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id="toc-UN_estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_the_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_the_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Structure of the population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_the_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Vital statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vital statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Registered_births_and_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_births_and_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Registered births and deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_births_and_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Current vital statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estimates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy_from_1893_to_1950" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy_from_1893_to_1950"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Life expectancy from 1893 to 1950 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy_from_1893_to_1950-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UN_estimates_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_estimates_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 UN estimates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_estimates_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 International migration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_migration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International migration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immigration_to_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_to_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Immigration to Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_to_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_from_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_from_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Emigration from Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_from_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cities and metropolitan areas </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cities_and_metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cities and metropolitan areas subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlements,_cities_and_municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlements,_cities_and_municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Settlements, cities and municipalities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlements,_cities_and_municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Metropolitan areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_demographic_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_demographic_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Other demographic statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_demographic_statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other demographic statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_demographic_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Median_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Median_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Median age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Median_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraceptive_prevalence_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraceptive_prevalence_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Contraceptive prevalence rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraceptive_prevalence_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother's_mean_age_at_first_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother's_mean_age_at_first_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Mother's mean age at first birth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother's_mean_age_at_first_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_infectious_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_infectious_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Major infectious diseases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_infectious_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dependency_ratios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependency_ratios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Dependency ratios </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependency_ratios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obesity_–_adult_prevalence_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obesity_–_adult_prevalence_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Obesity – adult prevalence rate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obesity_–_adult_prevalence_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Children under the age of 5 years underweight </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_expenditures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_expenditures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Education expenditures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_expenditures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Literacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_life_expectancy_(primary_to_tertiary_education)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_life_expectancy_(primary_to_tertiary_education)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.11 School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_life_expectancy_(primary_to_tertiary_education)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment,_youth_ages_15–24" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment,_youth_ages_15–24"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.12 Unemployment, youth ages 15–24 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment,_youth_ages_15–24-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic groups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mestizo_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mestizo_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mestizo Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mestizo_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 White Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro-Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Afro-Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Arab Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Asian Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romani_Mexicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romani_Mexicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Romani Mexicans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romani_Mexicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_censuses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_censuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Official censuses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_censuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1793_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1793_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.1 1793 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1793_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1921_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1921_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.2 1921 census </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1921_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8.3 The present day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican_nationality_and_citizenship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican_nationality_and_citizenship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Mexican nationality and citizenship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican_nationality_and_citizenship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References and notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Demographics of Mexico</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83" title="سكان المكسيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكان المكسيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksika_%C9%99halisi" title="Meksika əhalisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meksika əhalisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Насельніцтва Мексікі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Насельніцтва Мексікі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Население на Мексико – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Население на Мексико" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_de_M%C3%A8xic" title="Demografia de Mèxic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Demografia de Mèxic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicos_demografi" title="Mexicos demografi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mexicos demografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografie_Mexikos" title="Demografie Mexikos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Demografie Mexikos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demograf%C3%ADa_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Demografía de México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Demografía de México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikoko_demografia" title="Mexikoko demografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mexikoko demografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mographie_du_Mexique" title="Démographie du Mexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démographie du Mexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC" title="멕시코의 인구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코의 인구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեքսիկայի բնակչություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեքսիկայի բնակչություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanovni%C5%A1tvo_Meksika" title="Stanovništvo Meksika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stanovništvo Meksika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi_Meksiko" title="Demografi Meksiko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demografi Meksiko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikos_demografija" title="Meksikos demografija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Meksikos demografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografi_Mexico" title="Demografi Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demografi Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevolking_van_Mexico" title="Bevolking van Mexico – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bevolking van Mexico" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demografia_do_M%C3%A9xico" title="Demografia do México – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Demografia do México" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro 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dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="line-height:120%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ddddff">Demographics of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/350px-Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/525px-Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png/700px-Mexico_single_age_population_pyramid_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="1777" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mexico <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a> in 2020</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">130,739,927 (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Density</th><td class="infobox-data">66.28/km2 (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Growth rate</th><td class="infobox-data">0.7% (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Birth rate</th><td class="infobox-data">12.1 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)<a href="#cite_note-enadid_2023-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Death rate</th><td class="infobox-data">6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)<a href="#cite_note-enadid_2023-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Life expectancy</th><td class="infobox-data">74.6 years (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • male</th><td class="infobox-data">71.6 years (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • female</th><td class="infobox-data">77.7 years (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fertility rate</th><td class="infobox-data">1.60 children born/woman (2023 est.)<a href="#cite_note-enadid_2023-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Infant mortality rate</th><td class="infobox-data">12.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Net migration rate</th><td class="infobox-data">−0.70 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Age structure</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">0–14 years</th><td class="infobox-data">23.3% (male 15,647,805/ female 14,754,004) (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">15–64 years</th><td class="infobox-data">68.6% (male 43,651,105/ female 45,983,174) (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">65 and over</th><td class="infobox-data">8.2% (male 4,600,228/ female 6,103,611) (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Sex ratio</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total</th><td class="infobox-data">0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">At birth</th><td class="infobox-data">1.05 male(s)/female</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Under 15</th><td class="infobox-data">1.06 male(s)/female</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">15–64 years</th><td class="infobox-data">0.95 male(s)/female</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">65 and over</th><td class="infobox-data">0.75 male(s)/female</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Nationality</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddddff">Language</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (99.4%) & 68 native languages<a href="#cite_note-PresentacióndeResultados-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></td></tr></tbody></table> With a population of about 129 million in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">10th most populated country in the world</a>. It is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world and the third-most populous country in the Americas after the United States and Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> the most populous city in the country is the capital, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, with a population of 9.2 million and its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> is also the most populated with 21.8 million as of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-census2020-6">[6]</a> Approximately 53% of the population lives in one of the 48 large metropolitan areas in the country.<a href="#cite_note-metro-7">[7]</a> In total, about 76% of the population of the country lives in urban areas and 23% lives in rural ones.<a href="#cite_note-programa-8">[8]</a> Demographic censuses are performed by the <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía</a>. The National Population Council (CONAPO) is an institution under the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Interior_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of the Interior (Mexico)">Ministry of Interior</a> in charge of the analysis and research of population dynamics. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Institute of Indigenous Peoples</a> also undertakes research and analysis of the sociodemographic and linguistic indicators of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a>. Throughout most of the 20th century Mexico's population was characterized by rapid growth. Although this tendency has been reversed and average annual population growth over the last five years was less than 1%, the demographic transition is still in progress; Mexico still has a large youth <a href="/wiki/Cohort_(statistics)" title="Cohort (statistics)">cohort</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_dynamics">Demographic dynamics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Demographic dynamics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_from_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Woman_from_Mexico.jpg/170px-Woman_from_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Woman_from_Mexico.jpg/255px-Woman_from_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Woman_from_Mexico.jpg/340px-Woman_from_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Mestiza woman clad in indigenous clothes</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg/350px-Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg/525px-Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg/700px-Historical_population_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical population of Mexico</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:MXPopgrowth.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MXPopgrowth.svg/350px-MXPopgrowth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MXPopgrowth.svg/525px-MXPopgrowth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/MXPopgrowth.svg/700px-MXPopgrowth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1123" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Population growth</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_estados_densidad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mexico_estados_densidad.svg/350px-Mexico_estados_densidad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mexico_estados_densidad.svg/525px-Mexico_estados_densidad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Mexico_estados_densidad.svg/700px-Mexico_estados_densidad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Mexican states by population density</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1500 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,000,000<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1600 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−87.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+166.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1800 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1832 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">7,000,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+16.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1865 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,259,080<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1895 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,700,294</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+53.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,607,272</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">15,160,369</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">14,334,780</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">16,552,722</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,653,552</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">25,791,017</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+31.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,923,129</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">48,225,238</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+38.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">66,846,833</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">81,249,645</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">97,483,412</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">112,336,538</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">126,014,024</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Estimates vary for the Pre-Columbian population of Mexico from 1.5 million to 21 million,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> but the most accepted figure is about 12 million people, including the population of the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> which is estimated at 6 million people.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1600, the population was estimated to have been around 1 to 2 million and in 1700, the population was estimated to be around 4 million. In 1900, the Mexican population was 13.6 million.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> During the period of economic prosperity that was dubbed by economists as the "Mexican Miracle", the government invested in efficient social programs that reduced the <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate and increased <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>. These measures jointly led to an intense demographic increase between 1930 and 1980. Intense population growth in the northern states, especially along the US-Mexican border, changed the country's demographic profile in the second half of the 20th century, as the 1967 US-Mexico <a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladora</a> agreement through which all products manufactured in the border cities could be imported duty-free to the US. Since the adoption of NAFTA in 1994, however, which allows all products to be imported duty-free regardless of their place of origin within Mexico, the non-border maquiladora share of exports has increased while that of border cities has decreased.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This has led to decentralization and rapid economic growth in Mexican states (and cities), such as Quintana Roo (Cancun), Baja California Sur (La Paz), Nuevo León (Monterrey), Querétaro, and Aguascalientes whose population grew by more than one-third from 2000 to 2015, while the whole of Mexico grew by 22.6% in this period. While the national annual growth rate was still positive (1.0%) in the early years of the 2000s, the national net migration rate was negative (-4.75/1000 inhabitants), in the 2010s, however, the net migration rate reached 0, given the strong economy of Mexico, changes in US Immigration Policy & Enforcement, US Legislative and CFR-8 decisions, plus the (then) slowly recovering US economy, causing many of its former residents to return. Given the former strong flow of immigrants to the United States; an estimated 5.3 million undocumented Mexican immigrants lived in the United States in 2004<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and 18.2 million American citizens in the 2000 Census declared having Mexican ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The population's annual growth rate has been reduced from a 3.5% peak in 1965 to 0.99% in 2005. While Mexico is now transitioning to the third phase of <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>, close to 50% of the population in 2009 was 25 years old or younger.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rate">Fertility rates</a> have also decreased from 5.7 children per woman in 1976<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> to 1.9 in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> After decades of the gap narrowing, in 2020 the fertility rate in Mexico fell below the United States for the first time falling 22% in 2020 and a further 10.5% in the first half of 2021 due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Mexican government projects<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> that the country's population will grow to about 123 million by 2042 and then start declining slowly. Assumptions underlying this projection include fertility stabilizing at 1.85 children per woman and continued high net emigration (slowly decreasing from 583,000 in 2005 to 393,000 in 2050). Mexico is composed of 32 <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">federal entities</a> which include 31 states and Mexico City, the five <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_population" title="List of Mexican states by population">most populous federal entities in 2020</a> were the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> (16.9 million), Mexico City (9.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> (8.3 million), Veracruz (8.0 million) and <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> (6.5 million), which collectively contain around 40% of the national population.<a href="#cite_note-scitel-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Greater Mexico City</a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metro area</a>, which includes Mexico City and adjacent municipalities of surrounding states, is the most populous in the country and is estimated to be the second most populous in the world (after Tokyo), according to the UN Urbanization Report. The average annual population growth rate of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> was 0.2%. The state with the lowest population growth rate over the same period was <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> (-0.1%), whereas the states with the highest population growth rates were <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> (4.7%) and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a> (3.4%),<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> both of which are two of the least populous states and the last to be admitted to the Union in the 1970s. The average annual <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a> of Mexico City over the same period was negative and the lowest of all <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">political divisions of Mexico</a>, whereas the states with the highest net migration rate were Quintana Roo (2.7), <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> (1.8) and Baja California Sur (1.6).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_estimates">UN estimates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: UN estimates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexicopop.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mexicopop.svg/240px-Mexicopop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mexicopop.svg/360px-Mexicopop.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Mexicopop.svg/480px-Mexicopop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">population pyramid</a> (2017)</figcaption></figure> According to the 2012 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 117,886,000 in 2010, compared to only 28,296,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 30%, 64% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, and 6% was 65 years or older.<a href="#cite_note-WPP_2012-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="70pt">Total population (x 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Proportion aged 0–14 (%) </th> <th width="70pt">Proportion aged 15–64 (%) </th> <th width="70pt">Proportion aged 65+ (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>28 296</td> <td>42.5</td> <td>54.1</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>33 401</td> <td>44.5</td> <td>52.2</td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>38 677</td> <td>45.9</td> <td>50.8</td> <td>3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>45 339</td> <td>46.8</td> <td>49.6</td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>52 988</td> <td>46.6</td> <td>49.7</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>61 708</td> <td>46.2</td> <td>50.1</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>70 353</td> <td>44.7</td> <td>51.5</td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>77 859</td> <td>42.1</td> <td>53.9</td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>86 077</td> <td>38.5</td> <td>57.2</td> <td>4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>95 393</td> <td>35.9</td> <td>59.6</td> <td>4.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>103 874</td> <td>34.1</td> <td>61.0</td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>110 732</td> <td>32.3</td> <td>62.4</td> <td>5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>117 886</td> <td>30.0</td> <td>64.0</td> <td>6.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>127 017</td> <td>27.6</td> <td>65.9</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>134 837</td> <td>25.6</td> <td>66.9</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_of_the_population">Structure of the population</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure of the population">edit</a>]</div> Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 12.VI.2010; including an estimation of 1 334 585 people corresponding to 448 195 housing units without information of the occupants):<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="80pt">Age Group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80pt">Female </th> <th width="80pt">Total </th> <th width="80pt">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total </td> <td align="right">54 855 231 </td> <td align="right">57 481 307 </td> <td align="right">112 336 538 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–4 </td> <td align="right">5 346 943 </td> <td align="right">5 181 379 </td> <td align="right">10 528 322 </td> <td align="right">9.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5–9 </td> <td align="right">5 604 175 </td> <td align="right">5 443 362 </td> <td align="right">11 047 537 </td> <td align="right">9.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10–14 </td> <td align="right">5 547 613 </td> <td align="right">5 392 324 </td> <td align="right">10 939 937 </td> <td align="right">9.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–19 </td> <td align="right">5 520 121 </td> <td align="right">5 505 991 </td> <td align="right">11 026 112 </td> <td align="right">9.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">20–24 </td> <td align="right">4 813 204 </td> <td align="right">5 079 067 </td> <td align="right">9 892 271 </td> <td align="right">8.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">25–29 </td> <td align="right">4 205 975 </td> <td align="right">4 582 202 </td> <td align="right">8 788 177 </td> <td align="right">7.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30–34 </td> <td align="right">4 026 031 </td> <td align="right">4 444 767 </td> <td align="right">8 470 798 </td> <td align="right">7.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">35–39 </td> <td align="right">3 964 738 </td> <td align="right">4 328 249 </td> <td align="right">8 292 987 </td> <td align="right">7.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">40–44 </td> <td align="right">3 350 322 </td> <td align="right">3 658 904 </td> <td align="right">7 009 226 </td> <td align="right">6.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">45–49 </td> <td align="right">2 824 364 </td> <td align="right">3 104 366 </td> <td align="right">5 928 730 </td> <td align="right">5.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50–54 </td> <td align="right">2 402 451 </td> <td align="right">2 661 840 </td> <td align="right">5 064 291 </td> <td align="right">4.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">55–59 </td> <td align="right">1 869 537 </td> <td align="right">2 025 828 </td> <td align="right">3 895 365 </td> <td align="right">3.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">60–64 </td> <td align="right">1 476 667 </td> <td align="right">1 639 799 </td> <td align="right">3 116 466 </td> <td align="right">2.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65–69 </td> <td align="right">1 095 273 </td> <td align="right">1 221 992 </td> <td align="right">2 317 265 </td> <td align="right">2.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">70–74 </td> <td align="right">873 893 </td> <td align="right">1 000 041 </td> <td align="right">1 873 934 </td> <td align="right">1.