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window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":2234159,"created_at":"2012-12-03T00:45:00.389-08:00","from_world_paper_id":116562555,"updated_at":"2025-02-03T08:20:25.925-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Wiley Online Library","ai_abstract":"The paper discusses the evolution of ecological modeling, particularly in the fields of population ecology and wildlife toxicology, emphasizing the interplay between theoretical frameworks rooted in mathematics and empirical data collection. It highlights the historical contributions of foundational figures in ecology, including Lotka, Volterra, and MacArthur, illustrating how this interdisciplinary collaboration has driven scientific advancements. The predictability gained through modeling is crucial for effective management of natural resources, underscoring the importance of continued integration of theoretical and practical approaches in environmental toxicology.","ai_title_tag":"Integrative Approaches in Ecological Modeling","publication_date":"2009,1,1","publication_name":"Environmental Toxicology and …"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ecological modeling, population ecology, and wildlife toxicology: A team approach to environmental toxicology","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [2284407]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":50702060,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Ecological modeling, population ecology, and wildlife toxicology: A team approach to environmental toxicology”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/50702060/mini_magick20190127-28098-1npo3iv.png?1548661669" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ecological modeling, population ecology, and wildlife toxicology: A team approach to environmental toxicology</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2284407" href="https://tamu.academia.edu/ThomasELacher"><img alt="Profile image of Thomas E. Lacher" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2284407/726091/19257074/s65_thomas.e._lacher.jpg" />Thomas E. Lacher</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2009, Environmental Toxicology and …</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">3 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 2234159; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=2234159"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper discusses the evolution of ecological modeling, particularly in the fields of population ecology and wildlife toxicology, emphasizing the interplay between theoretical frameworks rooted in mathematics and empirical data collection. It highlights the historical contributions of foundational figures in ecology, including Lotka, Volterra, and MacArthur, illustrating how this interdisciplinary collaboration has driven scientific advancements. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/10715807/Aiming_the_unreasonable_effectiveness_of_mathematics_at_ecological_theory">Aiming the “unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics” at ecological theory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26134449" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeffreyYule">Jeffrey Yule</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecological Modelling, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Model assessment Model design methodology Assumption selection and generality Pragmatism Appropriate constraint of mathematical constructions Predator-prey theory Paradox of enrichment Limit myths a b s t</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aiming the “unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics” at ecological theory","attachmentId":47180814,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10715807/Aiming_the_unreasonable_effectiveness_of_mathematics_at_ecological_theory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/10715807/Aiming_the_unreasonable_effectiveness_of_mathematics_at_ecological_theory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="1879583" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1879583/Theories_as_tools_a_pluralistic_approach_to_ecological_modeling">Theories as tools: a pluralistic approach to ecological modeling</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2356804" href="https://coloradocollege.academia.edu/MarionHourdequin">Marion Hourdequin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: …, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ecology is a young, but burgeoning field. With roots in both natural history and evolutionary biology, ecology came into its own only at the beginning of the twentieth century. Throughout its short life, ecology -Ôthe science of the struggle for existenceÕ, as Ernst Haeckel called it back in 1866 -has struggled to define its own existence as a science. This struggle has involved a shift from descriptive, qualitative work toward increasing quantification and mathematization (McIntosh, 1987, p. 4) and a search for general patterns among the Ôblooming, buzzing confusionÕ that characterizes life on earth in all its diverse forms. This shift has been motivated by ecol-ogistsÕ interest in firmly establishing their discipline as a science, bringing it more closely in line with the paradigm of physics, with its well established laws and elegant mathematical models. Yet the move toward general theory has not been easy. Instead it has been marked by ambivalence among ecologists, many of whom have 1369-8486/$ -see front matter Ó</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Theories as tools: a pluralistic approach to ecological modeling","attachmentId":50829134,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1879583/Theories_as_tools_a_pluralistic_approach_to_ecological_modeling","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1879583/Theories_as_tools_a_pluralistic_approach_to_ecological_modeling"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1956618" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956618/Idealized_inaccurate_but_successful_A_pragmatic_approach_to_evaluating_models_in_theoretical_ecology">Idealized, inaccurate but successful: A pragmatic approach to evaluating models in theoretical ecology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="535453" href="https://lclark.academia.edu/jayodenbaugh">jay odenbaugh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biology and Philosophy, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ecologists attempt to understand the diversity of life with mathematical models. Often, mathematical models contain simplifying idealizations designed to cope with the blooming, buzzing confusion of the natural world. This strategy frequently issues in models whose predictions are inaccurate. Critics of theoretical ecology argue that only predictively accurate models are successful and contribute to the applied work of conservation biologists. Hence, they think that much of the mathematical work of ecologists is poor science. Against this view, I argue that model building is successful even when models are predictively inaccurate for at least three reasons: models allow scientists to explore the possible behaviors of ecological systems; models give scientists simplified means by which they can investigate more complex systems by determining how the more complex system deviates from the simpler model; and models give scientists conceptual frameworks through which they can conduct experiments and fieldwork. Critics often mistake the purposes of model building, and once we recognize this, we can see their complaints are unjustified. Even though models in ecology are not always accurate in their assumptions and predictions, they still contribute to successful science. 