audrey Mestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mevoli" title="Nicholas Mevoli">Nicholas Mevoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Molchanova" title="Natalia Molchanova">Natalia Molchanova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Offshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore diving">Offshore<br />diving</a> incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byford_Dolphin#Diving_bell_accident" title="Byford Dolphin"><i>Byford Dolphin</i> diving bell accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_Master_diving_accident" title="Drill Master diving accident"><i>Drill Master</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Canopus_diving_accident" title="Star Canopus diving accident"><i>Star Canopus</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stena_Seaspread_diving_accident" title="Stena Seaspread diving accident"><i>Stena Seaspread</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_One_diving_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture One diving accident"><i>Venture One</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waage_Drill_II_diving_accident" title="Waage Drill II diving accident"><i>Waage Drill II</i> diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildrake_diving_accident" title="Wildrake diving accident"><i>Wildrake</i> diving accident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_diving" title="Professional diving">Professional<br />diving</a> fatalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Baldwin_(diver)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Baldwin (diver)">Roger Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bennett_(diver)" title="John Bennett (diver)">John Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_F._Guiel_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Victor F. Guiel Jr.">Victor F. Guiel Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Hammerberg" title="Francis P. Hammerberg">Francis P. Hammerberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_M._Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Craig M. Hoffman">Craig M. Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Henry_Michael_Holmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Henry Michael Holmes">Peter Henry Michael Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Sea_Link_accident" title="Johnson Sea Link accident">Johnson Sea Link accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Clayton_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Clayton Link">Edwin Clayton Link</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Anthony_Prangley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard Anthony Prangley">Gerard Anthony Prangley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Skipnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Per Skipnes">Per Skipnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Smyth" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert John Smyth">Robert John Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_D._Stover" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert D. Stover">Albert D. Stover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard A. Walker">Richard A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothar_Michael_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothar Michael Ward">Lothar Michael Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Bradley_Westell" title="Death of Bradley Westell">Bradley Westell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_fatalities" title="Scuba diving fatalities">Scuba diving<br />fatalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_Mount_Gambier_cave_diving_accident" title="1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident">1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Armbruster" title="Ricardo Armbruster">Ricardo Armbruster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bridge" title="Allan Bridge">Allan Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bright_(diver)" title="David Bright (diver)">David Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Coulson" title="Cotton Coulson">Cotton Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Coutinho" title="Cláudio Coutinho">Cláudio Coutinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Yale_Dawson" title="E. Yale Dawson">E. Yale Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deon_Dreyer" title="Deon Dreyer">Deon Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Dufek" title="Milan Dufek">Milan Dufek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Fargues" title="Maurice Fargues">Maurice Fargues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Garman" title="Guy Garman">Guy Garman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Irwin" title="Steve Irwin">Steve Irwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Steve_Irwin" title="Death of Steve Irwin">death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jones_(American_football,_born_1935)" title="Jim Jones (American football, born 1935)">Jim Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Koz%C5%82owski_(speleologist)" title="Artur Kozłowski (speleologist)">Artur Kozłowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lipski" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Lipski">Yuri Lipski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirsty_MacColl" title="Kirsty MacColl">Kirsty MacColl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Linnea_Mills" title="Death of Linnea Mills">Linnea Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Roubaix" title="François de Roubaix">François de Roubaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">Chris and Chrissy Rouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Shaw" title="Dave Shaw">Dave Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Stewart_(filmmaker)" title="Rob Stewart (filmmaker)">Rob Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson" title="Esbjörn Svensson">Esbjörn Svensson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Velek" title="Josef Velek">Josef Velek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Publications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Publications</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Diving_Manual" title="NOAA Diving Manual">NOAA Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy_Diving_Manual" title="U.S. Navy Diving Manual">U.S. Navy Diving Manual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Cave_Diving:_A_Blueprint_for_Survival" title="Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival">Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Underwater_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Underwater Handbook (page does not exist)">Underwater Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bennett_and_Elliott%27s_physiology_and_medicine_of_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving (page does not exist)">Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Recreational_Diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving (page does not exist)">Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_new_science_of_skin_and_scuba_diving&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The new science of skin and scuba diving (page does not exist)">The new science of skin and scuba diving</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Professional_Diver%27s_Handbook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Professional Diver's Handbook (page does not exist)">Professional Diver's Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basic_Scuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basic Scuba (page does not exist)">Basic Scuba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards and<br />Codes of Practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Practice_for_Scientific_Diving_(UNESCO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)">Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_7876" title="DIN 7876">DIN 7876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMCA_Code_of_Practice_for_Offshore_Diving" class="mw-redirect" title="IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving">IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_24801_Recreational_diving_services_%E2%80%94_Requirements_for_the_training_of_recreational_scuba_divers" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers">ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Darkness_Beckons" title="The Darkness Beckons">The Darkness Beckons</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfinder" title="Goldfinder">Goldfinder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Dive" title="The Last Dive">The Last Dive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Divers" title="Shadow Divers">Shadow Divers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silent_World:_A_Story_of_Undersea_Discovery_and_Adventure" title="The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure">The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Divers_Alert_Network_publications" title="List of Divers Alert Network publications">List of Divers Alert Network publications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dive_guide_(publication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dive guide (publication)">Dive