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75–79 </td> <td align="right">579 689 </td> <td align="right">665 794 </td> <td align="right">1 245 483 </td> <td align="right">1.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">80–84 </td> <td align="right">355 277 </td> <td align="right">443 659 </td> <td align="right">798 936 </td> <td align="right">0.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85–89 </td> <td align="right">197 461 </td> <td align="right">256 703 </td> <td align="right">454 164 </td> <td align="right">0.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">90–94 </td> <td align="right">68 130 </td> <td align="right">96 794 </td> <td align="right">164 924 </td> <td align="right">0.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">95–99 </td> <td align="right">25 920 </td> <td align="right">39 812 </td> <td align="right">65 732 </td> <td align="right">0.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">100+ </td> <td align="right">7 228 </td> <td align="right">11 247 </td> <td align="right">18 475 </td> <td align="right">0.02 </td></tr> <tr> <th width="50">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80">Female </th> <th width="80">Total </th> <th width="50">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–14 </td> <td align="right">16 498 731 </td> <td align="right">16 017 065 </td> <td align="right">32 515 796 </td> <td align="right">28.94 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–64 </td> <td align="right">34 453 410 </td> <td align="right">37 031 013 </td> <td align="right">71 484 423 </td> <td align="right">63.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65+ </td> <td align="right">3 202 871 </td> <td align="right">3 736 042 </td> <td align="right">6 938 913 </td> <td align="right">6.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">unknown </td> <td align="right">700 219 </td> <td align="right">697 187 </td> <td align="right">1 397 406 </td> <td align="right">1.24 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 15.III.2020) (Including an estimation of 6 337 751 persons corresponding to 1 588 422 housing units without information of the occupants.):<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50pt">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80pt">Female </th> <th width="80pt">Total </th> <th width="80pt">% </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Total </td> <td align="right">61 473 390 </td> <td align="right">64 540 634 </td> <td align="right">126 014 024 </td> <td align="right">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–4 </td> <td align="right">5 077 482 </td> <td align="right">4 969 883 </td> <td align="right">10 047 365 </td> <td align="right">7.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5–9 </td> <td align="right">5 453 091 </td> <td align="right">5 311 288 </td> <td align="right">10 764 379 </td> <td align="right">8.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10–14 </td> <td align="right">5 554 260 </td> <td align="right">5 389 280 </td> <td align="right">10 943 540 </td> <td align="right">8.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–19 </td> <td align="right">5 462 150 </td> <td align="right">5 344 540 </td> <td align="right">10 806 690 </td> <td align="right">8.57 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">20–24 </td> <td align="right">5 165 884 </td> <td align="right">5 256 211 </td> <td align="right">10 422 095 </td> <td align="right">8.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">25–29 </td> <td align="right">4 861 404 </td> <td align="right">5 131 597 </td> <td align="right">9 993 001 </td> <td align="right">7.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">30–34 </td> <td align="right">4 527 726 </td> <td align="right">4 893 101 </td> <td align="right">9 420 827 </td> <td align="right">7.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">35–39 </td> <td align="right">4 331 530 </td> <td align="right">4 668 746 </td> <td align="right">9 020 276 </td> <td align="right">7.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">40–44 </td> <td align="right">4 062 304 </td> <td align="right">4 441 282 </td> <td align="right">8 503 586 </td> <td align="right">6.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">45–49 </td> <td align="right">3 812 344 </td> <td align="right">4 130 069 </td> <td align="right">7 942 413 </td> <td align="right">6.30 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">50–54 </td> <td align="right">3 332 163 </td> <td align="right">3 705 360 </td> <td align="right">7 037 532 </td> <td align="right">5.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">55–59 </td> <td align="right">2 692 976 </td> <td align="right">3 002 982 </td> <td align="right">5 695 958 </td> <td align="right">4.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">60–64 </td> <td align="right">2 257 862 </td> <td align="right">2 563 200 </td> <td align="right">4 821 062 </td> <td align="right">3.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65–69 </td> <td align="right">1 706 850 </td> <td align="right">1 938 227 </td> <td align="right">3 645 077 </td> <td align="right">2.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">70–74 </td> <td align="right">1 233 492 </td> <td align="right">1 413 848 </td> <td align="right">2 647 340 </td> <td align="right">2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">75–79 </td> <td align="right">847 898 </td> <td align="right">966 684 </td> <td align="right">1 814 582 </td> <td align="right">1.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">80–84 </td> <td align="right">523 812 </td> <td align="right">651 552 </td> <td align="right">1 175 364 </td> <td align="right">0.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">85+ </td> <td align="right">433 968 </td> <td align="right">605 583 </td> <td align="right">1 039 551 </td> <td align="right">0.82 </td></tr> <tr> <th width="50">Age group </th> <th width="80pt">Male </th> <th width="80">Female </th> <th width="80">Total </th> <th width="50">Percent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">0–14 </td> <td align="right">16 084 833 </td> <td align="right">15 670 451 </td> <td align="right">31 755 284 </td> <td align="right">25.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">15–64 </td> <td align="right">40 506 343 </td> <td align="right">43 157 097 </td> <td align="right">83 663 440 </td> <td align="right">66.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">65+ </td> <td align="right">4 746 020 </td> <td align="right">5 575 894 </td> <td align="right">10 321 914 </td> <td align="right">8.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">unknown </td> <td align="right">136 194 </td> <td align="right">137 192 </td> <td align="right">273 386 </td> <td align="right">0.22 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 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There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vital statistics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registered_births_and_deaths">Registered births and deaths</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Registered births and deaths">edit</a>]</div> Source: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica,_Geograf%C3%ADa_e_Inform%C3%A1tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática">Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática</a> (INEGI)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="70pt">Average population<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </th> <th width="90pt">Live births </th> <th width="70pt">Deaths </th> <th width="90pt">Natural change </th> <th width="70pt">Crude birth rate (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Crude death rate (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Crude migration change (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">TFR </th> <th width="70pt">Life expentancy </th></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:red;">786,388</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td> </td> <td>820,469</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td> </td> <td>822,586</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>43.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td> </td> <td>857,951</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>44.6</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>19,763,000 </td> <td>875,471</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>44.3</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td>20,208,000 </td> <td>878,935</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>43.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td>20,657,000 </td> <td>940,067</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>45.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td>21,165,000 </td> <td>963,317</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>45.5</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td>21,674,000 </td> <td>958,119</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>44.2</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td>22,233,000 </td> <td>999,093</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>44.9</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td>22,779,000 </td> <td>994,838</td> <td>442,935</td> <td>551,903 </td> <td>43.7</td> <td style="color:red;">19.4</td> <td>24.3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>23,440,000 </td> <td>1,079,816</td> <td>390,087</td> <td>689,729 </td> <td style="color:blue;">46.1</td> <td>16.6</td> <td>29.5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td>24,129,000 </td> <td>1,090,867</td> <td>407,708</td> <td>683,159 </td> <td>44.7</td> <td>16.9</td> <td>27.8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td>24,833,000 </td> <td>1,109,446</td> <td>438,970</td> <td>670,476 </td> <td>46.0</td> <td>17.7</td> <td>28.3</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>28,296,000 </td> <td>1,174,947</td> <td>418,430</td> <td>756,517 </td> <td>41.5</td> <td>14.8</td> <td>26.7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>29,110,000 </td> <td>1,183,788</td> <td>458,238</td> <td>725,550 </td> <td>40.7</td> <td>15.7</td> <td>24.9</td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>29,980,000 </td> <td>1,195,209</td> <td>408,823</td> <td>786,386 </td> <td>39.9</td> <td>13.6</td> <td>26.2</td> <td>3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>30,904,000 </td> <td>1,261,775</td> <td>446,127</td> <td>815,648 </td> <td>40.8</td> <td>14.4</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>31,880,000 </td> <td>1,339,837</td> <td>378,752</td> <td>961,085 </td> <td>42.0</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>32,906,000 </td> <td>1,377,917</td> <td>407,522</td> <td>970,395 </td> <td>41.9</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>29.5</td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>33,978,000 </td> <td>1,427,722</td> <td style="color:blue;">368,740</td> <td>1,058,982 </td> <td>42.0</td> <td>10.9</td> <td>31.2</td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>35,095,000 </td> <td>1,485,202</td> <td>414,545</td> <td>1,070,657 </td> <td>42.3</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>30.5</td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td>36,253,000 </td> <td>1,447,578</td> <td>404,529</td> <td>1,043,049 </td> <td>39.9</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>28.8</td> <td>4.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>37,448,000 </td> <td>1,589,606</td> <td>396,924</td> <td>1,192,682 </td> <td>42.4</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>31.8</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>38,677,000 </td> <td>1,608,174</td> <td>402,545</td> <td>1,205,629 </td> <td>41.6</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>31.2</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>39,939,000 </td> <td>1,647,006</td> <td>388,857</td> <td>1,258,149 </td> <td>41.2</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>31.5</td> <td>1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>41,234,000 </td> <td>1,705,481</td> <td>403,046</td> <td>1,302,435 </td> <td>41.4</td> <td>9.8</td> <td>31.6</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td>42,564,000 </td> <td>1,756,624</td> <td>412,834</td> <td>1,343,790 </td> <td>41.3</td> <td>9.7</td> <td>31.6</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>43,931,000 </td> <td>1,849,408</td> <td>408,275</td> <td>1,441,133 </td> <td>42.1</td> <td>9.3</td> <td>32.8</td> <td>-0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>45,339,000 </td> <td>1,888,171</td> <td>404,163</td> <td>1,484,008 </td> <td>41.6</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>-0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>46,784,000 </td> <td>1,954,340</td> <td>424,141</td> <td>1,530,199 </td> <td>41.8</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>32.7</td> <td>-0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td>48,264,000 </td> <td>1,981,363</td> <td>420,298</td> <td>1,561,065 </td> <td>41.1</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>32.3</td> <td>-0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>49,788,000 </td> <td>2,058,251</td> <td>452,910</td> <td>1,605,341 </td> <td>41.3</td> <td>9.1</td> <td>32.2</td> <td>-0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>51,361,000 </td> <td>2,037,561</td> <td>458,886</td> <td>1,578,675 </td> <td>39.7</td> <td>8.9</td> <td>30.7</td> <td>0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>52,988,000 </td> <td>2,132,630</td> <td>485,656</td> <td>1,646,974 </td> <td>40.2</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>31.1</td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>54,669,000 </td> <td>2,231,399</td> <td>458,323</td> <td>1,773,076 </td> <td>40.8</td> <td>8.4</td> <td>32.4</td> <td>-0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>56,396,000 </td> <td>2,346,002</td> <td>476,206</td> <td>1,869,796 </td> <td>41.6</td> <td>8.4</td> <td>33.2</td> <td>-1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>58,156,000 </td> <td>2,572,287</td> <td>458,915</td> <td>2,113,372 </td> <td>44.2</td> <td>7.9</td> <td style="color: blue">36.3</td> <td>-5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>59,931,000 </td> <td>2,522,580</td> <td>433,104</td> <td>2,089,476 </td> <td>42.1</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>34.9</td> <td>-4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>61,708,000 </td> <td>2,254,497</td> <td>435,888</td> <td>1,818,609 </td> <td>36.5</td> <td>7.1</td> <td>29.5</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>63,486,000 </td> <td>2,366,305</td> <td>455,660</td> <td>1,910,645 </td> <td>37.3</td> <td>7.2</td> <td>30.1</td> <td>-1.3</td> <td style="color: blue">5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>65,261,000 </td> <td>2,379,327</td> <td>450,454</td> <td>1,928,873 </td> <td>36.5</td> <td>6.9</td> <td>29.6</td> <td>-1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>67,013,000 </td> <td>2,346,862</td> <td>418,381</td> <td>1,928,481 </td> <td>35.0</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>28.8</td> <td>-2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>68,715,000 </td> <td>2,274,267</td> <td>428,217</td> <td>1,846,050 </td> <td>33.1</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>26.9</td> <td>-1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>70,353,000 </td> <td>2,446,238</td> <td>434,465</td> <td>2,011,773 </td> <td>34.8</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>28.6</td> <td>-4.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>71,916,000 </td> <td>2,530,662</td> <td>424,274</td> <td>2,106,388 </td> <td>35.2</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>-7.1</td> <td style="color: blue">4.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>73,416,000 </td> <td>2,392,849</td> <td>412,345</td> <td>1,980,504 </td> <td>32.6</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>27.0</td> <td>-6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>74,880,000 </td> <td>2,609,088</td> <td>413,403</td> <td>2,195,685 </td> <td>34.8</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>29.3</td> <td>-9.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>76,351,000 </td> <td>2,511,894</td> <td>410,550</td> <td>2,101,344 </td> <td>32.9</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>27.5</td> <td>-7.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>77,859,000 </td> <td>2,655,671</td> <td>414,003</td> <td>2,241,668 </td> <td>34.1</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>28.8</td> <td>-9.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>79,410,000 </td> <td>2,577,045</td> <td>400,079</td> <td>2,176,966 </td> <td>32.5</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>27.4</td> <td>-7.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>80,999,000 </td> <td>2,794,390</td> <td>400,280</td> <td>2,394,110 </td> <td>34.5</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>29.6</td> <td>-10.0</td> <td style="color: blue">3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>82,635,000 </td> <td>2,622,031</td> <td>412,987</td> <td>2,209,044 </td> <td>31.7</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>26.7</td> <td>-7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>84,327,000 </td> <td>2,620,262</td> <td>423,304</td> <td>2,196,958 </td> <td>31.1</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>26.1</td> <td>-6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>86,077,000 </td> <td>2,735,312</td> <td>422,803</td> <td>2,312,509 </td> <td>31.8</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>26.9</td> <td>-6.7</td> <td style="color: blue">3.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>87,890,000 </td> <td>2,756,447</td> <td>411,131</td> <td>2,345,316 </td> <td>31.4</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>26.7</td> <td>-6.1</td> <td style="color: blue">3.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>89,758,000 </td> <td>2,797,397</td> <td>409,814</td> <td>2,387,583 </td> <td>31.2</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>26.6</td> <td>-5.9</td> <td style="color: blue">3.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>91,654,000 </td> <td>2,839,686</td> <td>416,335</td> <td>2,423,351 </td> <td>31.0</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>26.4</td> <td>-5.9</td> <td style="color: blue">3.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>93,542,000 </td> <td style="color: blue">2,904,389</td> <td>419,074</td> <td style="color: blue">2,485,315 </td> <td>31.0</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>26.6</td> <td>-6.5</td> <td style="color: blue">3.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>95,393,000 </td> <td>2,750,444</td> <td>430,278</td> <td>2,320,166 </td> <td>28.8</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>24.3</td> <td>-5.0</td> <td style="color: blue">3.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>97,202,000 </td> <td>2,707,718</td> <td>436,321</td> <td>2,271,397 </td> <td>27.9</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>-4.8</td> <td style="color: blue">2.95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>98,969,000 </td> <td>2,698,425</td> <td>440,437</td> <td>2,257,988 </td> <td>27.3</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>22.8</td> <td>-5.1</td> <td style="color: blue">2.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>100,679,000 </td> <td>2,668,429</td> <td>444,665</td> <td>2,223,764 </td> <td>26.5</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>22.1</td> <td>-5.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>102,317,000 </td> <td>2,769,089</td> <td>443,950</td> <td>2,325,139 </td> <td>27.1</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>22.7</td> <td>-6.8</td> <td style="color: blue">2.77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>103,874,000 </td> <td>2,798,339</td> <td>437,667</td> <td>2,360,672 </td> <td>26.9</td> <td style="color: blue">4.2</td> <td>22.7</td> <td>-7.9</td> <td style="color: blue">2.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>105,340,000 </td> <td>2,767,610</td> <td>443,127</td> <td>2,324,483 </td> <td>26.3</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>22.1</td> <td>-8.3</td> <td style="color: blue">2.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>106,724,000 </td> <td>2,699,084</td> <td>459,687</td> <td>2,239,397 </td> <td>25.3</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>21.0</td> <td>-8.1</td> <td style="color: blue">2.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>108,056,000 </td> <td>2,655,894</td> <td>472,140</td> <td>2,183,754 </td> <td>24.6</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>20.2</td> <td>-8.0</td> <td style="color: blue">2.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>109,382,000 </td> <td>2,625,056</td> <td>473,417</td> <td>2,151,639 </td> <td>24.0</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>19.7</td> <td>-7.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>110,732,000 </td> <td>2,567,906</td> <td>495,240</td> <td>2,072,666 </td> <td>23.2</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>18.7</td> <td>-6.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>112,117,000 </td> <td>2,505,939</td> <td>494,471</td> <td>2,011,468 </td> <td>22.4</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>17.9</td> <td>-5.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>113,530,000 </td> <td>2,655,083</td> <td>514,420</td> <td>2,140,663 </td> <td>23.4</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>18.9</td> <td>-6.5</td> <td style="color: blue">2.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>114,968,000 </td> <td>2,636,110</td> <td>539,530</td> <td>2,096,580 </td> <td>22.9</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>18.2</td> <td>-5.8</td> <td style="color: blue">2.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>116,423,000 </td> <td>2,577,214</td> <td>564,673</td> <td>2,012,541 </td> <td>22.1</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>17.3</td> <td>-4.8</td> <td style="color: blue">2.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>114,255,000 </td> <td>2,643,908</td> <td>592,018</td> <td>2,051,890 </td> <td>23.1</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>17.9</td> <td>-36.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.34</td> <td>74.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>115,683,000 </td> <td>2,586,287</td> <td>590,693</td> <td>1,995,594 </td> <td>22.3</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>17.2</td> <td>-5.5</td> <td style="color: blue">2.32</td> <td>74.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>117,054,000 </td> <td>2,498,880</td> <td>602,354</td> <td>1,896,526 </td> <td>21.3</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>16.2</td> <td>-4.5</td> <td style="color: blue">2.29</td> <td>74.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>118,395,000 </td> <td>2,478,889</td> <td>623,599</td> <td>1,855,290 </td> <td>20.9</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>15.6</td> <td>-4.4</td> <td style="color: blue">2.27</td> <td>75.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>119,713,000 </td> <td>2,463,420</td> <td>633,641</td> <td>1,829,779 </td> <td>20.5</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>15.2</td> <td>-4.3</td> <td style="color: blue">2.21</td> <td>75.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>121,005,000 </td> <td>2,353,596</td> <td>655,694</td> <td>1,697,902 </td> <td>19.4</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>14.0</td> <td>-3.4</td> <td style="color: blue">2.22</td> <td>75.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>122,298,000 </td> <td>2,293,708</td> <td>685,763</td> <td>1,607,945 </td> <td>18.8</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>13.2</td> <td>-2.5</td> <td style="color: blue">2.19</td> <td>74.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>123,415,000 </td> <td>2,234,039</td> <td>703,047</td> <td>1,530,992 </td> <td>18.1</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>-3.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.17</td> <td>74.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>124,738,000 </td> <td>2,162,535</td> <td>722,611</td> <td>1,439,924 </td> <td>17.3</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>2.07</td> <td>74.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>125,930,000 </td> <td>2,092,214</td> <td>747,784</td> <td>1,344,430 </td> <td>16.5</td> <td>5.9</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>-1.0</td> <td>2.09</td> <td>74.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020 </td> <td>126,014,024 </td> <td>1,629,211</td> <td>1,086,743</td> <td style="color:red;">542,468 </td> <td>12.9</td> <td>8.6</td> <td style="color: red">4.3</td> <td>-3.6</td> <td>1.63(e)</td> <td>68.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td>126,705,138 </td> <td>1,912,178</td> <td style="color: red">1,122,249</td> <td>789,929 </td> <td>15.1</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>-0.8</td> <td>1.91(e)</td> <td>68.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022 </td> <td>127,500,000(e) </td> <td>1,891,388</td> <td>847,716</td> <td>1,043,672 </td> <td>14.8</td> <td>6.7</td> <td>8.1</td> <td>-1.9</td> <td>1.94(e)</td> <td>75.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023 </td> <td>128,500,000(e) </td> <td>1,820,888</td> <td>794,739</td> <td>1,026,149 </td> <td style="color: red">14.2</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>8.0</td> <td></td> <td style="color: red">1.60</td> <td>75.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_vital_statistics">Current vital statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current vital statistics">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Period </th> <th>Live births </th> <th>Deaths<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </th> <th>Natural increase </th></tr> <tr> <td>January – March 2023 </td> <td> </td> <td>207,439 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January – March 2024 </td> <td> </td> <td>212,404 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Difference </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> +4,965 (+2.39%) </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimates">Estimates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Estimates">edit</a>]</div> The following estimates were prepared by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informatica: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg/300px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg/450px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg/600px-Life_expectancy_development_in_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Mexico since 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png/300px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png/450px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png/600px-Life_expectancy_by_WBG_-Mexico_-diff.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Life expectancy in Mexico since 1960 by gender</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="70pt">Crude birth rate (per 1000)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </th> <th width="70pt">Crude death rate (per 1000)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Total fertility rate<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>3.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>27.9</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>22.3 </td> <td>3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>27.5</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>22.0 </td> <td>3.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>27.1</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>21.7 </td> <td>3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>26.8</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>21.5 </td> <td>3.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>26.3</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>21.1 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>25.9</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>20.7 </td> <td>3.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>25.4</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>20.3 </td> <td>2.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>24.8</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>19.7 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>24.3</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>19.2 </td> <td>2.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>23.9</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>18.8 </td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>23.4</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>18.3 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>23.0</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>17.9 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>22.6</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>17.5 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>22.2</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>17.0 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>21.8</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>16.6 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>21.5</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>16.3 </td> <td>2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>21.1</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>15.8 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>20.8</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>15.5 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>20.4</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>15.0 </td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>20.1</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>14.6 </td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>19.7</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>14.1 </td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>19.4</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>13.8 </td> <td>2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>19.2</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>13.5 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>19.0</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>13.3 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>18.7</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>13.0 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>18.5</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>12.8 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>18.3</td> <td>5.8</td> <td>12.5 </td> <td>2.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_expectancy_from_1893_to_1950">Life expectancy from 1893 to 1950</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life expectancy from 1893 to 1950">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> in Mexico from 1893 to 1950. Source: <a href="/wiki/Our_World_In_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Our World In Data">Our World In Data</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>1893 </th> <th>1894 </th> <th>1895 </th> <th>1896 </th> <th>1897 </th> <th>1898 </th> <th>1899 </th> <th>1900 </th> <th>1901 </th> <th>1902 </th> <th>1903 </th> <th>1904 </th> <th>1905 </th> <th>1906 </th> <th>1907 </th> <th>1908 </th> <th>1909 </th> <th>1910<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy in Mexico </td> <td>23.3 </td> <td>26.6 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>28.8 </td> <td>26.2 </td> <td>27.0 </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>26.7 </td> <td>28.4 </td> <td>28.7 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>26.8 </td> <td>27.8 </td> <td>28.0 </td> <td>28.7 </td> <td>29.2 </td> <td>28.