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Boycott - Concurrences
<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Boycott - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="A collective boycott occurs when a group of competitors agree to exclude an actual or potential competitor. 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Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-117774 apercu surlignable"><p>Boycott refers to an orchestrated refusal to deal that is used to exert pressure, on a third party, which may be a competitor, supplier, or customer. The aim is to exclude or to force the third party to behave in a particular way. A boycott may be orchestrated by an individual who indirectly harms a third party through the support of a group of firms. The firms themselves may decide directly, in a concerted manner, to refuse to deal with a third party. This practice may be illegal per se in certain jurisdictions.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-117774 texte surlignable"><p>Boycott is a practice that has been scrutinised as a per se violation of antitrust laws in the United States. For instance, in Fashion Originators’ Guild of America v. FTC (1941), the US Supreme Court declared “it was not error to refuse to hear the evidence offered” [to the Federal Trade Commission]. In the European Union, it is unclear how a boycott may be pursued. One interpretation is that article 101(1) TFUE prohibits concerted boycott as expressed in Dansk Rørindustri A/S and Others v. Commission of the European Communities and others (2005, paragraph 21) which considered a boycott as part of the arrangements that “may together be regarded as forming an agreement prohibited by Article 85(1) of the Treaty” [nowadays article 101(1) TFUE]. However, whilst Article 101(1) condemns some violations as per se, there is scope for an efficiency defence under Article 101(3).</p> <p>In the US, per se illegality may implicitly consider that the orchestrator group or individual of a boycott has an important position in the market or possesses unique access to a necessary input to compete as suggested by the US Supreme Court in Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery and Printing Co. (1985) who declared that “the Court of Appeals failed to exercise the requisite care, and applied per se analysis inappropriately”.</p> <p>Similarly, a boycott can be examined under the rule of reason. For example, in the United States itself it is also possible to find this kind of scrutiny as can be seen in US FTC v. Toys “R” Us Inc. (2000) and Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery and Printing Co. (1985). Hence, it is not entirely clear what treatment a boycott case will receive on US Courts.</p> <p>In Mexico, boycott is expressly typified and evaluated under the rule of reason, as 1) substantial market power or joint dominance is required and 2) a theory of harm explaining the object or effect of restricting competition must be constructed for it to be considered unlawful. Another jurisdiction that has expressly typified boycott is Germany but there the concerted refusal to deal with the aim of unfairly harming other firms is per se unlawful as can be seen from Section 21 of its Competition Act.</p> <p>Boycott typically involves a group refusal to deal. However, the group of firms instrumenting the boycott may be persuaded to engage in this practice without seeking to do so. In other words, there is an individual or group of firms who are interested in the result that the collective refusal to deal is going to achieve, but they are not necessarily the ones exerting the pressure over a third party. An example of this situation is depicted in US FTC v. Toys “R” Us Inc. (2000). The Mexican competition law contemplates this scenario when typifying boycott.</p> <p>Authors such as Posner (2003) suggest that boycott cases involve “an extraordinarily heterogenous body of practices, many of which are not exclusionary”. In this respect, a concerted refusal to deal may be orchestrated and implemented by a group of firms to provoke a vertically related third party to behave in a certain way. For example, a group of firms may expect the third party to respect a price policy (e.g. a lower price if it is a supplier and a higher price if it is a customer). This type of boycott is referred to as “collusive” by some authors, such as Baker et al. (2017), who note that collusive boycotts “result in collusive effects, i.e., those that directly fix the output, or the prices charged by the colluding firms”. Therefore, justifications for orchestrating this type of boycott may not be accepted. Accordingly, other authors such as Hovenkamp (2021) describe that the per se analysis is reserved for the so-called naked boycotts “when no case can be made that the refusal is ancillary to any legitimate joint activity.”