guides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Training_and_registration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Training and registration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training" title="Diver training">Diver<br />training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Competence and assessment <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competency-based_learning" title="Competency-based learning">Competency-based learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refresher_training_(diving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Refresher training (diving)">Refresher training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skill_assessment" title="Skill assessment">Skill assessment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_standard" title="Diver training standard">Diver training standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving school">Diving school</a></li> <li>Occupational diver training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial diver training">Commercial diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military diver training">Military diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_safety_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety diver training">Public safety diver training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_diver_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific diver training">Scientific diver training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_training" title="Recreational diver training">Recreational diver training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_recreational_diving_training_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO recreational diving training standards">ISO training standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">Teaching method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_memory" title="Muscle memory">Muscle memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlearning" title="Overlearning">Overlearning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_exposure_training" title="Stress exposure training">Stress exposure training</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Skills" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sidestroke" title="Combat sidestroke">Combat sidestroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_navigation" title="Diver navigation">Diver navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diver_trim" title="Diver trim">Diver trim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_clearing" title="Ear clearing">Ear clearing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenzel_maneuver" title="Frenzel maneuver">Frenzel maneuver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver" title="Valsalva maneuver">Valsalva maneuver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finning_techniques" title="Finning techniques">Finning techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_skills" title="Scuba skills">Scuba skills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_breathing" title="Buddy breathing">Buddy breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_Reef_System" title="Diamond Reef System">Diamond Reef System</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving_skills" title="Surface-supplied diving skills">Surface-supplied diving skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_searches" title="Underwater searches">Underwater searches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_scuba_certification_levels" title="Recreational scuba certification levels">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />levels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core diving skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Open_Water_Diver" title="Advanced Open Water Diver">Advanced Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_diver" title="Autonomous diver">Autonomous diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS*_scuba_diver" title="CMAS* scuba diver">CMAS* scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS**_scuba_diver" title="CMAS** scuba diver">CMAS** scuba diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introductory_diving" title="Introductory diving">Introductory diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Impact_Diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Impact Diver">Low Impact Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Scuba_Diver" title="Master Scuba Diver">Master Scuba Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Water_Diver" title="Open Water Diver">Open Water Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_diver" title="Supervised diver">Supervised diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leadership skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dive_leader" title="Dive leader">Dive leader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divemaster" title="Divemaster">Divemaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_instructor" title="Diving instructor">Diving instructor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Instructor" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Instructor">Master Instructor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist skills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Diver" title="Rescue Diver">Rescue Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_diver" class="mw-redirect" title="Solo diver">Solo diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diver_training_organization" title="Diver training organization">Diver training<br />certification<br />and registration<br />organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Underwater_Federation" title="European Underwater Federation">European Underwater Federation</a> (EUF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Regulators_and_Certifiers_Forum" title="International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum">International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum</a> (IDRCF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Diving_Schools_Association" title="International Diving Schools Association">International Diving Schools Association</a> (IDSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Marine_Contractors_Association" title="International Marine Contractors Association">International Marine Contractors Association</a> (IMCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diver_certification_organizations" title="List of diver certification organizations">List of diver certification organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_diver_course_referral" title="Recreational diver course referral">Recreational diver course referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Recreational_Scuba_Training_Council" title="World Recreational Scuba Training Council">World Recreational Scuba Training Council</a> (WRSTC)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Diver_Accreditation_Scheme" title="Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme">Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme</a> (ADAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_diver_registration_in_South_Africa" title="Commercial diver registration in South Africa">Commercial diver registration in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Institute_of_Technology" title="Divers Institute of Technology">Divers Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (HSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Department of Employment and Labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial diving<br />schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Academy_International" title="Divers Academy International">Divers Academy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Norway_University_of_Applied_Sciences#Norwegian_diver_school" title="Western Norway University of Applied Sciences">Norwegian diver school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free-diving<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a> (AIDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_Freediving_International" title="Performance Freediving International">Performance Freediving International</a> (PI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recreational<br />scuba<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Canadian_Underwater_Certifications" title="American Canadian Underwater Certifications">American Canadian Underwater Certifications</a> (ACUC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_nationale_des_moniteurs_de_plong%C3%A9e" title="Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée">Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée</a> (ANMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a> (CFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a> (FEDAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_d%27%C3%89tudes_et_de_Sports_Sous-Marins" title="Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a> (FFESSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Handicapped_Divers" title="International Association for Handicapped Divers">International Association for Handicapped Divers</a> (IAHD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Life_Saving_Federation" title="International