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id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Utilità_e_metodologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilità_e_metodologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Utilità e metodologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilità_e_metodologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storia_della_genomica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storia_della_genomica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Storia della genomica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia_della_genomica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Il_sequenziamento_del_genoma_umano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Il_sequenziamento_del_genoma_umano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Il sequenziamento del genoma umano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Il_sequenziamento_del_genoma_umano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obiettivi_della_genomica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obiettivi_della_genomica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Obiettivi della genomica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obiettivi_della_genomica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genomica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 51 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85" title="علم الجينوم - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الجينوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геномика - baschiro" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Геномика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baschiro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геноміка - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геноміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বংশাণুসমগ্র বিজ্ঞান - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বংশাণুসমগ্র বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B2mica" title="Genòmica - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Genòmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γονιδιωματική - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γονιδιωματική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Genomics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomiko" title="Genomiko - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Genomiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B3mica" title="Genómica - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Genómica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoomika" title="Genoomika - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Genoomika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ژنومیک - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژنومیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomiikka" title="Genomiikka - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Genomiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9nomique" title="Génomique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Génomique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9an%C3%B3ma%C3%ADocht" title="Géanómaíocht - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Géanómaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xen%C3%B3mica" title="Xenómica - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xenómica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="גנומיקה - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנומיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="जीनोमिक्स - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीनोमिक्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Գենոմիկա - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գենոմիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erf%C3%B0amengjafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Erfðamengjafræði - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Erfðamengjafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ゲノミクス - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲノミクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геномика - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Геномика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%B4%ED%95%99" title="유전체학 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전체학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геномика - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геномика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomik" title="Genomik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Genomik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomica" title="Genomica - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Genomica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomikk" title="Genomikk - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Genomikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomike" title="Genomike - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Genomike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جینومیک - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جینومیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%B3mica" title="Genómica - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Genómica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomic%C4%83" title="Genomică - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Genomică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геномика - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Геномика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Genomics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геномика - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Геномика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomik" title="Genomik - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Genomik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மரபணுத்தொகையியல் - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மரபணுத்தொகையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="จีโนมิกส์ - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จีโนมิกส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomik" title="Genomik - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genomik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Геноміка - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геноміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomika" title="Genomika - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Genomika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_gen_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hệ gen học - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ gen học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基因組學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bi-tho%C3%A2n-th%C3%A9-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ûi-thoân-thé-ha̍k" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_genome_to_genes-it.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Human_genome_to_genes-it.png/400px-Human_genome_to_genes-it.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Human_genome_to_genes-it.png/600px-Human_genome_to_genes-it.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Human_genome_to_genes-it.png/800px-Human_genome_to_genes-it.png 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Dal gene al genoma: i successivi livelli di organizzazione dell'informazione genetica nel <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> di un organismo.