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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Super_8_derivative_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Super 8 derivative formats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Super_8_derivative_formats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Super 8 derivative formats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Super_8_derivative_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Double_Super_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_Super_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Double Super 8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_Super_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widescreen_Super8_and_Max8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widescreen_Super8_and_Max8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Widescreen Super8 and Max8</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widescreen_Super8_and_Max8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment_and_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment_and_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment and film</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Equipment_and_film-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Equipment and film subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Equipment_and_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Film stock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sound</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Packaged_movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Packaged_movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Packaged movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Packaged_movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In-flight_movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-flight_movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In-flight movies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-flight_movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Film festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Educational use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-8" title="Super-8 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Super-8" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8mm_film" title="Super 8mm film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Super 8mm film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_(Filmformat)" title="Super 8 (Filmformat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Super 8 (Filmformat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-8" title="Super-8 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Super-8" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmo_Super_8mm" title="Filmo Super 8mm – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filmo Super 8mm" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-8" title="Super-8 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Super-8" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1_%DB%B8" title="فیلم سوپر ۸ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیلم سوپر ۸" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8" title="Super 8 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Super 8" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8" title="Super 8 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Super 8" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%88%ED%8D%BC_8_%ED%95%84%EB%A6%84" title="슈퍼 8 필름 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="슈퍼 8 필름" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8_millimetri" title="Super 8 millimetri – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Super 8 millimetri" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC8mm%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0" title="スーパー8mmフィルム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーパー8mmフィルム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8" title="Super 8 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Super 8" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Super_8_mm" title="Film Super 8 mm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film Super 8 mm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-8" title="Super-8 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Super-8" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8" title="Super 8 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Super 8" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_8-film" title="Super 8-film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Super 8-film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%858%E6%AF%AB%E7%B1%B3%E8%83%B6%E7%89%87" title="超8毫米胶片 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超8毫米胶片" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1412320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small motion picture film format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the film format. For the type of camera, see <a href="/wiki/Super_8_film_camera" title="Super 8 film camera">Super 8 film camera</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Super_8_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Super 8 (disambiguation)">Super 8 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Super_8_film" title="Special:EditPage/Super 8 film">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Super+8+film%22">"Super 8 film"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Super+8+film%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Super+8+film%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Super+8+film%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Super+8+film%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Super+8+film%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8mm_and_super8.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/8mm_and_super8.png/220px-8mm_and_super8.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/8mm_and_super8.png/330px-8mm_and_super8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/8mm_and_super8.png/440px-8mm_and_super8.png 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Super 8 and 8 mm film formats –  magnetic sound stripes are shown in gray.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Super 8 mm film</b> is a motion-picture <a href="/wiki/Film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="Film formats">film format</a> released in 1965<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> as an improvement over the older <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">"Double" or "Regular" 8 mm</a> <a href="/wiki/Home_movie" title="Home movie">home movie</a> format. The formal name for Super 8 is <b>8-mm Type S</b>, distinguishing it from the older double-8 format, which is called 8-mm Type R. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Super_35" title="Super 35">Super 35</a> (which is generally compatible with standard 35 mm equipment), the film stock used for Super 8 is not compatible with <a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film" title="Standard 8 mm film">standard 8 mm film</a> cameras. </p><p>The film is <a href="/wiki/Real_versus_nominal_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Real versus nominal value">nominally</a> 8 mm wide, the same as older formatted 8 mm film, but the dimensions of the rectangular sprocket hole perforations along one edge are smaller, which allows for a larger image area. The Super 8 standard also allocates the border opposite the perforations for an <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> stripe upon which sound can be <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape sound recording">magnetically recorded</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> released a competing system named Single-8, also in 1965, which used the same film, image frame, and perforation dimensions, but with a different film base and incompatible cartridge format. The Kodak Super 8 system was adopted by more manufacturers and proved to be the more popular home movie format until it was displaced by video camera and recorder systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Super_8_System">Super 8 System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Super 8 System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S8cartridg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/S8cartridg.jpg/220px-S8cartridg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/S8cartridg.jpg/330px-S8cartridg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/S8cartridg.jpg/440px-S8cartridg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Kodachrome 40 KMA464P Super 8 cartridge</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1963, Kodak privately invited manufacturers of home movie equipment to inform them about a new 8 mm format under development. After <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell</a> learned about it, they began developing cameras and projectors as the <i>Earlybird</i> project, despite incomplete details about the cartridge and film size.