Life Saving Federation">International Life Saving Federation</a> (ILS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Diving_Federation" title="Israeli Diving Federation">Israeli Diving Federation</a> (TIDF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Scuba_Educators" title="National Academy of Scuba Educators">National Academy of Scuba Educators</a> (NASE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Onderwatersport_Bond" title="Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond">Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond</a> (NOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Aqua_Association" title="Sub-Aqua Association">Sub-Aqua Association</a> (SAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Diving_International" title="Scuba Diving International">Scuba Diving International</a> (SDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Educators_International" title="Scuba Educators International">Scuba Educators International</a> (SEI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Scottish Sub Aqua Club">Scottish Sub Aqua Club</a> (ScotSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Scuba Schools International</a> (SSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a> (TSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Diving_Instructors" title="United Diving Instructors">United Diving Instructors</a> (UDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YMCA_SCUBA_Program" title="YMCA SCUBA Program">YMCA SCUBA Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific diver<br />certification<br />authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Underwater_Sciences" title="American Academy of Underwater Sciences">American Academy of Underwater Sciences</a> (AAUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques#Scientific_committee" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">CMAS Scientific Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical diver<br />certification<br />agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nitrox_Divers_International" title="American Nitrox Divers International">American Nitrox Divers International</a> (ANDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sub-Aqua_Club" title="British Sub-Aqua Club">British Sub-Aqua Club</a> (BSAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a> (CMAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_Science_and_Technology" title="Diving Science and Technology">Diving Science and Technology</a> (DSAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_Attivit%C3%A0_Subacquee" title="Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee">Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee</a> (FIAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Nitrox_and_Technical_Divers" title="International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers">International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers</a> (IANTD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Association_of_Diving_Instructors" title="Professional Association of Diving Instructors">Professional Association of Diving Instructors</a> (PADI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Diving_Instructors_Corporation" title="Professional Diving Instructors Corporation">Professional Diving Instructors Corporation</a> (PDIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Technical_and_Recreational_Diving" title="Professional Technical and Recreational Diving">Professional Technical and Recreational Diving</a> (ProTec)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebreather_Association_of_International_Divers" title="Rebreather Association of International Divers">Rebreather Association of International Divers</a> (RAID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimix_Scuba_Association" title="Trimix Scuba Association">Trimix Scuba Association</a> (TSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_Schools_International" title="Scuba Schools International">Technical Extended Range</a> (TXR)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cavediving" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cave<br />diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Divers_Association_of_Australia" title="Cave Divers Association of Australia">Cave Divers Association of Australia</a> (CDAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Diving_Group" title="Cave Diving Group">Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Underwater_Explorers" title="Global Underwater Explorers">Global Underwater Explorers</a> (GUE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Speleological_Society#Cave_Diving_Group" title="National Speleological Society">National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group</a> (CDG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Underwater_Instructors" title="National Association of Underwater Instructors">National Association of Underwater Instructors</a> (NAUI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Diving_International" title="Technical Diving International">Technical Diving International</a> (TDI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Diving_School" title="Defence Diving School">Defence Diving School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Panama_City#Tenant_commands" title="Naval Support Activity Panama City">Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Escape_Training_Unit" title="Underwater Escape Training Unit">Underwater Escape Training Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military diver<br />training courses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Combatant_Diver_Course" title="United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course">United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surface snorkeling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finswimming" title="Finswimming">Finswimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snorkeling/breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_football" title="Underwater football">Underwater football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey" title="Underwater hockey">Underwater hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Australia" title="Underwater hockey in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_hockey_in_Turkey" title="Underwater hockey in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby" title="Underwater rugby">Underwater rugby</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater rugby in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_rugby_in_the_United_States" title="Underwater rugby in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_target_shooting" title="Underwater target shooting">Underwater target shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Breath-hold</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon_(underwater_wrestling)" title="Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)">Aquathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apnoea_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Apnoea finswimming">Apnoea finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Open Circuit Scuba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_finswimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion finswimming">Immersion finswimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_diving_(sport)" title="Sport diving (sport)">Sport diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_cycling" title="Underwater cycling">Underwater cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_orienteering" title="Underwater orienteering">Underwater orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rebreather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_photography_(sport)" title="Underwater photography (sport)">Underwater photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports governing<br />organisations<br /> and federations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_International" title="AIDA International">AIDA International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Mondiale_des_Activit%C3%A9s_Subaquatiques" title="Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques">Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>National <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_Hellas" title="AIDA Hellas">AIDA Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Underwater_Federation" title="Australian Underwater Federation">Australian Underwater Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Freediving_Association" title="British Freediving Association">British Freediving Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Octopush_Association" title="British Octopush Association">British Octopush Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Underwater_Sports_Association" title="British Underwater Sports Association">British Underwater Sports Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comhairle_Fo-Thuinn" title="Comhairle Fo-Thuinn">Comhairle Fo-Thuinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Actividades_Subacu%C3%A1ticas" title="Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas">Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_federation_of_underwater_studies_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="French