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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Blueford v. Arkansas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued February 22, 2012<br />Decided May 24, 2012</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Alex Blueford v. State of Arkansas</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/10-1320.htm">10-1320</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">566 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1320.pdf">599</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_566" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566">more</a></i>)<div>132 S. Ct. 2044; 182 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 937</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.oyez.org/player/#/roberts6/oral_argument_audio/22543">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opinion announcement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.oyez.org/player/#/roberts6/opinion_announcement_audio/21663">Opinion announcement</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Motion to dismiss denied</i>, No. CR2008-2797, Pulaski County Circuit Court, Fourth Division; <i>affirmed</i>, 2011 Ark. 8, 370 S.W.3d 496, 2011 Ark. LEXIS 7 (Ark. 2011); <i>rehearing denied</i>, 2011 Ark. LEXIS 365 (Ark. 2011); <i>appeal granted sub nom. Blueford v. Arkansas</i>, 132 S. Ct. 397, 181 L. Ed. 2d 255, 2011 U.S. LEXIS 7339 (2011)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a> does not bar a retrial on certain counts after the jury told the trial court it had voted unanimously against those charges but was <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">deadlocked</a> and unable to reach a verdict on other counts, causing the court to declare a <a href="/wiki/Mistrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistrial">mistrial</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Roberts, joined by Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas, Breyer, Alito</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Sotomayor, joined by Ginsburg, Kagan</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Const._amend._V" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Const. amend. V">U.S. Const. amend. V</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Blueford v. Arkansas</b></i>, 566 U.S. 599 (2012), was a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> that clarified the limits of the <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a>. The Supreme Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause does not bar retrial of counts that a jury had previously unanimously voted to acquit on, when a <a href="/wiki/Mistrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistrial">mistrial</a> is declared after the jury <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">deadlocked</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_included_offense" title="Lesser included offense">lesser included offense</a>. </p><p>Alex Blueford was tried on <a href="/wiki/Capital_murder" title="Capital murder">capital murder</a> and three lesser included offenses: first-degree murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide. After deliberating, the jury reported that it had unanimously voted to acquit on the charges of capital murder and first-degree murder, but had deadlocked on manslaughter and had not voted on negligent homicide. The trial court declared a mistrial and denied a <a href="/wiki/Motion_to_dismiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion to dismiss">motion to dismiss</a> the charges of capital murder and first-degree murder on double jeopardy grounds. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Arkansas">Supreme Court of Arkansas</a> affirmed the denial of the motion on <a href="/wiki/Interlocutory_appeal" title="Interlocutory appeal">interlocutory appeal</a>. </p><p>The Supreme Court affirmed the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Arkansas">Supreme Court of Arkansas</a>. Writing for the majority, <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Chief Justice Roberts</a> held that because the jury did not formally acquit on any charges, the report of the foreperson that the jury had unanimously voted against capital murder and first-degree murder "lacked the finality" required to prevent a retrial. Further, Chief Justice Roberts found that the trial court's declaration of a mistrial was proper under the circumstances. Dissenting, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Justice Sotomayor</a> wrote that the state should not be able to retry Blueford on capital and first-degree murder because the jury had announced its unanimous vote against capital and first-degree murder in open court. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_Jeopardy_Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Double Jeopardy Clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> generally prohibits criminally prosecuting a defendant twice for the same offense, mandating that: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No person shall ... be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Supreme Court has delineated a number of exceptions to this general prohibition. In particular, retrial after a mistrial is governed by the "manifest necessity" rule first outlined by the Supreme Court's decision in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Perez" title="United States v. Perez">United States v. Perez</a></i>, which held that a retrial is not prohibited by the Double Jeopardy Clause after a mistrial where there is a "manifest necessity" in declaring a mistrial – particularly, following a <a href="/wiki/Hung_jury" title="Hung jury">hung jury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alex Blueford was tried in August 2009 on charges of capital murder and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_included_offenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser included offenses">lesser included offenses</a> of first-degree murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide arising from the death of his girlfriend's one-year-old son in November 2007. The trial judge <a href="/wiki/Jury_instruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury instruction">instructed</a> the jury to consider the lesser included offenses of first-degree murder, manslaughter, and negligent homicide only if the jury unanimously voted to acquit Blueford of the more serious charge of capital murder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, juries must unanimously vote to give a verdict, whether to convict or to acquit. After deliberations, the <a href="/wiki/Jury_foreman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury foreman">jury foreperson</a> informed the trial court that the jury was deadlocked. The trial judge and foreperson then engaged in the following colloquy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>THE COURT: All right. If you have your numbers together, and I don't want names, but if you have your numbers I would like to know what your count was on capital murder.