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>1920 </th> <th>1922 </th> <th>1923 </th> <th>1924 </th> <th>1925 </th> <th>1926 </th> <th>1927 </th> <th>1928 </th> <th>1929 </th> <th>1930<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy in Mexico </td> <td>34.0 </td> <td>32.6 </td> <td>33.5 </td> <td>32.8 </td> <td>32.1 </td> <td>34.2 </td> <td>40.3 </td> <td>34.5 </td> <td>35.4 </td> <td>34.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>1931 </th> <th>1932 </th> <th>1933 </th> <th>1934 </th> <th>1935 </th> <th>1936 </th> <th>1937 </th> <th>1938 </th> <th>1939 </th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy in Mexico </td> <td>37.7 </td> <td>38.4 </td> <td>37.3 </td> <td>38.2 </td> <td>40.4 </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td>36.8 </td> <td>39.4 </td> <td>45.5 </td> <td>39.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Years </th> <th>1941 </th> <th>1942 </th> <th>1943 </th> <th>1944 </th> <th>1945 </th> <th>1946 </th> <th>1947 </th> <th>1948 </th> <th>1949 </th> <th>1950<a href="#cite_note-:0-36">[36]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Life expectancy in Mexico </td> <td>42.6 </td> <td>39.8 </td> <td>42.8 </td> <td>43.2 </td> <td>44.2 </td> <td>44.8 </td> <td>46.3 </td> <td>48.3 </td> <td>45.8 </td> <td>50.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_estimates_2">UN estimates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: UN estimates">edit</a>]</div> The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.<a href="#cite_note-WPP_2012-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="50pt">Period </th> <th width="70pt">Live births per year </th> <th width="70pt">Deaths per year </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change per year </th> <th width="35pt">CBR* </th> <th width="35pt">CDR* </th> <th width="35pt">NC* </th> <th width="35pt">TFR* </th> <th width="35pt">IMR* </th> <th width="50pt">Life expectancy total </th> <th width="50pt">Life expectancy males </th> <th width="50pt">Life expectancy females </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950–1955</td> <td>1 469 000</td> <td>509 000</td> <td>959 000</td> <td>48.3</td> <td>16.7</td> <td>31.6</td> <td>6.75</td> <td>121</td> <td>50.7</td> <td>48.9</td> <td>52.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955–1960</td> <td>1 675 000</td> <td>483 000</td> <td>1 193 000</td> <td>46.6</td> <td>13.5</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>6.78</td> <td>102</td> <td>55.3</td> <td>53.3</td> <td>57.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960–1965</td> <td>1 878 000</td> <td>481 000</td> <td>1 397 000</td> <td>44.6</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>33.1</td> <td>6.75</td> <td>88</td> <td>58.5</td> <td>56.4</td> <td>60.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965–1970</td> <td>2 147 000</td> <td>510 000</td> <td>1 637 000</td> <td>43.6</td> <td>10.4</td> <td>33.2</td> <td>6.75</td> <td>80</td> <td>60.3</td> <td>58.2</td> <td>62.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970–1975</td> <td>2 434 000</td> <td>521 000</td> <td>1 913 000</td> <td>43.7</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>34.5</td> <td>6.71</td> <td>69</td> <td>62.6</td> <td>60.1</td> <td>65.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–1980</td> <td>2 406 000</td> <td>490 000</td> <td>1 916 000</td> <td>37.2</td> <td>7.5</td> <td>29.7</td> <td>5.40</td> <td>57</td> <td>65.3</td> <td>62.2</td> <td>68.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–1985</td> <td>2 352 000</td> <td>470 000</td> <td>1 882 000</td> <td>32.3</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>26.0</td> <td>4.37</td> <td>47</td> <td>67.7</td> <td>64.4</td> <td>71.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985–1990</td> <td>2 385 000</td> <td>466 000</td> <td>1 919 000</td> <td>29.7</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>24.0</td> <td>3.75</td> <td>40</td> <td>69.8</td> <td>66.8</td> <td>73.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–1995</td> <td>2 493 000</td> <td>470 000</td> <td>2 022 000</td> <td>27.4</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>22.3</td> <td>3.23</td> <td>33</td> <td>71.8</td> <td>69.0</td> <td>74.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995–2000</td> <td>2 535 000</td> <td>471 000</td> <td>2 064 000</td> <td>25.2</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>2.85</td> <td>28</td> <td>73.3</td> <td>71.3</td> <td>76.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–2005</td> <td>2 449 000</td> <td>492 000</td> <td>1 958 000</td> <td>23.0</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>2.61</td> <td>21</td> <td>75.1 </td> <td>72.4</td> <td>77.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–2010</td> <td>2 355 000</td> <td>513 000</td> <td>1 841 000</td> <td>20.7</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>16.1</td> <td>2.40</td> <td>17</td> <td>75.1 </td> <td>73.7</td> <td>78.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–2015</td> <td>2 353 000</td> <td>579 000</td> <td>1 774 000</td> <td>19.4</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>14.6</td> <td>2.29</td> <td></td> <td>74.9 </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015–2020</td> <td>2 291 000</td> <td>635 000</td> <td>1 656 000</td> <td>17.6</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>12.7</td> <td>2.14</td> <td></td> <td>74.9 </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–2025</td> <td>2 206 000</td> <td>699 000</td> <td>1 507 000</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>2.00</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2025–2030</td> <td>2 105 000</td> <td>773 000</td> <td>1 332 000</td> <td>14.6</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>9.2</td> <td>1.89</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2030–2035</td> <td>2 014 000</td> <td>860 000</td> <td>1 154 000</td> <td>13.4</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>7.7</td> <td>1.81</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2035–2040</td> <td>1 936 000</td> <td>960 000</td> <td>976 000</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>1.76</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="12">* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_migration">International migration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International migration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_to_Mexico">Immigration to Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Immigration to Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration to Mexico</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Place</th> <th>Foreign-born population in Mexico</th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>1</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td align="right">797,266 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>2</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td align="right">56,810 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>3</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td align="right">52,948 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>4</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td align="right">36,234 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>5</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Honduras.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></td> <td align="right">35,361 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>6</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></td> <td align="right">25,976 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>7</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td align="right">20,763 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>8</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/23px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/35px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg/46px-Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="567" /> <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></td> <td align="right">19,736 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>9</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td align="right">18,693 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>10</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td align="right">12,439 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>11</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td align="right">10,547 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>12</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td align="right">9,080 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>13</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></td> <td align="right">8,689 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>14</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Peru.svg/45px-Flag_of_Peru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td> <td align="right">8,670 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>15</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="right">6,860 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>16</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="right">6,619 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>17</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td align="right">6,532 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>18</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td align="right">5,895 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>19</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></td> <td align="right">5,731 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>20</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td align="right">5,539 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>21</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></td> <td align="right">5,339 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>22</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td align="right">4,030 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>23</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></td> <td align="right">3,995 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>24</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td align="right">3,803 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>25</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td> <td align="right">2,849 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>26</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td align="right">2,813 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>27</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></td> <td align="right">2,706 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>28</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td align="right">2,656 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>29</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td align="right">2,505 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>30</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td align="right">2,321 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td>31</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td align="right">1,916 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td>32</td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td align="right">1,439 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td></td> <td>Other countries</td> <td align="right">25,492 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center">TOTAL</td> <td align="right">1,212,252 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffffff"> <td colspan="5" style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center">Source: INEGI (2020)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa,_Guanajuato.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa%2C_Guanajuato.jpg/220px-Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa%2C_Guanajuato.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa%2C_Guanajuato.jpg/330px-Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa%2C_Guanajuato.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa%2C_Guanajuato.jpg/440px-Ni%C3%B1os_polacos_de_Santa_Rosa%2C_Guanajuato.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Niños de Santa Rosa (Children of Santa Rosa), children from Poland, orphaned due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg/220px-Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg/330px-Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg/440px-Caravana_Migrante_en_la_Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico_--_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Central_American_migrant_caravans" title="Central American migrant caravans">Central American migrant caravans</a> Migrants looking for routes on a map of Mexico, November 2018</figcaption></figure> Aside from the original Spanish colonists, many Europeans immigrated to Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Non-Spanish immigrant groups included British, Irish, Italian, German, French and Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-Palma_Mora_2005-38">[38]</a> Large numbers of Middle Eastern immigrants arrived in Mexico during the same period, mostly from Syria and Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-Ita2005-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexican" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Mexican">Asian immigrants</a>, mostly Chinese, some via the United States, settled in northern Mexico, whereas Koreans settled in central Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-korea-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a> governments, in power for most of the 20th century, had a policy of granting asylum to fellow Latin Americans fleeing political persecution in their home countries. This led to the arrival of immigrants, mainly political refugees from <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> and Central America during the 1970s and 1980s. A second wave of immigrants has come to Mexico as a result of the economic crises experienced by some countries in the region. The Argentine community is quite significant estimated to be somewhere between 11,000 and 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the resulting economic decline and high unemployment in Spain, many Spaniards have been emigrating to Mexico to seek new opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a number of 7,630 work permits were granted to Spaniards.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In recent time, the country has also received increasing numbers of refugees and migrants from the Caribbean and Central America.<a href="#cite_note-Transición-45">[45]</a> Mexico is also the country where the largest number of American citizens live abroad, with Mexico City playing host to the largest number of American citizens abroad in the world. The American Citizens Abroad Association estimated in 1999 that a little more than one million Americans live in Mexico (which represent 1% of the population in Mexico and 25% of all American citizens living abroad).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> This immigration phenomenon could well be explained by the interaction of both countries under the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA), but also by the fact that Mexico has become a popular destination for retirees, especially the small towns: just in the State of Guanajuato, in <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a> and its surroundings, 10,000 Americans have their residence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Discrepancies between the figures of official legal immigrants and all foreign-born residents is quite large. The official figure for foreign-born residents in Mexico in 2020 was 1,212,252,<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> with the majority being born in the United States, who also are the most common immigrant group across the country's states with the exception of the state of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, where the majority of immigrants are from Central America.<a href="#cite_note-immigrants-48">[48]</a> The six states with the most immigrants are Baja California (12.1% of total immigrants), Mexico City (11.4%), Jalisco (9.9%), Chihuahua (9%) and Tamaulipas (7.3%).<a href="#cite_note-immigrants-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_from_Mexico">Emigration from Mexico</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emigration from Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trends_of_Mexican_Migration_to_United_States_1900-2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Trends_of_Mexican_Migration_to_United_States_1900-2016.png/390px-Trends_of_Mexican_Migration_to_United_States_1900-2016.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Trends_of_Mexican_Migration_to_United_States_1900-2016.png 1.5x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>Trend of Mexican migration to the United States. Here the term immigrant refers to those who were not born in the U.S. but are now currently residing in the U.S. This can include naturalized U.S. citizens, legal permanent residents, employees and students on visas, and the undocumented.<a href="#cite_note-auto-49">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> The national <a href="/wiki/Net_migration_rate" title="Net migration rate">net migration rate</a> of Mexico is negative, estimated at -1.8 migrants per 1,000 population as of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The great majority of Mexican emigrants have moved to the United States of America, this migration phenomenon has been a defining feature in the relationship of both countries for most of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2005-51">[51]</a> During World Wars I and II, the United States government approved the recruitment of Mexican workers in their territory, and tolerated unauthorized migration to obtain additional farm- and industrial-workers to fill the necessary spots vacated by the population in war, and to supply the increase in the demand for labor. Nonetheless, the United States unilaterally ended the wartime programs – in part as a result of arguments from labor and from civil-rights groups.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In spite of that, emigration of Mexicans continued at varying rates, growing significantly during the 1990s and the first years of the 2000s. In fact, it has been estimated that 37% of all Mexican immigrants to the United States in the 20th century arrived during the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2005-51">[51]</a> In the year 2000 approximately 20 million American residents identified themselves as either Mexican, Mexican-Americans or of Mexican origin, making "Mexican" the sixth-most cited ancestry of all US residents.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_(8653133856).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_%288653133856%29.jpg/220px-San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_%288653133856%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_%288653133856%29.jpg/330px-San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_%288653133856%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_%288653133856%29.jpg/440px-San_Ysidro_Border_Traffic_%288653133856%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6480" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Ysidro_Port_of_Entry" title="San Ysidro Port of Entry">San Ysidro Port of Entry</a> is the fourth busiest border checkpoint in the world. Most traffic is related to commerce or day workers, rather than immigration.</figcaption></figure> In the year 2000 the INEGI estimated that about eight million Mexican-born people, which then was equivalent to 8.7% of the population of Mexico itself, lived in the United States of America<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and according to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Hispanic_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Hispanic Center">Pew Hispanic Center</a> in 2006, an estimated ten percent of all Mexican citizens lived in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> For the 2015-2020 period the states who sent the highest percentages of migrants to the United States were Guanajuato (7.8%), Jalisco (7.5%), Michoacán (6.3%) y el Estado de México (5.4%), with the total number of migrants being 803 thousand people,<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> the great majority being men<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> and approximately 30% of them coming from rural communities.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> For the same period, it was reported that 178 thousand migrants returned to Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> The population of Mexican immigrants residing illegally in the United States fell from around seven million in 2007 to about 6.1 million in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This trajectory has been linked to the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">economic downturn which started in 2008</a> and which reduced available jobs, and to the introduction of stricter immigration laws in many States.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Hispanic_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Hispanic Center">Pew Hispanic Center</a> the total number of Mexican-born people had stagnated in 2010 and then began to fall.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> After the Mexican-American community, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Canadian">Mexican Canadians</a> are the second-largest group of emigrant Mexicans, with a population of over 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> A significant but unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">mestizos of Mexican descent</a> migrated to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, when the Philippines was a territory under the rule of Mexico city.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Mexicans live throughout Latin America as well as in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>. <table class="sortable wikitable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #fff; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#FAFAFA;color:#000;">Emigration list from Mexico<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Mexican residents in the world by countries </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#EFEFEF"> <th width="180px;">Country </th> <th width="130px;">Population </th> <th width="80px;">Position </th> <th width="150px;">Continent </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>36,300,000<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>90,585<a href="#cite_note-2021_Ethnic_Origin-69">[69]</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>56,757<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></td> <td>14,481<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></td> <td>13,377<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></td> <td>5</td> <td>South America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>8,848<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></td> <td>6,750<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>South America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>5,125<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>4,872<a href="#cite_note-SBS_Australia-76">[76]</a></td> <td>9</td> <td>Oceania </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>4,601<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></td> <td>10</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></td> <td>4,252<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></td> <td>11</td> <td>Asia </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>3,758<a href="#cite_note-Istat-79">[79]</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>3,485<a href="#cite_note-Istat-79">[79]</a></td> <td>13</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td> <td>3,075<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></td> <td>14</td> <td>South America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>2,794<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></td> <td>15</td> <td>Europe </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Flag_of_Belize.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belize.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></td> <td>2,349<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Costa_Rica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></td> <td>2,327<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></td> <td>2,299<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>North America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>2,286<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></td> <td>19</td> <td>South America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></td> <td>1,874<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></td> <td>20</td> <td>South America </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/46px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></td> <td>1,778<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></td> <td>21</td> <td>South America </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">The list includes also temporary residents (1–3 years' stay) </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexican_diaspora" title="Template:Mexican diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexican_diaspora" title="Template talk:Mexican diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexican_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican diaspora">Mexican diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Chile" title="Mexican immigration to Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Costa_Rica" title="Mexican immigration to Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Panama" title="Mexicans in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Japan" title="Mexicans in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Mexican settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_France" title="Mexicans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Germany" title="Mexicans in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Spain" title="Mexican immigration to Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mexicans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_metropolitan_areas">Cities and metropolitan areas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cities and metropolitan areas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlements,_cities_and_municipalities">Settlements, cities and municipalities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Settlements, cities and municipalities">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">List of cities in Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities of Mexico</a></div> <table style="width: 22em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;" class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2">Most populated municipalities </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG/200px-Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG/300px-Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG/400px-Palacio_de_Gobierno_y_Plaza_de_Armas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Municipality of Guadalajara </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;">Municipality </th> <th style="background:#e8e8e8;">Pop. (2020)<a href="#cite_note-census2020-6">[6]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="right">9,209,944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_(municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana (municipality)">Tijuana</a> </td> <td align="right">1,922,523 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="right">1,721,215 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(municipality)" title="Puebla (municipality)">Puebla</a> </td> <td align="right">1,692,181 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Ecatepec_de_Morelos" title="Ecatepec de Morelos">Ecatepec</a> </td> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="right">1,645,352 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Municipality,_Chihuahua" title="Juárez Municipality, Chihuahua">Juárez</a> </td> <td align="right">1,512,450 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2010, Mexico had more than 189,432 localidades (lit. "localities" or "settlements"), which are census-designated places defined as a small town, a large city, or simply as a single unit housing in a rural area whether situated remotely or close to an urban area.<a href="#cite_note-estudio-88">[88]</a> Localities with more than 2,500 inhabitants are considered urban settlements whereas thos with less than 2500 inhabitants are considered rural settlements. In 2010 there were 3,021 cities with a population between 2,500 and 15,000 inhabitants, 413 with a population between 15,000 and 50,000 inhabitants, 86 with a population between 50,000 and 100,000, 95 with a population between 100,000 and 500,000, 25 with a population between 500,000 and one million and 11 with a population of more than one million. Urban areas contain 76.81% of Mexico's total population and rural settlements contain 23% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-programa-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a> (municipios in Spanish) and <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_the_Mexican_Federal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroughs of the Mexican Federal District">boroughs</a> (delegaciones in Spanish) are incorporated places in Mexico, that is, second or third-level political divisions with internal autonomy, legally prescribed limits, powers and functions. In terms of second-level political divisions there are 2,477 municipalities, including 16 semi-autonomous boroughs all within Mexico city.<a href="#cite_note-Cifras-89">[89]</a> A municipality can be constituted by one or more cities one of which is the cabecera municipal (municipal seat). Cities are usually contained within the limits of a single municipality, with a few exceptions in which small areas of one city may extend to other adjacent municipalities without incorporating the city which serves as the municipal seat of the adjacent municipality. Some municipalities or cities within municipalities are further divided into delegaciones or boroughs. However, unlike the boroughs of the Federal District, these are third-level administrative divisions; they have very limited autonomy and no elective representatives. Municipalities in central Mexico are usually very small in area and thus coextensive with cities (as is the case of Guadalajara, Puebla and León), whereas municipalities in northern and southeastern Mexico are much larger and usually contain more than one city or town that may not necessarily conform a single urban agglomeration (as is the case of Tijuana). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_areas">Metropolitan areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metropolitan areas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg/250px-En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg/375px-En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg/500px-En_Ajuchitlan_del_Progreso_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Mexican woman from <a href="/wiki/Ajuchitl%C3%A1n_del_Progreso_(municipality)" title="Ajuchitlán del Progreso (municipality)">Ajuchitlán del Progreso</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua">Nahua</a> area, (2021).</figcaption></figure> A metropolitan area in Mexico is defined as a group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city.