federation of underwater studies and sports">Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="South African Underwater Sports Federation">South African Underwater Sports Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Underwater_Sports_Federation" title="Turkish Underwater Sports Federation">Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Society_of_America" title="Underwater Society of America">Underwater Society of America</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_CMAS_Underwater_Photography_World_Championship" title="14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship">14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Hockey_World_Championships" title="Underwater Hockey World Championships">Underwater Hockey World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Orienteering_World_Championships" title="Underwater Orienteering World Championships">Underwater Orienteering World Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Rugby_World_Championships" title="Underwater Rugby World Championships">Underwater Rugby World Championships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Underwater_divers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_divers" title="Outline of underwater divers">Underwater divers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers<br />of diving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Admetlla_i_L%C3%A1zaro" title="Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro">Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonnin" title="Mary Bonnin">Mary Bonnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Behrens-Furniss" title="Amelia Behrens-Furniss">Amelia Behrens-Furniss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Cahill" title="James F. Cahill">James F. Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Deans_(diver)" title="Billy Deans (diver)">Billy Deans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dottie_Frazier" title="Dottie Frazier">Dottie Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hampton" title="Trevor Hampton">Trevor Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Zetterstr%C3%B6m" title="Arne Zetterström">Arne Zetterström</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />scientists<br />archaeologists and<br />environmentalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Arbuthnot" title="Michael Arbuthnot">Michael Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ballard" title="Robert Ballard">Robert Ballard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensun_Bound" title="Mensun Bound">Mensun Bound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Boutan" title="Louis Boutan">Louis Boutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Bozanic" title="Jeffrey Bozanic">Jeffrey Bozanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bradner" title="Hugh Bradner">Hugh Bradner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Church" title="Cathy Church">Cathy Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenie_Clark" title="Eugenie Clark">Eugenie Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Delgado" title="James P. Delgado">James P. Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Fischer" title="George R. Fischer">George R. Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Franz%C3%A9n" title="Anders Franzén">Anders Franzén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_Frost" title="Honor Frost">Honor Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Garfella_Palmer" title="Fernando Garfella Palmer">Fernando Garfella Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gibbins" title="David Gibbins">David Gibbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Jessop" title="Graham Jessop">Graham Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_Puspa_Lestari" title="Swietenia Puspa Lestari">Swietenia Puspa Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilar_Luna" title="Pilar Luna">Pilar Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Marx" title="Robert F. Marx">Robert F. Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Marguerite_McCann" title="Anna Marguerite McCann">Anna Marguerite McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_McCartney" title="Innes McCartney">Innes McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Meide" title="Charles T. Meide">Charles T. Meide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_M._Newell" title="Mark M. Newell">Mark M. Newell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuba_Ognenova-Marinova" title="Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova">Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">John Peter Oleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_L._Peterson" title="Mendel L. Peterson">Mendel L. Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pyle" title="Richard Pyle">Richard Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Rechnitzer" title="Andreas Rechnitzer">Andreas Rechnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Royal" title="William R. Royal">William R. Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Rule" title="Margaret Rule">Margaret Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunter_Sch%C3%B6bel" title="Gunter Schöbel">Gunter Schöbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Schwabe" title="Stephanie Schwabe">Stephanie Schwabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Seco" title="Myriam Seco">Myriam Seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Zenato" title="Cristina Zenato">Cristina Zenato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scuba record<br />holders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Pascal Bernabé">Pascal Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bowden_(diver)" title="Jim Bowden (diver)">Jim Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ellyatt" title="Mark Ellyatt">Mark Ellyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_Gomes_(diver)" title="Nuno Gomes (diver)">Nuno Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Serpieri" title="Claudia Serpieri">Claudia Serpieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Starnawski" title="Krzysztof Starnawski">Krzysztof Starnawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />filmmakers<br />and presenters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Alhafith" title="Samir Alhafith">Samir Alhafith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Bravo" title="Ramón Bravo">Ramón Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Cousteau" title="Jean-Michel Cousteau">Jean-Michel Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Kohler" title="Richie Kohler">Richie Kohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rose_(TV_presenter)" title="Paul Rose (TV presenter)">Paul Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Torbet" title="Andy Torbet">Andy Torbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tors" title="Ivan Tors">Ivan Tors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wight" title="Andrew Wight">Andrew Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />photographers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Allan" title="Doug Allan">Doug Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Benitez" title="Tamara Benitez">Tamara Benitez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Beuchat" title="Georges Beuchat">Georges Beuchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Biddle" title="Adrian Biddle">Adrian Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bird" title="Jonathan Bird">Jonathan Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cheng" title="Eric Cheng">Eric Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Coleman" title="Neville Coleman">Neville Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cousteau" title="Jacques Cousteau">Jacques Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Craig" title="John D. Craig">John D. Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Cropp" title="Ben Cropp">Ben Cropp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Delemotte" title="Bernard Delemotte">Bernard Delemotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Doubilet" title="David Doubilet">David Doubilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Farmer" title="Candice Farmer">Candice Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Fine" title="John Christopher Fine">John Christopher Fine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Fox" title="Rodney Fox">Rodney Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_Frazier" title="Ric Frazier">Ric Frazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frink" title="Stephen Frink">Stephen Frink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gimbel" title="Peter Gimbel">Peter Gimbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monty_Halls" title="Monty Halls">Monty Halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hass" title="Hans Hass">Hans Hass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudie_Kuiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudie Kuiter">Rudie Kuiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Marden" title="Luis Marden">Luis Marden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Milowka" title="Agnes Milowka">Agnes Milowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Monkman" title="Noel