CINXE.COM
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-GB" class="no-js"><head><meta charSet="utf-8" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /><title data-rh="true">Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize</title><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One."/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#FFFFFF"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:title" content="Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:description" content="In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One."/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:site_name" content="BBC Bitesize"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:locale" content="en_GB"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:url" content="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image" content="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta data-rh="true" property="og:type" content="article"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:creator" content="@bbcbitesize"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:description" content="In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One."/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:image" content="https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:site" content="@bbcbitesize"/><meta data-rh="true" name="twitter:title" content="Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize"/><meta data-rh="true" type="metaTags" name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/website/assets/static/icons/windows-phone/bitesize/windows-phone-icon-270x270.462c1a345c8cb4163dff.png"/><meta data-rh="true" name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/><meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><link data-rh="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3"/><script data-rh="true" type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"LearningResource","url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"BBC Bitesize","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d72f/live/cb15dc10-14ce-11ee-816c-eb33efffe2a0.png"}},"datePublished":"2013-09-27T08:17:05.233Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T16:50:53.779Z","description":"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.","headline":"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":480,"height":270,"url":"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"BBC Bitesize","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d72f/live/cb15dc10-14ce-11ee-816c-eb33efffe2a0.png"}}}</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU"> /** * https://gist.github.com/samthor/64b114e4a4f539915a95b91ffd340acc */ (function() { var check = document.createElement('script'); if (!('noModule' in check) && 'onbeforeload' in check) { var support = false; document.addEventListener('beforeload', function(e) { if (e.target === check) { support = true; } else if (!e.target.hasAttribute('nomodule') || !support) { return; } e.preventDefault(); }, true); check.type = 'module'; check.src = '.'; document.head.appendChild(check); check.remove(); } }()); </script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU">document.querySelector("html").classList.remove("no-js")</script><style data-emotion="ssrcss-global eohq3y">html,body,div,span,applet,object,iframe,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,p,blockquote,pre,a,abbr,acronym,address,big,cite,code,del,dfn,em,img,ins,kbd,q,s,samp,small,strike,strong,sub,sup,tt,var,b,u,i,center,dl,dt,dd,ol,ul,li,fieldset,form,label,legend,table,caption,tbody,tfoot,thead,tr,th,td,article,aside,canvas,details,embed,figure,figcaption,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,output,ruby,section,summary,time,mark,audio,video{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;font-size:100%;font:inherit;vertical-align:baseline;}article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,main,menu,nav,section{display:block;}body{line-height:1;-webkit-text-size-adjust:none;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;-ms-text-size-adjust:none;text-size-adjust:none;}ol,ul{list-style:none;}blockquote,q{quotes:none;}blockquote::before,blockquote::after,q::before,q::after{content:'';content:none;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}button{-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;margin:0;padding:0;background:none;border-radius:0;border:0;font-family:inherit;color:inherit;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Rg.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Rg.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_It.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_It.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Bd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Bd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:700;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_BdIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_BdIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Lt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Lt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:300;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_LtIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_LtIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_ExBd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_ExBd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:800;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_ExBdIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_ExBdIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:800;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Md.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_Md.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:500;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSans';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_MdIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSans_W_MdIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:500;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Rg.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Rg.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_It.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_It.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Bd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Bd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:700;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_BdIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_BdIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Lt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Lt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:300;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_LtIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_LtIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:300;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_ExBd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_ExBd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:800;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_ExBdIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_ExBdIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:800;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Md.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_Md.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:500;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSerif';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_MdIt.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith/2.512/BBCReithSerif_W_MdIt.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-style:italic;font-weight:500;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithRounded';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithRd_W_Bd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithRd_W_Bd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:700;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithRounded';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithRd_W_ExBd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithRd_W_ExBd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:800;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSemiRounded';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithSmRd_W_Bd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithSmRd_W_Bd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:700;}@font-face{font-family:'ReithSemiRounded';src:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithSmRd_W_ExBd.woff2) format('woff2'),url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/fonts/reith-rounded/2.000/BBCReithSmRd_W_ExBd.woff) format('woff');font-display:swap;font-weight:800;}body{background-color:#FFFFFF;}:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;}</style><style data-emotion="ssrcss-global animation-w6tfot">@-webkit-keyframes animation-w6tfot{from{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);-moz-transform:rotate(0deg);-ms-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg);}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);-moz-transform:rotate(360deg);-ms-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes animation-w6tfot{from{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg);-moz-transform:rotate(0deg);-ms-transform:rotate(0deg);transform:rotate(0deg);}to{-webkit-transform:rotate(360deg);-moz-transform:rotate(360deg);-ms-transform:rotate(360deg);transform:rotate(360deg);}}</style><style data-emotion="ssrcss-global jvpfja">html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}</style><style data-emotion="ssrcss 181c4hk-SectionWrapper 1imfos9-PageStack viqt7x-HeaderStack irv5dn-Zone fve7uw-GlobalNavigation 1euvvif-Wrap 2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent 1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper o7c2ms-BBCBlocks 1f39n02-VisuallyHidden 1hjcemq-AccessibilityLinkList 1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem j17vi8-AccountOptionsList khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount 5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper 1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon 1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper 82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink 1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper xi5oyi-StyledIcon qgttmg-AccountText 19sye53-VerticalSeparator 1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En 18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct 1yfeg7m-NavigationLink 1rvz278-NavItemHoverState f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct c32wmt-NavItemHoverState hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState 8y8dal-NavItemHoverState 1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState 45jvgy-NavItemHoverState wtx82e-NavItemHoverState o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct 1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink 1loutj3-NavItemHoverState 13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper 7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem 1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger 1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem 1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper pz7t8-SearchText 91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer 2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu 1obp207-MenuWrapper 1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En 1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem pt9t4a-MenuLink 10zs8ef-MenuLink 1l2ctwi-MenuLink 1pho4im-MenuLink 1v9lxe0-MenuLink 1u9nz9a-MenuLink 11p9y6l-MenuLink 116dfr6-MenuLink l19037-MenuLink 7nqmpo-MenuLink ykhqnw-MenuLink 1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper 1cxgy00-CallToActionLink 1hfawy1-IconWrapper 1hgui5j-TextWrapper 125strc-ProductNavigationContainer oobg6y-Masthead 12x0ma7-ContentWrapper kpltdl-LogoWrapper 1vyfvn-LogoLink 19cmzaj-LogoIcon 1wzssl9-Navigation 1j9vurq-MainNavBarContainer qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer 1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer 1gmyfek-StyledToggle 1m4972l-IconWrapper 141d9xq-MenuListContainer 1dxpp32-StyledMenuList or45ca-StyledMenuItem is8wz4-StyledLink 1qssgss-LinkTextContainer 1dblvlt-StyledLink 3ax7bz-ToggleContainer 1fuzwhv-MenuContainer-MoreMenuWrapper 6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer 15c6ksl-MenuListContainer 1sia920-ListTitle 71dizn-StyledMenuList g1n074-StyledMenuItem 113ra1d-StyledLink i9csl0-LinkTextContainer 1aey2vx-Container 1pf279h-HeaderWrapper xv1me1-ContentWrapper 1v9qlr-ContextLabelWrapper 1hli3ve-StyledLink 4c83jz-InlineLink wdtf7t-Heading lezm6o-Subheading 106ae9-Summary 14abiuv-MetadataWrapper 1h0t3oz-StyledDivider zfej3t-ButtonGroup 17ehax8-Cluster m68fbm-ClusterItems 1uhdaf3-MobileFullWidthWrapper 5tewi8-StyledInformationPanel 9jw667-ButtonWrapper 1d90ebh-Button uf7g13-ContentsWrapper 1vf32ku-ButtonStyles 1w5g8is-IconWrapper fotzux-ButtonText unr8ru-ButtonStyles 151p9y1-StyledIcon-AnimatedCoreLoadingIcon 1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent 4pcgwu-ContentWrapper 1m6whh8-CloseButtonWrapper 1fpnh7r-Button 1a1fy59-IconWrapper 9etswz-PanelWrapper 177890g-StyledTitleArea 1wj93vq-ImageWrapper 16qtiov-ContentStack fq0xf0-Zone-StandardZone 5t889z-PageWrapper 1vd2y3y-ContainerWithSidebarWrapper xifqb-SidebarWrapper rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar 1qo6ct7-VisibleHeadingWrapper 1qfxq8u-Heading 1paw11t-TabsList 1gvux50-TabLink v2jpjw-TabContent 1kfu1l0-IconWrapper 53qv48-LabelWrap 10udvru-TabLink 1ucpzri-TabContent dxkw4d-SidebarNavigation 16hkbez-SidebarNavigationTop d3pbas-VisibleHeadingWrapper 1k20pxf-Heading j1tvkn-SidebarNavSectionWrapper 1fc0pzq-SidebarLink 10niaat-SidebarItemSpan o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper 6fqtmn-Stack 1wo0c1w-SectionWrapper 1wsza7t-Row 1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper 1ykw0fe-TextWrapper y11yry-NavigationWrapper ov4rjl-LinkWrapper 1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks 1wrtz69-DirectionLabelWrapper qk2e5i-IconWrapper 2d6z1u-LinkTitle 7m07pq-LinkDescription hwurzf-Wrapper wdw1q-Stack r4x61s-ClusterWrapper 1ujonwb-ClusterItems c15ql-CallToActionLink ixjgmd-LightText 1894gjb-IconWrapper 1wnvszv-FooterStack 1sz5jhc-StyledWrapper wl1ktf-StyledDivider 5pb5h2-LanguageSelectWrapper 1f3bvyz-Stack 1mg4r3s-StyledLabel 54r061-InputWrapper rhd3ht-StyledSelect 1kospcg-IconStack 5nqzc5-IconWrapper 18a2lvt-GlobalFooterStyling wjed5-Stack 1iurs7n-Columns 125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink y7krbn-Stack x3nlsb-ClusterItems 1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink 1q0x1qg-Paragraph 1dly6b7-Link">.ssrcss-181c4hk-SectionWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;height:100vh;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}.ssrcss-1imfos9-PageStack{width:100%;height:100vh;display:grid;grid-template-rows:max-content auto max-content;grid-template-columns:100%;}.ssrcss-fve7uw-GlobalNavigation{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;background:#FFFFFF;color:#000000;box-shadow:0 0.0625rem 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.15);position:relative;z-index:1;padding-top:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:63rem;padding:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap{padding:0 1rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap{max-width:80rem;}}.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;}@media (max-width: 18.6875rem){.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent >div:first-of-type{width:100%;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{margin:0 -0.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{margin:0;}}@media (max-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:1;-ms-flex-order:1;order:1;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;padding:0;margin-top:-0.25rem;width:100%;}.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:0.5rem;margin-right:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;}}.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:2.0625rem;vertical-align:middle;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{height:2.0625rem;width:auto;}}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper{padding:0 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;max-width:7rem;}@media (min-width: 22.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 25.625rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks{height:2rem;}}.ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}.ssrcss-1hjcemq-AccessibilityLinkList{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:3.875rem;}.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;position:relative;display:block;top:0;left:0;z-index:1;padding:1rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;margin:auto;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink:focus{position:absolute;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;width:100%;}}.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;padding-right:3rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList{padding-right:0;}}.ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList >li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;min-width:2.75rem;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;position:relative;min-width:inherit;width:inherit;}.ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;text-align:left;display:inline-block;position:absolute;}html.no-js .ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent{display:none;}.ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper{min-width:inherit;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:100%;}.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{display:inline-block;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;border-radius:50%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:2rem;height:2rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;height:100%;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText{background-color:#F6F6F6;overflow:hidden;width:100%;border-radius:5%;height:0.875rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;min-width:1.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;text-align:center;margin-right:0.3125rem;}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0071F1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.625rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}html.no-js .ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{opacity:1;pointer-events:all;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:inherit;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{min-width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:8.5rem;text-align:left;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink{width:11rem;}}.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:2rem;height:2rem;vertical-align:-0.6875rem;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper{width:1.75rem;height:1.75rem;vertical-align:-0.5625rem;}}.ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator{display:block;border-left:0.0625rem solid #E6E8EA;height:1.5rem;margin-top:1rem;}}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En{-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;margin-left:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{color:#000000;text-align:center;height:3.75rem;}.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct#more-menu-button{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;max-width:3rem;-webkit-box-pack:end;-ms-flex-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;justify-content:flex-end;}}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;min-width:1.25rem;margin-top:-0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{min-width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink{margin-top:0;min-width:3rem;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:hover::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState:focus::after,.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media ( min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState{width:2rem;}}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.25rem;height:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper>svg{vertical-align:0.1875rem;}}.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-order:2;-ms-flex-order:2;order:2;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;padding-left:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem{padding-left:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;width:2rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{width:3rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;width:1.5rem;height:1.375rem;vertical-align:-0.5em;-webkit-box-pack:space-evenly;-ms-flex-pack:space-evenly;-webkit-justify-content:space-evenly;justify-content:space-evenly;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper{display:none;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-top:-0.25rem;-webkit-align-self:center;-ms-flex-item-align:center;align-self:center;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{width:auto;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem{-webkit-order:0;-ms-flex-order:0;order:0;}}.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:hover>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem:focus>*>*::after,.ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{display:block;height:100%;line-height:calc(4rem - 0.5rem);-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;background:none;min-width:1.25rem;text-align:center;margin-top:-0.25rem;position:relative;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus .eki2hvo16::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true'] .eki2hvo16::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{text-align:center;min-width:2.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#000000;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.375rem;height:0.125rem;width:66%;opacity:0;}@media (forced-colors: active){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']{margin-bottom:-1px;border-bottom:1px solid currentcolor!important;}}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:2.75rem;}}@media (min-width: 23.4375rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{min-width:3rem;width:3rem;text-align:center;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink{background:#E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;height:1rem;padding:0.75rem 0.625rem;margin-left:0.5rem;min-width:11.25rem;}.ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink::after{display:none;}}.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.625rem;height:1.625rem;vertical-align:middle;color:#000000;width:1.75rem;height:1.8125rem;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1.375rem;height:1.375rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper{width:1rem;height:1rem;vertical-align:-0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{padding-left:0.5rem;color:#000000;position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);white-space:nowrap;}@media ( min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer{overflow:hidden;visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-property:max-height,height;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);transition-delay:0s,0s,0.4s;transition-duration:0.4s,0.4s,0s;transition-property:max-height,height,display;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer>*{transition-duration:0.2s,0.2s,0s;}}}.ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu{height:0;}.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{visibility:visible;display:block;height:auto;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:28rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:8.125rem;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu:target{height:4.0625rem;}}.ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:auto;-ms-flex:auto;flex:auto;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En:focus{outline:none;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-flex-basis:50%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:50%;flex-basis:50%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{-webkit-flex-basis:auto;-ms-flex-preferred-size:auto;flex-basis:auto;}}@supports (display: grid){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:grid;grid-gap:0 0.5rem;gap:0 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(7.5rem, 1fr));}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En>li{min-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(1),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(2),.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En li:nth-of-type(3){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li{padding-right:1.25rem;}.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(4){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 41.25rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(5){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 45.5rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(6){display:none;}}@media (min-width: 48rem){.ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(7){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:1.75rem;margin:0.25rem 0;-webkit-align-items:stretch;-webkit-box-align:stretch;-ms-flex-align:stretch;align-items:stretch;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem{height:3.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem:focus>*::after,.ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem[data-open='true']{width:100%;opacity:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#141414;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#EB1212;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FFD230;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#AAFF00;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0068FF;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#0052A1;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#589E50;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#482878;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#002856;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#149EDC;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin:0.125rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:#000000;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;height:100%;}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{content:'';display:block;background-color:#FA6400;position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0.125rem;height:0.125rem;width:0;opacity:0;}@media (min-width: 18.75rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{bottom:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink:focus::after,.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink[data-open='true']::after{width:100%;opacity:1;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink{margin:0.375rem;}}@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference){.ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink::after{-webkit-transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition:width 0.2s,opacity 0.2s;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0.75, 0, 0.15, 1);}}.ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper{margin-top:0.25rem;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' off;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:2px solid transparent;-webkit-transition:border-bottom 0.2s;transition:border-bottom 0.2s;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;-webkit-transition:text-decoration 0.2s;transition:text-decoration 0.2s;}}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:active{cursor:pointer;background:#0051AD;color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD;}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:hover .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:active .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:2px solid currentcolor;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:hover .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:active .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;}}.ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #0051AD,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1hfawy1-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;}.ssrcss-125strc-ProductNavigationContainer{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;position:relative;}.ssrcss-oobg6y-Masthead{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;background:#963CE1;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper{margin:0.25rem 0;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media all and (-ms-high-contrast: none),(-ms-high-contrast: active){.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{width:100%;}}.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{display:block;padding:calc(0.75rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.625rem;fill:currentcolor;max-width:10rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(0.875rem - 0.25rem) 0;height:1.75rem;max-width:15.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon{padding:calc(1rem - 0.25rem) 0;max-width:initial;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wzssl9-Navigation{border-top:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-1j9vurq-MainNavBarContainer{border-bottom:0.25rem solid #FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer{background-color:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;}}.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;margin:0;}.ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#8A8C8E;}}.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;background-color:transparent;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591{border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#8A8C8E;}.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover,.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus,.ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active{color:#141414;background-color:#E6E8EA;border-color:transparent;}.ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;position:relative;padding:0.5rem;cursor:pointer;color:#141414;background-color:#FFFFFF;border:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle{min-height:3.375rem;}}.ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;margin-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-1rem;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList{-webkit-box-flex-wrap:nowrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;}}}.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem{-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;}}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:3.375rem;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink::after{content:none;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0.25rem;height:100%;background-color:#963CE1;}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:active::after{content:'';}.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus-visible::after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink{width:auto;padding-left:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#141414;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink::after{background-color:#963CE1;width:100%;height:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink{padding-left:0;width:auto;color:#141414;}}.ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer{line-height:1.125rem;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer{padding:0 1rem;}}.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:3.375rem;}.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink::after{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0.25rem;height:100%;background-color:#963CE1;}.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:active::after{content:'';}.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:focus-visible::after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink{width:auto;padding-left:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink:focus{background-color:transparent;color:#141414;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink::after{background-color:#963CE1;width:100%;height:0.25rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink{padding-left:0;width:auto;color:#141414;}}.ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer{display:none;border-left:0.0625rem solid;border-left-color:#8A8C8E;background-color:transparent;}html.no-js .ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer{background-color:#E6E8EA;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;-webkit-align-items:flex-center;-webkit-box-align:flex-center;-ms-flex-align:flex-center;align-items:flex-center;}}.ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover::after,.ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active::after{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;content:'';height:0.25rem;background-color:#963CE1;}html.no-js .ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:hover::after,html.no-js .ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active::after{background-color:transparent;}.ssrcss-1fuzwhv-MenuContainer-MoreMenuWrapper{background-color:#E6E8EA;color:#141414;}.ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer{margin:0 -0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer{margin:0 -1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer{margin:0;}}.ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer{display:none;}html.no-js .ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer{display:block;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}.ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;display:block;padding:1rem 0 0.5rem 0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle{padding:1rem 0.5rem 0.25rem;}}.ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList{-webkit-column-count:3;column-count:3;-webkit-column-gap:1rem;column-gap:1rem;-webkit-column-rule:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;column-rule:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList{-webkit-column-count:4;column-count:4;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList{-webkit-column-count:6;column-count:6;}}.ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:relative;break-inside:avoid;margin:0;padding:0;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem{border-bottom:none;}}.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink{box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;padding:0.25rem 0 0.25rem 0.5rem;color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;min-height:3.375rem;}.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink:hover,.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink:focus{background-color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink::after{content:none;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:0.25rem;height:100%;background-color:#963CE1;}.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink:hover::after,.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink:active::after{content:'';}.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink:focus-visible::after{content:none;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink{padding-left:1rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink{width:auto;padding-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer{line-height:1.125rem;}.ssrcss-1aey2vx-Container{contain:none;background-color:#3066F0;}.ssrcss-1pf279h-HeaderWrapper{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1pf279h-HeaderWrapper{min-height:10.875rem;}}.ssrcss-xv1me1-ContentWrapper{padding:2rem 0;width:100%;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-xv1me1-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;max-width:66%;}}.ssrcss-1v9qlr-ContextLabelWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:1rem;}.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;margin-bottom:1rem;}.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:link,.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:visited{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:link,.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:visited{text-decoration-thickness:2px;}}.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:link:hover,.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:visited:hover,.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:link:focus,.ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink a:visited:focus{border-bottom-width:3px;text-decoration-thickness:3px;}.ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink:link{color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink:visited{color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink:any-link{font-weight:700;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#FFFFFF;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.25em;}.ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink:any-link:hover,.ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink:any-link:focus{text-decoration-color:currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-wdtf7t-Heading{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;margin:0;color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-wdtf7t-Heading{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.125;}}.ssrcss-wdtf7t-Heading:focus{outline-style:none;}.ssrcss-wdtf7t-Heading:focus-visible{outline-style:auto;}.ssrcss-lezm6o-Subheading{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;display:block;margin-top:0.5rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-lezm6o-Subheading{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}}.ssrcss-106ae9-Summary{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;padding-top:1rem;max-width:36.25rem;color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-106ae9-Summary{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-14abiuv-MetadataWrapper{margin-top:1rem;line-height:1.5;font-size:1rem;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-14abiuv-MetadataWrapper a{color:#FFFFFF;font-weight:700;margin:0 0.5rem;text-underline-offset:0.4em;text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.ssrcss-14abiuv-MetadataWrapper a:hover,.ssrcss-14abiuv-MetadataWrapper a:focus{border-bottom-width:3px;text-decoration-thickness:3px;}.ssrcss-1h0t3oz-StyledDivider{border-right:1px solid #FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-zfej3t-ButtonGroup{margin-top:1.5rem;}.ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster{overflow:hidden;}@supports (gap: 1rem){.ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster{overflow:initial;}}.ssrcss-m68fbm-ClusterItems{margin:calc(1rem / 2 * -1);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-m68fbm-ClusterItems >*{margin:calc(1rem / 2);}@supports (gap: 1rem){.ssrcss-m68fbm-ClusterItems{gap:1rem;margin:0;}.ssrcss-m68fbm-ClusterItems >*{margin:0;}}.ssrcss-1uhdaf3-MobileFullWidthWrapper{width:100%;}@media (min-width: 26.9375rem){.ssrcss-1uhdaf3-MobileFullWidthWrapper{width:auto;}}.ssrcss-5tewi8-StyledInformationPanel{display:block;}html.no-js .ssrcss-5tewi8-StyledInformationPanel{display:none;}.ssrcss-9jw667-ButtonWrapper{width:100%;}html.no-js .ssrcss-9jw667-ButtonWrapper{display:none;}.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;width:100%;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;border-color:#FFFFFF;color:#FFFFFF;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:disabled{opacity:0.2;cursor:auto;}.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:active:enabled{position:relative;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;background:#FFFFFF;color:#141414;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:focus:enabled{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #000000;outline:0.125rem solid #FFFFFF;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #000000;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button:active:enabled{border-color:transparent;}.ssrcss-uf7g13-ContentsWrapper{display:grid;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;}.ssrcss-1vf32ku-ButtonStyles{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;grid-column:1;grid-row:1;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1vf32ku-ButtonStyles{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper{width:1.25rem;height:1em;padding-right:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText{width:auto;}.ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;grid-column:1;grid-row:1;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;visibility:hidden;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-151p9y1-StyledIcon-AnimatedCoreLoadingIcon{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;fill:currentcolor;-webkit-animation:animation-w6tfot 1s linear infinite;animation:animation-w6tfot 1s linear infinite;}.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;background-color:#F6F6F6;color:#141414;border:0.0625rem solid #8A8C8E;position:absolute;top:calc(100% + 1.5rem);left:0;width:15rem;width:-webkit-max-content;width:-moz-max-content;width:max-content;max-width:95vw;z-index:1000;}@supports (clip-path: inset(100%)){.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::after{background-color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::before{background-color:#8A8C8E;}}@media (forced-colors: active){@supports (clip-path: inset(100%)){.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::before{background-color:CanvasText;}}}@supports (max-width: min(95vw, 21rem)){.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent{max-width:min(95vw, 21rem);}}.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::before,.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::after{content:'';display:inline-block;position:absolute;-webkit-clip-path:polygon(0 100%, 50% 0, 100% 100%);clip-path:polygon(0 100%, 50% 0, 100% 100%);width:1rem;height:0.75rem;left:1rem;}.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::after{top:calc(-0.75rem + 0.0625rem);}.ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent::before{top:calc(-0.75rem - 0.0625rem);}.ssrcss-1m6whh8-CloseButtonWrapper{float:right;margin-left:0.75rem;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:disabled{opacity:0.2;cursor:auto;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:active:enabled{position:relative;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;background:#8214E1;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button:focus:enabled{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;}.ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1em;height:1em;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:-0.125em;}.ssrcss-9etswz-PanelWrapper{padding:0.75rem;display:block;}.ssrcss-177890g-StyledTitleArea{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;padding-bottom:1rem;white-space:pre-line;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-177890g-StyledTitleArea{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1wj93vq-ImageWrapper{display:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1wj93vq-ImageWrapper{width:33%;display:block;margin:0 0;background-image:url(https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/website/assets/static/bitesize/secondary-sparks.c3c51d65badcfa64c8da.svg);background-repeat:no-repeat;-webkit-background-size:cover;background-size:cover;-webkit-background-position:right center;background-position:right center;}}.ssrcss-fq0xf0-Zone-StandardZone{height:100%;margin:0 auto;}.ssrcss-5t889z-PageWrapper{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;color:#141414;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-5t889z-PageWrapper{margin-top:2rem;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1vd2y3y-ContainerWithSidebarWrapper{display:grid;grid-gap:1rem;grid-template-columns:18.75rem minmax(0, 1fr);}}.ssrcss-xifqb-SidebarWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-unset;display:-ms-unsetbox;display:unset;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-xifqb-SidebarWrapper{display:block;padding-bottom:4rem;}.ssrcss-xifqb-SidebarWrapper nav{margin-bottom:1rem;}.ssrcss-xifqb-SidebarWrapper nav:not(:last-of-type){padding-bottom:1.5rem;border-bottom:2px solid #F6F6F6;}}.ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-unset;display:-ms-unsetbox;display:unset;}.ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper h2{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.1428571428571428;}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper{display:block;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:1rem;}.ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper h2{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.1428571428571428;}}}.ssrcss-p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar{z-index:1000;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;top:0;width:calc(100% + (0.5rem * 2));-webkit-transform:translateX(-0.5rem);-moz-transform:translateX(-0.5rem);-ms-transform:translateX(-0.5rem);transform:translateX(-0.5rem);}.ssrcss-p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar .eias33z3{display:none;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar{width:calc(100% + (1rem * 2));-webkit-transform:translateX(-1rem);-moz-transform:translateX(-1rem);-ms-transform:translateX(-1rem);transform:translateX(-1rem);}}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar{position:static;width:auto;-webkit-transform:unset;-moz-transform:unset;-ms-transform:unset;transform:unset;}.ssrcss-p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar .eias33z3{display:block;}}.ssrcss-1qo6ct7-VisibleHeadingWrapper{padding-left:1.25rem;margin:0 auto 1rem auto;}.ssrcss-1qfxq8u-Heading{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;margin:0;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1qfxq8u-Heading{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.1428571428571428;}}.ssrcss-1qfxq8u-Heading:focus{outline-style:none;}.ssrcss-1qfxq8u-Heading:focus-visible{outline-style:auto;}.ssrcss-1paw11t-TabsList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;color:#141414;background-color:#F6F6F6;padding:0 0.25rem;border-bottom:1px solid #E6E8EA;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;justify-content:space-around;gap:0.25rem;white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1paw11t-TabsList{border-bottom-color:transparent;}}.