<a href="#cite_note-CONAPO-90">[90]</a> In 2004, a joint effort between CONAPO, <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">INEGI</a> and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to define metropolitan areas as either:<a href="#cite_note-CONAPO-90">[90]</a> <ul><li>a group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located whose urban area extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating either physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities all of which have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration; or</li> <li>a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one million is located and fully contained, (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality); or</li> <li>a city with a population of at least 250,000 which forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States of America.</li></ul> In 2020 there were 48 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives.<a href="#cite_note-metro-7">[7]</a> The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, or <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Greater Mexico City</a>, which in 2020 had a population of 21.8 million, or around 18% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas in Mexico are <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Greater Monterrey</a> (5.3 million), <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Greater Guadalajara</a> (5.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Puebla" title="Metropolitan area of Puebla">Greater Puebla</a> (3.2 million) and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toluca" title="Greater Toluca">Greater Toluca</a> (2.3 million),<a href="#cite_note-census2020-6">[6]</a> whose added population, along with Greater Mexico City, is equivalent to nearly 30% of the nation's population. Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country since the 1930s until the late 1980s. Since then, the country has slowly become economically and demographically less centralized. From 2000 to 2005 the average annual growth rate of Greater Mexico City was the lowest of the five largest metropolitan areas, whereas the fastest growing metropolitan area was Puebla (2.0%) followed by Monterrey (1.9%), Toluca (1.8%) and Guadalajara (1.8%).<a href="#cite_note-sintesis-91">[91]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">metropolitan areas</a> in Mexico <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2020 National Population Census<a href="#cite_note-census2020-6">[6]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Valley of Mexico"><img alt="Valley of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg/120px-Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg/180px-Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg/240px-Mexico_City_Reforma_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7666" data-file-height="4791" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Valley of Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monterrey"><img alt="Monterrey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg/120px-Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg/180px-Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg/240px-Skyline_de_Monterrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2080" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Monterrey</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mexico_City" title="Greater Mexico City">Valley of Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City, State of Mexico, Hidalgo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,804,515</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguascalientes City">Aguascalientes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,225,432 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalajara,_Jalisco,_Mexico_(2021)_-_166.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guadalajara"><img alt="Guadalajara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg/120px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg/180px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg/240px-Guadalajara%2C_Jalisco%2C_Mexico_%282021%29_-_166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_(M%C3%A9xico)_al_amanecer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puebla–Tlaxcala"><img alt="Puebla–Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg/120px-Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg/180px-Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg/240px-Catedral_Bas%C3%ADlica_de_Puebla_%28M%C3%A9xico%29_al_amanecer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Puebla" title="Metropolitan area of Puebla">Puebla–Tlaxcala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Metropolitan area">Monterrey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,341,171</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="Greater San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,221,526 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalajara Metropolitan Area">Guadalajara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,286,642</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,201,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Puebla" title="Metropolitan area of Puebla">Puebla–Tlaxcala</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla, Tlaxcala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,199,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mexicali" title="Mexicali">Mexicali</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,031,779 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Toluca" title="Greater Toluca">Toluca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,353,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,031,779 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_metropolitan_area" title="Tijuana metropolitan area">Tijuana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,157,853</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,028,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area_of_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan area of León">León</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,924,771</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Culiac%C3%A1n" title="Culiacán">Culiacán</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,003,530 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_metropolitan_area" title="Querétaro metropolitan area">Querétaro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,594,212</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">988,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Ciudad Juárez">Juárez</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,512,450</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">988,065 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Comarca_Lagunera" title="Comarca Lagunera">La Laguna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila, Durango</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,434,283</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">939,046 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_demographic_statistics">Other demographic statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other demographic statistics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/390px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG" decoding="async" width="390" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/585px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG/780px-Genetic_variation_of_mestizo_populations_in_Latin_America.PNG 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>The Mexican mestizo population is the most diverse of all the mestizo groups of Latin America, with its mestizos being either largely European or Amerindian rather than having a uniform admixture.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Distribution of Admixture Estimates for Individuals from Mexico City and Quetalmahue (indigenous community in Chile).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png/440px-Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png/660px-Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png/880px-Geographic_ancestry_distribution_of_Mexico.png 2x" data-file-width="3505" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.<a href="#cite_note-Ruiz-Linares_et_al,_2014-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg/220px-Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg/330px-Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg/440px-Genetic_Studies_of_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1401" /></a><figcaption>Map of Genetic Studies of the United Mexican States.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trivariate_histograms_for_African,_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png/220px-Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png/330px-Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png/440px-Trivariate_histograms_for_African%2C_Native_American_and_European_ancestry_for_Mexicans.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Trivate for ancestry, from the same study as the image above.<a href="#cite_note-Ruiz-Linares_et_al,_2014-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> Demographic statistics according to the 2022 World Population Review.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <ul><li>One birth every 15 seconds</li> <li>One death every 39 seconds</li> <li>One net migrant every 9 minutes</li> <li>Net gain of one person every 24 seconds</li></ul> Demographic statistics according to the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>, unless otherwise indicated.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov1-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Median_age">Median age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Median age">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>total: 30.6 years (2023 est.). Country comparison to the world: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">130th</a></dd> <dd>male: 28.2 years</dd> <dd>female: 30.4 years (2020 est.)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>total: 28.6 years Country comparison to the world: 135th</dd> <dd>male: 27.5 years</dd> <dd>female: 29.7 years (2018 est.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contraceptive_prevalence_rate">Contraceptive prevalence rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Contraceptive prevalence rate">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>73.1% (2018)</dd> <dd>66.9% (2015)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother's_mean_age_at_first_birth">Mother's mean age at first birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mother's mean age at first birth">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>21.3 years (2008 est.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_infectious_diseases">Major infectious diseases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Major infectious diseases">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>degree of risk: intermediate (2020)</dd> <dd>food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A</dd> <dd>vectorborne diseases: dengue fever</dd></dl> Note: a new coronavirus is causing sustained community spread of respiratory illness (COVID-19) in Mexico; sustained community spread means that people have been infected with the virus, but how or where they became infected is not known, and the spread is ongoing; illness with this virus has ranged from mild to severe with fatalities reported; as of June 6, 2022, Mexico has reported a total of 5,782,405 cases of COVID-19 or 4,484.8 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 324,966 cumulative deaths or a rate of 252 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of May 20, 2022, 66.68% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependency_ratios"><a href="/wiki/Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">Dependency ratios</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dependency ratios">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>total dependency ratio: 51.4 (2015 est.)</dd> <dd>youth dependency ratio: 41.6 (2015 est.)</dd> <dd>elderly dependency ratio: 9.8 (2015 est.)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Potential_support_ratio" title="Potential support ratio">potential support ratio</a>: 10.2 (2015 est.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Urbanization">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>urban population: 81.3% of total population (2022)</dd> <dd>rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>urban population: 80.2% of total population (2018)</dd> <dd>rate of urbanization: 1.59% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obesity_–_adult_prevalence_rate">Obesity – adult prevalence rate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Obesity – adult prevalence rate">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>28.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 29th</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_under_the_age_of_5_years_underweight">Children under the age of 5 years underweight</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Children under the age of 5 years underweight">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>4.7% (2018/19) Country comparison to the world: 80th</dd> <dd>4.2% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 87th</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_expenditures">Education expenditures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Education expenditures">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>4.3% of GDP (2018) Country comparison to the world: 92nd</dd> <dd>5.2% of GDP (2015) Country comparison to the world: 59th</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Literacy">edit</a>]</div> definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.) <dl><dd>total population: 95.2%</dd> <dd>male: 96.1%</dd> <dd>female: 94.5% (2020)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="School_life_expectancy_(primary_to_tertiary_education)">School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>total: 15 years</dd> <dd>male: 15 years</dd> <dd>female: 15 years (2019)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment,_youth_ages_15–24">Unemployment, youth ages 15–24</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Unemployment, youth ages 15–24">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>total: 8.1%</dd> <dd>male: 7.8%</dd> <dd>female: 8.7% (2020 est.)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg/200px-Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg/300px-Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg/400px-Inukshuk_Monterrey_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Children from the American Institute school in Monterrey mimic the pose of Inuit artist Bill Nasogaluak's Inukshuk.</figcaption></figure> Mexico is ethnically diverse. The second article of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Mexican Constitution</a> defines the country to be a pluricultural state originally based on its indigenous peoples. Regardless of ethnicity, the majority of Mexicans are united under the same national identity.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated115-96">[96]</a> This is the product of an ideology strongly promoted by Mexican academics such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gamio" title="Manuel Gamio">Manuel Gamio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Mestizaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizaje">mestizaje</a>, whose goal was that of Mexico becoming a <a href="/wiki/La_Raza_C%C3%B3smica" class="mw-redirect" title="La Raza Cósmica">racially</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">culturally</a> homogeneous country.<a href="#cite_note-Knight,_Alan_1990._pp._78-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated115-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-census-98">[98]</a> The ideology's influence was reflected in Mexico's national censuses of 1921 and 1930: in the former, which was Mexico's first-ever national census (but second-ever if the census made in colonial times is taken into account)<a href="#cite_note-aleph-99">[99]</a> that considered race, approximately 60% of Mexico's population identified as Mestizos,<a href="#cite_note-somosprimos.com-100">[100]</a> and in the latter, Mexico's government declared that all Mexicans were now Mestizos, for which racial classifications would be dropped in favor of language-based ones in future censuses.<a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-101">[101]</a> During most of the 20th century these censuses' results were taken as fact, with extraofficial international publications often using them as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition,<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> but in recent time historians and academics have claimed that said results are not accurate, as in its efforts to homogenize Mexico, the government inflated the Mestizo label's percentage by classifying a good number of people as such regardless of whether they were of actual mixed ancestry or not,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mexicosinmestizaje-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-redalyc-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-107">[107]</a> pointing out that an alteration so drastic of population trends compared to earlier censuses such as New Spain's 1793 census (on which Europeans were estimated to be 18% to 22% of the population, Mestizos 21% to 25%, and Indigenous peoples 51% to 61%)<a href="#cite_note-aleph-99">[99]</a> is not possible.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-MexicoRacista1-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mestizo_Mexicans">Mestizo Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mestizo Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizos in Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/170px-General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/255px-General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG/340px-General_Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfirio Diaz">Porfirio Diaz</a> was of Mestizo descent.</figcaption></figure> A large majority of Mexicans have been classified as "Mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they neither identify fully with any indigenous culture nor with a Spanish cultural heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating elements from both indigenous and Spanish traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments, the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[mestiˈsaxe]</a>. Mexican politicians and reformers such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gamio" title="Manuel Gamio">Manuel Gamio</a> were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity upon this concept, <a href="#cite_note-Wade_1981:32-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> which were designed with the main goal of "helping" indigenous peoples to achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society by transforming indigenous communities into Mestizo ones, eventually assimilating them into the Mestizo Mexican society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19965-112">[112]</a> As the Mestizo identity promoted by the government is more of a cultural identity, it has achieved a strong influence in the country and has caused many people who may not qualify as "Mestizos" in its original sense to be counted as such in Mexico's demographic investigations and censuses, with many people who may be considered "White" being historically classified as Mestizos.<a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-113">[113]</a> A similar situation occurs regarding the distinctions between Indigenous peoples and Mestizos: while the term Mestizo is sometimes used in English with the meaning of a person with mixed indigenous and European blood, In Mexican society an indigenous person can be considered mestizo.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and a person with none or a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In certain areas of Mexico the word Mestizo has a different meaning: in the Yucatán peninsula it has been used to refer to the Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as Mestizos<a href="#cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-107">[107]</a> whereas in the state of Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of "mestizo".<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-GAE_-_Ajax_-_52787520422_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edson_%C3%81lvarez" title="Edson Álvarez">Edson Omar Álvarez</a>, Mexican football player.</figcaption></figure> Given that the word Mestizo has different meanings in Mexico, estimates of the Mexican Mestizo population vary widely. According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, which uses a biology-based approach, around three-fifths of the Mexican population is Mestizo<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-119">[119]</a> while a culture-based criteria estimates a percentage as high as 90%.<a href="#cite_note-EL_MESTIZAJE_Y_LAS_CULTURAS_REGIONALES-101">[101]</a> Paradoxically, the word "Mestizo" has long been dropped from popular Mexican vocabulary with the word even having pejorative connotations, further complicating attempts to quantify Mestizos via self-identification,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-120">[120]</a> recent research based on self-identification indeed has observed that many Mexicans do not identify as mestizos<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-Marín_&_Silva-Zolezzi_2010-121">[121]</a> and would not agree to be labeled as such,<a href="#cite_note-Clute_Journals-122">[122]</a> with "static" racial labels such as White, Indian, Black etc. being more commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-mestizajeenmexico-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg/220px-Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg/330px-Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg/440px-Dolores_Heredia_at_the_2014_Berlin_Film_Festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Heredia" title="Dolores Heredia">Dolores Heredia</a> actress who contributed to representing contemporary Mexican society.</figcaption></figure> The use of variated methods and criteria to quantify the number of Mestizos in Mexico is not new: Since several decades ago, many authors have analyzed colonial censuses data and have made different conjectures respecting the ethnic composition of the population of colonial Mexico/New Spain. There are Historians such as Gonzalo Aguirre-Beltrán who claimed in 1972 that practically the totality of New Spain's population, in reality, were Mestizos, using to back up his claims arguments such as that affairs of Spaniards with non-Europeans due to the alleged absence of female European immigrants were widespread as well as there being a huge desire of Mestizos to "pass" as Spaniards, this because Spanishness was seen as a symbol of high status.<a href="#cite_note-Población_negra_de_México-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-ConciseMexico-125">[125]</a> Other historians, however, point that Aguirre-Beltran's numbers tend to have inconsistencies and take too much liberties (it is pointed out in the book Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2 published in 1998 that on 1646, when according to historic registers the mestizo population was of 1% he estimates it to be 16.6% already, with this being attributed to him interpreting the data in a way convenient for a historic narrative),<a href="#cite_note-Racismomestizaje-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mexicosinmestizaje-105">[105]</a> often omitting data of New Spain's northern and western provinces.<a href="#cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico2-127">[127]</a> His self-made classifications thus, although could be plausible, are not useful for precise statistical analysis.<a href="#cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico3-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folkloremexicano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Folkloremexicano.jpg/220px-Folkloremexicano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Folkloremexicano.jpg/330px-Folkloremexicano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Folkloremexicano.jpg/440px-Folkloremexicano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Mexican folklore in <a href="/wiki/La_Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Coruña">La Coruña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>).</figcaption></figure> According 21st-century historians, Aguirre Beltran also disregards facts such as the population dynamics of New Spain being different depending on the region at hand (i.e. miscegenation could not happen in a significant amount in regions where the native population was openly hostile until the early 20th century, such as most of New Spain's internal provinces, which nowadays are the northern and western regions of Mexico),<a href="#cite_note-Mexicosinmestizaje-105">[105]</a> or that historic accounts made by investigators at the time consistently observed that New Spain's European population was notoriously concerned with preserving their European heritage, with practices such as inviting relatives and friends directly from Spain or favoring Europeans for marriage even if they were from a lower socioeconomic level than them being common.<a href="#cite_note-MinerosYcomerciantes-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Racismomestizaje-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mexicosinmestizaje-105">[105]</a> Newer publications that do cite Aguirre-Beltran's work take those factors into consideration, stating that the Spaniard/Euromestizo/Criollo ethnic label was composed on its majority by descendants of Europeans, albeit the category may have included people with some non-European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-HistoriadeMexico-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_peoples">Indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BenitoJuarez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BenitoJuarez.jpg/170px-BenitoJuarez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/BenitoJuarez.jpg/255px-BenitoJuarez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/BenitoJuarez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Juarez" class="mw-redirect" title="Benito Juarez">Benito Juarez</a> was of <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a> ancestry. He became the first Amerindian president in the Americas.</figcaption></figure> The 2003 <a href="/wiki/Ley_General_de_Derechos_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas">General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples</a> recognizes 62 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">indigenous languages</a> as "national languages" which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken.<a href="#cite_note-diputados.gob.mx-131">[131]</a> The recognition of indigenous languages and the protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory, but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kikap%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Kikapú">Kikapú</a><a href="#cite_note-Kikapú-132">[132]</a> in the 19th century and those who immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-cdi.gob.mx-133">[133]</a> The category of "indígena" (indigenous) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria throughout history. This means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied. It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria, including only people that speak an Indigenous language. Based on this criterion, approximately 6.1% of the population is Indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-2021_est-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-inegi1-135">[135]</a> Nonetheless, activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criterion for census purposes as "statistical genocide."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg/170px-Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg/255px-Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg/340px-Yalitza_Aparicio_Oscars_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Yalitza_Aparicio" title="Yalitza Aparicio">Yalitza Aparicio</a>, daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> father and <a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a> mother.</figcaption></figure> Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identify as Indigenous. According to these criteria, the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Development_of_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples">National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples</a> (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)">INEGI</a> (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), state that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups,<a href="#cite_note-CDI1-138">[138]</a> which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> with 1.2% not speaking Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The states with the greatest percentage of people who speak an Amerindian language or identify as Amerindian are <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> (59%), <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> (48%), <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> (39%), <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> (28%), <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> (27%), <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> (24%), <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> (19%), <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> (17%), <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> (15%) and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> (15%). Oaxaca is the state with the greatest number of distinct indigenous peoples and languages in the country. <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="lightblue">Largest indigenous peoples </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">Mayas in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;" align="center">Group </th> <th style="background:#efefef;" align="center">Number </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua peoples</a> (Nawatlaka) </td> <td align="right">2,445,969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a> (Maaya) </td> <td align="right">1,475,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a> (Binizaa) </td> <td align="right">777,253 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a> (Ñuu sávi) </td> <td align="right">726,601 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomi people">Otomí</a> (Hñähñü) </td> <td align="right">646,875 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a> (Tachihuiin) </td> <td align="right">411,266 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#e9e9e9;" align="center">Source: CDI (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915035252/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660">Archived</a> September 15, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government in 2015 reports that Indigenous people make up 21.5% of Mexico's population. In this occasion, people who self-identified as "Indigenous" and people who self-identified as "partially Indigenous" were classified in the "Indigenous" category altogether.<a href="#cite_note-beta.inegi.org.mx-142">[142]</a> Finally, according to the 2020 national Mexican census, 19.4% of the population self-identified as Indigenous<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> and 11.8 million people, or 9.36% of the Mexican population lived in what is designated as "Indigenous households" (households where someone spoke an indigenous language).