<br /> JUROR NUMBER ONE: That was unanimous against that. No.<br /> THE COURT: Okay, on murder in the first degree?<br /> JUROR NUMBER ONE: That was unanimous against that.<br /> THE COURT: Okay. Manslaughter?<br /> JUROR NUMBER ONE: Nine for, three against.<br /> THE COURT: Okay. And negligent homicide?<br /> JUROR NUMBER ONE: We did not vote on that, sir.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The trial judge noted to the attorneys that the jurors "haven't even taken a vote on [negligent homicide].... I don't think they've completed their deliberation.... I mean, under any reasonable circumstances, they would at least take a vote on negligent homicide."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial judge then ordered the jury to continue deliberations. After further deliberation, the jury reported that it had still not come to a verdict, and the trial court declared a mistrial. The prosecution then decided to retry Blueford on all four original counts, and the trial judge denied Blueford's motion to dismiss the charges of capital murder and first-degree murder on double jeopardy grounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_of_Arkansas">Supreme Court of Arkansas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supreme Court of Arkansas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon <a href="/wiki/Interlocutory_appeal" title="Interlocutory appeal">interlocutory appeal</a>, the Supreme Court of Arkansas affirmed the denial of the motion to dismiss. The Supreme Court of Arkansas wrote that the jury foreperson's announcement that the jury had unanimously voted to acquit Blueford of capital murder and first-degree murder was not final and did not constitute a formal verdict. The Supreme Court of Arkansas further held that the trial court was not required to obtain a "partial verdict" on the capital murder and first-degree murder charges, and that the declaration of a mistrial on all charges was proper even though the jury had unanimously agreed to acquit on capital murder and first-degree murder charges. Accordingly, the Supreme Court of Arkansas held that the Double Jeopardy Clause did not prohibit Blueford's retrial.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blueford sought review before the U.S. Supreme Court, which granted <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments">Arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg/290px-Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg/435px-Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg/580px-Blueford_v_Arkansas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Attorney_General" title="Arkansas Attorney General">Arkansas Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dustin_McDaniel" title="Dustin McDaniel">Dustin McDaniel</a> arguing the state's case before the United States Supreme Court.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Supreme Court, Blueford argued that the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits a retrial on charges of capital murder and first-degree murder because the foreperson's report that the jury had unanimously voted against those charges acquitted him of those charges. Blueford asserted that even though the jury had not filled out a formal form verdict, the foreperson's clear announcement in open court that the jury had unanimously voted to acquit Blueford of charges constituted a final verdict of acquittal. Additionally, Blueford argued that because the trial court had instructed the jury to consider the lesser included charges only if the jury had unanimously voted to acquit on the more serious charge, the jury's deadlock on manslaughter established that it had acquitted Blueford on capital murder and first-degree murder. Blueford also contended that because a conviction of a lesser included offense implicitly acquits on a more serious offense,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a deadlock on a lesser included offense must also implicitly acquit on a more serious offense.<sup id="cite_ref-Staff_2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staff_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prosecution replied that the jury never entered a final verdict which would foreclose further prosecution under the Double Jeopardy Clause. The prosecution noted that the foreperson's report was not final, and that the jury continued to deliberate after the foreperson announced the votes, and argued that because the trial judge did not engage in the typical "polling" of jurors to ensure the foreperson's report was truly unanimous, the report could not constitute a final verdict. The prosecution also contended that the trial judge's instructions that the jury unanimously vote that there was a <a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">reasonable doubt</a> on one charge before discussing a lesser included charge did not require the jury to "acquit" Blueford because jurors could change their minds.<sup id="cite_ref-Staff_2018_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staff_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various groups submitted arguments as <i><a href="/wiki/Amici_curiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amici curiae">amici curiae</a></i>. The State of Michigan, joined by 22 states, submitted a brief in support of the prosecution arguing that requiring states to accept partial verdicts would overly coerce jurors. Conversely, the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Criminal_Defense_Lawyers" title="National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers">National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers</a> submitted a brief in support of Blueford asserting that partial verdicts should be required because the importance of double jeopardy protection outweighs any potential coercive effects on jurors.<sup id="cite_ref-Staff_2018_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staff_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/175px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/263px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/350px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice Roberts delivered the opinion of the 6–3 majority.</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2012, the Supreme Court issued a decision affirming the Supreme Court of Arkansas by 6–3 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for the majority, <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Chief Justice Roberts</a> held that the foreperson's announcement to the trial court that the jury had unanimously voted to acquit on the charges of capital murder and first-degree murder did not constitute a verdict of acquittal because the jury resumed deliberating after the announcement: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The foreperson's report was not a final resolution of anything. When the foreperson told the court how the jury had voted on each offense, the jury's deliberations had not yet concluded. The jurors in fact went back to the jury room to deliberate further, even after the foreperson had delivered her report. [...] It was therefore possible for Blueford's jury to revisit the offenses of capital and first-degree murder, notwithstanding its earlier votes. And because of that possibility, the foreperson's report prior to the end of deliberations lacked the finality necessary to amount to an acquittal on those offenses, quite apart from any requirement that a formal verdict be returned or judgment entered.