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink{display:block;min-width:60px;color:#8214E1;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease 0s;transition:all 0.2s ease 0s;}.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink:hover,.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink:focus{color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#8214E1;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem #8214E1;}.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink:hover .eias33z2,.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink:focus .eias33z2{border-color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem #8214E1,0 0 0 calc(0.25rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.25rem + 0.125rem);}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink{padding-left:4px;padding-right:4px;}}.ssrcss-v2jpjw-TabContent{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:0.125rem solid;border-color:#8214E1;margin:auto;-webkit-transition:inherit;transition:inherit;transition-property:border;text-align:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:6px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-v2jpjw-TabContent{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}.ssrcss-1kfu1l0-IconWrapper{min-height:1.25rem;min-width:1.25rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-53qv48-LabelWrap{min-width:50px;}}.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink{display:block;min-width:60px;color:#141414;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease 0s;transition:all 0.2s ease 0s;}.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink:hover,.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink:focus{color:#FFFFFF;background-color:#8214E1;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem #8214E1;}.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink:hover .eias33z2,.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink:focus .eias33z2{border-color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem #8214E1,0 0 0 calc(0.25rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.25rem + 0.125rem);}@media (max-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink{padding-left:4px;padding-right:4px;}}.ssrcss-1ucpzri-TabContent{width:-webkit-fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;padding-top:10px;padding-bottom:6px;border-bottom:0.125rem solid;border-color:transparent;margin:auto;-webkit-transition:inherit;transition:inherit;transition-property:border;text-align:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;gap:6px;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1ucpzri-TabContent{-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;}}.ssrcss-dxkw4d-SidebarNavigation{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;padding:0 0.25rem;}.ssrcss-16hkbez-SidebarNavigationTop{scroll-margin:1rem;}.ssrcss-d3pbas-VisibleHeadingWrapper{padding-left:1.25rem;margin:1rem auto;}.ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;margin:0;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}}.ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading:focus{outline-style:none;}.ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading:focus-visible{outline-style:auto;}.ssrcss-j1tvkn-SidebarNavSectionWrapper{border-left:solid 2px #E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;display:block;box-sizing:border-box;margin-left:-3px;padding-left:calc(1.25rem + (1rem * 0));padding-right:0.5rem;-webkit-background-clip:padding-box;background-clip:padding-box;border-left:solid 3px transparent;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[aria-current='page']{color:#8214E1;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:link,.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited{border-bottom:1px solid #8A8C8E;color:#141414;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:link,.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline #8A8C8E;text-decoration:underline #8A8C8E;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.25em;}}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:link:hover,.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited:hover,.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:link:focus,.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited:focus{text-decoration-color:#8214E1;text-decoration-thickness:2px;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:link:hover[aria-current='page'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited:hover[aria-current='page'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:link:focus[aria-current='page'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited:focus[aria-current='page']{color:#963CE1;text-decoration-color:#8214E1;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:visited{color:#545658;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:focus,.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:hover:not(span){background-color:#E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:hover:not(span){cursor:pointer;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink:focus:not(:focus-visible):not(:hover){background:none;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[aria-expanded='true'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[aria-current='page'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[data-contains-current-page-link='true']:not([role='button']){color:#8214E1;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[aria-expanded='true'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[data-contains-current-page-link='true'][data-contains-link='false']:not([role='button']){font-weight:700;}.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[aria-current='page'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[data-contains-current-page-link='true'][aria-expanded='false'],.ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink[data-contains-current-page-link='true'][data-contains-link='true']{border-left-width:4px;border-left-color:#963CE1;padding-left:calc(1.25rem - 1px + (1rem * 0));text-decoration-color:currentcolor;}.ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;box-sizing:border-box;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;min-height:2.75rem;padding-top:0.5rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper{margin-top:2rem;padding-bottom:4rem;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper{margin-top:0;}.ssrcss-o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper a[href='#main-content']{display:none;}}.ssrcss-6fqtmn-Stack >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){margin-top:2rem;}.ssrcss-1wo0c1w-SectionWrapper{display:flow-root;}@media (min-width: 56.25rem){.ssrcss-1wo0c1w-SectionWrapper{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 2px #8A8C8E;padding:1rem 2rem 2rem;}.ssrcss-1wo0c1w-SectionWrapper[data-stack-active='true']{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 4px #8214E1;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row[data-layout='column']{display:grid;gap:1rem;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row[data-layout='float-image'] >div:nth-child(1){display:none;}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row[data-layout='float-image']{display:flow-root;margin-bottom:1rem;}.ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row[data-layout='float-image'] >div:nth-child(1){display:block;float:right;width:calc(50% - 0.5rem);margin-left:1rem;margin-bottom:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row[data-layout='float-image'] >div:nth-child(3){display:none;}}.ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper{max-width:36.25rem;}.ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper h2{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;padding:3.75rem 0 0.5rem 0;position:relative;top:-2.5rem;margin-bottom:-2.5rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper h2{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.1428571428571428;}}.ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper h3{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;padding-top:1rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper h3{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper{padding-top:0.5rem;padding-bottom:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){margin-top:1rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h1,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h2,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h3,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h4,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h5,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h6,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper p,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ul,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ol,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper li,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper figure,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper blockquote{overflow-wrap:break-word;max-width:36.25rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper mjx-container mjx-math{white-space:normal;line-height:0.5625rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper mjx-assistive-mml{right:0px;bottom:0px;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper .MJX-TEX:has(mjx-mtable){display:block;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;max-width:36.25rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h1,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h2,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h3,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h4,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h5,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h6{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;color:#141414;margin:0;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h1{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h1{font-size:2rem;line-height:1.125;}}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h2{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h2{font-size:1.75rem;line-height:1.1428571428571428;}}[data-layout='single'] .ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h2{clear:both;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h3{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h3{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.1666666666666667;}}[data-layout='single'] .ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h3{clear:both;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h4{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h4{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h5{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.2857142857142858;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper h6{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper em{font-style:italic;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper strong{font-weight:bolder;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper sub{vertical-align:sub;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper sup{vertical-align:super;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper sub,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper sup{line-height:normal;font-size:smaller;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ul,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ol{margin-left:0;padding-left:1rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ul li,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ol li{margin-bottom:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ul p,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ol p{margin-bottom:1rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ul{list-style-type:circle;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper>ul{list-style-type:disc;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper ol{list-style-type:decimal;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper .indent{display:inline-block;padding-left:2rem;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper span.foreigntext{font-style:italic;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper mark{color:#8214E1;background:transparent;font-weight:bolder;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper mark em{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper pre{max-width:36.25rem;white-space:pre-wrap;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper pre code{display:block;line-height:1.375rem;overflow-x:auto;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper p code{word-break:break-all;}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper q{quotes:'“' '”';}.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper q::before,.ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper q::after{content:revert;}.ssrcss-y11yry-NavigationWrapper{margin-top:2rem;display:grid;gap:1rem;grid-template-areas:'next' 'prev';}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-y11yry-NavigationWrapper{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;grid-template-areas:'prev next';}}.ssrcss-ov4rjl-LinkWrapper:nth-child(1){grid-area:next;}.ssrcss-ov4rjl-LinkWrapper:nth-child(2){grid-area:prev;}.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks{box-sizing:border-box;padding:2rem;display:block;height:100%;background-color:#F6F6F6;color:#141414;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s;transition:all 0.2s;}.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks:hover,.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks:focus{background-color:#E6E8EA;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem #E6E8EA;}.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks:focus-visible{background-color:#E6E8EA;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25rem #E6E8EA,0 0 0 calc(0.25rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.25rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks:hover span,.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks:focus span,.ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks:focus-visible span{border-bottom-color:#8214E1;}.ssrcss-1wrtz69-DirectionLabelWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;gap:0.25rem;margin-bottom:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-qk2e5i-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1rem;height:1rem;color:#963CE1;-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px);-moz-transform:translateY(-2px);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px);transform:translateY(-2px);}.ssrcss-2d6z1u-LinkTitle{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;display:inline;border-bottom:2px solid transparent;-webkit-transition:border 0.2s;transition:border 0.2s;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-2d6z1u-LinkTitle{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.2;}}.ssrcss-7m07pq-LinkDescription{margin-top:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-hwurzf-Wrapper{scroll-margin-top:3rem;margin-bottom:1rem;margin-top:0;}.ssrcss-hwurzf-Wrapper:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-hwurzf-Wrapper{margin-bottom:2rem;}}.ssrcss-wdw1q-Stack >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){margin-top:1rem;}.ssrcss-r4x61s-ClusterWrapper{margin-bottom:1rem;}.ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems{padding:0;list-style:none;margin:calc(0.5rem / 2 * -1);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems >*{margin:calc(0.5rem / 2);}@supports (gap: 1rem){.ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems{gap:0.5rem;margin:0;}.ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems >*{margin:0;}}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;box-sizing:border-box;display:-webkit-inline-box;display:-webkit-inline-flex;display:-ms-inline-flexbox;display:inline-flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;padding:calc(0.5rem - 2px) calc(0.75rem - 2px);border:2px solid transparent;min-height:2.75rem!important;text-align:center;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;line-height:1.375!important;-webkit-transition:0.2s;transition:0.2s;background:transparent;border-color:#141414;color:#141414;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:focus-visible{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:2px solid transparent;-webkit-transition:border-bottom 0.2s;transition:border-bottom 0.2s;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration:underline transparent;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;-webkit-transition:text-decoration 0.2s;transition:text-decoration 0.2s;}}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:active{cursor:pointer;background:#8214E1;color:#FFFFFF;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #8214E1;}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:hover .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:focus .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:active .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:2px solid currentcolor;}@supports (text-underline-offset: 0.25em){.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:hover .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:focus .esxl4sy2,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:active .esxl4sy2{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration:underline currentcolor;text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-decoration-skip-ink:none;text-underline-offset:0.3125em;}}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:focus{box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #FFFFFF;outline:0.125rem solid #000000;outline-offset:0.125rem;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #8214E1,0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #FFFFFF;outline-offset:calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem);}.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:hover,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:focus,.ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink:active{border-color:transparent;}.ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;}.ssrcss-1894gjb-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1.125rem;height:1.125rem;padding-right:0.5rem;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:middle;}.ssrcss-1sz5jhc-StyledWrapper{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1sz5jhc-StyledWrapper{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}html.no-js .ssrcss-1sz5jhc-StyledWrapper{display:none;}.ssrcss-wl1ktf-StyledDivider{border-top:solid 1px #8A8C8E;}.ssrcss-5pb5h2-LanguageSelectWrapper{max-width:20.3125rem;padding:1rem 0 2rem 0;}@media (max-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-5pb5h2-LanguageSelectWrapper{padding:1rem 0 1rem 0;}}.ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){margin-top:0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1mg4r3s-StyledLabel{color:#141414;font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1mg4r3s-StyledLabel{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-54r061-InputWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.ssrcss-rhd3ht-StyledSelect{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:1rem;line-height:1.25;text-align:left;padding:0.5rem;margin-right:-2rem;display:block;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;-ms-appearance:none;appearance:none;outline:none;background:transparent;color:#141414;border-radius:0;border:solid 0.0625rem #141414;height:2.75rem;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;padding-right:1.875rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-rhd3ht-StyledSelect{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-rhd3ht-StyledSelect option{background-color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-rhd3ht-StyledSelect::-ms-expand{display:none;}.ssrcss-rhd3ht-StyledSelect:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.125rem #141414,0 0 0 0.3125rem #963CE1;}.ssrcss-1kospcg-IconStack{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;padding:0.5rem;pointer-events:none;}.ssrcss-5nqzc5-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:0.875rem;height:0.875rem;color:#141414;}.ssrcss-18a2lvt-GlobalFooterStyling{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.2307692307692308;padding:1rem 0;background:#141414;border-top:1px solid #8A8C8E;color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-wjed5-Stack >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){border-top:1px solid #8A8C8E;padding-top:1rem;margin-top:1rem;}.ssrcss-1iurs7n-Columns{-webkit-columns:5.625rem;columns:5.625rem;-webkit-column-rule:1px solid #8A8C8E;column-rule:1px solid #8A8C8E;-webkit-column-gap:1.5rem;column-gap:1.5rem;gap:1.5rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1iurs7n-Columns{-webkit-column-gap:2.5rem;column-gap:2.5rem;gap:2.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-1iurs7n-Columns{-webkit-columns:8rem;columns:8rem;}}.ssrcss-1iurs7n-Columns>li{break-inside:avoid-column;}.ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.75rem 0;}.ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink:any-link{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink:any-link:hover,.ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink:any-link:focus,.ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink:any-link:active{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack >*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden)~*:not([hidden]):not(style):not(.visually-hidden){margin-top:1.5rem;}.ssrcss-x3nlsb-ClusterItems{padding:0;list-style:none;margin:calc(1.5rem / 2 * -1);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;}.ssrcss-x3nlsb-ClusterItems >*{margin:calc(1.5rem / 2);}@supports (gap: 1rem){.ssrcss-x3nlsb-ClusterItems{gap:1.5rem;margin:0;}.ssrcss-x3nlsb-ClusterItems >*{margin:0;}}.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink{display:block;margin:-0.75rem -0.5rem;padding:0.75rem 0.5rem;}.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink:any-link{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink:any-link:hover,.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink:any-link:focus,.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink:any-link:active{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink:focus-visible{box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 calc(0.125rem + 0.125rem) #000000;outline:0.125rem solid #FFFFFF;outline-offset:-0.125rem;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink{margin:-0.75rem;padding:0.75rem;}}.ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph{margin:0;}.ssrcss-1dly6b7-Link:any-link{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-feature-settings:'ss01' on;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:#F6F6F6;}.ssrcss-1dly6b7-Link:any-link:hover,.ssrcss-1dly6b7-Link:any-link:focus,.ssrcss-1dly6b7-Link:any-link:active{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}</style></head><body><div id="root"><div class="ssrcss-181c4hk-SectionWrapper eustbbg0"><div class="ssrcss-1imfos9-PageStack e1k195vp5"><div class="ssrcss-viqt7x-HeaderStack e1k195vp3"><div class="ssrcss-irv5dn-Zone e1k195vp1"><header id="header-content" data-testid="header-content"><nav aria-label="BBC" class="ssrcss-fve7uw-GlobalNavigation e4np8gz0"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div id="global-navigation" class="ssrcss-2u16sf-GlobalNavigationContent eki2hvo23"><div class="ssrcss-1qjbknt-GlobalNavigationItem eki2hvo21"><a href="https://www.bbc.com" class="ssrcss-i66k04-NavigationLink-LogoLink eki2hvo11"><span class="ssrcss-qm4a7x-LogoIconWrapper eki2hvo6"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 112 32" width="112" height="32" fill="currentColor" class="ssrcss-o7c2ms-BBCBlocks e1q7xi3k0"><path d="M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 L79.9999905,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,4.44444577e-05 Z M72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,32 L40.0000119,32 L40.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 Z M32,-3.55271368e-15 L32,32 L-1.13686838e-13,32 L-1.13686838e-13,-3.55271368e-15 L32,-3.55271368e-15 Z M97.469329,6.80826869 C96.0294397,6.80826869 94.7294393,7.02226876 93.5693278,7.44982444 C92.4089942,7.87782457 91.4137717,8.49471364 90.5841047,9.30049166 C89.7538823,10.1067141 89.1188821,11.07327 88.6785486,12.199937 C88.2378818,13.3269373 88.0177706,14.5896043 88.0177706,15.9876048 C88.0177706,17.4188274 88.2296596,18.7062722 88.6531042,19.8493837 C89.0763265,20.9929396 89.6861045,21.9591621 90.482438,22.748829 C91.2784383,23.5383848 92.2522163,24.1430516 93.4042167,24.5624962 C94.5558837,24.9819408 95.8516619,25.1917186 97.2914401,25.1917186 C98.3752182,25.1917186 99.4086629,25.072163 100.391219,24.8338296 C101.37333,24.5956073 102.237108,24.2706072 102.982664,23.8592738 L102.982664,23.8592738 L102.982664,20.4292727 C101.40733,21.4001619 99.6881074,21.8851621 97.8251069,21.8851621 C96.6054399,21.8851621 95.567884,21.6549398 94.7126615,21.194273 C93.8572168,20.7338284 93.2049944,20.0633837 92.7564387,19.1831613 C92.3073275,18.3032721 92.0831052,17.2380496 92.0831052,15.9876048 C92.0831052,14.7377155 92.3156608,13.6766041 92.7816609,12.8044927 C93.2474389,11.9327147 93.916328,11.2664922 94.7888838,10.8058254 C95.6609951,10.3453809 96.715551,10.1148252 97.9521069,10.1148252 C98.8496628,10.1148252 99.7052186,10.2342697 100.518108,10.4726031 C101.331219,10.7112699 102.084664,11.0609366 102.779442,11.5212701 L102.779442,11.5212701 L102.779442,8.01738016 C102.017219,7.62260227 101.191441,7.32260218 100.302219,7.11671323 C99.4129963,6.91126872 98.4685515,6.80826869 97.469329,6.80826869 Z M55.7552388,7.00000208 L49.0000146,7.00000208 L49.0000146,25.0000021 L56.1713501,25.0000021 C57.590906,25.0000021 58.8063508,24.7903407 59.8181289,24.3706739 C60.8297959,23.9513405 61.6087961,23.3553403 62.1555741,22.5832289 C62.7020187,21.8114509 62.9754632,20.8882284 62.9754632,19.8140059 C62.9754632,18.7232278 62.6941298,17.7960053 62.1312407,17.0321162 C61.5681294,16.2686715 60.7563514,15.7104491 59.6957955,15.3580046 C60.4625736,14.9891156 61.0420182,14.4894488 61.4335738,13.8601152 C61.8252406,13.2307817 62.0210185,12.4881148 62.0210185,11.6321146 C62.0210185,10.1385586 61.4742405,8.99311379 60.3812402,8.19578022 C59.2877954,7.39889109 57.745795,7.00000208 55.7552388,7.00000208 L55.7552388,7.00000208 Z M15.7552269,7.00000208 L9.00000268,7.00000208 L9.00000268,25.0000021 L16.1713381,25.0000021 C17.5908941,25.0000021 18.8062278,24.7903407 19.8182281,24.3706739 C20.8296729,23.9513405 21.6087842,23.3553403 22.1555621,22.5832289 C22.7021179,21.8114509 22.9755624,20.8882284 22.9755624,19.8140059 C22.9755624,18.7232278 22.6941179,17.7960053 22.1311177,17.0321162 C21.5682286,16.2686715 20.7563395,15.7104491 19.6957836,15.3580046 C20.4625616,14.9891156 21.0418952,14.4894488 21.4335619,13.8601152 C21.8252287,13.2307817 22.0210066,12.4881148 22.0210066,11.6321146 C22.0210066,10.1385586 21.4741175,8.99311379 20.3811172,8.19578022 C19.2877835,7.39889109 17.7457831,7.00000208 15.7552269,7.00000208 L15.7552269,7.00000208 Z M55.8775833,17.2209385 C58.1128062,17.2209385 59.2308065,18.0434943 59.2308065,19.6881614 C59.2308065,20.4602728 58.9369175,21.0518285 58.3496951,21.4629397 C57.7622505,21.8743843 56.9216947,22.0797177 55.8286944,22.0797177 L55.8286944,22.0797177 L52.6469157,22.0797177 L52.6469157,17.2209385 Z M15.8775714,17.2209385 C18.1129054,17.2209385 19.2307946,18.0434943 19.2307946,19.6881614 C19.2307946,20.4602728 18.9370167,21.0518285 18.3496832,21.4629397 C17.7622386,21.8743843 16.9216828,22.0797177 15.8286825,22.0797177 L15.8286825,22.0797177 L12.6469038,22.0797177 L12.6469038,17.2209385 Z M55.412572,9.92028073 C57.3541282,9.92028073 58.3252396,10.6338365 58.3252396,12.0600591 C58.3252396,12.7988371 58.0763506,13.373504 57.5786838,13.7846152 C57.0807948,14.1960598 56.3587946,14.4013932 55.412572,14.4013932 L55.412572,14.4013932 L52.6469046,14.4013932 L52.6469046,9.92028073 Z M15.4125601,9.92028073 C17.3541163,9.92028073 18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">BBC Homepage</span></span></a></div><ul role="list" id="accessibility-links" class="ssrcss-1hjcemq-AccessibilityLinkList e1d16uym1"><li><a href="#main-heading" class="ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink e1d16uym0">Skip to content</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/" class="ssrcss-1mjrbfa-AccessibilityLink e1d16uym0">Accessibility Help</a></li></ul><div class="ssrcss-sk8r9t-GlobalNavigationItem eki2hvo21"><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-j17vi8-AccountOptionsList eki2hvo0"><li class="ssrcss-khi21n-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount eki2hvo17"><span class="ssrcss-5fw2ee-AccountComponentWrapper eki2hvo9"><div id="account-placeholder" class="ssrcss-uwr32o-StyledAccountPlaceholderComponent elvs26v5"><div class="ssrcss-n7m3zs-StyledLoadingPlaceholderWrapper elvs26v0"><span class="ssrcss-h8wpjv-StyledAccountPlaceholderIconWrapper elvs26v4"><div data-testid="skeleton-wrapper" class="elvs26v3 ssrcss-1lgb55w-Skeleton-StyledAccountPlaceholderIcon en1pbmi0"></div></span><span class="ssrcss-1z04xmt-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderTextWrapper elvs26v2"><div data-testid="skeleton-wrapper" class="elvs26v1 ssrcss-82dxfl-Skeleton-StyledLoadingPlaceHolderText en1pbmi0"></div></span></div></div><a href="https://account.bbc.com/account?lang=en-GB&ptrt=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3" hidden="" aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-ancd6v-NavigationLink-AccountLink eki2hvo10"><span class="ssrcss-1xrtdyt-AccountIconWrapper e1jj8uav4"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M16 17.5a7.88 7.88 0 0 1-8-7.75A7.88 7.88 0 0 1 16 2a7.88 7.88 0 0 1 8 7.75 7.88 7.88 0 0 1-8 7.75M2 30c0-5.883 7.519-10 14.014-10C22.48 20 30 24.12 30 29.994c0 .005-28 .007-28 .005"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText e1jj8uav2">Your account</span></a></span></li></ul><div class="ssrcss-19sye53-VerticalSeparator eki2hvo7"></div><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1blxct3-NavigationBarLinkList-En e1b8fg8n0"><li class="ssrcss-18tl6fu-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">Home</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-c32wmt-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">News</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/sport" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-hv3vcc-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">Sport</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/earth" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-8y8dal-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">Earth</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/reel" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-1xo2gyv-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">Reel</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-45jvgy-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">Worklife</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-f4w0g1-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/travel" class="ssrcss-1yfeg7m-NavigationLink eki2hvo14"><span class="ssrcss-wtx82e-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16">Travel</span></a></li><li id="more-menu-button" class="ssrcss-o07jwc-GlobalNavigationProduct eki2hvo20"><a href="#global-navigation-more-menu" class="ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink eki2hvo1"><span class="ssrcss-1loutj3-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16"><span class="ssrcss-13dpa8i-DotsMenuIconWrapper eki2hvo2"><svg width="20" height="4" viewBox="0 0 20 4" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor"><g transform="translate(-14.000000, -22.000000)"><path d="M18,22 L18,26 L14,26 L14,22 L18,22 Z M34,22 L34,26 L30,26 L30,22 L34,22 Z M26,22 L26,26 L22,26 L22,22 L26,22 Z"></path></g></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">More menu</span></span></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="ssrcss-7jj1a6-LastGlobalNavigationItem eki2hvo22"><div class="ssrcss-1w3za5i-GlobalNavigationItem-GlobalNavigationBurger eki2hvo18"><a href="#global-navigation-more-menu" class="ssrcss-1qxzppn-NavigationLink-MenuToggleControlLink eki2hvo1"><span class="ssrcss-1rvz278-NavItemHoverState eki2hvo16"><span class="ssrcss-1myt22i-BurgerMenuIconWrapper eki2hvo3"><svg width="1.5em" height="1.375em" viewBox="0 0 24 22" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor"><path d="M24,18 L24,22 L0,22 L0,18 L24,18 Z M24,9 L24,13 L0,13 L0,9 L24,9 Z M24,0 L24,4 L0,4 L0,0 L24,0 Z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">More menu</span></span></span></a></div><div role="search" aria-label="Search Bitesize" class="ssrcss-fbjoge-GlobalNavigationItem eki2hvo21"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/search?d=BITESIZE" class="ssrcss-1bujrf4-NavigationLink-SearchLink eki2hvo13"><span class="ssrcss-mwl823-IconWrapper-SearchIconWrapper eki2hvo4"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30.6 28.1-8.3-8.3c1.5-2 2.4-4.4 2.4-7.2C24.7 6 19.6 1 13 1S1.4 6.1 1.4 12.7 6.5 24.3 13 24.3c2.3 0 4.4-.6 6.2-1.8l8.5 8.5zM4 12.6c0-5.2 3.9-9.1 9-9.1s9 3.9 9 9.1-3.9 9.1-9 9.1-9-3.9-9-9.1"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-pz7t8-SearchText eki2hvo12">Search Bitesize</span></a></div></div></div></div><div tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-91jqb8-GlobalNavigationDrawer e6xn3ao0"><div id="global-navigation-more-menu" rows="7" class="ssrcss-2hb8z7-GlobalNavigationMoreMenu e2z809s4"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-1obp207-MenuWrapper e2z809s1"><ul tabindex="-1" role="list" class="ssrcss-1pnyklo-MenuLinkList-En e1mk2b5i0"><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com" class="ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink e2z809s2">Home</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news" class="ssrcss-10zs8ef-MenuLink e2z809s2">News</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/sport" class="ssrcss-1l2ctwi-MenuLink e2z809s2">Sport</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/earth" class="ssrcss-1pho4im-MenuLink e2z809s2">Earth</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/reel" class="ssrcss-1v9lxe0-MenuLink e2z809s2">Reel</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife" class="ssrcss-1u9nz9a-MenuLink e2z809s2">Worklife</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/travel" class="ssrcss-11p9y6l-MenuLink e2z809s2">Travel</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/culture" class="ssrcss-116dfr6-MenuLink e2z809s2">Culture</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/future" class="ssrcss-l19037-MenuLink e2z809s2">Future</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/music" class="ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink e2z809s2">Music</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m" class="ssrcss-pt9t4a-MenuLink e2z809s2">TV</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/weather" class="ssrcss-7nqmpo-MenuLink e2z809s2">Weather</a></li><li class="ssrcss-1smaim7-MenuLinkListItem e2z809s3"><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds" class="ssrcss-ykhqnw-MenuLink e2z809s2">Sounds</a></li></ul><div class="ssrcss-1ejv6c9-CloseButtonWrapper e2z809s0"><a href="#more-menu-button" class="ssrcss-1cxgy00-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1hfawy1-IconWrapper esxl4sy0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">Close menu</span></span></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></nav><div class="ssrcss-125strc-ProductNavigationContainer e19b3odl1"><div data-testid="masthead" class="ssrcss-oobg6y-Masthead esbu9dd2"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper esbu9dd0"><div class="ssrcss-kpltdl-LogoWrapper esbu9dd5"><a href="/bitesize" class="ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink esbu9dd4"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="100 100 650 120" class="ssrcss-19cmzaj-LogoIcon esbu9dd7" role="presentation" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMid meet" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M191.19 181.972c0 6.344-1.661 11.797-4.981 16.354-3.322 4.56-8.053 8.079-14.198 10.555-6.147 2.479-13.529 3.717-22.152 3.717H106.3V106.3h41.033c12.091 0 21.457 2.355 28.098 7.061 6.639 4.709 9.961 11.473 9.961 20.294 0 5.055-1.189 9.439-3.568 13.157-2.379 3.716-5.898 6.666-10.556 8.844 6.442 2.083 11.373 5.378 14.793 9.887 3.419 4.513 5.129 9.988 5.129 16.429zm-62.738-31.963h16.799c5.747 0 10.133-1.212 13.157-3.642 3.022-2.428 4.535-5.822 4.535-10.184 0-8.423-5.898-12.636-17.692-12.636h-16.799v26.462zm0 45.343h19.327c6.639 0 11.745-1.211 15.313-3.642 3.568-2.427 5.352-5.92 5.352-10.481 0-9.713-6.79-14.569-20.368-14.569h-19.624v28.692zM203.231 106.3h22.895v106.298h-22.895V106.3zM239.061 106.3h89.796v19.921h-33.45v86.377h-22.895v-86.377h-33.451V106.3zM340.303 106.3h73.146v19.029h-50.251v23.044h44.601v19.029h-44.601v26.167h53.075v19.03h-75.971V106.3zM463.366 214.828a78.372 78.372 0 0 1-17.32-1.933c-5.701-1.287-11.176-3.32-16.428-6.095v-20.517c10.604 6.445 21.854 9.663 33.748 9.663 6.739 0 11.868-1.138 15.387-3.419 3.517-2.279 5.278-5.45 5.278-9.515 0-3.07-.868-5.476-2.602-7.21-1.735-1.733-4.04-3.122-6.913-4.164-2.876-1.04-6.095-2.007-9.663-2.898-5.849-1.386-11.002-2.974-15.462-4.757-4.46-1.783-8.228-3.888-11.299-6.319-3.073-2.427-5.403-5.351-6.987-8.771-1.587-3.42-2.379-7.508-2.379-12.265 0-6.739 1.71-12.538 5.129-17.395 3.42-4.855 8.251-8.597 14.496-11.225 6.244-2.625 13.678-3.939 22.3-3.939 5.65 0 11.199.645 16.651 1.932 5.45 1.289 10.356 3.025 14.718 5.204v20.219c-4.363-2.677-9.292-4.759-14.793-6.244-5.501-1.487-11.027-2.23-16.577-2.23-6.047 0-10.73 1.04-14.049 3.121-3.322 2.082-4.981 5.055-4.981 8.92 0 2.777.792 4.981 2.379 6.617 1.584 1.635 3.84 2.974 6.765 4.014 2.922 1.04 6.367 2.057 10.333 3.048 5.055 1.289 9.761 2.702 14.124 4.237 4.36 1.538 8.2 3.493 11.522 5.872 3.32 2.378 5.896 5.403 7.731 9.068 1.833 3.667 2.75 8.177 2.75 13.528 0 7.039-1.735 13.06-5.203 18.064-3.47 5.006-8.475 8.823-15.016 11.448-6.542 2.627-14.422 3.941-23.639 3.941zM520.419 106.3h22.895v106.298h-22.895V106.3zM644.672 193.271v19.327h-86.08v-16.353a3173.604 3173.604 0 0 1 27.058-35.756 4259.495 4259.495 0 0 1 27.058-34.863H561.12V106.3h81.62v16.353a5350.393 5350.393 0 0 0-27.356 35.087 3034.63 3034.63 0 0 0-27.058 35.531h56.346zM657.604 106.3h73.146v19.029h-50.251v23.044H725.1v19.029h-44.601v26.167h53.075v19.03h-75.971V106.3z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Bitesize</span></a></div></div></div></div><nav data-testid="navigation" aria-label="BBC Bitesize" class="ssrcss-1wzssl9-Navigation e19b3odl0"><div class="ssrcss-1j9vurq-MainNavBarContainer e12m6nm70"><div class="e17d5osh1 ssrcss-qkzcfe-MenuContainer-PrimaryNavBarContainer ebbwlb0"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div id="product-navigation-menu" class="ssrcss-cb3grh-PrimaryListContainer e17d5osh0"><div class="ssrcss-1hfgj8b-ToggleContainer etzr2fk0"><a href="#product-navigation-menu" class="ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle ekfn8591"><span data-testid="actions:list-view-text" class="ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper ekfn8590"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M1 7.5h30V1.9H1zm0 22.6h30v-5.6H1zm0-11.3h30v-5.6H1z"></path></svg></span>Menu</a></div><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-141d9xq-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1dxpp32-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize" class="ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Home</span></a></li><li aria-current="true" class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/learn" class="ssrcss-1dblvlt-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Learn</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/study-support" class="ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Study support</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/careers" class="ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Careers</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/parents" class="ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Parents</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/trending" class="ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Trending</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-or45ca-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/my" class="ssrcss-is8wz4-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-1qssgss-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">My Bitesize</span></a></li></ul></div><div data-testid="more-menu-button" class="ssrcss-3ax7bz-ToggleContainer enbola60"><a href="#product-navigation-more-menu" class="ssrcss-1gmyfek-StyledToggle ekfn8591"><span data-testid="actions:list-view-text" class="ssrcss-1m4972l-IconWrapper ekfn8590"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M1 7.5h30V1.9H1zm0 22.6h30v-5.6H1zm0-11.3h30v-5.6H1z"></path></svg></span>More</a></div></div></div></div><div class="e1135wx61 ssrcss-1fuzwhv-MenuContainer-MoreMenuWrapper ebbwlb0"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div id="product-navigation-more-menu" class="ssrcss-6tbwbt-MoreMenuListContainer e1135wx60"><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><strong class="ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle e14xdrat0">England</strong><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zt6svwx" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Early years</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z3g4d2p" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS1</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zbr9wmn" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS2</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z4kw2hv" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS3</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z98jmp3" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">GCSE</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zvhtng8" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Functional Skills</span></a></li></ul></div><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><strong class="ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle e14xdrat0">Northern Ireland</strong><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/znyh7nb" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Foundation Stage</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zcwyp4j" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS1</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zjmj92p" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS2</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z3hbg7h" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS3</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z98jmp3" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">GCSE</span></a></li></ul></div><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><strong class="ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle e14xdrat0">Scotland</strong><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zf7hgwx" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Early Level</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zgckjxs" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">1st Level</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zr48q6f" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">2nd Level</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zy4qn39" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">3rd Level</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zvk2fg8" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">4th Level</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zp3d7ty" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">National 4</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z6gw2hv" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">National 5</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zkdqxnb" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Higher</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z66jhbk" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Core Skills</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zggh6g8" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">An Tràth Ìre</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zk3xy9q" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">A' Chiad Ìre</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z4y2scw" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">An Dàrna Ìre</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zmd346f" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">3mh ìre</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zxwb9ty" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">4mh ìre</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z8hhvcw" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Nàiseanta 4</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zdpp34j" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Nàiseanta 5</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zqq4wxs" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Àrd Ìre</span></a></li></ul></div><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><strong class="ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle e14xdrat0">Wales</strong><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zxybmsg" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Foundation Phase</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zbr9wmn" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS2</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z4kw2hv" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS3</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z98jmp3" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">GCSE</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z9wtgdm" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">WBQ</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zhh7nrd" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Essential Skills</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z4js6v4" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Cyfnod Sylfaen</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zbpwt39" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">CA2</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zh6vr82" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">CA3</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zqxy8mn" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">CBC</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z8w76sg" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">TGAU</span></a></li></ul></div><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><strong class="ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle e14xdrat0">International</strong><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zygcmbk" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">KS3</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels/zgdqywx" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">IGCSE</span></a></li></ul></div><div hidden="" class="ssrcss-15c6ksl-MenuListContainer e14xdrat2"><strong class="ssrcss-1sia920-ListTitle e14xdrat0">More from Bitesize</strong><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-71dizn-StyledMenuList e14xdrat1"><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/articles/z6x992p" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">About us</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/subjects" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">All subjects</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/levels" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">All levels</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/primary-games" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Primary games</span></a></li><li class="ssrcss-g1n074-StyledMenuItem eis6szr3"><a href="/bitesize/secondary-games" class="ssrcss-113ra1d-StyledLink eis6szr2"><span class="ssrcss-i9csl0-LinkTextContainer eis6szr1">Secondary games</span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></nav></div><div class="ssrcss-1aey2vx-Container e1t29nfy1"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div data-testid="header-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1pf279h-HeaderWrapper e1t29nfy5"><div data-testid="content-wrapper" class="ssrcss-xv1me1-ContentWrapper e1t29nfy4"><ul class="ssrcss-1v9qlr-ContextLabelWrapper e1rz0aux1"><li class="ssrcss-1hli3ve-StyledLink e1rz0aux0"><a href="/bitesize/levels/z6gw2hv" class="ssrcss-4c83jz-InlineLink e1kn3p7n0">National 5</a></li></ul><h1 id="main-heading" type="normal" tabindex="-1" class="ssrcss-wdtf7t-Heading e10rt3ze0">The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928<span class="ssrcss-lezm6o-Subheading e1t29nfy3">Ethnic groups in the USA</span></h1><p class="ssrcss-106ae9-Summary e1t29nfy2">At the end of World War One there were three main ethnic groups in the USA - White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, 'new' immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, and Black Americans.