<a href="#cite_note-Censo2020-143">[143]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Percentage of population aged 3 years or older that considers themselves Indigenous by state (2020 census) </th></tr> <tr> <th>State </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>Between 50% and 100% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca"><img alt="Oaxaca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></td> <td>69.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán"><img alt="Yucatán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a></td> <td>65.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 20% and 50% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche"><img alt="Campeche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/46px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a></td> <td>47.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas"><img alt="Chiapas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Chiapas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chiapas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Chiapas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chiapas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Chiapas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chiapas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1097" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></td> <td>36.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)"><img alt="Hidalgo (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_Hidalgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de Hidalgo">Hidalgo</a></td> <td>36.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo"><img alt="Quintana Roo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a></td> <td>33.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla"><img alt="Puebla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></td> <td>33.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero"><img alt="Guerrero" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a></td> <td>33.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz"><img alt="Veracruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/46px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></td> <td>26.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos"><img alt="Morelos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Morelos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morelos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Morelos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morelos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Morelos.svg/46px-Flag_of_Morelos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a></td> <td>24.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco"><img alt="Tabasco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a></td> <td>21.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán"><img alt="Michoacán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Michoacan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michoacan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Michoacan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michoacan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Michoacan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Michoacan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a></td> <td>20.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí"><img alt="San Luis Potosí" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg/35px-Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg/46px-Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td> <td>20.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 10% and 20% </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States">United Mexican States</a></th> <th>19.4% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala"><img alt="Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a></td> <td>16.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit"><img alt="Nayarit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Nayarit.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nayarit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Nayarit.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nayarit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Nayarit.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nayarit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a></td> <td>15.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico"><img alt="State of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México">México</a></td> <td>15.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora"><img alt="Sonora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td> <td>13.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima"><img alt="Colima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Colima.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Colima.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Colima.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a></td> <td>13.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro"><img alt="Querétaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></td> <td>13.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur"><img alt="Baja California Sur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a></td> <td>11.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)"><img alt="Chihuahua (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td> <td>10.5% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 5% and 10% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa"><img alt="Sinaloa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></td> <td>9.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City"><img alt="Mexico City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad de México">México D. F.</a></td> <td>9.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango"><img alt="Durango" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/23px-Flag_of_Durango.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/35px-Flag_of_Durango.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/46px-Flag_of_Durango.png 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="954" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></td> <td>8.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California"><img alt="Baja California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td> <td>8.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco"><img alt="Jalisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></td> <td>7.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas"><img alt="Tamaulipas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León"><img alt="Nuevo León" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td> <td>6.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato"><img alt="Guanajuato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></td> <td>6.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes"><img alt="Aguascalientes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg/46px-Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a></td> <td>6.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 0% and 5% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas"><img alt="Zacatecas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></td> <td>4.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila"><img alt="Coahuila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/23px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/35px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/46px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:left;">Source: Mexican census 2020 <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">INEGI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Mexicans">White Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: White Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">White Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg/220px-Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg/330px-Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg/440px-Retrato_de_familia_Fagoaga_Arozqueta_-_An%C3%B3nimo_ca.1730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>An 18th-century portrait of the Fagoaga Arozqueta family, an upper-class family of <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> descent from Mexico City.</figcaption></figure> White Mexicans are Mexican <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> of full or majority European descent.<a href="#cite_note-nacionmulticultural.unam.mx-144">[144]</a> Spaniards and other Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> and continued immigrating to the country during colonial and independent Mexico. According to 20th- and 21st-century academics, large scale intermixing between the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European immigrants</a> and the native <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a> would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-145">[145]</a> However, according to church registers from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">colonial times</a>, the majority of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<a href="#cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> as there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> This ethnic group contrasts with the Afro-Mexican and Indigenous Mexican groups in the fact that phenotype (hair color, skin color etc.) is often used as the main criterion to delineate it.<a href="#cite_note-huffpost-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Universal-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-nacionmulticultural.unam.mx-144">[144]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricardo_Peralta_(NASA_photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ricardo_Peralta_%28NASA_photo%29.jpg/170px-Ricardo_Peralta_%28NASA_photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ricardo_Peralta_%28NASA_photo%29.jpg/255px-Ricardo_Peralta_%28NASA_photo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ricardo_Peralta_%28NASA_photo%29.jpg/340px-Ricardo_Peralta_%28NASA_photo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Peralta_y_Fabi" title="Ricardo Peralta y Fabi">Ricardo Peralta y Fabi</a> mechanical engineer and former astronaut trainee.</figcaption></figure> Estimates of Mexico's white population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> or Latinobarómetro which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations calculate this population as only 10%,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-Factbook-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> the results of the 1921 census however, have been contested by various historians and are deemed inaccurate nowadays.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Other sources suggest higher percentages: Encyclopædia Britannica estimates them at around 30% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-119">[119]</a> field surveys that use the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white such as one by the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_Metropolitana" title="Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana">Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico</a> calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> with a similar methodology, the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Association</a> obtained a percentage of 18.8%, having its higher frequency on the North region (22.3%–23.9%) followed by the Center region (18.4%–21.3%) and the South region (11.9%).<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Another study made by the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> in collaboration with Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">National Institute of Anthropology and History</a> found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,<a href="#cite_note-Ruiz-Linares_et_al,_2014-93">[93]</a> surveys that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Council_to_Prevent_Discrimination" title="National Council to Prevent Discrimination">National Council to Prevent Discrimination</a> and Mexico's <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography">National Institute of Statistics and Geography</a> report percentages that range from 27%<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-156">[156]</a> to 47%.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-conapred.org.mx-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-DISC-RACIAL_2011-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-MMSI2-160">[160]</a> A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City suggests that socioeconomic factors influence the frequency of <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_spot" title="Mongolian spot">Mongolian spots</a> among newborns, as evidenced by the higher prevalence of 85% in newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% prevalence in newborns from private hospitals, which generally cater to families with higher socioeconomic status.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85–95%) in Asian, Native American, and African children.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<a href="#cite_note-med-163">[163]</a> and Mexican children who are racially <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in Caucasian children.<a href="#cite_note-tokyo-165">[165]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Social_Security_Institute" title="Mexican Social Security Institute">Mexican Social Security Institute</a> (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeniseDresserG.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DeniseDresserG.JPG/175px-DeniseDresserG.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DeniseDresserG.JPG/263px-DeniseDresserG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DeniseDresserG.JPG/350px-DeniseDresserG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denise_Dresser" title="Denise Dresser">Denise Dresser</a> is a prominent Mexican political scientist, author, and commentator.</figcaption></figure> Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Europe">European</a> population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-UnitedStatesandMexico-167">[167]</a> In the north and west of Mexico the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller and unlike those found in central and southern Mexico they were mostly nomadic, therefore remaining isolated from colonial population centers, with hostilities between them and Mexican colonists often taking place.<a href="#cite_note-MesoZac-168">[168]</a> This eventually led the northeast region of the country to become the region with the highest proportion of whites during the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Spanish colonial period</a> albeit recent migration waves have been changing its demographic trends.<a href="#cite_note-Transición-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg/220px-Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg/330px-Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg/440px-Mennonite_Family_-_Campeche_-_Mexico_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3387" data-file-height="2551" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> family in Campeche.</figcaption></figure> While the majority of European immigration to Mexico has been Spanish with the first wave starting with the colonization of America and the last one being a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1937,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> immigrants from other European countries have arrived to Mexico as well. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>, the immigration was mostly French. Then, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, spurred by government policies of <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, migrants came mainly from Italy, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Ireland, taking advantage of the liberal policies then valid in Mexico, and went into merchant, industrial and educational ventures while others arrived with no or limited capital, as employees or farmers.<a href="#cite_note-DuránMerk2012-170">[170]</a> Most settled in Mexico City, Veracruz, Yucatán, and <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>. Significant numbers of German immigrants also arrived during and after the First and Second World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-Palma_Mora_2005-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-religiosa-171">[171]</a> Additionally, small numbers of White Americans, Croats, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Russians, and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> came.<a href="#cite_note-religiosa-171">[171]</a> The European Jewish immigrants joined the <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> community that lived in Mexico since colonial times, though many lived as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a>, mostly in the northern states of <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Some communities of European immigrants have remained isolated from the rest of the general population since their arrival, among them the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Mennonites from Russia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Venetos</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a>, Puebla, which have retained their original languages.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Afro-Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Vicente Guerrero, major figure during the late Mexican War of Independence, abolitionist and second President of Mexico, was an Afro-Mexican." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/170px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/255px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png/340px-Vicente_Ram%C3%B3n_Guerrero_Salda%C3%B1a.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>, major figure during the late Mexican War of Independence and second President of Mexico, was an Afro-descendent. His father was <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizo</a> and his mother was <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></figcaption></figure> Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group that predominate in certain areas of Mexico such as the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Oaxaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Chica of Oaxaca">Costa Chica of Oaxaca</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Costa_Chica_of_Guerrero" title="Costa Chica of Guerrero">Costa Chica of Guerrero</a>, Veracruz (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Yanga,_Veracruz" title="Yanga, Veracruz">Yanga</a>) and in some towns in northern Mexico, mainly in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAzquiz_Municipality" title="Múzquiz Municipality">Múzquiz Municipality</a>, Coahuila. The existence of individuals of Sub-Saharan African descent in Mexico has its origins in the slave trade that took place during colonial times and that did not end until 1829 after the consummation of the Mexican independence. The institution was not as prominent as elsewhere in the Americas and was already in decay by the late 1700s, which led to the number of free black people eventually surpassing that of enslaved ones. Although Mexico did not abolish slavery immediately after independence, the expansion of Anglo-American settlement in Texas with their Black slaves became a point of contention between the US and Mexico. The northern territory had been claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> but not settled beyond a few missions. The Mexican government saw a solution to the problem of Indian attacks in the north by inviting immigration by US Americans. Rather than settling in the territory contested by northern Indian groups, the Anglo-Americans and their Black slaves established farming in eastern Texas, contiguous to US territory in Louisiana. Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a>, concerned that the US would annex Texas, sought to limit Anglo-American immigration in 1830 and mandated no new slaves in the territory.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg/200px-Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg/300px-Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg/400px-Lupita_Nyong%27o_by_Gage_Skidmore_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3475" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lupita_Nyong%27o" title="Lupita Nyong'o">Lupita Amondi Nyong'o</a>, Afro-Mexican actress.</figcaption></figure> Historically, the presence of this ethnic group within the country has been difficult to assess for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a Mestizo society or mixing of European and indigenous only.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Nowadays this ethnic group also includes people from Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas who have been arriving in recent migration waves to the country.<a href="#cite_note-Transición-45">[45]</a> The majority of Mexico's Afro-descendants are Afromestizos, i.e. "mixed-race".According to the intercensal survey carried out in 2015, 1.2% of the population self-identified as Afro-Mexican<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> with 64.9% (896,829) of them also identifying as indigenous and 9.3% being speakers of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">indigenous languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-beta.inegi.org.mx-142">[142]</a> In the 2020 census survey carried out by the Mexican government, Afro-Mexicans were reported to make up 2.04% of the country's population.<a href="#cite_note-2021_est-134">[134]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Percentage of population aged 3 years or older that considers themselves Afro-Mexican by state (2020 census) </th></tr> <tr> <th>State </th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 5% and 10% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero"><img alt="Guerrero" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Guerrero.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guerrero.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a></td> <td>8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 2.5% and 5% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca"><img alt="Oaxaca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oaxaca.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></td> <td>4.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur"><img alt="Baja California Sur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baja_California_Sur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California Sur</a></td> <td>3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán"><img alt="Yucatán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Yucatan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a></td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo"><img alt="Quintana Roo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Quintana_Roo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a></td> <td>2.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz"><img alt="Veracruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/23px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/35px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Veracruz.svg/46px-Flag_of_Veracruz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></td> <td>2.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">Between 0% and 2.5% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche"><img alt="Campeche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/23px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/35px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_Campeche.svg/46px-Flag_of_Campeche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a></td> <td>2.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Mexican_States" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mexican States">United Mexican States</a></th> <th>2.0% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City"><img alt="Mexico City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_City%2C_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad de México">México D. F.</a></td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí"><img alt="San Luis Potosí" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg/23px-Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg/35px-Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg/46px-Flag_of_San_Luis_Potosi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila"><img alt="Coahuila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/23px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/35px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/46px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a></td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima"><img alt="Colima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Colima.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colima.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Colima.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colima.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_Colima.svg/46px-Flag_of_Colima.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a></td> <td>1.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro"><img alt="Querétaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Flag_of_Queretaro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Queretaro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a></td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato"><img alt="Guanajuato" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guanajuato.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a></td> <td>1.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico"><img alt="State of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México">México</a></td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla"><img alt="Puebla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Puebla.svg/46px-Flag_of_Puebla.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California"><img alt="Baja California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Baja_California.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baja_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a></td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León"><img alt="Nuevo León" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nuevo_Leon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a></td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco"><img alt="Jalisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Jalisco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jalisco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a></td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)"><img alt="Chihuahua (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chihuahua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a></td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)"><img alt="Hidalgo (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hidalgo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a></td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes"><img alt="Aguascalientes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg/46px-Flag_of_Aguascalientes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a></td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco"><img alt="Tabasco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Tabasco.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tabasco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a></td> <td>1.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán"><img alt="Michoacán" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Michoacan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michoacan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Michoacan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michoacan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Michoacan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Michoacan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a></td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora"><img alt="Sonora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Sonora.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sonora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="293" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila"><img alt="Coahuila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/23px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/35px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Coahuila.svg/46px-Flag_of_Coahuila.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a></td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa"><img alt="Sinaloa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sinaloa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a></td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala"><img alt="Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a></td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas"><img alt="Tamaulipas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tamaulipas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a></td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas"><img alt="Chiapas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Chiapas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chiapas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Chiapas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chiapas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Chiapas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chiapas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1097" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas"><img alt="Zacatecas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zacatecas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango"><img alt="Durango" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/23px-Flag_of_Durango.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/35px-Flag_of_Durango.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Durango.png/46px-Flag_of_Durango.png 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="954" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit"><img alt="Nayarit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Nayarit.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nayarit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Nayarit.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nayarit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Nayarit.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nayarit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a></td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:left;">Source: Mexican census 2020 <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_y_Geograf%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía">INEGI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020_Census-20">[20]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Arab Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg/220px-Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg/330px-Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg/440px-Susana_Harp_en_CU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susana_Harp" title="Susana Harp">Susana Harp</a> Mexican singer and currently serves as a senator.</figcaption></figure> An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestinian</a> background.