Monkman">Noel Monkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Oxford" title="Pete Oxford">Pete Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Parish" title="Steve Parish">Steve Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zale_Parry" title="Zale Parry">Zale Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Petit_(photographer)" title="Pierre Petit (photographer)">Pierre Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scoones" title="Peter Scoones">Peter Scoones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Skerry" title="Brian Skerry">Brian Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_C._Skiles" title="Wesley C. Skiles">Wesley C. Skiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lee_Spence" title="E. Lee Spence">E. Lee Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Tailliez" title="Philippe Tailliez">Philippe Tailliez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Taylor_(diver)" title="Ron Taylor (diver)">Ron Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Taylor_(diver)" title="Valerie Taylor (diver)">Valerie Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Tillman" title="Albert Tillman">Albert Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Veltri" title="John Veltri">John Veltri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Waterman" title="Stan Waterman">Stan Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Westmorland" title="Michele Westmorland">Michele Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernest_Williamson" title="John Ernest Williamson">John Ernest Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lamar_Worzel" title="J. Lamar Worzel">J. Lamar Worzel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Underwater<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Balcombe" title="Graham Balcombe">Graham Balcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Farr" title="Martyn Farr">Martyn Farr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochen_Hasenmayer" title="Jochen Hasenmayer">Jochen Hasenmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Heinerth" title="Jill Heinerth">Jill Heinerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrod_Jablonski" title="Jarrod Jablonski">Jarrod Jablonski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth_Main" title="William Hogarth Main">William Hogarth Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Mount" title="Tom Mount">Tom Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Sheppard_(cave_diver)" title="Jack Sheppard (cave diver)">Jack Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(caver)" title="William Stone (caver)">Bill Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reefs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wrecks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bishop" title="Leigh Bishop">Leigh Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chatterton" title="John Chatterton">John Chatterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Cussler" title="Clive Cussler">Clive Cussler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Nagle" title="Bill Nagle">Bill Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_van_Heest" title="Valerie van Heest">Valerie van Heest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelis_Zervoudis" title="Aristotelis Zervoudis">Aristotelis Zervoudis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquanaut" title="Aquanaut">Aquanauts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Abercromby" title="Andrew Abercromby">Andrew Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Acaba" title="Joseph M. Acaba">Joseph M. Acaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Anderson" title="Clayton Anderson">Clayton Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Arnold" title="Richard R. Arnold">Richard R. Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Au%C3%B1%C3%B3n-Chancellor" title="Serena Auñón-Chancellor">Serena Auñón-Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(astronaut)" title="Michael Barratt (astronaut)">Michael Barratt (astronaut)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Barth" title="Robert A. Barth">Robert A. Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Behnken" title="Bob Behnken">Robert L. Behnken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Bresnik" title="Randolph Bresnik">Randolph Bresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._Broderick" title="Timothy J. Broderick">Timothy J. Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Brown_(aquanaut)" title="Justin Brown (aquanaut)">Justin Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_L._Cannon" title="Berry L. Cannon">Berry L. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Carpenter" title="Scott Carpenter">Scott Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Chamitoff" title="Gregory Chamitoff">Gregory Chamitoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Chappell" title="Steve Chappell">Steve Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Coleman" title="Catherine Coleman">Catherine Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook_(American_novelist)" title="Robin Cook (American novelist)">Robin Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_B._Cooper" title="Craig B. Cooper">Craig B. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabien_Cousteau" title="Fabien Cousteau">Fabien Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Cousteau" title="Philippe Cousteau">Philippe Cousteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Creamer" title="Timothy Creamer">Timothy Creamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dory" title="Jonathan Dory">Jonathan Dory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Epps" title="Jeanette Epps">Jeanette Epps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheck_Exley" title="Sheck Exley">Sheck Exley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Falco" title="Albert Falco">Albert Falco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Feustel" title="Andrew J. Feustel">Andrew J. Feustel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fincke" title="Michael Fincke">Michael Fincke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Furukawa" title="Satoshi Furukawa">Satoshi Furukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_J._Garan_Jr." title="Ronald J. Garan Jr.">Ronald J. Garan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Gernhardt" title="Michael L. Gernhardt">Michael L. Gernhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_E._Gerty" title="Christopher E. Gerty">Christopher E. Gerty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gruber" title="David Gruber">David Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hadfield" title="Chris Hadfield">Chris Hadfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hansen" title="Jeremy Hansen">Jeremy Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José M. Hernández">José M. Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herrington" title="John Herrington">John Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hill_(flight_director)" title="Paul Hill (flight director)">Paul Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akihiko_Hoshide" title="Akihiko Hoshide">Akihiko Hoshide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hulsbeck" title="Mark Hulsbeck">Mark Hulsbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hwang" title="Emma Hwang">Emma Hwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norishige_Kanai" title="Norishige Kanai">Norishige Kanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Kaufman" title="Les Kaufman">Les Kaufman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Kelly_(astronaut)" title="Scott Kelly (astronaut)">Scott Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Kohanowich" title="Karen Kohanowich">Karen Kohanowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Kopra" title="Timothy Kopra">Timothy Kopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Landucci" title="Dominic Landucci">Dominic Landucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lindbergh" title="Jon Lindbergh">Jon Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_N._Lindgren" title="Kjell N. Lindgren">Kjell N. Lindgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B3pez-Alegr%C3%ADa" title="Michael López-Alegría">Michael López-Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._MacInnis" title="Joseph B. MacInnis">Joseph B. MacInnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Magnus" title="Sandra Magnus">Sandra Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Marshburn" title="Thomas Marshburn">Thomas Marshburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Maurer" title="Matthias Maurer">Matthias Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Megan_McArthur" title="K. Megan McArthur">K. Megan McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_McKinley_(physician)" title="Craig McKinley (physician)">Craig McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Meir" title="Jessica Meir">Jessica Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Melchior" title="Simone Melchior">Simone Melchior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Metcalf-Lindenburger" title="Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger">Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Mogensen" title="Andreas