</p><p data-testid="metadata" class="ssrcss-14abiuv-MetadataWrapper e1ir0fuh1">Part of<!-- --> <a class="links" href="/bitesize/subjects/z2phvcw">History</a><span data-testid="styled-divider" class="ssrcss-1h0t3oz-StyledDivider e1ir0fuh0"></span><a class="links" href="/bitesize/topics/zh4cwmn">Civil rights in the USA</a></p><div class="ssrcss-zfej3t-ButtonGroup e1tkm4570"><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-m68fbm-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><div class="ssrcss-1uhdaf3-MobileFullWidthWrapper e1cpikhi0"><div data-testid="information-panel" class="ssrcss-5tewi8-StyledInformationPanel eu74mg86"><div><div class="ssrcss-9jw667-ButtonWrapper e19pe5mb4"><button width="full" type="button" aria-atomic="true" aria-live="polite" aria-pressed="false" aria-labelledby=":Rml9l9j3a:" aria-expanded="false" class="ssrcss-1d90ebh-Button eoocusk1"><div class="ssrcss-uf7g13-ContentsWrapper e19pe5mb3"><span class="ssrcss-1vf32ku-ButtonStyles e19pe5mb2"><span data-testid="personalisation:bookmark" class="ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper e19pe5mb1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24 4v22.6l-8-4.5-8 4.5V4zm2-2H6v28l10-5.6L26 30z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText e19pe5mb0"><span data-testid="uasButtonText">Save to My Bitesize</span><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0"></span></span></span><span class="ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles e19pe5mb2"><span data-testid="personalisation:bookmark" class="ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper e19pe5mb1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24 4v22.6l-8-4.5-8 4.5V4zm2-2H6v28l10-5.6L26 30z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText e19pe5mb0">Save to My Bitesize</span></span><span class="ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles e19pe5mb2"><span data-testid="playback-avkx:loading" class="ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper e19pe5mb1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-151p9y1-StyledIcon-AnimatedCoreLoadingIcon e161cein0" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m29 8.3-2.5 1.5c1.1 1.8 1.6 3.9 1.6 6.2 0 6.9-5.3 12.2-12.1 12.2-6.9 0-12.1-5.3-12.1-12.2S9.1 3.8 16 3.8V1C7.5 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15 15-6.5 15-15c0-2.9-.7-5.5-2-7.7"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText e19pe5mb0">Saving</span></span><span class="ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles e19pe5mb2"><span data-testid="personalisation:bookmark-filled" class="ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper e19pe5mb1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6 2v28l9.4-5.3.6-.3.6.3L26 30V2z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText e19pe5mb0">Saved</span></span><span class="ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles e19pe5mb2"><span data-testid="playback-avkx:loading" class="ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper e19pe5mb1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-151p9y1-StyledIcon-AnimatedCoreLoadingIcon e161cein0" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m29 8.3-2.5 1.5c1.1 1.8 1.6 3.9 1.6 6.2 0 6.9-5.3 12.2-12.1 12.2-6.9 0-12.1-5.3-12.1-12.2S9.1 3.8 16 3.8V1C7.5 1 1 7.5 1 16s6.5 15 15 15 15-6.5 15-15c0-2.9-.7-5.5-2-7.7"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText e19pe5mb0">Removing</span></span><span class="ssrcss-unr8ru-ButtonStyles e19pe5mb2"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1w5g8is-IconWrapper e19pe5mb1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-fotzux-ButtonText e19pe5mb0">Remove from My Bitesize</span></span></div></button></div><p id=":Rml9l9j3a:" aria-hidden="true" class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">Save to My Bitesize</p></div><div hidden="" role="group" aria-labelledby=":Rml9l9j3aH1:" data-testid="information-panel-content" class="ssrcss-1xg8in9-StyledPanelContent eu74mg85"><div class="ssrcss-4pcgwu-ContentWrapper eu74mg84"><div class="ssrcss-1m6whh8-CloseButtonWrapper eu74mg82"><button width="content-length" type="button" class="ssrcss-1fpnh7r-Button eoocusk1"><span data-testid="actions:close" class="ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper eoocusk0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m30 4.6-2.8-2.8L2 27.4l2.8 2.8zM4.8 1.8 1.9 4.7l25.2 25.5 2.9-2.9z"></path></svg><span class="visually-hidden ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e16en2lz0">close panel</span></span></button></div><div class="ssrcss-9etswz-PanelWrapper eu74mg83"><div id=":Rml9l9j3aH1:" aria-hidden="true" class="ssrcss-177890g-StyledTitleArea eu74mg81"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="image-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1wj93vq-ImageWrapper e1t29nfy0"></div></div></div></div></header></div></div><div class="ssrcss-16qtiov-ContentStack e1k195vp2"><div class="ssrcss-fq0xf0-Zone-StandardZone e1k195vp0"><main id="main-content" data-testid="main-content" style="height:100%"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-5t889z-PageWrapper e107fkov6"><div width="300" class="ssrcss-1vd2y3y-ContainerWithSidebarWrapper e1jl38b40"><div data-testid="sidebar" class="ssrcss-xifqb-SidebarWrapper e107fkov4"><div data-testid="sidebar-scroll-wrapper" class="ssrcss-rx5b6l-SidebarScrollWrapper e107fkov3"><nav class="ssrcss-p79cnm-StyledStudyGuideTabsBar e107fkov2" aria-labelledby="tabbar-heading"><div class="ssrcss-1qo6ct7-VisibleHeadingWrapper eias33z3"><h2 id="tabbar-heading" type="normal" class="ssrcss-1qfxq8u-Heading e10rt3ze0">In this guide</h2></div><ol class="ssrcss-1paw11t-TabsList eias33z4"><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/1" class="ssrcss-1gvux50-TabLink eias33z1"><div class="ssrcss-v2jpjw-TabContent eias33z2"><div class="ssrcss-1kfu1l0-IconWrapper eias33z5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M8.6 1.6c-3.1 0-5 1.8-5 5v18.9c0 3.1 1.8 5 5 5h19.7V6.1h-2.2v21.7H8.2c-1.2 0-2.3-1-2.3-2.3s1-2.3 2.3-2.3h15.3V1.6z"></path></svg></div><span class="ssrcss-53qv48-LabelWrap eias33z0">Revise</span></div></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/test" class="ssrcss-10udvru-TabLink eias33z1"><div class="ssrcss-1ucpzri-TabContent eias33z2"><div class="ssrcss-1kfu1l0-IconWrapper eias33z5"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M17.2 1C9.3 1 3.4 6 3.4 12.8c0 6.7 5.9 11.8 13.8 11.8S31 19.6 31 12.8 25.1 1 17.2 1m-1.606 14.197v.306h2.615v-.306q0-.389.143-.695.142-.327.49-.633a7.5 7.5 0 0 1 .919-.715q.858-.593 1.389-1.185t.776-1.266.245-1.491q0-1.225-.613-2.104-.612-.899-1.736-1.369-1.102-.49-2.635-.49-1.062 0-2.063.225a7.4 7.4 0 0 0-1.879.694V8.64a7.2 7.2 0 0 1 1.696-.735 6.5 6.5 0 0 1 1.736-.225q1.123 0 1.756.49.654.47.654 1.287 0 .346-.082.633-.061.286-.265.552-.185.265-.531.592-.327.307-.879.735-.674.531-1.062 1.001-.367.45-.531.98a4.8 4.8 0 0 0-.143 1.247m.327 4.922q.408.225.98.225t.98-.225q.41-.225.613-.613.225-.408.225-.878 0-.757-.49-1.246-.47-.49-1.328-.49t-1.348.49q-.47.49-.47 1.246 0 .47.205.878.224.388.633.613" clip-rule="evenodd"></path><path d="M7.4 27.8C7.4 29.6 6 31 4.2 31 2.3 31 1 29.7 1 27.8c0-1.8 1.4-3.2 3.2-3.2s3.2 1.4 3.2 3.2"></path></svg></div><span class="ssrcss-53qv48-LabelWrap eias33z0">Test</span></div></a></li></ol></nav><nav aria-labelledby="sidebar-heading" class="ssrcss-dxkw4d-SidebarNavigation efgdili10"><div id="navigation-top" class="ssrcss-16hkbez-SidebarNavigationTop efgdili9"></div><div class="ssrcss-d3pbas-VisibleHeadingWrapper efgdili8"><h2 id="sidebar-heading" type="normal" class="ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading e10rt3ze0">Pages</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-j1tvkn-SidebarNavSectionWrapper efgdili0"><ol><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/1" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">The Open Door Policy and immigration</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/2" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">Open door immigration policy</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">Ethnic groups in the USA</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/4" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">New immigrants</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/5" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">Attitudes towards immigration during the 1920s</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/6" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">The Red Scare</span></a></li><li><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/7" aria-current="false" class="ssrcss-1fc0pzq-SidebarLink efgdili5"><span class="ssrcss-10niaat-SidebarItemSpan efgdili4">Black Americans</span></a></li></ol></div></nav></div></div><div data-testid="grid-wrapper" aria-live="polite" class="ssrcss-o09sa2-ArticleGridWrapper e107fkov1"><div spacing="7" class="ssrcss-6fqtmn-Stack e1y4nx260"><section id="gridBlock-0" data-stack-active="true" class="ssrcss-1wo0c1w-SectionWrapper enh46943"><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div data-menu-item-id="3"><div data-component="menu-heading-block" class="ssrcss-1tnhoox-ComponentWrapper e1okin9t0"><h2 id="3">Ethnic groups in the USA at the end of World War One</h2></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>At the end of the First World War there were many identifiable groups who made up the majority of American society:</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><ul><li>White Anglo Saxon Protestants (also called WASPs or ‘old immigrants’)</li> <li>New immigrants</li> <li>Black Americans </li> <li>Native Americans</li> <li>Asians</li> <li>Hispanics</li></ul></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><h3>The White Anglo Saxon Protestants</h3></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>This was the first immigrant group to settle in America in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. They are often referred to as the ‘old immigrants’.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>WASPs originally came from northern Europe, especially from Britain, Ireland, Germany and Scandinavia. Immigrants from these countries continued to migrate to America throughout the 19th century.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>The promise of cheap or free land, higher wages, better housing and assisted passage schemes enticed large numbers to follow their ancestors in the pursuit of the American Dream.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>Many in this group were skilled and often had family already living in America who had arranged jobs and housing for them.</p></div></div></div><div data-layout="single" class="ssrcss-1wsza7t-Row enh46940"><div><div data-component="text-block" class="text-block ssrcss-1ykw0fe-TextWrapper e1ekt5r40"><p>This allowed them to forge successful and prosperous lives in America. WASPs controlled the banks, industry, politics and law (among others).</p></div></div></div></section></div><div style="height:0;overflow:hidden;width:100%"></div><div class="ssrcss-y11yry-NavigationWrapper e1r8rc346"><div class="ssrcss-ov4rjl-LinkWrapper e1r8rc345"><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/4" class="ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks e1r8rc344"><div class="ssrcss-1wrtz69-DirectionLabelWrapper e1r8rc343">Next page<div class="ssrcss-qk2e5i-IconWrapper e1r8rc342"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.6 14.3 5.5 31h6.4l14.6-15L11.9 1H5.5l16.1 16.7z"></path></svg></div></div><span class="ssrcss-2d6z1u-LinkTitle e1r8rc341">New immigrants</span><div class="ssrcss-7m07pq-LinkDescription e1r8rc340"></div></a></div><div class="ssrcss-ov4rjl-LinkWrapper e1r8rc345"><a href="/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/2" class="ssrcss-1uc776e-NextPrevNavLinks e1r8rc344"><div class="ssrcss-1wrtz69-DirectionLabelWrapper e1r8rc343"><div class="ssrcss-qk2e5i-IconWrapper e1r8rc342"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10.4 14.3 26.5 31h-6.4L5.5 16 20.1 1h6.4L10.4 17.7z"></path></svg></div>Previous page</div><span class="ssrcss-2d6z1u-LinkTitle e1r8rc341">Open door immigration policy</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-hwurzf-Wrapper e1x17m8s1"><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-wdw1q-Stack e1y4nx260"><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-wdw1q-Stack e1y4nx260"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading e10rt3ze0">More guides on this topic</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-r4x61s-ClusterWrapper ecc37rf5"><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8srd2p/revision/1" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">Separate but equal policy to 1939<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdfcwmn/revision/1" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">Civil rights campaigns 1945-1965<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwy4jxs/revision/1" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">Ghettos and black American radicalism <!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zh4cwmn" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">Video playlist<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-hwurzf-Wrapper e1x17m8s1"><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-wdw1q-Stack e1y4nx260"><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-wdw1q-Stack e1y4nx260"><h2 type="normal" class="ssrcss-1k20pxf-Heading e10rt3ze0">Related links</h2></div><div class="ssrcss-r4x61s-ClusterWrapper ecc37rf5"><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1ujonwb-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/history" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">BBC History<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nz3b7" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">BBC One: History of Scotland<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp3ncdm" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">BBC iWonder<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/47447.html" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span data-testid="actions:external-link" class="ssrcss-1894gjb-IconWrapper esxl4sy0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.9 16.9v11.5H3.7V10.2h11.1V7.6H1V31h23.6V16.9zM18 1v2.6h10.2l-.5-1.1L11 19l1.9 1.9L29.6 4.3l-1.2-.5V14H31V1z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">SQA National 5 History<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="https://www.historyextra.com/" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span data-testid="actions:external-link" class="ssrcss-1894gjb-IconWrapper esxl4sy0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.9 16.9v11.5H3.7V10.2h11.1V7.6H1V31h23.6V16.9zM18 1v2.6h10.2l-.5-1.1L11 19l1.9 1.9L29.6 4.3l-1.2-.5V14H31V1z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">History Extra<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="http://www.history.org.uk/" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span data-testid="actions:external-link" class="ssrcss-1894gjb-IconWrapper esxl4sy0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.9 16.9v11.5H3.7V10.2h11.1V7.6H1V31h23.6V16.9zM18 1v2.6h10.2l-.5-1.1L11 19l1.9 1.9L29.6 4.3l-1.2-.5V14H31V1z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">The Historical Association<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li><li><a href="http://scottishhistorysociety.com/learning-resources/the-wars-of-independence/" class="ssrcss-c15ql-CallToActionLink esxl4sy1"><span data-testid="actions:external-link" class="ssrcss-1894gjb-IconWrapper esxl4sy0"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M21.9 16.9v11.5H3.7V10.2h11.1V7.6H1V31h23.6V16.9zM18 1v2.6h10.2l-.5-1.1L11 19l1.9 1.9L29.6 4.3l-1.2-.5V14H31V1z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-1hgui5j-TextWrapper esxl4sy2">Scottish History Society<!-- --> <span class="ssrcss-ixjgmd-LightText ecc37rf4"></span></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><div class="ssrcss-1wnvszv-FooterStack e1k195vp4"><div class="ssrcss-irv5dn-Zone e1k195vp1"><footer id="footer-content" data-testid="footer-content"><div class="ssrcss-1sz5jhc-StyledWrapper e1x61rap2"><div data-testid="language-selector-divider" class="ssrcss-wl1ktf-StyledDivider e1x61rap1"></div><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div class="ssrcss-5pb5h2-LanguageSelectWrapper e1x61rap0"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><label for="language-selector" class="ssrcss-1mg4r3s-StyledLabel elk9bq90">Language:</label><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1f3bvyz-Stack e1y4nx260"><div class="ssrcss-54r061-InputWrapper e1n2yeqb0"><select data-testid="select" id="language-selector" aria-invalid="false" aria-describedby="language-selector-error" aria-required="false" class="ssrcss-rhd3ht-StyledSelect e1n2yeqb1"><option value="en" selected="">English</option><option value="cy">Cymraeg</option><option value="ga">Gaeilge</option><option value="gd">Gàidhlig</option></select><span class="ssrcss-1kospcg-IconStack ehlr6pj0"><span class="ssrcss-5nqzc5-IconWrapper ehlr6pj1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.7 19.4 16 8.8 5.3 19.4v3.7h21.4z"></path></svg></span><span class="ssrcss-5nqzc5-IconWrapper ehlr6pj1"><svg viewBox="0 0 32 32" width="1em" height="1em" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e161cein1" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26.7 12.6 16 23.2 5.3 12.6V8.8h21.4z"></path></svg></span></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ssrcss-18a2lvt-GlobalFooterStyling ejnx8uh0"><div class="ssrcss-1euvvif-Wrap e42f8511"><div spacing="4" class="ssrcss-wjed5-Stack e1y4nx260"><ul role="list" class="ssrcss-1iurs7n-Columns e130hpyp1"><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">News</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/sport" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Sport</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/future/earth" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Earth</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/reel" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Reel</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/worklife" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Worklife</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/travel" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Travel</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/culture" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Culture</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/future" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Future</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/music" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Music</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">TV</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/weather" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Weather</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds" class="ssrcss-125d0rg-Link-NavigationLink e130hpyp0">Sounds</a></li></ul><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-y7krbn-Stack e1y4nx260"><div class="ssrcss-17ehax8-Cluster e1ihwmse1"><ul role="list" spacing="6" class="ssrcss-x3nlsb-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Terms of Use</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">About the BBC</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/privacy" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Cookies</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Accessibility Help</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/guidance" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Parental Guidance</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Contact the BBC</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Get Personalised Newsletters</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/help-41670342" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Why you can trust the BBC</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bbc.com/advertisingcontact/" class="ssrcss-1ndhxp0-Link-LegalLink e1nhpvv71">Advertise with us</a></li></ul></div><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph e1jhz7w10">© 2024 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links" class="ssrcss-1dly6b7-Link e14mg4ud0">Read about our approach to external linking.