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Court further held that the Constitution does not require states to accept "partial verdicts" before declaring a mistrial in order to retry a defendant in accordance with the Double Jeopardy Clause. The Court noted: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>We have never required a trial court, before declaring a mistrial because of a hung jury, to consider any particular means of breaking the impasse—let alone to consider giving the jury new options for a verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The Court accordingly found that there was no double jeopardy bar on retrial.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissent">Dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/175px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/263px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg/350px-Sonia_Sotomayor_in_SCOTUS_robe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Justice Sotomayor wrote the dissent, joined by two others.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Justice Sotomayor</a> wrote a dissenting opinion joined by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Justice Ginsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Justice Kagan</a>. Justice Sotomayor wrote that the foreperson's announcement that the jury had unanimously voted against conviction on capital and first-degree murder constituted an acquittal under governing law: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>[T]he forewoman's announcement in open court that the jury was "unanimous against" conviction on capital and first-degree murder was an acquittal for double jeopardy purposes. Per Arkansas law, the jury's determination of reasonable doubt as to those offenses was an acquittal "in essence." By deciding that the State "had failed to come forward with sufficient proof," the jury resolved the charges of capital and first-degree murder adversely to the State. That acquittal cannot be reconsidered without putting Blueford twice in jeopardy.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Justice Sotomayor further wrote that states should allow juries to return partial verdicts before declaring mistrials because of hung juries: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I would therefore hold that the Double Jeopardy Clause requires a trial judge, in an acquittal-first jurisdiction, to honor a defendant's request for a partial verdict before declaring a mistrial on the ground of jury deadlock. Courts in acquittal-first jurisdictions have so held. Requiring a partial verdict in an acquittal-first jurisdiction ensures that the jurisdiction takes the bitter with the sweet. In general, an acquittal-first instruction increases the likelihood of conviction on a greater offense.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Supreme Court's decision, legal analyst Andrew Cohen, writing in <i>The Atlantic</i>, criticized the case as excessively narrowing the protections of the Double Jeopardy Clause, writing that "[t]he fact that it was theoretically possible that the jury could have changed its mind on the Blueford acquittals (during those 31 minutes of additional deliberations) was enough for Roberts and company to reward prosecutors with a second chance to convict Blueford of capital murder."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Law_review" title="Law review">Law review</a> articles also criticized the decision as overly harsh: Warren M. Klinger of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_Review" title="University of Pennsylvania Law Review">University of Pennsylvania Law Review</a> argued that the Supreme Court's decision was "too rigid",<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jalem Peguero of the <a href="/wiki/California_Law_Review" title="California Law Review">California Law Review</a> critiqued the decision as "formality over substance",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and James Sheppard of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Law_Journal" title="Mississippi Law Journal">Mississippi Law Journal</a> argued that in light of the decision, "acquit first" states like Arkansas should act to give greater protection to criminal defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_trial">Further trial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2013, Blueford made <a href="/wiki/No-contest_plea" class="mw-redirect" title="No-contest plea">no-contest plea</a> to the first degree murder before a judge in the <a href="/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Arkansas" title="Pulaski County, Arkansas">Pulaski County, Arkansas</a>. In exchange for the plea, prosecutors dropped the charge of capital murder and offered a 10-year prison sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blueford was denied parole in December 2014 due to nature and seriousness of the crime and age of the victim,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was granted parole in December 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blueford was shot dead in September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_566" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">U.S. Const.</span> amend. V.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Perez" title="United States v. Perez">United States v. Perez</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_22" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 22">22</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> (9 <a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Wheat</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/22/579/">579</a> (1824)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blueford v. Arkansas</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_566" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566">566</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1320.pdf">___</a>, 132 S. Ct. 2044, 2054 (2012) (Sotomayor, J., dissenting).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blueford v. Arkansas</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_566" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566">566</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1320.pdf">___</a>, 132 S. Ct. 2044, 2049 (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blueford v. Arkansas</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_566" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 566">566</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1320.pdf">___</a>, 132 S. Ct. 2044, 2059 (2012) (Sotomayor, J., dissenting).