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>genomica</b> è una branca della <a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare">biologia molecolare</a> che si occupa dello studio del <a href="/wiki/Genoma" title="Genoma">genoma</a> degli <a href="/wiki/Organismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Organismo">organismi</a> viventi. In particolare si occupa della struttura, contenuto, funzione ed <a href="/wiki/Evoluzione" title="Evoluzione">evoluzione</a> del genoma. È una scienza che si basa sulla <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatica" title="Bioinformatica">bioinformatica</a> per l'elaborazione e la visualizzazione dell'enorme quantità di dati che produce. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilità_e_metodologie"><span id="Utilit.C3.A0_e_metodologie"></span>Utilità e metodologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Utilità e metodologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Utilità e metodologie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alla base della genomica sono i metodi della biologia molecolare, quali i metodi di <a href="/wiki/Clonaggio" title="Clonaggio">clonaggio</a> dei <a href="/wiki/Geni" class="mw-redirect" title="Geni">geni</a> e di sequenziamento del <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Conoscere l'intero genoma degli organismi permette di assumere un approccio nuovo <i><a href="/wiki/In_silico" title="In silico">in silico</a></i> alla ricerca biologica. Questo presenta molti vantaggi: un esempio è la maggior facilità del trasferimento delle conoscenze su un organismo ad un altro, tramite la ricerca di geni omologhi. Un altro vantaggio è chiaramente osservabile per esempio in campo biomedico: molte malattie sono complesse, determinate da molti geni, come i <a href="/wiki/Tumore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumore">tumori</a>, e la conoscenza dell'intero genoma permette di identificare con più facilità i geni coinvolti e osservare come questi interagiscono nel loro <a href="/w/index.php?title=Background_genetico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Background genetico (la pagina non esiste)">background genetico</a>. Grazie alle scoperte derivanti dal sequenziamento del genoma umano è nata una nuova branca definita <a href="/wiki/Genetica_personalizzata" title="Genetica personalizzata">genetica personalizzata</a> e derivante dalle applicazioni delle conoscenze genetiche in medicina e nella pratica clinica. è ora infatti possibile eseguire degli studi predittivi sull'incidenza di una data patologia su un campione o su un individuo rispetto alla popolazione generale per definire il rischio di sviluppare quella patologia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia_della_genomica">Storia della genomica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Storia della genomica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Storia della genomica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La genomica nacque negli anni 80, quando furono prese le prime iniziative per il <a href="/wiki/Sequenziamento" title="Sequenziamento">sequenziamento</a> di interi genomi. Una data di nascita si può probabilmente far coincidere con il sequenziamento completo del primo genoma, nel <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>: si trattava del genoma di un <a href="/wiki/Vira" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira">virus</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Fago_(virus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fago (virus)">fago</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A6-X174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Φ-X174 (la pagina non esiste)">Φ-X174</a>. Il primo sequenziamento del genoma di un organismo vero e proprio fu completato nel <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> e si trattava di un batterio, <i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>, con un genoma di notevoli dimensioni (1.83 milioni di <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">paia di basi</a>). Da allora i genomi "completati" aumentano esponenzialmente. La prima pianta il cui genoma è completamente noto nella sua sequenza è stata <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Il_sequenziamento_del_genoma_umano">Il sequenziamento del genoma umano</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Il sequenziamento del genoma umano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Il sequenziamento del genoma umano"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Con grande rilievo fu data dalla stampa non specialistica la notizia del sequenziamento del <a href="/wiki/Genoma_umano" title="Genoma umano">genoma umano</a>, nel <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>. Un progetto pubblico di sequenziamento nacque nel <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a> sotto il nome di <a href="/wiki/Progetto_genoma_umano" title="Progetto genoma umano">progetto genoma umano</a>. Nonostante le ingenti risorse usate nel progetto fornite da vari stati per il finanziamento pubblico (il finanziamento maggiore dagli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Stati Uniti d'America">statunitense</a>, pari a tre miliardi di dollari), questo fu superato nel tempo dalla strategia innovativa di sequenziamento di un'azienda privata, la <i><a href="/wiki/Celera_Genomics" title="Celera Genomics">Celera Genomics</a></i>. Celera Genomics riuscì a completare nel <a href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</a> il sequenziamento del genoma umano in una frazione del tempo e dei costi rispetto al progetto pubblico (300 milioni di dollari), facendo scoppiare grandi polemiche e cambiando radicalmente l'approccio seguito dai progetti pubblici dedicati al sequenziamento del genoma umano. La sequenza fu pubblicata nel <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a> in un articolo su <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>, che combinava i risultati di entrambi i progetti, pubblico e privato; si trattava di una bozza pari al 90% della sequenza e ancora con notevoli probabilità di errori. Una sequenza accurata al 99,99% e pari al 99% del genoma umano è stata pubblicata nel <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obiettivi_della_genomica">Obiettivi della genomica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Obiettivi della genomica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Obiettivi della genomica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tra gli obiettivi che si pone la genomica vi è dunque l'allestimento di complete <a href="/wiki/Mappa_genetica" title="Mappa genetica">mappe genetiche</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mappa_fisica_(DNA)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mappa fisica (DNA) (la pagina non esiste)">fisiche</a> del DNA degli organismi viventi, proseguendo con il suo completo sequenziamento. La sequenza del DNA viene poi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annotazione_genica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annotazione genica (la pagina non esiste)">annotata</a>, ovvero vengono identificati e segnalati tutti i geni e le altre porzioni di sequenza significative, insieme a tutte le informazioni conosciute su tali geni. In questo modo è possibile ritrovare in maniera organizzata ed efficace le informazioni in appositi <a href="/wiki/Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Database">database</a>, normalmente accessibili via <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> gratuitamente. Grazie al sequenziamento di diversi genomi è nata la <a href="/wiki/Genomica_comparativa" title="Genomica comparativa">genomica comparativa</a>, che si occupa del confronto tra i genomi di diversi organismi, nella loro organizzazione e sequenza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Human microbiome project">Human microbiome project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrigenomica" title="Nutrigenomica">Nutrigenomica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/genomica" class="extiw" title="wikt:genomica">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Genomics"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genomics?