</a></p></div></div></div></div></footer></div></div></div></div></div><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU">window.__WEBAPP_CONFIG__="{\"staticBaseUrl\":\"https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core\",\"apiUrl\":\"/wc-data\",\"pollingApiUrl\":\"/wc-poll-data\",\"hostUrl\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk\",\"cdnHostUrl\":\"https://web-cdn.api.bbci.co.uk\",\"reportingEndpoint\":\"https://webcore.bbc-reporting-api.app/report-endpoint\",\"webVitalsSampleRate\":20,\"manifestName\":\"manifest.1ccdbcfd4cc3bf889128a50903c2b22c81758637.json\"}";</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU">window.__INITIAL_DATA__="{\"data\":{\"global-navigation?country=sg&language=en-GB&service=bitesize\":{\"name\":\"global-navigation\",\"props\":{\"country\":\"sg\",\"language\":\"en-GB\",\"service\":\"bitesize\"},\"data\":{\"accessibilityLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Skip to content\",\"url\":\"#main-heading\"},{\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/\"}],\"signInLabel\":\"Sign in\",\"accountLabel\":\"Your account\",\"forYouLabel\":\"For you\",\"forYouUrl\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/foryou\",\"menuLabel\":\"Menu\",\"moreLabel\":\"More\",\"moreMenuLabel\":\"More menu\",\"closeButtonLabel\":\"Close menu\",\"disclaimer\":{\"text\":\"© 2024 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links\",\"text\":\"Read about our approach to external linking.\"}},\"legalLinks\":[{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms\",\"label\":\"Terms of Use\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc\",\"label\":\"About the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/privacy\",\"label\":\"Privacy Policy\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies\",\"label\":\"Cookies\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility\",\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/guidance\",\"label\":\"Parental Guidance\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact\",\"label\":\"Contact the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter\",\"label\":\"Get Personalised Newsletters\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/help-41670342\",\"label\":\"Why you can trust the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/advertisingcontact/\",\"label\":\"Advertise with us\"},{\"opens\":\"privacy-management\",\"label\":\"Do not share or sell my info\"}],\"navigationType\":\"Commercial Legacy\",\"homepageLink\":{\"label\":\"BBC Homepage\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com\"},\"searchLink\":{\"label\":\"Search Bitesize\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/search?d=BITESIZE\"},\"chameleonSearchLink\":{\"label\":\"Search Bitesize\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/search\"},\"navigationLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Home\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com\",\"accent\":\"#007BC7\"},{\"label\":\"News\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/news\",\"accent\":\"#BB1919\"},{\"label\":\"Sport\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/sport\",\"accent\":\"#FFD230\"},{\"label\":\"Earth\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future/earth\",\"accent\":\"#AAFF00\"},{\"label\":\"Reel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/reel\",\"accent\":\"#0068FF\"},{\"label\":\"Worklife\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/worklife\",\"accent\":\"#0052A1\"},{\"label\":\"Travel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/travel\",\"accent\":\"#589E50\"},{\"label\":\"Culture\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture\",\"accent\":\"#482878\"},{\"label\":\"Future\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future\",\"accent\":\"#002856\"},{\"label\":\"Music\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture/music\"},{\"label\":\"TV\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m\"},{\"label\":\"Weather\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/weather\",\"accent\":\"#88CCEE\"},{\"label\":\"Sounds\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds\",\"accent\":\"#FF4900\"}],\"chameleonNavigationLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Home\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com\"},{\"label\":\"News\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/news\",\"accent\":\"#EB1212\"},{\"label\":\"Sport\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/sport\",\"accent\":\"#FFD230\"},{\"label\":\"Earth\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future/earth\",\"accent\":\"#AAFF00\"},{\"label\":\"Reel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/reel\",\"accent\":\"#0068FF\"},{\"label\":\"Worklife\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/worklife\",\"accent\":\"#0052A1\"},{\"label\":\"Travel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/travel\",\"accent\":\"#589E50\"},{\"label\":\"Culture\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture\",\"accent\":\"#482878\"},{\"label\":\"Future\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future\",\"accent\":\"#002856\"},{\"label\":\"Music\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture/music\"},{\"label\":\"TV\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m\"},{\"label\":\"Weather\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/weather\",\"accent\":\"#149EDC\"},{\"label\":\"Sounds\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds\",\"accent\":\"#FA6400\"}]},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"product-navigation?assetUri=%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzkng87h%2Frevision%2F3&country=sg&language=en-GB&product=bitesize&showProductNavigation=true&withExpandedHitArea=true\":{\"name\":\"product-navigation\",\"props\":{\"product\":\"bitesize\",\"assetUri\":\"/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"showProductNavigation\":true,\"withExpandedHitArea\":true,\"country\":\"sg\",\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"data\":{\"masthead\":{\"link\":{\"url\":\"/bitesize\"},\"logo\":\"logo:bitesize\",\"text\":\"Bitesize\"},\"productNav\":{\"ariaLabel\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"primary\":[{\"label\":\"Home\",\"url\":\"/bitesize\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Learn\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/learn\",\"selected\":true,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Study support\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/study-support\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Careers\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/careers\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Parents\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/parents\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Trending\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/trending\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"My Bitesize\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/my\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}],\"secondary\":[],\"more\":[{\"title\":\"England\",\"items\":[{\"label\":\"Early years\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zt6svwx\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS1\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z3g4d2p\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS2\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zbr9wmn\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS3\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z4kw2hv\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"GCSE\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z98jmp3\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Functional Skills\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zvhtng8\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}]},{\"title\":\"Northern Ireland\",\"items\":[{\"label\":\"Foundation Stage\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/znyh7nb\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS1\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zcwyp4j\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS2\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zjmj92p\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS3\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z3hbg7h\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"GCSE\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z98jmp3\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}]},{\"title\":\"Scotland\",\"items\":[{\"label\":\"Early Level\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zf7hgwx\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"1st Level\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zgckjxs\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"2nd Level\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zr48q6f\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"3rd Level\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zy4qn39\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"4th Level\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zvk2fg8\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"National 4\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zp3d7ty\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"National 5\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z6gw2hv\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Higher\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zkdqxnb\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Core Skills\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z66jhbk\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"An Tràth Ìre\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zggh6g8\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"A' Chiad Ìre\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zk3xy9q\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"An Dàrna Ìre\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z4y2scw\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"3mh ìre\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zmd346f\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"4mh ìre\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zxwb9ty\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Nàiseanta 4\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z8hhvcw\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Nàiseanta 5\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zdpp34j\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Àrd Ìre\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zqq4wxs\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}]},{\"title\":\"Wales\",\"items\":[{\"label\":\"Foundation Phase\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zxybmsg\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS2\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zbr9wmn\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"KS3\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z4kw2hv\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"GCSE\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z98jmp3\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"WBQ\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z9wtgdm\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Essential Skills\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zhh7nrd\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Cyfnod Sylfaen\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z4js6v4\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"CA2\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zbpwt39\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"CA3\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zh6vr82\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"CBC\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zqxy8mn\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"TGAU\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z8w76sg\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}]},{\"title\":\"International\",\"items\":[{\"label\":\"KS3\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zygcmbk\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"IGCSE\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/zgdqywx\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}]},{\"title\":\"More from Bitesize\",\"items\":[{\"label\":\"About us\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/articles/z6x992p\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"All subjects\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/subjects\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"All levels\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Primary games\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/primary-games\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false},{\"label\":\"Secondary games\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/secondary-games\",\"selected\":false,\"hidden\":false}]}],\"breadcrumbs\":[],\"noJSLink\":null,\"withExpandedHitArea\":true},\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"header?actionType=favourite&resourceType=bitestudyguide&urn=urn%3Abbc%3Aisite2%3Afile_id%3Aeducation%3Azkng87h\":{\"name\":\"header\",\"props\":{\"urn\":\"urn:bbc:isite2:file_id:education:zkng87h\",\"resourceType\":\"bitestudyguide\",\"actionType\":\"favourite\"},\"data\":{},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"education-article?chapter=revision&dataType=education-guide&fileId=zkng87h&preview=false&urn=urn%3Abbc%3Aisite2%3Afile_id%3Aeducation%3Azkng87h\":{\"name\":\"education-article\",\"props\":{\"fileId\":\"zkng87h\",\"dataType\":\"education-guide\",\"preview\":false,\"chapter\":\"revision\",\"urn\":\"urn:bbc:isite2:file_id:education:zkng87h\"},\"data\":{\"metadata\":{\"title\":\"The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"image\":{\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"alt\":\"\"},\"contentId\":\"93bb5aa3-8e57-5d98-a22b-61059fe2c06e\",\"productionNation\":\"sct\",\"creationDateTime\":\"2013-09-27T08:17:05.233362Z\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2024-11-04T16:50:53.779779Z\",\"home\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/ontologies/passport/home/Bitesize\",\"locators\":{\"canonicalUrl\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/1\"},\"attributions\":[{\"title\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize\"},{\"title\":\"History\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/z2phvcw\"}],\"topicOfStudy\":{\"id\":\"zh4cwmn\",\"label\":\"Civil rights in the USA\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/topics/zh4cwmn\"},\"examSpecification\":null,\"phase\":{\"label\":\"Secondary\"},\"programmeOfStudy\":{\"id\":\"z2phvcw\",\"label\":\"History\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/subjects/z2phvcw\"},\"level\":{\"id\":\"z6gw2hv\",\"label\":\"National 5\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z6gw2hv\"}},\"headline\":\"The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928\",\"description\":\"At the end of World War One there were three main ethnic groups in the USA - White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, 'new' immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, and Black Americans.\",\"menuMetadata\":[{\"id\":\"1\",\"text\":\"The Open Door Policy and immigration\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"2\",\"text\":\"Open door immigration policy\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"3\",\"text\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"4\",\"text\":\"New immigrants\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"5\",\"text\":\"Attitudes towards immigration during the 1920s\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"6\",\"text\":\"The Red Scare\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"},{\"id\":\"7\",\"text\":\"Black Americans\",\"headingLevel\":\"1\"}],\"grid\":{\"data\":[[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"The Open Door Policy and immigration\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"1\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The civil rights in USA at the end of World War One.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":0}}],[{\"type\":\"infographic-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"\",\"title\":\"\",\"text\":\"\",\"alt\":\"The civil rights in USA at the end of World War One.\",\"bamMetadata\":{\"small\":{\"url\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z6rb9j6/small\"},\"medium\":{\"url\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z6rb9j6/medium\"},\"large\":{\"url\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/z6rb9j6/large\"}}}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"Open door immigration policy\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"2\"}}],[{\"type\":\"video-block\",\"data\":{\"caption\":\"\",\"title\":\"Changes in US immigration up to 1928\",\"holdingImage\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p0jl83tb.jpg\",\"vpid\":\"p0jl82rr\",\"duration\":138,\"isoDuration\":\"PT2M18S\",\"transcriptDownload\":\"https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zxgjywx/transcript\",\"playerMode\":\"full\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, millions of Europeans migrated to the USA seeking a better quality of life for themselves and their families - they wanted to achieve 'The American Dream'.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":1}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>America was a land full of opportunity and it needed a steady flow of immigrants as the economy had expanded rapidly after the end of the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"American Civil War\\\" data-description=\\\"A civil war that took place between 1861-1865 in the United States. Eleven Southern states (known collectively as the Confederacy) in which slavery was still legal wanted to leave the United States of America. \\\">Civil War\\u003c/glossaryterm> in 1865.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":2}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The American government adopted an ‘open door’ policy on immigration. This is summarised on the inscription at the foot of the Statue of Liberty.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":3}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cblockquote>\\u003cp>\\u003ccredit>The Statue of Liberty\\u003c/credit>\\n Give me your tired, your poor,\\n Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,\\n The wretched refuse of your teaming shore.\\n Send these, the homeless, tempest tossed to me,\\n I lift my lamp beside the golden door'.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/blockquote>\",\"groupPosition\":4}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA at the end of World War One\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"3\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>At the end of the First World War there were many identifiable groups who made up the majority of American society:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":5}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>White Anglo Saxon Protestants (also called WASPs or ‘old immigrants’)\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>New immigrants\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Black Americans \\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Native Americans\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Asians\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Hispanics\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":6}}],[],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch3>The White Anglo Saxon Protestants\\u003c/h3>\",\"groupPosition\":7}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>This was the first immigrant group to settle in America in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. They are often referred to as the ‘old immigrants’.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":8}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>WASPs originally came from northern Europe, especially from Britain, Ireland, Germany and Scandinavia. Immigrants from these countries continued to migrate to America throughout the 19th century.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":9}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The promise of cheap or free land, higher wages, better housing and assisted passage schemes enticed large numbers to follow their ancestors in the pursuit of the American Dream.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":10}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Many in this group were skilled and often had family already living in America who had arranged jobs and housing for them.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":11}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>This allowed them to forge successful and prosperous lives in America. WASPs controlled the banks, industry, politics and law (among others).\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":12}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"New immigrants\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"4\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>From the 1890s onwards a new wave of immigrants began to arrive in the USA from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":13}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>From 1892 immigrants were taken to Ellis Island in New York to be 'processed'. They received a medical inspection and if they failed they were sent back to where they came from.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":14}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>For these immigrants Ellis Island was an 'Island of Tears'. Those who passed were given a landing card and started the search for the American Dream.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":15}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>These new immigrants came from countries such as Italy, Poland, Russia and Lithuania.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":16}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>They left their own countries to escape poverty, and religious and political persecution.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":17}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>This group were generally poorer and less well educated than the more established Old Immigrants.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":18}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>As a result, many found it difficult to obtain well-paying jobs and instead had to accept lower wages. They were also often used to break strikes.