</p> <p>Another type of boycott is called “exclusionary”. An exclusionary boycott occurs when an individual or group orchestrator aims to force a competitor out of the market through the intervention of other parties (suppliers or customers) who refuse to deal with the boycotted party. Firms themselves may refuse to deal with a competitor in a concerted way, as can be the case involving a trade association. For Baker et al. (2017), it is more difficult to characterise an exclusionary boycott because “(1) its effects may be less obvious and (2) its potentially legitimate justifications can be more varied”. Consequently, some exclusionary boycotts may be justifiable under the antitrust scrutiny. For example, a boycott may be aimed at preventing free riding. As the US Supreme Court stated in Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery and Printing Co. (1985), “The mere allegation of a concerted refusal to deal does not suffice, because not all concerted refusals to deal are predominantly anticompetitive.” A case involving this type of boycott in Mexico is the one where a trade union association of taxi guilds in Los Cabos exerted pressure on tourists to not use other touristic transportation foreclosing them of the market (2006); this case was fined.</p> <p>In this category, it is also possible to find that the boycott is implemented as a mechanism of retaliation, when there is a deviation from an agreement on prices or quantities. If a competitor does not respect a cartel agreement, the other members of the cartel may punish the cheater by orchestrating a boycott to force it out of the market. This behaviour may therefore be indicative of the existence of a cartel and may be analysed as such.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-117774 reference"><p><a href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A62002CJ0189" class="spip_out" rel="external">Dansk Rørindustri A/S, Isoplus Fernwärmetechnik Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH, Isoplus Fernwärmetechnik Gesellschaft mbH, Isoplus Fernwärmetechnik GmbH, KE KELIT Kunststoffwerk GmbH, LR af 1998 A/S, Brugg Rohrsysteme GmbH, LR af 1998 (Deutschland) GmbH and ABB Asea Brown Boveri Ltd v Commission of the European Communities, HFB Holding für Fernwärmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and HFB Holding für Fernwärmetechnik Beteiligungsgesellschaft mbH Verwaltungsgesellschaft (2005), joined cases C-189/02 P, C-202/02 P, C-205/02 P to C-208/02 P and C-213/02 P, including LR AF 1998 v Commission (2002), Case T-23/99</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/cases/2000/08/toysrusvftc.shtm" class="spip_out" rel="external">US FTC v. Toys “R” US Inc. (2000), Docket No. 9278</a></p> <p>Mexican Competition Authority v. Unión de Transportistas de los Cabos and Others (2006), file numbers IO-001-2005 and RA-24-2006.</p> <p><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/472/284/" class="spip_out" rel="external">Northwest Wholesale Stationers v. Pacific Stationery and Printing Co. (1985), 472 U.S. 284</a></p> <p><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/312/457/" class="spip_out" rel="external">Fashion Originators’ Guild of America v. FTC (1941), 312 U.S. 457</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-117774 jurisprudence"><p>Alberto Emperanza Sobejano, El boicot como acto de competencia desleal contrario a la libre competencia (Tirant Lo Blanch 2000), Chapter 1.</p> <p>Keith N. Hylton, Antitrust Law: Economic theory and common law evolution (Cambridge University Press 2003), Chapter 9.</p> <p>Jonathan Baker, Andrew Gavil, William Kovacic, and Joshua Wright, Antitrust Law in Perspective: Cases, Concepts, and Problems in Competition Policy, (3rd edn, West Academic Publishing 2017), Chapters 2 and 4.</p> <p>Herbert Hovenkamp, Principles of Antitrust (2nd edn, W West Academic Publishing 2021), Chapter 5.</p> <p>Richard Posner, Antitrust Law (2nd edn, University of Chicago Press, 2001), Chapter 7.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/boycott#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/boycott#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/boycott#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/boycott#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/sonia-rocha-esquivel" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:48px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:104.17%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L96xH100/1695831143478-2-dcd7d.png?1711365741) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Sonia Rocha Esquivel</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Mexican Competition Authority (Mexico City)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Mexico</span> <span class="articles"><em>2</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>5400</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Sonia Rocha Esquivel, </span> <span class="entry-title">Boycott</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85872</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">5417</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85872 texte surlignable"><p>A collective boycott occurs when a group of competitors agree to exclude an actual or potential competitor. This practice generally constitutes a restriction by object. <strong>©</strong> <a