Mogensen">Andreas Mogensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Nyberg" title="Karen Nyberg">Karen Nyberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Olivas" title="John D. Olivas">John D. Olivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuya_Onishi" title="Takuya Onishi">Takuya Onishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luca_Parmitano" title="Luca Parmitano">Luca Parmitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Patrick" title="Nicholas Patrick">Nicholas Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Peake" title="Tim Peake">Tim Peake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pesquet" title="Thomas Pesquet">Thomas Pesquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Reagan" title="Marc Reagan">Marc Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Reisman" title="Garrett Reisman">Garrett Reisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rubins" title="Kathleen Rubins">Kathleen Rubins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Rutkowski" title="Dick Rutkowski">Dick Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Ruttley" title="Tara Ruttley">Tara Ruttley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Saint-Jacques" title="David Saint-Jacques">David Saint-Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Schmid_(flight_surgeon)" title="Josef Schmid (flight surgeon)">Josef Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheats" title="Robert Sheats">Robert Sheats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Smith" title="Dewey Smith">Dewey Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Squyres" title="Steve Squyres">Steve Squyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Stefanyshyn-Piper" title="Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper">Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_St%C3%A9nuit" title="Robert Sténuit">Robert Sténuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herv%C3%A9_Stevenin" title="Hervé Stevenin">Hervé Stevenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Stott" title="Nicole Stott">Nicole Stott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Talacek" title="James Talacek">James Talacek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_M._Tani" title="Daniel M. Tani">Daniel M. Tani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Thirsk" title="Robert Thirsk">Robert Thirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Todd" title="Bill Todd">Bill Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_T._Vande_Hei" title="Mark T. Vande Hei">Mark T. Vande Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koichi_Wakata" title="Koichi Wakata">Koichi Wakata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_J._Walheim" title="Rex J. Walheim">Rex J. Walheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Walker" title="Shannon Walker">Shannon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morgan_Wells" title="John Morgan Wells">John Morgan Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Wendler" title="Joachim Wendler">Joachim Wendler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Wheelock" title="Douglas H. Wheelock">Douglas H. Wheelock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Whitson" title="Peggy Whitson">Peggy Whitson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafydd_Williams" title="Dafydd Williams">Dafydd Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Williams_(astronaut)" title="Jeffrey Williams (astronaut)">Jeffrey Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunita_Williams" title="Sunita Williams">Sunita Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reid_Wiseman" title="Reid Wiseman">Reid Wiseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimiya_Yui" title="Kimiya Yui">Kimiya Yui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Barnette" title="Michael C. Barnette">Michael C. Barnette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Berge" title="Victor Berge">Victor Berge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Diol%C3%A9" title="Philippe Diolé">Philippe Diolé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gentile" title="Gary Gentile">Gary Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Gilliam" title="Bret Gilliam">Bret Gilliam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Halstead" title="Bob Halstead">Bob Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Hauser" title="Hillary Hauser">Hillary Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jackson_(diver)" title="Trevor Jackson (diver)">Trevor Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lewis_(diver)" title="Steve Lewis (diver)">Steve Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mattera" title="John Mattera">John Mattera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescuers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Challen" title="Craig Challen">Craig Challen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Harris_(anaesthetist)" title="Richard Harris (anaesthetist)">Richard Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stanton" title="Rick Stanton">Rick Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Volanthen" title="John Volanthen">John Volanthen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frogmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Edward_Fraser" title="Ian Edward Fraser">Ian Edward Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Magennis" title="James Joseph Magennis">James Joseph Magennis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial salvors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Jessop" title="Keith Jessop">Keith Jessop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Science_of_underwater_diving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_of_underwater_diving" title="Science of underwater diving">Science of underwater diving</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_researchers_in_underwater_diving" title="List of researchers in underwater diving">List of researchers in underwater diving</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physics" title="Diving physics">Diving<br />physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metre_sea_water" title="Metre sea water">Metre sea water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy" title="Neutral buoyancy">Neutral buoyancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_ultrasound" title="Modulated ultrasound">Modulated ultrasound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_computer_vision" title="Underwater computer vision">Underwater computer vision</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diving_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Diving physiology">Diving<br />physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex#Blood_shift" title="Diving reflex">Blood shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_shock_response" title="Cold shock response">Cold shock response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_reflex" title="Diving reflex">Diving reflex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_narcotic_depth" title="Equivalent narcotic depth">Equivalent narcotic depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_operating_depth" title="Maximum operating depth">Maximum operating depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_response_to_water_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response to water immersion">Physiological response to water immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_balance_of_the_underwater_diver" title="Thermal balance of the underwater diver">Thermal balance of the underwater diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vision" title="Underwater vision">Underwater vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_breathing" title="Work of breathing">Work of breathing</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Decompressiontheory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decompression_theory" title="Decompression theory">Decompression<br />theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Decompression models: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BChlmann_decompression_algorithm" title="Bühlmann decompression algorithm">Bühlmann decompression algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane%27s_decompression_model" title="Haldane's decompression model">Haldane's decompression model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_gradient_bubble_model" title="Reduced gradient bubble model">Reduced gradient bubble model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalmann_algorithm" title="Thalmann algorithm">Thalmann algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_model_of_decompression" title="Thermodynamic model of decompression">Thermodynamic model of decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varying_Permeability_Model" title="Varying Permeability Model">Varying Permeability Model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_air_depth" title="Equivalent air depth">Equivalent air depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_window" title="Oxygen window">Oxygen window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology_of_decompression" title="Physiology of decompression">Physiology of decompression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Diving<br />environments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration" title="Deep-sea exploration">Deep-sea exploration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diving_environments_by_type" title="List of diving environments by type">List of diving environments by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_diving" title="Altitude diving">Altitude diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benign_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign water diving">Benign water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confined_water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Confined water diving">Confined water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_diving" title="Deep diving">Deep diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland diving">Inland diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshore diving">Inshore diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muck_diving" title="Muck diving">Muck diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_diving" title="Night diving">Night diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-water_diving" title="Open-water diving">Open-water diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-water diving">Black-water diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-water_diving" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue-water diving">Blue-water diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_diving" title="Penetration diving">Penetration diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torricellian_chamber" title="Torricellian chamber">Torricellian chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_diving" title="Ice diving">Ice diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_diving" title="Wreck diving">Wreck diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_dive_sites" title="Recreational dive sites">Recreational dive sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_environment" title="Underwater environment">Underwater environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving_environment" title="Underwater diving environment">Underwater diving environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_recreational_diving" title="Environmental impact of recreational diving">Environmental impact of recreational diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_impact_diving" title="Low impact diving">Low impact diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathysphere" title="Bathysphere">Bathysphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_against_swimmer_incursions" title="Defense against swimmer incursions">Defense against swimmer incursions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diver_detection_sonar" title="Diver detection sonar">Diver detection sonar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore survey">Offshore survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_compact_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged compact camera">Rugged compact camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_domain_awareness" title="Underwater domain awareness">Underwater domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_vehicle" title="Underwater vehicle">Underwater vehicle</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminaut" title="Aluminaut"><i>Aluminaut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_submarine_NR-1" title="American submarine NR-1">American submarine NR-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe" title="Bathyscaphe">Bathyscaphe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archim%C3%A8de" title="Archimède"><i>Archimède</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-2" title="FNRS-2">FNRS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FNRS-3" title="FNRS-3">FNRS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe#Harmony_class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Harmony</i> class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Pole-class_bathyscaphe" title="Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe"><i>Sea Pole</i>-class bathyscaphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathyscaphe_Trieste_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathyscaphe Trieste II"><i>Trieste II</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepsea_Challenger" title="Deepsea Challenger"><i>Deepsea Challenger</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictineu_3" title="Ictineu 3"><i>Ictineu 3</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAGO_(German_research_submersible)" title="JAGO (German research submersible)"><i>JAGO</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaolong_(submersible)" title="Jiaolong (submersible)"><i>Jiaolong</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsul-class_submersible" title="Konsul-class submersible"><i>Konsul</i>-class submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Limiting_Factor" title="DSV Limiting Factor"><i>Limiting Factor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_Losharik" title="Russian submarine Losharik">Russian submarine <i>Losharik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_(submersible)" title="Mir (submersible)"><i>Mir</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautile" title="Nautile"><i>Nautile</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces-class_deep_submergence_vehicle" title="Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle"><i>Pisces</i>-class deep submergence vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Sea_Cliff" title="DSV Sea Cliff">DSV <i>Sea Cliff</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai" title="DSV Shinkai">DSV <i>Shinkai</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_2000" title="DSV Shinkai 2000">DSV <i>Shinkai 2000</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Shinkai_6500" title="DSV Shinkai 6500">DSV <i>Shinkai 6500</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Turtle" title="DSV Turtle">DSV <i>Turtle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV-5_Nemo" title="DSV-5 Nemo">DSV-5 <i>Nemo</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue" title="Submarine rescue">Submarine rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_Liaison_Office" title="International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office">International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_and_Rescue_system_(Royal_Swedish_Navy)" title="Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)">Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCann_Rescue_Chamber" title="McCann Rescue Chamber">McCann Rescue Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_rescue_ship" title="Submarine rescue ship">Submarine rescue ship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Deep-submergencerescue_vehicle" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Deep-submergence rescue vehicle">Deep-submergence<br />rescue vehicle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LR5" title="LR5">LR5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LR7" title="LR7">LR7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSM-1" title="MSM-1">MSM-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Mystic</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-1_Mystic" title="DSRV-1 Mystic">DSRV-1 <i>Mystic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSRV-2_Avalon" title="DSRV-2 Avalon">DSRV-2 <i>Avalon</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Submarine_Rescue_System" title="NATO Submarine Rescue System">NATO Submarine Rescue System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priz-class_deep-submergence_rescue_vehicle" title="Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle"><i>Priz</i>-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_deep_submergence_rescue_vehicle_AS-28" title="Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28">Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_submarine_AS-34" title="Russian submarine AS-34">Russian submarine AS-34</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASRV_Remora" class="mw-redirect" title="ASRV Remora">ASRV <i>Remora</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRV-300" title="SRV-300">SRV-300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Rescue_Diving_Recompression_System" title="Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System">Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_7103_DSRV" class="mw-redirect" title="Type 7103 DSRV">Type 7103 DSRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URF_(Swedish_Navy)" title="URF (Swedish Navy)">URF (Swedish Navy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Submarine_escape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Submarine escape (page does not exist)">Submarine escape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escape_trunk" title="Escape trunk">Escape trunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_escape_training_facility" title="Submarine escape training facility">Submarine escape training facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Training_Facility_(Australia)" title="Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)">Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Escape_set" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Escape_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Escape