<a href="#cite_note-Ita2005-39">[39]</a> Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">Tabbouleh</a> and even created recipes such as <a href="/wiki/Tacos_%C3%81rabes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacos Árabes">Tacos Árabes</a>. By 1765, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">Dates</a>, which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatán (state)">Yucatecan</a> cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg/150px-Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg/225px-Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg/300px-Carlos_Slim_Hel%C3%BA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>Engineer <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Slim" title="Carlos Slim">Carlos Slim</a></figcaption></figure> Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and settled in significant numbers in <a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, Mexico City and the northern part of the country (mainly in the states of <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>, Chihuahua, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, as well as the city of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>. During the 1948 Israel-Lebanon war and the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> for Mexico. They first arrived in <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. Although Arabs made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s, they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity.<a href="#cite_note-Ita2005-39">[39]</a> Another concentration of Arab-Mexicans is in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> facing the U.S.-Mexican border, esp. in cities of <a href="/wiki/Mexicali,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexicali, Baja California">Mexicali</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Valley_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Valley (California)">Imperial Valley</a> U.S./Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Tijuana,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijuana, Baja California">Tijuana</a> across from San Diego with a large <a href="/wiki/Arab_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab American">Arab American</a> community (about 280,000), some of whose families have relatives in Mexico. 45% of Arab Mexicans are of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> descent. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg/170px-Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg/255px-Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg/340px-Salma_Hayek_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1321" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salma_Hayek" title="Salma Hayek">Salma Hayek</a>, actress and film producer.</figcaption></figure> The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Churches">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Rite Catholic Churches">Eastern Rite Catholic Churches</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and a scant number are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab. The inter-ethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent of Arab ancestry. As a result, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead, the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a> in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Harb, and Elias. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_Mexicans">Asian Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Asian Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">Asian Mexicans</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg/200px-Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg/300px-Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg/400px-Kavka_Shishido_at_MTV_VMAJ_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kavka_Shishido" title="Kavka Shishido">Kavka Shishido</a>, drummer and vocalist.</figcaption></figure> Although Asian Mexicans make up less than 1% of the total population of modern Mexico, they are nonetheless a notable minority. Due to the historical and contemporary perception in Mexican society of what constitutes Asian culture (associated with the Far East rather than the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>), Asian Mexicans typically refers to those of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian">East Asian</a> descent, and may also include those of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> descent while Mexicans of <a href="/wiki/West_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="West Asian">West Asian</a> descent are referred to as <a href="#Arab_Mexicans">Arab Mexicans</a>. Asian immigration began with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> to Mexico during the colonial period. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed back and forth between Mexico and the Philippines as crews, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Manila-Acapulco_Galleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila-Acapulco Galleon">Manila-Acapulco Galleon</a> assisting Spain in its trade between Asia and the Americas. Also, on these voyages, thousands of Asian individuals (mostly males) were brought to Mexico as slaves and were called "Chino",<a href="#cite_note-Seijas-184">[184]</a> which means Chinese, although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Koreans, Japanese, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Cambodians, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> A notable example is the story of <a href="/wiki/Catarina_de_San_Juan" title="Catarina de San Juan">Catarina de San Juan</a> (Mirra), an Indian girl captured by the Portuguese and sold into slavery in Manila. She arrived in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and eventually she gave rise to the "<a href="/wiki/China_Poblana" class="mw-redirect" title="China Poblana">China Poblana</a>". <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luis_Nishizawa_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Luis_Nishizawa_%28crop%29.jpg/200px-Luis_Nishizawa_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Luis_Nishizawa_%28crop%29.jpg/300px-Luis_Nishizawa_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Luis_Nishizawa_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Nishizawa" title="Luis Nishizawa">Luis Nishizawa</a> was a Mexican artist.</figcaption></figure> These early individuals are not very apparent in modern Mexico for two main reasons: the widespread <a href="/wiki/Mestizaje" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestizaje">mestizaje</a> of Mexico during the Spanish period and the common practice of Chino slaves to "<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">pass</a>" as Indios (the indigenous people of Mexico) to attain freedom. As had occurred with a large portion of Mexico's black population, over generations the Asian populace was absorbed into the general <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> population. Facilitating this <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> was the assimilation of Asians into the indigenous population. The indigenous people were legally protected from <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a>, and by being recognized as part of this group, Asian slaves could claim they were wrongly enslaved. Asians, predominantly Chinese, became Mexico's fastest-growing immigrant group from the 1880s to the 1920s, exploding from about 1,500 in 1895 to more than 20,000 in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Buchenau-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romani_Mexicans">Romani Mexicans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Romani Mexicans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani Mexicans</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> have settled in Mexico since the colonial era.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> There are around 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Vlax_Romani" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlax Romani">Vlax Romani</a> in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_censuses">Official censuses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Official censuses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg/170px-Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg/255px-Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg/340px-Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arcelia_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Arcelia Ramírez">Arcelia Ramírez</a> Mexican actress</figcaption></figure> Historically, population studies and censuses have never been up to the standards that a population as diverse and numerous such as Mexico's require: the first racial census was made in 1793, being also Mexico's (then known as <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a>) first ever nationwide population census. Since only part of its original datasets survive, most of what is known of it comes from essays made by researchers who back in the day used the census' findings as reference for their own works. More than a century would pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources assert that the census of 1895 included a comprehensive racial classification;<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-145">[145]</a> however, according to the historic archives of <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Geography_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics and Geography (Mexico)">Mexico's National Institute of Statistics</a>, that was not the case).<a href="#cite_note-Mexico_2017-191">[191]</a> While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, in recent years it has conducted nationwide surveys to quantify most of the ethnic groups who inhabit the country as well as the social dynamics and inequalities between them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1793_census">1793 census</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 1793 census">edit</a>]</div> Also known as the "Revillagigedo census" from the name of the Count who ordered that it be conducted, this census was the first nationwide population census of Mexico (then known as the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>). Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, so most of what is known about it nowadays comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works, such as Prussian geographer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. Each author gives different estimations for each racial group in the country although they do not vary greatly, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos from 21% to 25%, Indians from 51% to 61%, and Africans from 6,000 and 10,000. The estimations given for the total population range from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. It is concluded then, that across nearly three centuries of colonization, the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the total percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century. The authors assert that rather than whites and mestizos having higher birthrates, the reason for the indigenous population's numbers decreasing lies in their suffering higher mortality rates due to living in remote locations rather than in cities and towns founded by the Spanish colonists or in being at war with them. For the same reasons, the number of Indigenous Mexicans presents the greatest variation range between publications, as in some cases their numbers in a given location were estimated rather than counted, leading to possible overestimations in some provinces and possible underestimations in others.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Intendecy or territory </th> <th>European population (%) </th> <th>Indigenous population (%) </th> <th>Mestizo population (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">México</a> (only the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>) </td> <td>16.9% </td> <td>66.1% </td> <td>16.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td>10.1% </td> <td>74.3% </td> <td>15.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>06.3% </td> <td>88.2% </td> <td>05.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> </td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>44.0% </td> <td>29.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> </td> <td>13.0% </td> <td>51.2% </td> <td>35.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> </td> <td>15.8% </td> <td>29.0% </td> <td>55.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>20.2% </td> <td>36.0% </td> <td>43.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> </td> <td>28.5% </td> <td>44.9% </td> <td>26.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> </td> <td>14.8% </td> <td>72.6% </td> <td>12.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a> </td> <td>31.7% </td> <td>33.3% </td> <td>34.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>10.4% </td> <td>74.0% </td> <td>15.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a> </td> <td>27.6% </td> <td>42.5% </td> <td>29.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">Nuevo México</a> </td> <td>~ </td> <td>30.8% </td> <td>69.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Vieja California</a> </td> <td>~ </td> <td>51.7% </td> <td>47.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Nueva California</a> </td> <td>~ </td> <td>89.9% </td> <td>09.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>30.9% </td> <td>28.9% </td> <td>40.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> </td> <td>62.6% </td> <td>05.5% </td> <td>31.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Santander" title="Nuevo Santander">Nuevo Santander</a> </td> <td>25.8% </td> <td>23.3% </td> <td>50.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>39.7% </td> <td>27.3% </td> <td>32.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td>13.6% </td> <td>72.4% </td> <td>13.8% </td></tr> </tbody></table> ~Europeans are included within the Mestizo category. Regardless of the possible inaccuracies related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside of the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put into considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider American Indians to be citizens or subjects; for example, the censuses made by the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements.<a href="#cite_note-scarecrow-193">[193]</a> Another example is the censuses made by the United States, which did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1921_census">1921 census</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 1921 census">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pancho_Villa,_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pancho_Villa%2C_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg/220px-Pancho_Villa%2C_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pancho_Villa%2C_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg/330px-Pancho_Villa%2C_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pancho_Villa%2C_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg/440px-Pancho_Villa%2C_el_presidente_provisional_Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez_y_Emiliano_Zapata1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a> (1881–1939), flanked by <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Francisco "Pancho" Villa</a> (1878–1923) and <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata" title="Emiliano Zapata">Emiliano Zapata</a> (1879–1919). Gutiérrez was appointed provisional President of Mexico by the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Aguascalientes" title="Convention of Aguascalientes">Convention of Aguascalientes</a>, a move that <a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a> (1859–1920) found intolerable. In the ensuing war, Obregón fought for Carranza against the convention.</figcaption></figure> Made right after the consummation of the Mexican revolution, the social context in which this census was conducted makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking to unite all Mexicans in a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous, and only 9.8% as White, were then essential in cementing the mestizaje ideology (which asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races), which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remains prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> using the 1921 census as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day.<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-102">[102]</a> Nonetheless, in recent times, the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are impossible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> It is claimed that the mestizaje process sponsored by the state was more "cultural than biological", which resulted in the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Controversies aside, this census constituted the last time the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Government">Mexican Government</a> conducted a comprehensive racial census with the breakdown by states being the following (foreigners and people who answered "other" not included):<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:center; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Federative Units </th> <th>Mestizo Population (%) </th> <th>Amerindian Population (%) </th> <th>White Population (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> </td> <td>66.12% </td> <td>16.70% </td> <td>16.77% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Norte" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Norte">Baja California (Distrito Norte)</a> </td> <td>72.50% </td> <td>07.72% </td> <td>00.35% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Sur" title="Baja California Sur">Baja California (Distrito Sur)</a> </td> <td>59.61% </td> <td>06.06% </td> <td>33.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> </td> <td>41.45% </td> <td>43.41% </td> <td>14.17% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a> </td> <td>77.88% </td> <td>11.38% </td> <td>10.13% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> </td> <td>68.54% </td> <td>26.00% </td> <td>04.50% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> </td> <td>36.27% </td> <td>47.64% </td> <td>11.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a> </td> <td>50.09% </td> <td>12.76% </td> <td>36.33% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> </td> <td>89.85% </td> <td>09.99% </td> <td>00.01% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> </td> <td>96.33% </td> <td>02.96% </td> <td>00.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> </td> <td>54.05% </td> <td>43.84% </td> <td>02.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> </td> <td>51.47% </td> <td>39.49% </td> <td>08.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> </td> <td>75.83% </td> <td>16.76% </td> <td>07.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> </td> <td>54.78% </td> <td>18.75% </td> <td>22.79% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a> </td> <td>47.71% </td> <td>42.13% </td> <td>10.02% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> </td> <td>70.95% </td> <td>21.04% </td> <td>06.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Morelos" title="Morelos">Morelos</a> </td> <td>61.24% </td> <td>34.93% </td> <td>03.59% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nayarit" title="Nayarit">Nayarit</a> </td> <td>73.45% </td> <td>20.38% </td> <td>05.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a> </td> <td>75.47% </td> <td>05.14% </td> <td>19.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> </td> <td>28.15% </td> <td>69.17% </td> <td>01.43% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> </td> <td>39.34% </td> <td>54.73% </td> <td>05.66% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a> </td> <td>80.15% </td> <td>19.40% </td> <td>00.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Quintana_Roo" title="Quintana Roo">Quintana Roo</a> </td> <td>42.35% </td> <td>20.59% </td> <td>15.16% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a> </td> <td>61.88% </td> <td>30.60% </td> <td>05.41% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a> </td> <td>98.30% </td> <td>00.93% </td> <td>00.19% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> </td> <td>41.04% </td> <td>14.00% </td> <td>42.54% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> </td> <td>53.67% </td> <td>18.50% </td> <td>27.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> </td> <td>69.77% </td> <td>13.89% </td> <td>13.62% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> </td> <td>42.44% </td> <td>54.70% </td> <td>02.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> </td> <td>50.09% </td> <td>36.60% </td> <td>10.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> </td> <td>33.83% </td> <td>43.31% </td> <td>21.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> </td> <td>86.10% </td> <td>08.54% </td> <td>05.26% </td></tr> </tbody></table> When the 1921 census' results are compared with the results of Mexico's recent censuses<a href="#cite_note-beta.inegi.org.mx-142">[142]</a> as well as with modern genetic research,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> there is high consistency with respect to the distribution of Indigenous Mexicans across the country, with states located in south and south-eastern Mexico having both the highest percentages of population who self-identify as Indigenous and the highest percentages of Amerindian genetic ancestry. However, this is not the case when it comes to European Mexicans, as there are instances in which states that have been shown through scientific research to have a considerably high European ancestry are reported to have very small white populations in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the state of Durango, where the aforementioned census asserts that only 0.01% of the state's population (33 persons) self-identified as "white" while modern scientific research shows that the population of Durango has similar genetic frequencies to those found on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Europe">European peoples</a> (with the state's Indigenous population showing almost no foreign admixture either).<a href="#cite_note-Wiley-199">[199]</a> Various authors theorize that the reason for these inconsistencies may lie in the Mestizo identity promoted by the Mexican government, which reportedly led to people who are not biologically Mestizos to be classified as such.<a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_present_day">The present day</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: The present day">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_(Museo,_Berlinale_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_%28Museo%2C_Berlinale_2018%29.jpg/200px-MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_%28Museo%2C_Berlinale_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_%28Museo%2C_Berlinale_2018%29.jpg/300px-MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_%28Museo%2C_Berlinale_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_%28Museo%2C_Berlinale_2018%29.jpg/400px-MJK_13337_Ilse_Salas_%28Museo%2C_Berlinale_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4037" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilse_Salas" title="Ilse Salas">Ilse Salas</a> has contributed significantly to representing contemporary Mexican society through film like "<a href="/wiki/Las_ni%C3%B1as_bien" class="mw-redirect" title="Las niñas bien">Las niñas bien</a>" (The Good Girls) and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCeros" title="Güeros">Güeros</a></figcaption></figure>Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>, the official identity promoted by the government for non-indigenous Mexicans has been the Mestizo one (a mix of European and indigenous culture and heritage).<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-145">[145]</a> Established with the original intent of eliminating divisions and creating a unified identity that would allow Mexico to modernize and integrate with the international community,<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-201">[201]</a> this policy has not been able to achieve its goal. It is speculated that this is due to the identity's own internal contradictions,<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-145">[145]</a> as it includes in the same theoretical race people who, in daily interactions, do not consider each other to be of the same race and have little in common biologically,<a href="#cite_note-Navarrete-202">[202]</a> with some of them being entirely Indigenous, others entirely European, and including also Africans and Asians.<a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-113">[113]</a> Today, there is no definitive census that quantifies Mexico's white population, with estimates from the Mexican government raging from 27%<a href="#cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-156">[156]</a> to 47%,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-conapred.org.mx-158">[158]</a> with this figure being based on phenotypical traits instead of self-identification of ancestry. The lack of a clear dividing line between white and mixed race Mexicans has made the concept of race relatively fluid, with descent being more of a determining factor than biological traits.<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-lealmart-201">[201]</a> Generally speaking ethnic relations can be arranged on an axis between the two extremes of European and Amerindian cultural heritage, this is a remnant of the Spanish caste system which categorized individuals according to their perceived level of biological mixture between the two groups. Additionally the presence of considerable portions of the population with African heritage further complicates the situation.<a href="#cite_note-Frudakis2008-204">[204]</a> In practice the classificatory system is no longer biologically based, but rather mixes socio-cultural traits with phenotypical traits, and classification is largely fluid, allowing individuals to move between categories and define their ethnic and racial identities situationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight199074-205">[205]</a> Even though there is a large variation in phenotypes among Mexicans, European looks are still strongly preferred in Mexican society, with lighter skin receiving more positive attention, as it is associated with higher social class, power, money, and modernity.<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-113">[113]</a> In contrast, Indigenous ancestry is often associated with having an inferior social class, as well as lower levels of education.<a href="#cite_note-fnavarrete-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-jleff-206">[206]</a> These distinctions are strongest in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, where the most powerful of the country's elite are located.<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-201">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luismiguel9900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Luismiguel9900.jpg/170px-Luismiguel9900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Luismiguel9900.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel" title="Luis Miguel">Luis Miguel</a>, always referred to as The Sun of Mexico.</figcaption></figure> Despite Mexico's government not using racial terms related to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> officially for almost a century (resuming using such terms after 2010), the concepts of "white people" (known as güeros or blancos in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a>) and of "being white" did not disappear <a href="#cite_note-:1-207">[207]</a> and are still present in everyday Mexican culture: different idioms of race are used in Mexico's society that serve as mediating terms between racial groups. It is not strange to see street vendors calling a potential costumer Güero or güerito, sometimes even when the person is not light-skinned. In this instance it is used to initiate a kind of familiarity, but in cases where social/racial tensions are relatively high, it can have the opposite effect.<a href="#cite_note-lealmart-201">[201]</a> However contemporary sociologists and historians agree that, given that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than a biological one and to society's eyes a Mestizo with a high percentage of European ancestry is considered "white" and a Mestizo with a high percentage of Indigenous ancestry is considered "Indian", a person who identifies with a given ethnic group should be allowed to, even if biologically that person does not completely belong to that group.<a href="#cite_note-Navarrete-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages of Mexico</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FF7F00; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 991.36510217697px; border-left-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 202.51256191925px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Languages in Mexico (by percentage):<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Spanish (92.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Spanish and indigenous languages (5.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">indigenous</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unspecified (0.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> Spanish is the de facto official <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> in Mexico, being spoken by 98.3% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Mexican Spanish</a> is spoken in a variety of dialects, accents and variations in different regions across the country. Some indigenous languages are still being spoken by around 5% of Mexicans according to the latest census, in 2003 the <a href="/wiki/Ley_General_de_Derechos_Ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos_de_los_Pueblos_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas">General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples</a> recognized 68 indigenous languages as "national languages", with the "same validity" in all territories and contexts where they are spoken. The indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers is <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> (1,586,884 speakers in 2010 or 1.5% of the nation's population), followed by <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a> (796,405 speakers in 2010 0.8%) spoken <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>, Mixtecas languages (494,454), Tzeltal (474,298), Zapotecas languages (460,683), Tzotzil (429,168), Otomí (288,052), Totonaca (250,252) Mazateco (230,124), Chol (222,051) and 1,462,857 speakers of other languages. After half a century of rural-to-urban migration, in Mexico City and other major cities large districts and sections use both written and spoken Amerindian languages. Approximately 7,364,645 Mexicans (6.1% of the population) speak an indigenous language according to the 2020 Mexican Census.