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blueford v. State</i>, 2011 Ark. 8, 370 S.W.3d 496 (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blueford v. Arkansas</i>, 565 U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 397 (2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Price v. Georgia</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_398" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 398">398</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/398/323/">323</a> (1970)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staff_2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staff_2018_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staff_2018_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staff_2018_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStaff2012" class="citation web cs1">Staff, L. I. I. (February 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/10-1320">"Blueford v. Arkansas (10-1320)"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202142004/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/cert/10-1320">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arkansas States Should Mandate Partial Verdicts in 'Acquit First' Cases". <i>Mississippi Law Journal</i>. <b>83</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2228857">2228857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Double+Jeopardy+Blues%3A+Why+in+Light+of+Blueford+v.+Arkansas+States+Should+Mandate+Partial+Verdicts+in+%27Acquit+First%27+Cases&rft.volume=83&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2014-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2228857%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueford+v.+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2018" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, John (June 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/usa/northwest-arkansas-democrat-gazette/20130602/281809986440064">"No contest pleaded in tot's '07 slaying"</a>. <i>Northwest Arkansas Democrat-Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwest+Arkansas+Democrat-Gazette&rft.atitle=No+contest+pleaded+in+tot%27s+%2707+slaying&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Fusa%2Fnorthwest-arkansas-democrat-gazette%2F20130602%2F281809986440064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueford+v.+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2014" class="citation web cs1">Graves, Solomon L. (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044633/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/Meeting%20Attachments/000/I13857/Exhibit%20H.1%20-%20Parole%20Board%20-%20%20December%202014%20Monthly%20Activity%20Report.pdf">"AR Parole Bo REPORT NO. PPSR360 - 50"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arkansas Parole Board. p. 32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2015/Meeting%20Attachments/000/I13857/Exhibit%20H.1%20-%20Parole%20Board%20-%20%20December%202014%20Monthly%20Activity%20Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AR+Parole+Bo+REPORT+NO.+PPSR360+-+50&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Arkansas+Parole+Board&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Solomon+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkleg.state.ar.us%2Fassembly%2F2015%2FMeeting%2520Attachments%2F000%2FI13857%2FExhibit%2520H.1%2520-%2520Parole%2520Board%2520-%2520%2520December%25202014%2520Monthly%2520Activity%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueford+v.+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings2016" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Brooke D. (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044643/http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2017/Meeting%20Attachments/000/I15805/Exhibit%20H.1%20-%20ABP%20-%20December%202016%20Parole%20Board%20Activity%20Report.pdf">"AR Parole Bo REPORT NO. PPSR360 - 50"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Arkansas Parole Board. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/assembly/2017/Meeting%20Attachments/000/I15805/Exhibit%20H.1%20-%20ABP%20-%20December%202016%20Parole%20Board%20Activity%20Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AR+Parole+Bo+REPORT+NO.+PPSR360+-+50&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Arkansas+Parole+Board&rft.date=2016-12&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Brooke+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkleg.state.ar.us%2Fassembly%2F2017%2FMeeting%2520Attachments%2F000%2FI15805%2FExhibit%2520H.1%2520-%2520ABP%2520-%2520December%25202016%2520Parole%2520Board%2520Activity%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueford+v.+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2019/sep/19/victim-of-killing-had-past-in-courts-20/">"Man fatally shot in North Little Rock was convicted child killer who lost challenge over murder case"</a>. September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+fatally+shot+in+North+Little+Rock+was+convicted+child+killer+who+lost+challenge+over+murder+case&rft.date=2019-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2Fsep%2F19%2Fvictim-of-killing-had-past-in-courts-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlueford+v.+Arkansas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueford_v._Arkansas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607194850/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/11pdf/10-1320.pdf">Supreme Court slip 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href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fifth Amendment</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Jury_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand Jury</a> Clause</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurtado_v._California" title="Hurtado v. California">Hurtado v. California</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bain" title="Ex parte Bain">Ex parte Bain</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Wing_v._United_States" title="Wong Wing v. United States">Wong Wing v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_v._Dow" title="Maxwell v. Dow">Maxwell v. Dow</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Moreland" title="United States v. Moreland">United States v. Moreland</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beck_v._Washington" title="Beck v. Washington">Beck v. Washington</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cotton" title="United States v. Cotton">United States v. Cotton</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Double_Jeopardy_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meaning of "same offense"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After acquittal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Randenbush" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Randenbush">United States v. Randenbush</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball v. United States (page does not exist)">Ball