href="IMG/pdf/de_minimis_notice_annex.pdf?39154/eff5a58d64f1d64bdd410c3a36a010e5f56b9a89e96ada3653936be010859a7d" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>European Commission</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0Hjzvml+n8mzzaER2wxfp4NwzSn403dXZfBQ79s3SDgF5sgT9KMKgu5fkLTaoYaiffhBjQzz96L1HFWUhQtlIBDJq/8zbhClhsfWGtBmhCybc318f7o8LI95UGALS5Z7MuapNA6KGjn3bxLQrQ37hfCfyx2EVozeb9wADQ+hfL9fDuajGJ6JryUppgPLxQIiXO8reGQ9Qv8YEzUJo6AGHoqJD7Ynlu56/8HQyhTZwwkaqBcq7Xfo2Lgw2b/KR+bG2YLh/5fxA1+H8+pnnCGRpucRbpxzVJVoupuICeenRuaq854NM0m1cQjlok/CbYzq08GJcaHjSGNdJplbaw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/boycott"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-secures-special-leave-to-appeal-a-full" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority secures special leave to appeal a Full Federal Court decision which upheld an appeal by 2 construction firms against an earlier finding that they had reached an anticompetitive boycott arrangement <em>(Hutchinson / CFMEU)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-07T22:00:00Z">8 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120197 introduction entry-content"> <p>High Court grants the ACCC special leave to appeal CFMEU/Hutchinson decision* <br class='autobr' /> The High Court has granted the ACCC special leave to appeal a Full Federal Court decision handed down on 29 February 2024 which upheld appeals by the Construction, Forestry and Maritime Employees Union (CFMEU) and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brazilian-competition-authority">Brazilian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2024/the-brazilian-competition-authority-signs-a-cease-and-desist-agreement-with-a" rel="bookmark">The Brazilian Competition Authority signs a cease and desist agreement with a private hospital association to further its investigation into alleged collective price increases and boycotting <em> (Association of High Complexity Private Hospitals of the State of Goiás) </em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-06-04T22:00:00Z">5 June 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119205 introduction entry-content"> <p>CADE approves agreement with Brazilian Association of High Complexity Private Hospitals of the State of Goiás* <br class='autobr' /> The cease and desist agreement signed with Ahpaceg establishes the payment of BRL 115,000 in financial contributions <br class='autobr' /> On 05 June, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-seeks-leave-from-the-high-court-to-appeal" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority seeks leave from the High Court to appeal a decision finding that an employees union and a construction company reached an anticompetitive agreement <em>(Hutchinson / CFMEU)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-01T22:00:00Z">2 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117893 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC seeks leave from High Court to appeal CFMEU and Hutchinson boycott judgment* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC is seeking special leave to appeal to the High Court from the Full Federal Court’s judgment that upheld appeals by the Construction, Forestry and Maritime Employees Union (CFMEU) and construction company (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2024/the-australian-full-federal-court-upholds-the-competition-authority-s-decision" rel="bookmark">The Australian Full Federal Court upholds the Competition Authority’s decision that a construction company and a trade union violated competition law with their agreement to boycott a waterproofing subcontractor <em>(Hutchinson / CFMMEU)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">1 March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117438 introduction entry-content"> <p>CFMEU and Hutchinson appeals against boycott finding upheld* <br class='autobr' /> The Full Federal Court has upheld appeals by the Construction, Forestry and Maritime Employees Union (CFMEU) and construction company J Hutchinson Pty Ltd against an earlier judgment in favour of the ACCC. <br class='autobr' /> The trial judge had found (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2023/the-eu-court-of-justice-determines-that-rules-requiring-prior-approval-by-a" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice determines that rules requiring prior approval by a sport’s governing body before allowing interclub competitions breaches competition law <em>(ESLC / UEFA / FIFA)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116506 introduction entry-content"> <p>The FIFA and UEFA rules on prior approval of interclub football competitions, such as the Super League, are contrary to EU law* <br class='autobr' /> They are contrary to competition law and the freedom to provide services <br class='autobr' /> The FIFA and UEFA rules making any new interclub football project subject to their prior (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christian-ritz">Christian Ritz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dennis-cukurov">Dennis Cukurov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florian-von-schreitter">Florian