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":19}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cdiv>\\u003cinline-image recipe=\\\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p01g8262.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"Young boys on a sidewalk of Little Italy in New York 1900\\\" caption=\\\"Little Italy became a neighbourhood for new immigrants\\\">\\u003c/inline-image>\\u003cp>Slum-housing was another problem faced by this group. Cities such as New York, Boston and Chicago had high numbers of these immigrants living in such conditions in the early 20th century.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/div>\",\"groupPosition\":20}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Many new immigrants tended to live in communities consisting of people from their native country.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":21}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Neighbourhoods with names such as ‘Little Italy’ and ‘Irish Town’ started to appear in American cities.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":22}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The result of this was that many in this group found integration difficult. They faced several obstacles in their pursuit of the American Dream. These obstacles included:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":23}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>the language barrier\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>poverty and slum housing\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>racial prejudice\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>religious conflict\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":24}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"Changing attitudes towards immigration during the 1920s\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"5\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>Why did attitudes change after 1918?\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":25}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>During World War One, there was growing public concern about the increasing number of immigrants, as millions came to America to escape war and the economic depression that followed.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":26}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Old Immigrants were concerned that foreign culture and religion would threaten the American way of life. What they really meant was that it would threaten the WASP way of life.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":27}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Many Americans feared that as immigration increased, jobs and housing would become harder to obtain for a number of reasons:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":28}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>There was high unemployment in America after World War One. \\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>New immigrants were used to break strikes and were blamed for the deterioration in wages and working conditions.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Immigrants also increased the demand for already scarce housing, increasing rent prices.\\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":29}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>There was also a general suspicion of new immigrants as many were poorly educated. They were blamed for spreading disease and slum housing, as well as rising crime rates, alcoholism and gambling.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":30}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The government began to limit immigration in several ways:\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":31}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cul>\\u003cli>An Act of Congress brought in the first immigration controls in 1892. They stated that convicts, polygamists (men with more than one wife), prostitutes, people suffering from serious diseases and those who could not financially support themselves would not be granted entry to the USA.\\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Further controls were introduced in 1917 which widened the list of conditions placed on immigrants. \\u003c/li>\\n \\u003cli>Literacy tests and an almost complete ban on Asian immigration were also introduced. \\u003c/li>\\u003c/ul>\",\"groupPosition\":32}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Despite this it continued to cause concern for many Americans, who began to reject the idea of America as a ‘melting pot’ where immigrants would quickly integrate and adopt the way of life.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":33}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>They felt American cities were more of a ‘salad bowl’ as immigrants retained their own languages and customs.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":34}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>World War One also caused divisions as many immigrants took different sides, for example.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":35}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The language barrier increased tension, especially between old immigrants, who spoke English, and the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and Asia, who often did not.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":36}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Similarly, religious beliefs caused division as old immigrants were mostly Protestant (with the exception of the Irish), while many new immigrants were Catholics or Jewish.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":37}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"The Red Scare\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"6\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>After the \\u003cglossaryterm data-term=\\\"Russian Revolution (1917)\\\" data-description=\\\"An uprising led by the Bolshevik party under Lenin. The Bolsheviks were committed to the ideas of Karl Marx and believed that the working classes should liberate themselves from the economic and political control of the ruling classes. The Bolshevik Party's popularity was given a strong boost in 1917 by a number of factors including: ongoing economic problems, Russia's involvement in World War One, the election of Soviets (councils elected by workers) and the failing popularity of the Provisional Government that took over after Tsar Nicholas II. \\\">Russian Revolution\\u003c/glossaryterm> of 1917, many southern and eastern European immigrants were blamed for causing strikes and spreading revolutionary ideas.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":38}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>In 1919, US President Woodrow Wilson appointed Alexander Mitchell Palmer as his Attorney General.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":39}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Palmer claimed that Communist agents were trying to overthrow the American government and he ordered the arrest of over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":40}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Almost 250 were deported back to their home countries.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":41}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003ch4>Case study – Sacco and Vanzetti\\u003c/h4>\",\"groupPosition\":42}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cdiv>\\u003cinline-image recipe=\\\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p01g81hq.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"Suspected communists Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti\\\" caption=\\\"Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti\\\">\\u003c/inline-image>\\u003cp>Ferdinando Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were suspected communists.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/div>\",\"groupPosition\":43}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>They were convicted of murdering two men during a 1920 armed robbery of a shoe factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":44}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>After a controversial trial and a series of appeals, the two Italian immigrants were executed on 23 August 1927.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":45}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>The case divided opinion in America with many believing that the men were on trial for their radical beliefs, not the crimes that they were accused of.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":46}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>This idea was echoed by Vanzetti himself in his final statement in court.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":47}}],[{\"type\":\"divider-block\",\"data\":null},{\"data\":null},{\"data\":null}],[{\"type\":\"menu-heading-block\",\"data\":{\"heading\":\"Black Americans\",\"headingLevel\":1,\"id\":\"7\"}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>At the end of World War One, most black Americans were descendants of Africans who had been taken to America to be used as slaves during the 17th – 19th centuries.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":48}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cdiv>\\u003cinline-image recipe=\\\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/$recipe/p01g81pb.jpg\\\" alt=\\\"Police officer escorts Black American family moving house after the 1919 Chicago riots\\\" caption=\\\"Black Americans moving home\\\">\\u003c/inline-image>\\u003cp>They faced an unequal and segregated society in which racism and violence was common place, especially in the southern states.\\u003c/p>\\u003c/div>\",\"groupPosition\":49}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Many black Americans migrated to northern cities such as New York, Detroit and Chicago, hoping to escape segregation in the south.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":50}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Competition for jobs between black people and white people soon led to an increase in racial tensions in northern cities.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":51}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>Like new immigrants, black people were often used to break strikes and were blamed for lowering wages.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":52}}],[{\"type\":\"text-block\",\"data\":{\"text\":\"\\u003cp>After the war, there were race riots in several northern cities. The worst violence occurred in Chicago in 1919 and resulted in 138 deaths with the army being used to end the violence.\\u003c/p>\",\"groupPosition\":53}}]],\"isStacked\":true},\"video-chapter\":{\"data\":null},\"audio-chapter\":{\"data\":null},\"links\":{\"chapters\":[{\"label\":\"Revise\",\"type\":\"revision\",\"icon\":\"book\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/1\",\"active\":true},{\"label\":\"Test\",\"type\":\"test\",\"icon\":\"quiz\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/test\",\"active\":false}],\"related\":[{\"label\":\"BBC History\",\"url\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/history\",\"isExternal\":false,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"label\":\"BBC One: History of Scotland\",\"url\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nz3b7\",\"isExternal\":false,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"label\":\"BBC iWonder\",\"url\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp3ncdm\",\"isExternal\":false,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"label\":\"SQA National 5 History\",\"url\":\"http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/47447.html\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"label\":\"History Extra\",\"url\":\"https://www.historyextra.com/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"label\":\"The Historical Association\",\"url\":\"http://www.history.org.uk/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"label\":\"Scottish History Society\",\"url\":\"http://scottishhistorysociety.com/learning-resources/the-wars-of-independence/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false}]}},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"link-list?contextId=zkng87h&dataType=moreGuides&urn=urn%3Abbc%3Aisite%3Aeducation%3Azh4cwmn\":{\"name\":\"link-list\",\"props\":{\"dataType\":\"moreGuides\",\"contextId\":\"zkng87h\",\"urn\":\"urn:bbc:isite:education:zh4cwmn\"},\"data\":{\"listItems\":[{\"text\":\"Separate but equal policy to 1939\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z8srd2p/revision/1\",\"isExternal\":false},{\"text\":\"Civil rights campaigns 1945-1965\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdfcwmn/revision/1\",\"isExternal\":false},{\"text\":\"Ghettos and black American radicalism \",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwy4jxs/revision/1\",\"isExternal\":false},{\"text\":\"Video playlist\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/zh4cwmn\",\"isExternal\":false}],\"listLayout\":\"cluster\",\"linkStyle\":\"cta\"},\"importance\":\"SECONDARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"link-list?chapter=revision&dataType=guideRelatedLinks&fileId=zkng87h&preview=false\":{\"name\":\"link-list\",\"props\":{\"dataType\":\"guideRelatedLinks\",\"fileId\":\"zkng87h\",\"chapter\":\"revision\",\"preview\":false},\"data\":{\"listItems\":[{\"text\":\"BBC History\",\"url\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/history\",\"isExternal\":false,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"text\":\"BBC One: History of Scotland\",\"url\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nz3b7\",\"isExternal\":false,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"text\":\"BBC iWonder\",\"url\":\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zp3ncdm\",\"isExternal\":false,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"text\":\"SQA National 5 History\",\"url\":\"http://www.sqa.org.uk/sqa/47447.html\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"text\":\"History Extra\",\"url\":\"https://www.historyextra.com/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"text\":\"The Historical Association\",\"url\":\"http://www.history.org.uk/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false},{\"text\":\"Scottish History Society\",\"url\":\"http://scottishhistorysociety.com/learning-resources/the-wars-of-independence/\",\"isExternal\":true,\"isSubscription\":false}],\"listLayout\":\"cluster\",\"linkStyle\":\"cta\"},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true},\"language-selector?host=www.bbc.co.uk&language=en-GB&withDivider=true\":{\"name\":\"language-selector\",\"props\":{\"withDivider\":true,\"host\":\"www.bbc.co.uk\",\"language\":\"en-GB\"},\"data\":{},\"importance\":\"SECONDARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":false},\"global-footer?country=sg&language=en-GB&service=bitesize\":{\"name\":\"global-footer\",\"props\":{\"country\":\"sg\",\"language\":\"en-GB\",\"service\":\"bitesize\"},\"data\":{\"accessibilityLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Skip to content\",\"url\":\"#main-heading\"},{\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/\"}],\"signInLabel\":\"Sign in\",\"accountLabel\":\"Your account\",\"forYouLabel\":\"For you\",\"forYouUrl\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/foryou\",\"menuLabel\":\"Menu\",\"moreLabel\":\"More\",\"moreMenuLabel\":\"More menu\",\"closeButtonLabel\":\"Close menu\",\"disclaimer\":{\"text\":\"© 2024 BBC. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"link\":{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/editorialguidelines/guidance/feeds-and-links\",\"text\":\"Read about our approach to external linking.\"}},\"legalLinks\":[{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/usingthebbc/terms\",\"label\":\"Terms of Use\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/aboutthebbc\",\"label\":\"About the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/privacy\",\"label\":\"Privacy Policy\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/usingthebbc/cookies\",\"label\":\"Cookies\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility\",\"label\":\"Accessibility Help\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/guidance\",\"label\":\"Parental Guidance\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/contact\",\"label\":\"Contact the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcnewsletter\",\"label\":\"Get Personalised Newsletters\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/help-41670342\",\"label\":\"Why you can trust the BBC\"},{\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/advertisingcontact/\",\"label\":\"Advertise with us\"},{\"opens\":\"privacy-management\",\"label\":\"Do not share or sell my info\"}],\"navigationType\":\"Commercial Legacy\",\"homepageLink\":{\"label\":\"BBC Homepage\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com\"},\"searchLink\":{\"label\":\"Search Bitesize\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/search?d=BITESIZE\"},\"chameleonSearchLink\":{\"label\":\"Search Bitesize\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/search\"},\"navigationLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Home\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com\",\"accent\":\"#007BC7\"},{\"label\":\"News\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/news\",\"accent\":\"#BB1919\"},{\"label\":\"Sport\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/sport\",\"accent\":\"#FFD230\"},{\"label\":\"Earth\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future/earth\",\"accent\":\"#AAFF00\"},{\"label\":\"Reel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/reel\",\"accent\":\"#0068FF\"},{\"label\":\"Worklife\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/worklife\",\"accent\":\"#0052A1\"},{\"label\":\"Travel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/travel\",\"accent\":\"#589E50\"},{\"label\":\"Culture\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture\",\"accent\":\"#482878\"},{\"label\":\"Future\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future\",\"accent\":\"#002856\"},{\"label\":\"Music\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture/music\"},{\"label\":\"TV\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m\"},{\"label\":\"Weather\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/weather\",\"accent\":\"#88CCEE\"},{\"label\":\"Sounds\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds\",\"accent\":\"#FF4900\"}],\"chameleonNavigationLinks\":[{\"label\":\"Home\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com\"},{\"label\":\"News\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/news\",\"accent\":\"#EB1212\"},{\"label\":\"Sport\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/sport\",\"accent\":\"#FFD230\"},{\"label\":\"Earth\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future/earth\",\"accent\":\"#AAFF00\"},{\"label\":\"Reel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/reel\",\"accent\":\"#0068FF\"},{\"label\":\"Worklife\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/worklife\",\"accent\":\"#0052A1\"},{\"label\":\"Travel\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/travel\",\"accent\":\"#589E50\"},{\"label\":\"Culture\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture\",\"accent\":\"#482878\"},{\"label\":\"Future\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/future\",\"accent\":\"#002856\"},{\"label\":\"Music\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/culture/music\"},{\"label\":\"TV\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/schedules/p00fzl9m\"},{\"label\":\"Weather\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.com/weather\",\"accent\":\"#149EDC\"},{\"label\":\"Sounds\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds\",\"accent\":\"#FA6400\"}]},\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"isPersonalised\":false,\"hasFetcher\":true}},\"page\":{\"metadata\":{\"title\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"description\":\"BBC Page\"},\"featureToggles\":{},\"entry\":{\"pageLayout\":{\"name\":\"OneColumnWithHero\"},\"pageContent\":{\"zones\":[{\"name\":\"top\",\"landmarks\":[{\"element\":\"header\",\"containers\":[{\"name\":\"consent-banner\",\"importance\":\"TERTIARY\",\"hasFetcher\":true,\"props\":[]},{\"name\":\"global-navigation\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"hasFetcher\":true,\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"showServiceIdentifiers\",\"value\":false},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"language\",\"value\":\"en-GB\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"country\",\"value\":\"sg\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"lookup\":\"page.destination\",\"name\":\"currentPageAnalyticsDestination\",\"store\":\"analytics\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"showServiceIdentifiers\",\"store\":\"global-navigation\",\"lookup\":\"showServiceIdentifiers\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"pageAnalytics\",\"store\":\"analytics\",\"lookup\":\"page\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreWriter\",\"name\":\"setPageAnalytics\",\"store\":\"analytics\",\"lookup\":\"page\"}],\"levers\":{\"servicePalette\":\"serviceNeutralLight\",\"corePalette\":\"light\",\"fontPalette\":\"sansSimple\"},\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"country\",\"value\":\"sg\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"language\",\"value\":\"en-GB\"},{\"__typename\":\"RouteParam\",\"name\":\"service\",\"lookup\":\"service\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"service\",\"value\":\"bitesize\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"variant\",\"store\":\"global-navigation\",\"lookup\":\"variant\"}]},{\"name\":\"product-navigation\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"hasFetcher\":true,\"props\":[],\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"product\",\"value\":\"bitesize\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"assetUri\",\"value\":\"/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"showProductNavigation\",\"value\":true},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"withExpandedHitArea\",\"value\":true},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"country\",\"value\":\"sg\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"language\",\"value\":\"en-GB\"}]},{\"name\":\"header\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"hasFetcher\":true,\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"urn\",\"value\":\"urn:bbc:isite2:file_id:education:zkng87h\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"resourceType\",\"value\":\"bitestudyguide\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"actionType\",\"value\":\"favourite\"}],\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"language\",\"value\":\"en-GB\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"headline\",\"value\":\"The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"subheading\",\"value\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"actionButton\",\"value\":{\"favourite\":{\"success\":\"Saved\",\"enabled\":\"Save to My Bitesize\",\"enabledHover\":\"Save to My Bitesize\",\"enabledActive\":\"Saving\",\"successActive\":\"Removing\",\"successHover\":\"Remove from My Bitesize\",\"signedOut\":\"Save to My Bitesize\"},\"trackingLabels\":{\"success\":\"Saved\",\"enabled\":\"Save to My Bitesize\",\"enabledHover\":\"Save to My Bitesize\",\"enabledActive\":\"Saving\",\"successActive\":\"Removing\",\"successHover\":\"Remove from My Bitesize\",\"signedOut\":\"Save to My Bitesize\"}}},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"summary\",\"value\":\"At the end of World War One there were three main ethnic groups in the USA - White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, 'new' immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean, and Black Americans.