v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fong_Foo_v._United_States" title="Fong Foo v. United States">Fong Foo v. United States</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashe_v._Swenson" title="Ashe v. Swenson">Ashe v. Swenson</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burks_v._United_States" title="Burks v. United States">Burks v. United States</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Michigan" title="Evans v. Michigan">Evans v. Michigan</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravo-Fernandez_v._United_States" title="Bravo-Fernandez v. United States">Bravo-Fernandez v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McElrath_v._Georgia" title="McElrath v. Georgia">McElrath v. Georgia</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After conviction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wilson" title="United States v. Wilson">United States v. Wilson</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_v._Massachusetts" title="Ludwig v. Massachusetts">Ludwig v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._United_States_(2023)" title="Smith v. United States (2023)">Smith v. United States</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After mistrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Perez" title="United States v. Perez">United States v. Perez</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jorn" title="United States v. Jorn">United States v. Jorn</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dinitz" title="United States v. Dinitz">United States v. Dinitz</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Kennedy" title="Oregon v. Kennedy">Oregon v. Kennedy</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blueford v. Arkansas</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual sovereignty doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Lanza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Lanza (page does not exist)">United States v. Lanza</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartkus_v._Illinois" title="Bartkus v. Illinois">Bartkus v. Illinois</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waller_v._Florida" title="Waller v. Florida">Waller v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wheeler_(1978)" title="United States v. Wheeler (1978)">United States v. Wheeler</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heath_v._Alabama" title="Heath v. Alabama">Heath v. Alabama</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lara" title="United States v. Lara">United States v. Lara</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_v._Sanchez_Valle" title="Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle">Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamble_v._United_States" title="Gamble v. United States">Gamble v. United States</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denezpi_v._United_States" title="Denezpi v. United States">Denezpi v. United States</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bigelow" title="Ex parte Bigelow">Ex parte Bigelow</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut" title="Palko v. Connecticut">Palko v. Connecticut</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_ex_rel._Francis_v._Resweber" title="Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber">Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baxstrom_v._Herold" title="Baxstrom v. Herold">Baxstrom v. Herold</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Pearce" title="North Carolina v. Pearce">North Carolina v. Pearce</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benton_v._Maryland" title="Benton v. Maryland">Benton v. Maryland</a></i> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Self-Incrimination_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-Incrimination_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Incrimination Clause">Self-Incrimination Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curcio_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curcio v. United States (page does not exist)">Curcio v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._California" title="Griffin v. California">Griffin v. California</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulden_v._Holman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulden v. Holman (page does not exist)">Boulden v. Holman</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Florida" title="Williams v. Florida">Williams v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_v._Tucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan v. Tucker (page does not exist)">Michigan v. Tucker</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Arizona" title="Edwards v. Arizona">Edwards v. Arizona</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Elstad" title="Oregon v. Elstad">Oregon v. Elstad</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. United States (page does not exist)">Doe v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Perkins" title="Illinois v. Perkins">Illinois v. Perkins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McNeil_v._Wisconsin" title="McNeil v. Wisconsin">McNeil v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._United_States_(1999)" title="Mitchell v. United States (1999)">Mitchell v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbell" title="United States v. Hubbell">United States v. Hubbell</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickerson_v._United_States" title="Dickerson v. United States">Dickerson v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavez_v._Martinez" title="Chavez v. Martinez">Chavez v. Martinez</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarborough_v._Alvarado" title="Yarborough v. Alvarado">Yarborough v. Alvarado</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Seibert" title="Missouri v. Seibert">Missouri v. Seibert</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Patane" title="United States v. Patane">United States v. Patane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corley_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corley v. United States (page does not exist)">Corley v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Powell" title="Florida v. Powell">Florida v. Powell</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Shatzer" title="Maryland v. Shatzer">Maryland v. Shatzer</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._D._B._v._North_Carolina" title="J. D. B. v. North Carolina">J. D. B. v. North Carolina</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobby_v._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby v. Dixon">Bobby v. Dixon</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Howes_v._Fields" title="Howes v. Fields">Howes v. Fields</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinas_v._Texas" title="Salinas v. Texas">Salinas v. Texas</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vega_v._Tekoh" title="Vega v. Tekoh">Vega v. 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