von Schreitter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2023/the-eu-court-of-justice-expands-the-role-of-antitrust-in-european-sport-by" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice expands the role of antitrust in European sports by rejecting the "objective justifications" of governing bodies <em>(ESLC / UEFA / FIFA)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116731 introduction entry-content"> <p>Just before Christmas, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered three eagerly awaited rulings that greatly affect the relationship between antitrust law and the autonomy of sports associations – breaking away from the court’s usual script of following the opinions of its (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/fines-the-french-competition-authority-fines-a-confederation-for-having" rel="bookmark"><strong>Boycott</strong> : The French Competition Authority fines a confederation for having organised a boycott of the games of chance from an undertaking, and for opening distribution points for its games outside of bar-tobacco-press <em>(CNBF)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114368 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 26, 2023, the French Competition Authority issued a decision no. 23-D-09 in which it sanctioned the Confédération nationale des buralistes de France (CNBF) for having, according to the Authority, initiated and organized boycott operations against Française des Jeux, to punish it for (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michel-debroux">Michel Debroux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/chroniques/115608" rel="bookmark"><strong>Boycott</strong> : The French Competition Authority sanctions a professional federation for boycott practices in the gambling distribution sector <em>(CNBF)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115608 introduction entry-content"> <p>CNBF condemned for anti-competitive practices! No, it’s not the Caisse Nationale des Barreaux Français, an institution familiar to many of our lawyer readers, but the Confédération Nationale des Buralistes de France, for having engaged in cartel practices and, more specifically, boycott actions, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/alerts-4639/boycott-the-paris-court-of-appeal-dismisses-all-appeals-against-the-decision" rel="bookmark"><strong>Boycott</strong> : The Paris Court of Appeal dismisses all appeals against the decision sanctioning the boycott of dental care networks and confirms the fines imposed on the National Council of the Order of Dental Surgeons (<em>CNOCD, CDOCD, FSDL</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-13T22:00:00Z">14 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115825 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 14, 2023, Chamber 5-7 of the Paris Court of Appeal handed down a judgment. dismissing all appeals against the Autorité de la concurrence’s decision no. 20-D-17 adopted on November 12, 2020. <br class='autobr' /> On November 12, 2020, the French Competition Authority (Autorité de la concurrence) first (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Competition-Commission-of-India">Indian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2023/the-indian-competition-authority-issues-a-cease-and-desist-order-against" rel="bookmark">The Indian Competition Authority issues a cease and desist order against multiple Rajasthan chemists associations for indulging in anticompetitive practices by collectively boycotting a company’s pharmaceutical products <em>(Solar)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-22T22:00:00Z">23 August 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113934 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCI issues cease and desist order against Chemists Associations for indulging in anticompetitive practices * <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission of India (‘CCI’) issued an order on 23.08.2023 against district and tehsil level chemists associations in Sriganganagar district, Rajasthan (‘OPs’) which were (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/isaque-leite">Isaque Leite</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2023/the-catalan-competition-authority-fines-a-taxi-association-in-barcelona-for" rel="bookmark">The Catalan Competition Authority fines a taxi association in Barcelona for anticompetitive boycott</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-25T22:00:00Z">26 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116075 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Catalan Competition Authority Fines a Taxi Association for Boycott Conduct* <br class='autobr' /> On 26 July 2023, the Autoritat Catalana de la Competència (a regional competition authority in Spain; hereinafter, the ACCO) issued an infringement decision against the Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victor-emanuel-ion">Victor-Emanuel Ion</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrzej-kmiecik">Andrzej