\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"backgroundImage\",\"value\":{\"url\":\"https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/website/assets/static/bitesize/secondary-sparks.c3c51d65badcfa64c8da.svg\",\"size\":\"cover\",\"verticalMargin\":0}},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"backgroundColour\",\"value\":\"3066F0\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"metadataLabel\",\"value\":\"Part of\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"metadataItems\",\"value\":[{\"id\":\"z2phvcw\",\"label\":\"History\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/subjects/z2phvcw\"},{\"id\":\"zh4cwmn\",\"label\":\"Civil rights in the USA\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/topics/zh4cwmn\"}]},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"contextLabels\",\"value\":[{\"id\":\"z6gw2hv\",\"label\":\"National 5\",\"url\":\"/bitesize/levels/z6gw2hv\"}]},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"service\",\"value\":\"bitesize\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"shouldWrap\",\"value\":true},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"env\",\"value\":\"live\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreWriter\",\"name\":\"setSignInPrompt\",\"lookup\":\"signInPrompt\",\"store\":\"bbcAccount\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"zid\",\"value\":\"zkng87h\"}]}]}],\"additionalProperties\":{}},{\"name\":\"hero\",\"landmarks\":[],\"additionalProperties\":{}},{\"name\":\"standard\",\"landmarks\":[{\"element\":\"main\",\"containers\":[{\"name\":\"sign-in-prompt\",\"importance\":\"TERTIARY\",\"hasFetcher\":false,\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"signInPrompt\",\"lookup\":\"signInPrompt\",\"store\":\"bbcAccount\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"pageType\",\"lookup\":\"pageType\",\"store\":\"bbcAccount\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"service\",\"lookup\":\"service\",\"store\":\"bbcAccount\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"useExperimentCountingLogic\",\"value\":false},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"disableAutomaticSignInPrompt\",\"value\":true},{\"__typename\":\"StoreWriter\",\"name\":\"setSignInPrompt\",\"lookup\":\"signInPrompt\",\"store\":\"bbcAccount\"}]},{\"name\":\"education-article\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"layout\":{\"name\":\"Wrap\"},\"hasFetcher\":true,\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"fileId\",\"value\":\"zkng87h\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"dataType\",\"value\":\"education-guide\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"preview\",\"value\":false},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"chapter\",\"value\":\"revision\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"urn\",\"value\":\"urn:bbc:isite2:file_id:education:zkng87h\"}],\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"page\",\"value\":\"3\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"path\",\"value\":\"/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"env\",\"value\":\"live\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"resourceType\",\"value\":\"bitestudyguide\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreWriter\",\"name\":\"setMetadataTitle\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.title\",\"store\":\"metadata\"}]},{\"name\":\"link-list\",\"importance\":\"SECONDARY\",\"layout\":{\"name\":\"Wrap\"},\"hasFetcher\":true,\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"dataType\",\"value\":\"moreGuides\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"contextId\",\"value\":\"zkng87h\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"urn\",\"value\":\"urn:bbc:isite:education:zh4cwmn\"}],\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"title\",\"value\":\"More guides on this topic\"}]},{\"name\":\"link-list\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"layout\":{\"name\":\"Wrap\"},\"hasFetcher\":true,\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"dataType\",\"value\":\"guideRelatedLinks\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"fileId\",\"value\":\"zkng87h\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"chapter\",\"value\":\"revision\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"preview\",\"value\":false}],\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"title\",\"value\":\"Related links\"}]}]}],\"additionalProperties\":{}},{\"name\":\"bottom\",\"landmarks\":[{\"element\":\"footer\",\"containers\":[{\"name\":\"language-selector\",\"importance\":\"SECONDARY\",\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"withDivider\",\"value\":true},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"host\",\"value\":\"www.bbc.co.uk\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"language\",\"value\":\"en-GB\"}]},{\"name\":\"global-footer\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"hasFetcher\":true,\"props\":[],\"fetchParams\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"country\",\"value\":\"sg\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"language\",\"value\":\"en-GB\"},{\"__typename\":\"RouteParam\",\"name\":\"service\",\"lookup\":\"service\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"service\",\"value\":\"bitesize\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"variant\",\"store\":\"global-navigation\",\"lookup\":\"variant\"}]}]}],\"additionalProperties\":{}}]},\"levers\":{\"servicePalette\":\"bitesizeLight\",\"corePalette\":\"light\",\"fontPalette\":\"sansPlayful\"},\"stores\":[{\"name\":\"analytics\",\"type\":\"InMemory\",\"initialState\":{\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"page\",\"value\":{\"destination\":\"BITESIZE\",\"producer\":\"SCOTLAND\",\"language\":\"en\",\"contentId\":\"urn:bbc:isite:id:education.93bb5aa3-8e57-5d98-a22b-61059fe2c06e\",\"name\":\"bitesize.national_5_history..civil_rights_in_the_usa.guides.zkng87h.revision.3.page\",\"contentType\":\"article\",\"section\":\"learn::secondary\",\"additionalProperties\":{\"co_level\":\"national_5\",\"co_subject\":\"history\",\"co_topic\":\"civil_rights_in_the_usa\",\"entity_title\":\"the_open_door_policy_and_immigration_to_1928\",\"page_num\":\"3\"}}},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"sections\",\"value\":[\"bitesize\"]}]}},{\"name\":\"userLocationData\",\"type\":\"InMemory\",\"initialState\":{\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"userLocationData\",\"value\":{}}]}},{\"name\":\"metadata\",\"type\":\"InMemory\",\"initialState\":{\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"metadata\",\"value\":{\"title\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"linkTags\":[{\"rel\":\"canonical\",\"href\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\"}],\"metaTags\":[],\"openGraph\":{\"og:title\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"og:description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"og:site_name\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"og:locale\":\"en_GB\",\"og:url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"og:image\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"og:image:secure_url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"og:image:width\":1200,\"og:image:alt\":\"\",\"og:type\":\"article\"},\"twitterCard\":{\"twitter:card\":\"summary_large_image\",\"twitter:creator\":\"@bbcbitesize\",\"twitter:description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"twitter:image\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"twitter:image:alt\":\"\",\"twitter:site\":\"@bbcbitesize\",\"twitter:title\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\"},\"serviceIcons\":\"bitesize\",\"schemaOrg\":{\"@context\":\"http://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"LearningResource\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d72f/live/cb15dc10-14ce-11ee-816c-eb33efffe2a0.png\"}},\"datePublished\":\"2013-09-27T08:17:05.233Z\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-04T16:50:53.779Z\",\"description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"headline\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"width\":480,\"height\":270,\"url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d72f/live/cb15dc10-14ce-11ee-816c-eb33efffe2a0.png\"}}}}}]}},{\"name\":\"bbcAccount\",\"type\":\"InMemory\",\"initialState\":{\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"signInPrompt\",\"value\":{\"show\":false,\"userOrigin\":null,\"ptrt\":null}},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"pageType\",\"value\":\"content\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"service\",\"value\":\"bitesize\"}]}}]},\"addons\":[{\"name\":\"analytics\",\"importance\":\"TERTIARY\",\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"page\",\"lookup\":\"page\",\"store\":\"analytics\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"title\",\"lookup\":\"title\",\"store\":\"analytics\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"sections\",\"lookup\":\"sections\",\"store\":\"analytics\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"type\",\"lookup\":\"type\",\"store\":\"analytics\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"isUkCombined\",\"lookup\":\"userLocationData.isUkCombined\",\"store\":\"userLocationData\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"authors\",\"lookup\":\"authors\",\"store\":\"analytics\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"isAppRoute\",\"value\":false},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"skipLocationCheck\",\"value\":true}]},{\"name\":\"document-metadata\",\"importance\":\"PRIMARY\",\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"title\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.title\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"description\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.description\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"openGraph\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.openGraph\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"schemaOrg\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.schemaOrg\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"twitterCard\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.twitterCard\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"linkTags\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.linkTags\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"StoreReader\",\"name\":\"metaTags\",\"lookup\":\"metadata.metaTags\",\"store\":\"metadata\"},{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"serviceIcons\",\"value\":\"bitesize\"}]},{\"name\":\"web-vitals\",\"importance\":\"TERTIARY\",\"props\":[{\"__typename\":\"LiteralProp\",\"name\":\"reportParams\",\"value\":{\"pageType\":\"webcore-bitesize\"}}]}],\"analytics\":{},\"path\":\"/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\"},\"stores\":{\"analytics\":{\"page\":{\"destination\":\"BITESIZE\",\"producer\":\"SCOTLAND\",\"language\":\"en\",\"contentId\":\"urn:bbc:isite:id:education.93bb5aa3-8e57-5d98-a22b-61059fe2c06e\",\"name\":\"bitesize.national_5_history..civil_rights_in_the_usa.guides.zkng87h.revision.3.page\",\"contentType\":\"article\",\"section\":\"learn::secondary\",\"additionalProperties\":{\"co_level\":\"national_5\",\"co_subject\":\"history\",\"co_topic\":\"civil_rights_in_the_usa\",\"entity_title\":\"the_open_door_policy_and_immigration_to_1928\",\"page_num\":\"3\"}},\"sections\":[\"bitesize\"]},\"userLocationData\":{\"userLocationData\":{}},\"metadata\":{\"metadata\":{\"title\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"linkTags\":[{\"rel\":\"canonical\",\"href\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\"}],\"metaTags\":[],\"openGraph\":{\"og:title\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"og:description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"og:site_name\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"og:locale\":\"en_GB\",\"og:url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"og:image\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"og:image:secure_url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"og:image:width\":1200,\"og:image:alt\":\"\",\"og:type\":\"article\"},\"twitterCard\":{\"twitter:card\":\"summary_large_image\",\"twitter:creator\":\"@bbcbitesize\",\"twitter:description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"twitter:image\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"twitter:image:alt\":\"\",\"twitter:site\":\"@bbcbitesize\",\"twitter:title\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\"},\"serviceIcons\":\"bitesize\",\"schemaOrg\":{\"@context\":\"http://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"LearningResource\",\"url\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"publisher\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d72f/live/cb15dc10-14ce-11ee-816c-eb33efffe2a0.png\"}},\"datePublished\":\"2013-09-27T08:17:05.233Z\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-11-04T16:50:53.779Z\",\"description\":\"In National 5 History learn about social and economic conditions for immigrants to the USA in the period just after World War One.\",\"headline\":\"Ethnic groups in the USA - The Open Door policy and immigration to 1928 - National 5 History Revision - BBC Bitesize\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"width\":480,\"height\":270,\"url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p01g81pb.jpg\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkng87h/revision/3\",\"author\":{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"name\":\"BBC Bitesize\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/ace/standard/480/cpsprodpb/d72f/live/cb15dc10-14ce-11ee-816c-eb33efffe2a0.png\"}}}}},\"bbcAccount\":{\"signInPrompt\":{\"show\":false,\"userOrigin\":null,\"ptrt\":null},\"pageType\":\"content\",\"service\":\"bitesize\"}},\"route\":\"/bitesize/guides/:id/revision/:page\"}";</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU">window.__REQUEST_CONTEXT__="{\"queryStringParameters\":{},\"headers\":{\"language\":\"en-GB\",\"is_uk\":false,\"ctx-route-spec\":\"BitesizeGuides.Webcore\",\"ctx-dark-mode-preference\":\"on\",\"country\":\"sg\",\"belfrage-time\":\"2024-11-23T20:47:01.769476Z\",\"bbc-host\":\"www.bbc.co.uk\",\"accept-encoding\":\"gzip\",\"host\":\"www.bbc.co.uk\",\"env\":\"live\",\"nonce\":\"ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU\"},\"isAppRoute\":false}";</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU">window.__ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLES__="{\"disableChartbeat\":false,\"reportingEndpoint\":\"https://webcore.bbc-reporting-api.app/report-endpoint\",\"webVitalsSampleRate\":20}";</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="application/json" id="modern__LOADABLE_REQUIRED_CHUNKS__">[774,1463,7897,7167,7053,8926,4140,8549,6593,9693,4636,7119,7040,9659,9366,6608,8538,8035,5925,4358,4006,8915,5449,690,3421,3309,8023,7812,2330,7453,4345,3914,862,387,1276,6974,7861,5866]</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="application/json" id="modern__LOADABLE_REQUIRED_CHUNKS___ext">{"namedChunks":["website-containers-global-navigation-index","design-system-svgs-account-index","design-system-svgs-actions-index","website-containers-product-navigation-index","design-system-svgs-logo-index","website-containers-header-index","design-system-svgs-personalisation-index","design-system-svgs-playback-avkx-index","website-containers-education-article-index","design-system-svgs-objects-index","design-system-svgs-content-types-index","design-system-svgs-arrows-index","website-containers-link-list-index","website-containers-language-selector-index","website-containers-global-footer-index","website-addons-document-metadata-index"]}</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-defaultVendors.858a9ae08e5e618c8f05.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-gel.f48d178214a6e324f398.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-website.3ae3918d2de9ad71895b.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-base-website.6ed9e7c29ba88bc59506.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-framework.2b0b305924b5e29d85ae.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-pwa.bd0a365344c08f1a9af5.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-global-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-vendor-optimizely.454075bd17d478fe6a59.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-global-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-call-to-action-link.d4c4512b7a5ba0adb9c8.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-global-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-global-navigation.162cfb2925ab088c75c8.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-global-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-global-navigation.8c68f073834a5ceaf395.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-product-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-product-navigation.c78f55cdfe78516788f9.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-product-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-masthead.6a77561b9897bb2ad400.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-product-navigation-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-product-navigation.fcccb32c0648bb081856.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-header-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-information-panel.1190770db32739ba6a68.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-header-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-uas-button.ffe42aa043c1cff33960.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-header-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-education-article.da1d54f83e447b87b2c0.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-header-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-header.8a3d2722b6c673b2417e.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-metadata-snippet.ce47458a886be2e19fbe.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-metadata-strip.f633731e1afba6ed8946.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-page-type-indicator.a4b2c90c90018f86614d.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-promo.94e446b83388fc940d96.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-additional-links.fb74e63b1ade50787571.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-media-player.25de4a2489eeb4d4e430.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-rich-text.160e461f2c1e9c693287.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-sign-in-call-to-action.146c902deae87c2ab4d5.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-accordion.c9076df80ec8f810a22d.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-sign-in-prompt.d253b41928f3a27d8272.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-riddle.8bb3ceab267e56602b7a.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-storyboard.6e58438c1c4eae30947a.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-education-article-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-sidebar-navigation.b9f05fc227a920c6c4f4.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-link-list-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-collection-header.6e41379b25953b9161eb.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-link-list-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-message-banner.1dda9492648fe0203805.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-link-list-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-link-list.5689d41dc50ec65c51db.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-link-list-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-progress-promo.beacb13a712dfde449fc.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-link-list-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-progress-ring.3af370b5e3b90ecbc340.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-link-list-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-link-list.d72fe554a5a25dcbbf49.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-language-selector-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-component-forms.4ee2e37ccf7d8c137118.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-language-selector-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-language-selector.766a13ab35c74a57360f.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" type="module" async="" data-chunk="website-containers-global-footer-index" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-global-footer.4af8aa9b9ba55373d579.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" nomodule="" id="legacy__LOADABLE_REQUIRED_CHUNKS__" type="application/json">[463,593]</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" nomodule="" id="legacy__LOADABLE_REQUIRED_CHUNKS___ext" type="application/json">{"namedChunks":["website-containers-global-navigation-index","design-system-svgs-account-index","design-system-svgs-actions-index","website-containers-product-navigation-index","design-system-svgs-logo-index","website-containers-header-index","design-system-svgs-personalisation-index","design-system-svgs-playback-avkx-index","website-containers-education-article-index","design-system-svgs-objects-index","design-system-svgs-content-types-index","design-system-svgs-arrows-index","website-containers-link-list-index","website-containers-language-selector-index","website-containers-global-footer-index","website-addons-document-metadata-index"]}</script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" nomodule="" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-defaultVendors.cbbca8f6c5a7872d2b39.legacy.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" nomodule="" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-framework.bd35b7617921f21838f9.legacy.js"></script><script nonce="ZasWJ2x6IjVfWQIlLCkNccfPXrSvmBXO+rSNKj1hmjEl0ZrbFU" crossorigin="anonymous" nomodule="" async="" data-chunk="pwa" src="https://static.files.bbci.co.uk/core/bundle-pwa.057dc66bbd7e791dd8d4.legacy.js"></script></body></html>