<a href="#cite_note-2021_est-134">[134]</a> During the first half of the 20th century the government promoted a policy of castellanización, that is, promoting the use of Spanish as a way to integrate indigenous peoples into Mexican society. Later, this policy changed, and since the 1980s the government has sponsored bilingual and intercultural education in all indigenous communities. This policy has mainly been successful in large communities with a significant number of speakers. While some languages, with less than 1,000 speakers, are still facing extinction. The second most spoken language in Mexico, however, is English. It is used extensively at border areas, tourist centers and large metropolitan areas, a phenomenon arguably caused by the economic integration of North American under the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA) and the immigration phenomenon and the return of workers and their families from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> In border cities, American TV and radio waves in English (and Spanish) are received as much Spanish-speaking radio and TV stations from Mexico on the US side of the border, thus a bilingual cross-cultural exchange is at work. Among the languages brought to the country by immigrants are the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite Low German">Mennonite Low German</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican_nationality_and_citizenship">Mexican nationality and citizenship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Mexican nationality and citizenship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg/130px-Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg/195px-Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg/260px-Pasaporte_Mexicano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mexican_passport" title="Mexican passport">Mexican passport</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Mexican nationality law</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution of Mexico</a> grants Mexican nationality based on birth and naturalization. Mexican laws regarding nationality by birth are very open. Mexican nationality by birth is granted to:<a href="#cite_note-thirty-210">[210]</a> <ul><li>all those individuals born in Mexican territory,</li> <li>all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by birth,</li> <li>all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by naturalization,</li> <li>all those individuals born aboard Mexican aircraft or sea vessels, whether warships or commercial vessels.</li></ul> Mexican nationality by naturalization is granted to:<a href="#cite_note-thirty-210">[210]</a> <ul><li>foreign citizens granted Mexican nationality by the Secretariat of Government (Ministry of the Interior);</li> <li>foreign citizens married to a Mexican national, whether by birth or naturalization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion in Mexico</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 583.79700587526px; border-left-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Grey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Grey"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 199.34765443401px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 151.19816498635px; border-left-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 125.62719357843px; border-left-color:salmon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:salmon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:salmon"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 102.54539447886px; border-left-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 52.545710044679px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Mexico (by percentage):<a href="#cite_note-CIATONGA-1">[1]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (82.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Churches">Evangelical Churches</a> (5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> (1.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  other (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  none (4.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  unspecified (2.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> The Mexican population is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> (78% of the population aged five and older, according to the 2020 census),<a href="#cite_note-2020-census-211">[211]</a> although the percentage representing those who attend church on a weekly basis is lower (46%).<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> About 7.6% of the population was classified as <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> or Evangelical, 2.5% were classified as "Non-Evangelical Biblical" (a classification that groups <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>), 0.05% as practicing Jews, and 4.6% without a religion.<a href="#cite_note-religion-213">[213]</a> The largest group of Protestants are <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a> (classified as Neo-Pentecostals). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comala.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Comala.JPG/200px-Comala.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Comala.JPG/300px-Comala.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Comala.JPG/400px-Comala.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Archangel Michael</a> — from the town of <a href="/wiki/Comala" title="Comala">Comala</a>, in the state of <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>.</figcaption></figure> The states with the highest percentage of professing Catholics are central states, namely <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> (96.4%), <a href="/wiki/Aguascalientes" title="Aguascalientes">Aguascalientes</a> (95.6%) and <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> (95.4%), whereas southeastern states have the lowest percentage of Catholics, namely <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> (63.8%), <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> (70.4%) and <a href="/wiki/Campeche" title="Campeche">Campeche</a> (71.3%).<a href="#cite_note-religion-213">[213]</a> The percentage of professing Catholics has been on the decrease over the last four decades, from over 98% in 1950 to 78% in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-2020-census-211">[211]</a> The average annual growth of Catholic believers from 1990 to 2000 was 1.7% whereas that of non-Catholics was 3.7%.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Given that the average annual population increase over the same time period was 1.8%,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> the percentage of Catholics in relation to the total population continues to be in overall decline. Since 1857 with the <a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma laws</a>, the Mexican Constitution drastically separates Church and State, unlike some other countries in Latin America or <a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero-America</a>. The State does not support or provide any economic resource to the Church (as is the case in Spain and Argentina),<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> and the Church cannot participate in public education (no public school can be operated by a Catholic order, although they can participate in private education). Moreover, the government nationalized all the Church's properties (some of which were given back in the 1990s), and priests lost the right to vote or to be voted for (although in the 1990s they regained the right to vote). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Mexico_by_population" title="List of municipalities in Mexico by population">List of municipalities in Mexico by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_population" title="List of Mexican states by population">List of Mexican states by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_fertility_rate" title="List of Mexican states by fertility rate">List of Mexican states by fertility rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani Mexicans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References and notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIATONGA-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIATONGA_1-9">j</a> <a 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Retrieved February 1, 2019. <q>The United States unilaterally ended both war-time bracero programs, in part because US labor and civil rights groups argued that the presence of Mexican migrants depressed wages and increased unemployment for similar US workers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nafta+Revisited%3A+Mexico-US+Migration&rft.pages=441&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Economics&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iie.com%2Fpublications%2Fchapters_preview%2F332%2F08iie3349.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf">The Hispanic Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726235842/https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-3.pdf">Archived</a> July 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in the United States </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob65&c=3242">Indicadores seleccionados de la población nacida en México residente en Estados Unidos de América, 1970 a 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214001652/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob65&c=3242">Archived</a> February 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizette_Alvarez2006" class="citation news cs1">Lizette Alvarez (December 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/20/us/20veronicaside.html">"A Growing Stream of Illegal Immigrants Choose to Remain Despite the Risks"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160719224137/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/20/us/20veronicaside.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Growing+Stream+of+Illegal+Immigrants+Choose+to+Remain+Despite+the+Risks&rft.date=2006-12-20&rft.au=Lizette+Alvarez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F20%2Fus%2F20veronicaside.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob67&c=3244">Población emigrante a Estados Unidos de América por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214002158/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob67&c=3244">Archived</a> February 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob69&c=3246">Distribución porcentual de la población emigrante a Estados Unidos de América por tamaño de la localidad de residencia para cada sexo, 1990 a 1995 y 1995 a 2000</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070214002216/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob69&c=3246">Archived</a> February 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob71&c=3248">"Población migrante de retorno de Estados Unidos de América por entidad federativa según sexo, 2000"</a>. 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Retrieved August 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+migrante+de+retorno+de+Estados+Unidos+de+Am%C3%A9rica+por+entidad+federativa+seg%C3%BAn+sexo%2C+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Frutinas%2Fept.asp%3Ft%3Dmpob71%26c%3D3248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501131011/http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2012/apr/24/tp-mexican-migration-appears-to-be-in-reverse/">"MEXICAN MIGRATION APPEARS TO BE IN REVERSE | UTSanDiego.com"</a>. 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Pewhispanic.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421222133/http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/">Archived</a> from the original on April 21, 2016. 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Retrieved March 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica&rft.atitle=Estad%C3%ADstica+del+Padr%C3%B3n+Continuo.+Datos+provisionales+a+1+de+enero+de+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fjaxi%2FDatos.htm%3Fpath%3D%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F%26file%3D0ccaa005.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eclac.cl/migracion/imila/seleccion.asp?parametro=M%C9XICO_">"|N|M%C9XICO"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%26%23124%3BN%26%23124%3BM%25C9XICO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eclac.cl%2Fmigracion%2Fimila%2Fseleccion.asp%3Fparametro%3DM%25C9XICO_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gov.bo/cgi-bin/Redatam/RG4WebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=TallCreac&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl">Bolivia – Censo de Población y Vivienda 2001</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014074447/http://www.ine.gov.bo/cgi-bin/Redatam/RG4WebEngine.exe/PortalAction?&MODE=MAIN&BASE=TallCreac&MAIN=WebServerMain.inl">Archived</a> October 14, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101116074931/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls">"Statische Bundesamt Deutschland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/Content/Statistics/Bevoelkerung/AuslaendischeBevoelkerung/Tabellen/Content100/AlterAufenthaltsdauer,property=file.xls">the original</a> on November 16, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statische+Bundesamt+Deutschland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FEN%2FContent%2FStatistics%2FBevoelkerung%2FAuslaendischeBevoelkerung%2FTabellen%2FContent100%2FAlterAufenthaltsdauer%2Cproperty%3Dfile.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pagina12.com.ar/visor/fotos/20090209/notas/NA03DI01g.jpg">"Página/12"</a>. 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Una relectura de los censos generales de población"</a> [More deindianization than miscegenation. A rereading of the general population censuses]. Dimensión Antropológica (in Spanish). 53 (September–December). Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia: 69–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206022341/https://www.dimensionantropologica.inah.gob.mx/?p=7401">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020. 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Retrieved March 13, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-redalyc-106"><a href="#cite_ref-redalyc_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022220348/http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">"Al respecto no debe olvidarse que en estos países buena parte de las personas consideradas biológicamente blancas son mestizas en el aspecto cultural, el que aquí nos interesa (p. 196)"</a> (PDF). Redalyc.org. March 16, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/105/10503808.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 22, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+respecto+no+debe+olvidarse+que+en+estos+pa%C3%ADses+buena+parte+de+las+personas+consideradas+biol%C3%B3gicamente+blancas+son+mestizas+en+el+aspecto+cultural%2C+el+que+aqu%C3%AD+nos+interesa+%28p.+196%29&rft.pub=Redalyc.org&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F105%2F10503808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartolomé_1996:2-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartolomé_1996:2_107-1">b</a> Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto. (1996) "Pluralismo cultural y redefinicion del estado en México". in Coloquio sobre derechos indígenas, Oaxaca, IOC.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616113126/http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/iard4010/documents/Pluralismo_cultural_y_redefinicion_del_estado_en_Mexico.pdf">Archived</a> June 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnchondode_Haro2016" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anchondo, Sandra; de Haro, Martha (July 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010154747/http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/">"El mestizaje es un mito, la identidad cultural sí importa"</a> [Miscegenation is a myth, cultural identity does matter]. ISTMO (in Spanish). IPADE Business School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://istmo.mx/2016/07/04/el-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa/">the original</a> on October 10, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISTMO&rft.atitle=El+mestizaje+es+un+mito%2C+la+identidad+cultural+s%C3%AD+importa&rft.date=2016-07-04&rft.aulast=Anchondo&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=de+Haro%2C+Martha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fistmo.mx%2F2016%2F07%2F04%2Fel-mestizaje-es-un-mito-la-identidad-cultural-si-importa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MexicoRacista1-109"><a href="#cite_ref-MexicoRacista1_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete_Linares2016" class="citation book cs1">Navarrete Linares, Federico (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86">Mexico Racista</a>. Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786073143646" title="Special:BookSources/9786073143646"><bdi>9786073143646</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+Racista&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+house+Grupo+Editorial+Mexico&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9786073143646&rft.aulast=Navarrete+Linares&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFC_4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wade_1981:32-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Wade_1981:32_110-0">^</a> Wade (1981:32) </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Knight (1990:78–85) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19965-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19965_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartolomé1996">Bartolomé 1996</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lizcano_Fernández_2005-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_Fernández_2005_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_Fernández_2005_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_Fernández_2005_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lizcano_Fernández_2005_113-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLizcano_Fernández2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185">"Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI"</a> [Ethnic Composition of the Three Cultural Areas of the American Continent at the Beginning of the XXI Century]. Convergencia (in Spanish). 12 (38): 185–232. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220922054604/https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1405-14352005000200185">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Convergencia&rft.atitle=Composici%C3%B3n+%C3%89tnica+de+las+Tres+%C3%81reas+Culturales+del+Continente+Americano+al+Comienzo+del+Siglo+XXI&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=185-232&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Lizcano+Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.mx%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1405-14352005000200185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolomé1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bartolomé, Miguel Alberto (1996). Pluralismo cultural y redefinicioń del estado en México [Cultural pluralism and redefinition of the state in Mexico] (in Spanish). Departamento de Antropologia, Universidade de Brasilia. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605212355">605212355</a>. <q>En primer lugar cabe destacar que en México la pertenencia racial no es un indicador relevante ni suficiente para denotar una adscripción étnica específica. [...] Por lo tanto es relativamente factible realizar el llamado tránsito étnico, es decir que un indígena puede llegar a incorporarse al sector mestizo a través de la renuncia a su cultura tradicional y si sus condiciones materiales se lo permiten.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluralismo+cultural+y+redefinicio%C5%84+del+estado+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Departamento+de+Antropologia%2C+Universidade+de+Brasilia&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605212355&rft.aulast=Bartolom%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Alan (September 1, 2010). Richard Graham (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AjK65boWTxwC&pg=PA73">The Idea of Race in Latin America: 1870–1940</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78888-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78888-6"><bdi>978-0-292-78888-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Race+in+Latin+America%3A+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-78888-6&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjK65boWTxwC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2008" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Richard T., ed. (2008). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. Sage. p. 900. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>. <q>In New Spain, there was no strict idea of race (something that continued in Mexico). The Indians that had lost their connections with their communities and had adopted different cultural elements could "pass" and be considered mestizos. The same applied to Blacks and castas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Society&rft.pages=900&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade1997" class="citation book cs1">Wade, Peter (May 20, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/raceethnicityinl0000wade">Race And Ethnicity In Latin America</a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0987-3"><bdi>978-0-7453-0987-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 17, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+And+Ethnicity+In+Latin+America&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1997-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0987-3&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fraceethnicityinl0000wade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Wade (1997:44–47) </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups">"Mexico- Ethnic groups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011224953/https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Ethnic-groups">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mexico-+Ethnic+groups&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FMexico%2FEthnic-groups&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartolomé19962_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartolomé1996">Bartolomé 1996</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-Marín_&_Silva-Zolezzi_2010-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz-Marín_&_Silva-Zolezzi_2010_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz-MarínSilva-Zolezzi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto; Silva-Zolezzi, Irma (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7">""The Map of the Mexican's Genome": overlapping national identity, and population genomics"</a>. Identity in the Information Society. 3 (3): 489–514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7">10.1007/s12394-010-0074-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F33766">10871/33766</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144786737">144786737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identity+in+the+Information+Society&rft.atitle=%22The+Map+of+the+Mexican%27s+Genome%22%3A+overlapping+national+identity%2C+and+population+genomics&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=489-514&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F33766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144786737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12394-010-0074-7&rft.aulast=Schwartz-Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft.au=Silva-Zolezzi%2C+Irma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12394-010-0074-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clute_Journals-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Clute_Journals_122-0">^</a> R. Martínez & C. De La Torre (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clutejournals.com/index.php/JDM/article/download/4993/5084">"Racial Appearance And Income In Contemporary Mexico, pag 9 note 1"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806021728/https://www.clutejournals.com/index.php/JDM/article/download/4993/5084">Archived</a> August 6, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Diversity Management, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-mestizajeenmexico-123"><a href="#cite_ref-mestizajeenmexico_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete_Linares" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navarrete Linares, Federico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801102632/http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">"El mestizaje en Mexico"</a> [The miscegenation in Mexico] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enp4.unam.mx/amc/libro_munioz_cota/libro/cap4/lec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 1, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+mestizaje+en+Mexico&rft.aulast=Navarrete+Linares&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenp4.unam.mx%2Famc%2Flibro_munioz_cota%2Flibro%2Fcap4%2Flec10_federiconavarreteelmestizaje.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Población_negra_de_México-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Población_negra_de_México_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalo_Aguirre-Beltran1972" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalo Aguirre-Beltran (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFsSAQAAIAAJ&q=Euromestizo">La población negra de México: estudio etnohistórico</a>. Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789681609122" title="Special:BookSources/9789681609122"><bdi>9789681609122</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+poblaci%C3%B3n+negra+de+M%C3%A9xico%3A+estudio+etnohist%C3%B3rico&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9789681609122&rft.au=Gonzalo+Aguirre-Beltran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFsSAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DEuromestizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConciseMexico-125"><a href="#cite_ref-ConciseMexico_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Werner2001" class="citation book cs1">Michael Werner (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOI4CQAAQBAJ&q=euromestizo&pg=PA117">Concise Encyclopedia of Mexico</a>. Routledge. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135973773" title="Special:BookSources/9781135973773"><bdi>9781135973773</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Mexico&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781135973773&rft.au=Michael+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOI4CQAAQBAJ%26q%3Deuromestizo%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Racismomestizaje-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Racismomestizaje_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Racismomestizaje_126-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cuadrivio.net/racismo-falso-mestizaje-y-desigualdad-social-en-mexico/">"Racismo, falso mestizaje y desigualdad social en México"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍], Revista Cuadrivio, 2016. Retrieved March 13, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico2-127"><a href="#cite_ref-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico2_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherburne_Friend_CookWoodrow_Borah1998" class="citation book cs1">Sherburne Friend Cook; Woodrow Borah (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA188">Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2</a>. Siglo XXI. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789682301063" title="Special:BookSources/9789682301063"><bdi>9789682301063</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensayos+sobre+historia+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n.+M%C3%A9xico+y+el+Caribe+2&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Siglo+XXI&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789682301063&rft.au=Sherburne+Friend+Cook&rft.au=Woodrow+Borah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSCVztyTANcC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico3-128"><a href="#cite_ref-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico3_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherburne_Friend_CookWoodrow_Borah1998" class="citation book cs1">Sherburne Friend Cook; Woodrow Borah (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA197">Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2</a>. Siglo XXI. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789682301063" title="Special:BookSources/9789682301063"><bdi>9789682301063</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensayos+sobre+historia+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n.+M%C3%A9xico+y+el+Caribe+2&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Siglo+XXI&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789682301063&rft.au=Sherburne+Friend+Cook&rft.au=Woodrow+Borah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSCVztyTANcC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MinerosYcomerciantes-129"><a href="#cite_ref-MinerosYcomerciantes_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_A._BrandingWoodrow_Borah1975" class="citation book cs1">David A. Branding; Woodrow Borah (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT156">Mineros y comerciantes en el México borbónico (1763–1810)</a>. Fondo de Cultura Económica. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789681613402" title="Special:BookSources/9789681613402"><bdi>9789681613402</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mineros+y+comerciantes+en+el+M%C3%A9xico+borb%C3%B3nico+%281763%E2%80%931810%29&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9789681613402&rft.au=David+A.+Branding&rft.au=Woodrow+Borah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYH_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoriadeMexico-130"><a href="#cite_ref-HistoriadeMexico_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGloria_M._Delgado_de_Cantú2004" class="citation book cs1">Gloria M. Delgado de Cantú (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WbYYZiMANjEC&pg=PA99">Historia de Mexico, Legado Historico Y Pasado Reciente</a>. Pearson Educación. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9702605237" title="Special:BookSources/9702605237"><bdi>9702605237</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+Mexico%2C+Legado+Historico+Y+Pasado+Reciente&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Pearson+Educaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9702605237&rft.au=Gloria+M.+Delgado+de+Cant%C3%BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWbYYZiMANjEC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diputados.gob.mx-131"><a href="#cite_ref-diputados.gob.mx_131-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf">"Ley General de Derechos Lingüísticos de los Pueblos Indígenas"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611011220/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/pdf/257.pdf">Archived</a> 11 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kikapú-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Kikapú_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926233925/http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1398">"Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas – México"</a>. National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1398">the original</a> on September 26, 2007. Retrieved January 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+%E2%80%93+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=National+Commission+for+the+Development+of+Indigenous+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Fid_seccion%3D1398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdi.gob.mx-133"><a href="#cite_ref-cdi.gob.mx_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232909/http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1378">"Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas – México"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=1378">the original</a> on September 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+%E2%80%93+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdi.gob.mx%2Findex.php%3Fid_seccion%3D1378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_est-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_est_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_est_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_est_134-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/">"Censo Población y Vivienda 2020"</a>. inegi.org.mx. INEGI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214192634/https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/ccpv/2020/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Censo+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Vivienda+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Fprogramas%2Fccpv%2F2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inegi1-135"><a href="#cite_ref-inegi1_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118010024/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen01&c=3325">"Indicadores seleccionados sobre la población hablante de lengua indígena, 1950 a 2005"</a>. Inegi.