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/genomica" class="extiw" title="wikt:genomica">genomica</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genomics?uselang=it">genomica</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genomica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFXXI_secolo" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Sebastiano Cavallaro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/genomica-e-genomica-funzionale_(XXI-Secolo)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">GENOMICA E GENOMICA FUNZIONALE</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">XXI secolo</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2009-2010.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046#P9935" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Anthony J.F. Griffiths, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/genomics"><span style="font-style:italic;">genomics</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222046#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTreccani_genomica-e-genomica-funzionale_(XXI-Secolo)" class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/genomica-e-genomica-funzionale_(XXI-Secolo)"><span style="font-style:italic;">Genomica</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">XXI secolo</span>, Roma, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana, 2009-2010.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/GT06826.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "genomics"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mygenomix.wordpress.com/">myGenomiX</a> - Blog dedicato alla genomica, con particolare attenzione alla personal genomics e alla medicina personalizzata. Notizie, commenti e analisi sulle più recenti pubblicazioni scientifiche.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biopills.net/genomica-funzionale-e-genomica-comparativa/">Genomica Funzionale e Genomica Comparativa</a>, su Biopills.net</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Biologia_molecolare"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Biologia_molecolare" title="Template:Biologia molecolare"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Biologia_molecolare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Biologia molecolare (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Biologia_molecolare&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Biologia_molecolare" title="Biologia molecolare">Biologia molecolare</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="3" class="navbox_abovebelow"><a href="/wiki/Dogma_centrale_della_biologia_molecolare" title="Dogma centrale della biologia molecolare">Dogma centrale della biologia molecolare</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Espressione_genica" title="Espressione genica">Espressione genica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Processi</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Replicazione_del_DNA" title="Replicazione del DNA">Replicazione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Trascrizione_(biologia)" title="Trascrizione (biologia)">Trascrizione</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Traduzione_(biologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traduzione (biologia)">Traduzione</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group">Elementi</th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Polimerasi" title="Polimerasi">Polimerasi</a> (<a href="/wiki/DNA_polimerasi" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA polimerasi">DNA polimerasi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/RNA_polimerasi" title="RNA polimerasi">RNA polimerasi</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Promotore_(biologia)" title="Promotore (biologia)">Promotore</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Introne" title="Introne">Introne</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Esone" title="Esone">Esone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Terminatore_(biologia)" title="Terminatore (biologia)">Terminatore</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Regolazione_genica" title="Regolazione genica">Regolazione genica</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enhancer" title="Enhancer">Enhancer</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/TATA_box" title="TATA box">TATA box</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Repressore" title="Repressore">Repressore</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Operone" title="Operone">Operone</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Regulone" title="Regulone">Regulone</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td rowspan="3" class="navbox_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg/150px-Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg/225px-Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg/300px-Crystal_structure_1E3P.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Sintesi_proteica" title="Sintesi proteica">Sintesi proteica</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">mRNA</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ribosoma" title="Ribosoma">Ribosoma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Splicing" title="Splicing">Splicing</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Modificazione_post_traduzionale" title="Modificazione post traduzionale">Modificazione post traduzionale</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Tecniche_di_laboratorio" title="Categoria:Tecniche di laboratorio">Tecniche</a></th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/BioBrick" title="BioBrick">BioBrick</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Clonaggio" title="Clonaggio">Clonaggio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Reazione_a_catena_della_polimerasi" title="Reazione a catena della polimerasi">PCR</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elettroforesi_su_gel_di_agarosio" title="Elettroforesi su gel di agarosio">Elettroforesi su gel di agarosio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Elettroforesi_su_gel_di_poliacrilammide" title="Elettroforesi su gel di poliacrilammide">Elettroforesi su gel di poliacrilammide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Southern_blot" title="Southern blot">Southern blot</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Northern_blot" title="Northern blot">Northern blot</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Western_blot" title="Western blot">Western blot</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sequenziamento" title="Sequenziamento">Sequenziamento</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Sequenziamento_del_DNA" title="Sequenziamento del DNA">Sequenziamento del DNA</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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