20:231-255 Ó Springer 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Idealized, inaccurate but successful: A pragmatic approach to evaluating models in theoretical ecology","attachmentId":28291159,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1956618/Idealized_inaccurate_but_successful_A_pragmatic_approach_to_evaluating_models_in_theoretical_ecology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956618/Idealized_inaccurate_but_successful_A_pragmatic_approach_to_evaluating_models_in_theoretical_ecology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="61701333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61701333/Ecology_through_the_eyes_of_a_non_ecologist_Ekologia_oczami_nieekologa">Ecology through the eyes of a non-ecologist * Ekologia oczami nieekologa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43398416" href="https://uksw.academia.edu/JanuszUchmanski">Janusz Uchmanski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Ecology is a branch of biology that deals with the life of plants and animals in their environment. Nature protection are practical actions where ecology is applied. Ecology is the most biological branch of biology because it deals with individuals in their living environment, and individuals "exist" only in biology. The most important issue being considered in ecology is biodiversity: its changes and its persistence. In their research, ecologists focus on the functioning of ecological systems. In classical terms, they assume that the most important mechanism is density dependence. Mathematical models traditionally applied in ecology include ordinary difference and differential equations, which fits well with the assumption of density dependence, but this results in ecology being dominated by considerations of the stability of ecological systems. Evolutionary biology and ecology have separate areas of interest. Evolutionary biology explains the formation of optimal characteristics of individuals. Ecology also takes into account those individuals who have lost in the process of natural selection. The mathematical methods used in classical ecology were developed for the use of physics. The question arises whether they give a precise picture of the dynamics of ecological systems. Recently, a view has emerged stating that in order to see the importance of full-scale biodiversity, we should refer to individuals (rather than population density) as basic "atoms" that make up ecological systems. In ecology, we call this an individual-based approach. However, it gives a very complex picture of how ecological systems work. In ecology, however, there is an alternative way to describe the dynamics of ecological systems, i.e. through the circulation of matter in them and the flow of energy through them. It allows the use of traditional difference and differential equations in the formulation of mathematical models, which has proven itself in practical applications many times.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ecology through the eyes of a non-ecologist * Ekologia oczami nieekologa","attachmentId":74671844,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61701333/Ecology_through_the_eyes_of_a_non_ecologist_Ekologia_oczami_nieekologa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61701333/Ecology_through_the_eyes_of_a_non_ecologist_Ekologia_oczami_nieekologa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="1956623" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956623/Philosophical_issues_in_ecology_recent_trends_and_future_directions">Philosophical issues in ecology: recent trends and future directions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13316724" href="https://uq.academia.edu/WGrey">William Grey</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="535453" href="https://lclark.academia.edu/jayodenbaugh">jay odenbaugh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecology and …, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Philosophy of ecology has been slow to become established as an area of philosophical interest, but it is now receiving considerable attention. This area holds great promise for the advancement of both ecology and the philosophy of science. Insights from the philosophy of science can advance ecology in a number of ways. For example, philosophy can assist with the development of improved models of ecological hypothesis testing and theory choice. Philosophy can also help ecologists understand the role and limitations of mathematical models in ecology. On the other side, philosophy of science will be advanced by having ecological case studies as part of the stock of examples. Ecological case studies can shed light on old philosophical topics as well as raise novel issues for the philosophy of science. For example, understanding theoretical terms such as "biodiversity" is important for scientific reasons, but such terms also carry political importance. Formulating appropriate definitions for such terms is thus not a purely scientific matter, and this may prompt a reevaluation of philosophical accounts of defining theoretical terms. We consider some of the topics currently receiving attention in the philosophy of ecology and other topics in need of attention. Our aim is to prompt further exchange between ecology and philosophy of science and to help set the agenda for future work in the philosophy of ecology. The topics covered include: the role of mathematical models, environmental problem formulation, biodiversity, and environmental ethics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Philosophical issues in ecology: recent trends and future directions","attachmentId":28291162,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1956623/Philosophical_issues_in_ecology_recent_trends_and_future_directions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1956623/Philosophical_issues_in_ecology_recent_trends_and_future_directions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="3647048" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3647048/Evolution_of_theoretical_ecology_in_last_decades_why_did_individual_based_modelling_emerge">Evolution of theoretical ecology in last decades: why did individual-based modelling emerge</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="879451" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KamilaFranz">Kamila Franz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ecological Questions, 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mathematical models of classical theoretical ecology are state variable models. They use density of population as a state variable. Because such models posses equilibrium states and they are stable around them, classical theoretical ecology has been dominated by considerations about stability of ecological systems. Three factors observed in ecology in last decades had great influence on the gradual decline of the classical theoretical ecology: first one is development of evolutionary ecology and the stress it laid on individuals, the second one nonequlibrium way of thinking about dynamics of ecological systems and the third one various methodological doubts about application of difference and differential equations in ecology. Individual-based modeling has emerged as the result of this discussions. However, individual-based approach to modeling the dynamics of ecological systems has natural tendency to describe particular systems and to produce their detailed models. Much should be done in the future to solve general problems formulated by classical theoretical ecology using method of individual-based approach.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of theoretical ecology in last decades: why did individual-based modelling emerge","attachmentId":50195994,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3647048/Evolution_of_theoretical_ecology_in_last_decades_why_did_individual_based_modelling_emerge","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3647048/Evolution_of_theoretical_ecology_in_last_decades_why_did_individual_based_modelling_emerge"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":50702060,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":50702060,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_50702060" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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