Kmiecik</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2023/the-eu-court-of-justice-issues-a-rare-judgment-on-the-legal-test-to-establish" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice issues a rare judgment on the legal test to establish resale price maintenance: neither the finding of an object restriction nor acquiescence by resellers can be assumed without a contextual assessment <em>(Super Bock)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-28T22:00:00Z">29 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113151 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 29 June 2023, the ECJ handed down a preliminary ruling on various questions referred to it by a Portuguese court in the context of an appeal against an infringement decision of the Portuguese Competition Authority finding that a beverage supplier had engaged in resale price maintenance (Case (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hong-kong-competition-commission">Hong Kong Competition Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2023/the-hong-kong-competition-authority-conducts-another-search-for-anti" rel="bookmark">The Hong Kong Competition Authority conducts a dawn raid to search for anti-competitive conduct regarding fish wholesale in Aberdeen <em>(Aberdeen Fish Market)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-06-19T22:00:00Z">20 June 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112912 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Commission conducts another search regarding fish wholesale case in Aberdeen and invites fishery industry to provide information* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission (Commission) conducted another round of operation in its ongoing investigation codenamed “White Whale” on the morning of 20 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/enzo-marasa">Enzo Marasà</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/irene-picciano">Irene Picciano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2023/the-italian-competition-authority-opens-an-investigation-into-a-football" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority opens an investigation into a football federation for alleged abuse of dominant position by hindering third parties’ amateur competitions <em>(FIGC)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-05-15T22:00:00Z">16 May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112775 introduction entry-content"> <p>On May 16, 2023, the Italian Competition Authority (“AGCM” or “ICA”) launched an investigation to determine whether the Italian Football Federation (Federazione Italian Giuoco Calcio, or “FIGC”) abused a dominant position in breach of Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hong-kong-competition-commission">Hong Kong Competition Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2022-4460/the-hong-kong-competition-authority-conducts-search-for-anti-competitive" rel="bookmark">The Hong Kong Competition Authority conducts search for anti-competitive conduct regarding fish wholesale in Aberdeen <em>(Aberdeen Fish Market)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-110249 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Commission conducts search regarding fish wholesale case in Aberdeen* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission (Commission), assisted by the Hong Kong Police Force, executed search warrants this morning at a number of premises, including a vessel, at the Aberdeen Wholesale Fish Market (Fish (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/boycott?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div><!--ajaxbloc--> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhW9uyjRg789gyHPB1OyOV0EPvern/3w7tAgmB9P4Q/0TSmMCa3GL25GOqFv4PAKt6CpYzd7G/N6Fg/8s3K41le/FS8omAltsJy8mGnmutONfDaeP18aYP4EmStNKswpLP4PjHE5LKm3uxUH864nlhF7/dO6xobtHKQuM48Mam64WQAMWYpv0110WXjJDfjRLTp8UuhK/1wyPXzfjuI01Leg/1u9yydUaszvoMuJXP96ZWhI3PQvnMXwSY/7LHCSxTv3bgJYKBCaD8KgDN2MC1+H4+pnnSGxuFFI/5dzRGqlBqHJbot0k6LDA+WFlqzHfaPnVi4BaSposgovspeFYPdsfLI=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/boycott"> <div class='item short'> <!-- document #43458 Trad en #43458--> <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-ian-mcewin">Robert Ian McEwin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-ii#id=43458" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Business Politics and Competition Law in Southeast Asia</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">217William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Business, Politics and Competition Law in Southeast Asia ROBERT IAN MCEWIN mcewin@me.com Khazanah Nasional Chair of the University of Malaya Malaysian Centre of Regulatory Studies (UMCoRS) and Visiting Professor, (…)</div> </article> </div> </div><!--ajaxbloc--> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/boycott#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/boycott#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/boycott#a" 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href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div 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