set">Escape set</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Submerged_Escape_Apparatus" title="Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus">Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momsen_lung" title="Momsen lung">Momsen lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinke_hood" title="Steinke hood">Steinke hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Escape_Immersion_Equipment" title="Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment">Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special<br />interest<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_Reef_Society_of_British_Columbia" title="Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia">Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMAS_Europe" title="CMAS Europe">CMAS Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Reef_Alliance" title="Coral Reef Alliance">Coral Reef Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divers_Alert_Network" title="Divers Alert Network">Divers Alert Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Fins" title="Green Fins">Green Fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes_Underwater_Preserve_Association" title="Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association">Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_Underwater_Research" title="Karst Underwater Research">Karst Underwater Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Program" title="Nautical Archaeology Program">Nautical Archaeology Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Command_Sub_Aqua_Club" title="Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club">Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADI_AWARE" title="PADI AWARE">PADI AWARE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Check" title="Reef Check">Reef Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef_Life_Survey" title="Reef Life Survey">Reef Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_Foundation" title="Rubicon Foundation">Rubicon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Ontario_Shipwrecks" title="Save Ontario Shipwrecks">Save Ontario Shipwrecks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaKeys" title="SeaKeys">SeaKeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Historical_Research" title="Society for Underwater Historical Research">Society for Underwater Historical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Underwater_Technology" title="Society for Underwater Technology">Society for Underwater Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_Archaeology_Branch,_Naval_History_%26_Heritage_Command" title="Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command">Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neutral buoyancy<br />facilities for<br />Astronaut training</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory" title="Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory">Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_pool" title="Neutral buoyancy pool">Neutral buoyancy pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_buoyancy_simulation_as_a_training_aid" title="Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid">Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_Buoyancy_Simulator" title="Neutral Buoyancy Simulator">Neutral Buoyancy Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Systems_Laboratory_(Maryland)" title="Space Systems Laboratory (Maryland)">Space Systems Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Productions" title="Nautilus Productions">Nautilus Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_Aircrew_Breathing_Device" title="Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device">Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving_therapy" title="Scuba diving therapy">Scuba diving therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed_mining" title="Seabed mining">Seabed mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" title="Category:Underwater diving">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Underwater_diving" class="extiw" 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href="/wiki/Index_of_underwater_diving" title="Index of underwater diving">Diving</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_underwater_diving" title="Outline of underwater diving">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Underwater_diving" title="Portal:Underwater diving">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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[\"CITEREFBoycottDamantHaldane1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroadwater2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownBruggerBoydPaal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrubakk2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrubakkNeuman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrylske2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusuttiliHolbrookRidleyTodd1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzzacottSchillerCrainDenoble2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlstonMathiasShilling2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaruso2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheungMontieWhiteBehm2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColeman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConcannon2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppola2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDekker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenobleCarusodeL._DearPieper2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimmockCumminsMusa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimmockMusa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondsLowryPennefather1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerris1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraver2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHSE-PARAS1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddockHeine2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalstead2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammerton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrikseMerks2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHills1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuggins1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImbert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImbertParisHugon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanela2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Medical_Subcommittee_of_ECHM_and_EDTC2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieren\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindwall2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolliasVan_DerveerDorchakGreenleaf1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanphier1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarnWhistler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeMessurierHills1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedbetter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindholmLundgren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLock2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLogico2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucrezi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuriaKinney1970\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFSlightDurham1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeckBruce1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterba1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTetlow2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorntonRandallAlbaugh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThucydides2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToddHolbrookRidleyBusuttili1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Navy_Diving_Manual2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUcuzal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVorosmarti1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelham1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestinAsvallIdrovoDenoble2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWienkeO\u0026#039;Leary2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiesner\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsElliottWalkerGorman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYount1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZapolHillQvistFalke1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 54,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 64,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 18,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Underwater Diving\"] = 1,\n [\"Diving term\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 12,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 23,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Timetables of Science\"] = 1,\n [\"Underwater diving\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","16.1"],["?","120","9.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","120","9.7"],["dataWrapper 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