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mlen01&c=3325">the original</a> on January 18, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inegi.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Indicadores+seleccionados+sobre+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+hablante+de+lengua+ind%C3%ADgena%2C+1950+a+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Frutinas%2Fept.asp%3Ft%3Dmlen01%26c%3D3325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Knight (1990:73–74) </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Bartolomé (1996:3–4) </li> <li id="cite_note-CDI1-138"><a href="#cite_ref-CDI1_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192903/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf">"Síntesis de Resultados"</a> (PDF). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/cedulas/sintesis_resultados_2005.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%ADntesis+de+Resultados&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.gob.mx%2Fcedulas%2Fsintesis_resultados_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Defined as persons who live in a household where an indigenous language is spoken by one of the adult family members, and or people who self identified as indigenous ("Criteria del hogar: De esta manera, se establece, que los hogares indígenas son aquellos en donde el jefe y/o el cónyuge y/o padre o madre del jefe y/o suegro o suegra del jefe hablan una lengua indígena y también aquellos que declararon pertenecer a un grupo indígena."<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272&Itemid=58">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225095213/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=272&Itemid=58">Archived</a> December 25, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)AND persons who speak an indigenous language but who do not live in such a household (Por lo antes mencionado, la Comisión Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI) considera población indígena (PI) a todas las personas que forman parte de un hogar indígena, donde el jefe(a) del hogar, su cónyuge y/o alguno de los ascendientes (madre o padre, madrastra o padrastro, abuelo(a), bisabuelo(a), tatarabuelo(a), suegro(a)) declaro ser hablante de lengua indígena. Además, también incluye a personas que declararon hablar alguna lengua indígena y que no forman parte de estos hogares <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501220616/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&id=38&Itemid=54">Archived</a> May 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102103605/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00li01.pdf">"Población De 5 Años Y Más Por Entidad Federativa, Sexo Y Grupos Lengua Indígena Quinquenales De Edad, Y Su Distribución Según Condición De Habla Indígena Y Habla Española"</a> (PDF). INEGI, México. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00li01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 2, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+De+5+A%C3%B1os+Y+M%C3%A1s+Por+Entidad+Federativa%2C+Sexo+Y+Grupos+Lengua+Ind%C3%ADgena+Quinquenales+De+Edad%2C+Y+Su+Distribuci%C3%B3n+Seg%C3%BAn+Condici%C3%B3n+De+Habla+Ind%C3%ADgena+Y+Habla+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pub=INEGI%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fprod_serv%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Fbvinegi%2Fproductos%2Fcensos%2Fpoblacion%2F2000%2Fdefinitivos%2FNal%2Ftabulados%2F00li01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117013050/http://www.cdi.gob.mx/">"Comision Nacional Para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indigenas – México"</a>. Cdi.gob.mx. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdi.gob.mx">the original</a> on January 17, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cdi.gob.mx&rft.atitle=Comision+Nacional+Para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Indigenas+%E2%80%93+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdi.gob.mx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beta.inegi.org.mx-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beta.inegi.org.mx_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beta.inegi.org.mx_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-beta.inegi.org.mx_142-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf">"Encuesta Intercensal 2015"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033628/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf">Archived</a> April 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "<a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a>", Mexico, December 2015. Retrieved April 28, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-Censo2020-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Censo2020_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/696544/15_MEX.pdf">"Informeanual sobre la situación de pobreza y rezago social 2022"</a> [Annual report on the situation of poverty and social backwardness 2022] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Welfare" title="Secretariat of Welfare">Secretariat of Welfare</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118155757/https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/696544/15_MEX.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 18, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secretariat+of+Welfare&rft.atitle=Informeanual+sobre+la+situaci%C3%B3n+de+pobreza+y+rezago+social+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F696544%2F15_MEX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nacionmulticultural.unam.mx-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nacionmulticultural.unam.mx_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nacionmulticultural.unam.mx_144-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">en el año de 1808 aproximadamente el 60% de la población de lo que sería México pertenecía a la categoría étnica de indígena, el 18% eran europeos o de origen europeo (de los cuales la inmensa mayoría eran criollos nacidos en México)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">Archived</a> August 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-fnavarrete-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fnavarrete_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnavarrete_145-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnavarrete_145-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnavarrete_145-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnavarrete_145-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fnavarrete_145-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Navarrete, Federico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">"El mestizaje y las culturas"</a> [Mixed race and cultures]. México Multicultural (in Spanish). Mexico: <a href="/wiki/UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9xico+Multicultural&rft.atitle=El+mestizaje+y+las+culturas&rft.aulast=Navarrete&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx%2FPortal%2FIzquierdo%2FBANCO%2FMxmulticultural%2FElmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico-146"><a href="#cite_ref-EnsayospoblaciónMéxico_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherburne_Friend_CookWoodrow_Borah1998" class="citation book cs1">Sherburne Friend Cook; Woodrow Borah (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223">Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2</a>. Siglo XXI. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789682301063" title="Special:BookSources/9789682301063"><bdi>9789682301063</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ensayos+sobre+historia+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n.+M%C3%A9xico+y+el+Caribe+2&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Siglo+XXI&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789682301063&rft.au=Sherburne+Friend+Cook&rft.au=Woodrow+Borah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSCVztyTANcC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardin2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Hardin, Monica Leagans (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-4271">Household and Family in Guadalajara, Mexico, 1811 1842: The Process of Short Term Mobility and Persistence</a> (Thesis). p. 62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206200746/http://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:182427">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2020. Retrieved November 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Household+and+Family+in+Guadalajara%2C+Mexico%2C+1811+1842%3A+The+Process+of+Short+Term+Mobility+and+Persistence&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hardin&rft.aufirst=Monica+Leagans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.flvc.org%2Ffsu%2Ffd%2FFSU_migr_etd-4271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Miguel2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">San Miguel, G. (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018">"Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792"</a> [To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIIIth century. Acatzingo, 1792]. Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy (in Spanish) (13): 325–342. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023172608/http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+de+la+Facultad+de+Humanidades+y+Ciencias+Sociales.+Universidad+Nacional+de+Jujuy&rft.atitle=Ser+mestizo+en+la+nueva+Espa%C3%B1a+a+fines+del+siglo+XVIII%3A+Acatzingo%2C+1792&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=325-342&rft.date=2000-11&rft.aulast=San+Miguel&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.ar%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1668-81042000000100018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-huffpost-149"><a href="#cite_ref-huffpost_149-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/">"Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/">Archived</a> June 22, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Huffington post, July 26, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-Universal-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Universal_150-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/sociedad/2017/06/16/presenta-inegi-estudio-que-relaciona-color-de-piel-con">"Presenta INEGI estudio que relaciona color de piel con oportunidades"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501102534/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/nacion/sociedad/2017/06/16/presenta-inegi-estudio-que-relaciona-color-de-piel-con">Archived</a> May 1, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, El Universal, June 16, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-Factbook-151"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA-Factbook_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico/">"The World Factbook: North America: Mexico: People and Society"</a>. The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164719/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mexico">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2017. <q>mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 62%, predominantly Amerindian 21%, Amerindian 7%, other 10% (mostly European)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+North+America%3A+Mexico%3A+People+and+Society&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook%2C+Central+Intelligence+Agency+%28CIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmexico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinobarometro.org/lat.jsp">"Latinobarometro"</a>. www.latinobarometro.org. Retrieved June 10, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.latinobarometro.org&rft.atitle=Latinobarometro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinobarometro.org%2Flat.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarrete2016" class="citation book cs1">Navarrete, Federico (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86">Mexico Racista</a>. Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Mexico. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786073143646" title="Special:BookSources/9786073143646"><bdi>9786073143646</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927200437/https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+Racista&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+Grupo+Editorial+Mexico&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9786073143646&rft.aulast=Navarrete&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFC_4CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz-HernándezCompeán-DardónVerde-FlotaFlores-Martínez2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ortiz-Hernández, Luis; Compeán-Dardón, Sandra; Verde-Flota, Elizabeth; Flores-Martínez, Maricela Nanet (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0036-36342011000200005">"Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City"</a>. Salud Pública de México. 53 (2): 125–133. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0036-36342011000200005">10.1590/S0036-36342011000200005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21537803">21537803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salud+P%C3%BAblica+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Racism+and+mental+health+among+university+students+in+Mexico+City&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-133&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0036-36342011000200005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21537803&rft.aulast=Ortiz-Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft.au=Compe%C3%A1n-Dard%C3%B3n%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Verde-Flota%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Flores-Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Maricela+Nanet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0036-36342011000200005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillarreal2010" class="citation journal cs1">Villarreal, Andrés (2010). 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American Sociological Review. 75 (5): 652–678. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0003122410378232">10.1177/0003122410378232</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20799484">20799484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145295212">145295212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Stratification+by+Skin+Color+in+Contemporary+Mexico&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=652-678&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145295212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20799484%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0003122410378232&rft.aulast=Villarreal&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENADIS2017-1-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENADIS2017-1_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENADIS2017-1_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf">"Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017"</a> (PDF). 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Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos. </li> <li id="cite_note-2020-census-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020-census_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020-census_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados">"Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020 – Cuestionario básico"</a>. INEGI. January 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219183810/https://www.inegi.org.mx/temas/religion/#Tabulados">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+de+Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+Vivienda+2020+%E2%80%93+Cuestionario+b%C3%A1sico&rft.pub=INEGI&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.org.mx%2Ftemas%2Freligion%2F%23Tabulados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901122224/http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases%2F1997%2FDec97%2Fchr121097a">"Church attendance in Latin America"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/print.php?Releases%2F1997%2FDec97%2Fchr121097a">the original</a> on September 1, 2006. Retrieved July 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+attendance+in+Latin+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ns.umich.edu%2Fhtdocs%2Freleases%2Fprint.php%3FReleases%252F1997%252FDec97%252Fchr121097a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion_213-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00re01.pdf">Población de 5 años y más por entidad federativa, sexo y religión y su distribución según grupos quinquenales de edad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184950/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvinegi/productos/censos/poblacion/2000/definitivos/Nal/tabulados/00re01.pdf">Archived</a> September 25, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mrel02&c=2583">"Tasa de crecimiento media anual de la población según credo religioso para cada período decenal, 1950 a 2000"</a>. Inegi.org.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827044031/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mrel02&c=2583">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Tasa+de+crecimiento+media+anual+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n+seg%C3%BAn+credo+religioso+para+cada+per%C3%ADodo+decenal%2C+1950+a+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Frutinas%2Fept.asp%3Ft%3Dmrel02%26c%3D2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob08&c=3185">"Tasa de crecimiento media anual de la población, 1950 a 2005"</a>. Inegi.org.mx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827044033/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/rutinas/ept.asp?t=mpob08&c=3185">Archived</a> from the original on August 27, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inegi.org.mx&rft.atitle=Tasa+de+crecimiento+media+anual+de+la+poblaci%C3%B3n%2C+1950+a+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inegi.gob.mx%2Fest%2Fcontenidos%2Fespanol%2Frutinas%2Fept.asp%3Ft%3Dmpob08%26c%3D3185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Argentina/argen94.html#primerapartecap1">"Argentina: Constitución de 1994"</a>. pdba.georgetown.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701230309/https://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Argentina/argen94.html#primerapartecap1">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pdba.georgetown.edu&rft.atitle=Argentina%3A+Constituci%C3%B3n+de+1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdba.georgetown.edu%2FConstitutions%2FArgentina%2Fargen94.html%23primerapartecap1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADemographics+of+Mexico" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Merrill, Tim and Ramón Miró. Mexico: a country study (Library of Congress. Federal Research Division, 1996) US government document; not copyright <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicocountrystu00merr_0">online free</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Mexico&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedTUIRAN-PARTIDApaper.PDF">UN: Fertility in Mexico: Trends and Forecasts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709085707/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/completingfertility/RevisedTUIRAN-PARTIDApaper.PDF">Archived</a> July 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conapo.gob.mx">Mexico population bureau CONAPO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227054531/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/">Archived</a> December 27, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(in Spanish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegi.gob.mx/National">Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, INEGI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mexico.pueblosamerica.com/cmi/fecundidad-2010/">Map of Fecundity in Mexico</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044008/https://en.mexico.pueblosamerica.com/cmi/fecundidad-2010/">Archived</a> March 6, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Template talk:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancestry_and_ethnicity_in_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ethnic_groups">Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexicans</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Amerindian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">From Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_keniana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración keniana en México">Kenyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From the Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_immigration_to_Mexico" title="American immigration to Mexico">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mascogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Mexicans" title="Argentine Mexicans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_belice%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración beliceña en México">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Mexicans" title="Brazilian Mexicans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Mexicans" title="Canadian Mexicans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Mexicans" title="Chilean Mexicans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Mexicans" title="Colombian Mexicans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_costarricense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración costarricense en México">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Mexicans" title="Cuban Mexicans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_dominicana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración dominicana en México">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_ecuatoriana_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración ecuatoriana en México">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Mexicans" title="Guatemalan Mexicans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Mexicans" title="Haitian Mexicans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_hondure%C3%B1a_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración hondureña en México">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_nicarag%C3%BCense_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración nicaragüense en México">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Mexicans" title="Peruvian Mexicans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Mexicans" title="Salvadoran Mexicans">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Mexico" title="Uruguayans in Mexico">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Mexicans" title="Venezuelan Mexicans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">From South and East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Filipino immigration to Mexico">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mexicans" title="Indian Mexicans">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Mexicans" title="Japanese Mexicans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_community_of_Mexico_City" title="Japanese community of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Mexico" title="Koreans in Mexico">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Mexicans" title="Romani Mexicans">Romani</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">From Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Mexicans" title="Austrian Mexicans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Mexicans" title="Belgian Mexicans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britons_in_Mexico" title="Britons in Mexico">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora#Mexico" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_b%C3%BAlgara_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración búlgara en México">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Mexicans" title="Croatian Mexicans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Mexicans" title="Czech Mexicans">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Mexicans" title="Dutch Mexicans">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Mexicans" title="French Mexicans">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Mexicans" title="German Mexicans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites_in_Mexico" title="Mennonites in Mexico">Mennonite</a>2</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Mexicans" title="Greek Mexicans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Mexicans" title="Hungarian Mexicans">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mexicans" title="Irish Mexicans">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Mexicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Mexicans">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Mexicans" title="Polish Mexicans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mexicans" title="Portuguese Mexicans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Mexicans" title="Romanian Mexicans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mexicans" title="Russian Mexicans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mexicans" title="Scandinavian Mexicans">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_noruega_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración noruega en México">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_sueca_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración sueca en México">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaniards_in_Mexico" title="Spaniards in Mexico">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Mexicans" title="Basque Mexicans">Basque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Mexicans" title="Swiss Mexicans">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Mexico" title="Ukrainians in Mexico">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">From Western Asia and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Mexicans" title="Arab Mexicans">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Mexicans" title="Lebanese Mexicans">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Mexicans" title="Palestinian Mexicans">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Mexicans" title="Syrian Mexicans">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Mexicans" title="Armenian Mexicans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Mexicans" title="Assyrian Mexicans">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Jewish</a>1</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inmigraci%C3%B3n_iran%C3%AD_en_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Inmigración iraní en México">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Amerindian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">More than 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinantec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinantec people">Chinantec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Ch'ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples#Yucatec_Maya" title="Maya peoples">Yucatec Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000–20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jacaltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fewer than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Aguacatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">K'iche'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintlec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1 Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe</li> <li>2 Primarily arrived via Canada</li> <li>3 Originated in what is now the United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexico_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico" title="Category:Mexico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of North America">Demographics of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Demographics of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Bahamas" title="Demographics of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Barbados" title="Demographics of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belize" title="Demographics of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Costa_Rica" title="Demographics of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cuba" title="Demographics of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Dominica" title="Demographics of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Demographics of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_El_Salvador" title="Demographics of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Grenada" title="Demographics of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Honduras" title="Demographics of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Jamaica" title="Demographics of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nicaragua" title="Demographics of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Panama" title="Demographics of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Demographics of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Demographics of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Aruba" title="Demographics of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Greenland" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guadeloupe" title="Demographics of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Martinique" title="Demographics of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Demographics of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Demographics of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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reference\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 93,\n [\"Color\"] = 8,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Mexico\"] = 1,\n [\"DEU\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 6,\n [\"EMedicine\"] = 1,\n [\"ESP\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Mexico\"] = 1,\n [\"FRA\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 32,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 66,\n [\"GTM\"] = 1,\n [\"Graph:Chart\"] = 1,\n [\"GraphChart\"] = 2,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hyphen\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISR\"] = 1,\n [\"ITA\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increasenegative\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox place demographics\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest metropolitan areas of Mexico\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Mexican diaspora\"] = 1,\n [\"Mexico topics\"] = 1,\n [\"NED\"] = 1,\n [\"North America in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"PAN\"] = 1,\n [\"PRY\"] = 1,\n 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