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6506_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6506-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–53">: 52–53 </span></sup> </p><p>Launched in May 1965 by Eastman Kodak at that year's International Photo Exposition,<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6506_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6506-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> held simultaneously with the ongoing <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>, Super 8 film comes in plastic light-proof cartridges containing coaxial supply and take-up spools loaded with 50 feet (15 m) of film, with 72 frames per foot, for a nominal total of 3600 frames per film cartridge. This is enough film for 2.5 minutes at the professional motion picture standard of 24 frames per second, and for 3.33 minutes of continuous filming at 18 frames per second (upgraded from the 16 frames per second rate of <a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film" title="Standard 8 mm film">standard 8 mm</a>) for amateur use. </p><p>In 1973, the system was supplemented with a larger cartridge, containing mag stripe film, which allowed sound cameras to record monaural sync-sound audio on the main strip.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-7310_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-7310-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, an even larger 200-foot (61 m) cartridge became available, which could be used in specifically designed cameras. The sound and the 200-foot cartridge system are no longer available, but the 50-foot silent cartridge system is still manufactured. </p><p>Historically, Super 8 film was a <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal stock</a> for home projection used primarily for the creation of home movies. It became an extremely popular consumer product in the late 1960s through the 1970s, but was largely replaced in the 1980s by the use of video tape. </p><p>During the mid-to-late 1980s Super 8 began to re-emerge as an alternative method for movie production, beginning with its use in <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> music videos in 1981. In 1993, the company Super8 Sound, now called Pro8mm, pioneered the use of the color negative in Super 8 by custom perforating and loading a variety of 35 mm film stocks into the Super 8 film cartridge.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included emulsions from Kodak, <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fuji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilford_Photo" title="Ilford Photo">Ilford</a>. Today Super 8 color negative film is the main color stock used. There are also Super 8 reversal films available, including 100D Kodak Ektachrome and 200D Agfa color, as well as <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> (B&W) from <a href="/wiki/Foma_Bohemia" title="Foma Bohemia">Foma</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADOX" title="ADOX">ADOX</a>, <a href="/wiki/ORWO" title="ORWO">ORWO</a> and Kodak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;text-align:center;"> <caption>Comparison of Super 8 and standard 8 mm formats </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;background:linear-gradient(to top right,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0) 49%,var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1) 49.5%,var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1) 50.5%,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0) 51%);line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Dimension</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Format </div> </th> <th rowspan="2">Frame (W×H) </th> <th rowspan="2">Film width </th> <th colspan="3">Perforation </th> <th rowspan="2">Film edge to nearest perforation edge </th></tr> <tr> <th>W×H</th> <th>Corner radius</th> <th>Pitch </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_8_mm_film" title="Standard 8 mm film">Std 8 mm</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8_mm_film_(std_single).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Basic dimensions and layout of the standard 8 mm film format" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/8_mm_film_%28std_single%29.svg/150px-8_mm_film_%28std_single%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/8_mm_film_%28std_single%29.svg/225px-8_mm_film_%28std_single%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/8_mm_film_%28std_single%29.svg/300px-8_mm_film_%28std_single%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </td> <td>4.8×3.5 mm<br />0.189×0.138 in</td> <td>7.975 ± 0.060 mm<br />0.314 ± 0.002 in </td> <td>1.829×1.270 ± 0.010 mm<br />0.0720×0.0500 ± 0.0004 in</td> <td>0.25 ± 0.03 mm<br />0.010 ± 0.001 in </td> <td>3.81 ± 0.013 mm<br />0.1500 ± 0.0005 in </td> <td>0.90 ± 0.05 mm<br />0.035 ± 0.002 in </td></tr> <tr> <th>Super 8<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8_mm_film_(S8).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Basic dimensions and layout of the Super 8 (8 mm) film format" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/8_mm_film_%28S8%29.svg/150px-8_mm_film_%28S8%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/8_mm_film_%28S8%29.svg/225px-8_mm_film_%28S8%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/8_mm_film_%28S8%29.svg/300px-8_mm_film_%28S8%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="230" /></a></span> </td> <td>5.46×4.01 mm<br />0.215×0.158 in</td> <td>7.975 ± 0.040 mm<br />0.314 ± 0.002 in </td> <td>0.914×1.143 ± 0.010 mm<br />0.0360×0.0450 ± 0.0004 in</td> <td>0.13 ± 0.025 mm<br />0.0051 ± 0.0010 in </td> <td>4.234 ± 0.010 mm<br />0.1667 ± 0.0004 in </td> <td>0.51 ± 0.05 mm<br />0.020 ± 0.002 in </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Super 8 film and frame dimensions are specified by standards published by ANSI/SMPTE and ISO, including ISO 1700<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 3645;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ANSI/SMPTE ST 149 (superseding ANSI PH22.149) and ANSI/SMPTE ST 157 (superseding ANSI PH22.156M and PH22.157). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;text-align:center;"> <caption>Super 8 film cartridge dimensions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Dimension </th> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S8_cartridge_(silent_label).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/S8_cartridge_%28silent_label%29.svg/80px-S8_cartridge_%28silent_label%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/S8_cartridge_%28silent_label%29.svg/120px-S8_cartridge_%28silent_label%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/S8_cartridge_%28silent_label%29.svg/160px-S8_cartridge_%28silent_label%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="710" /></a></span><br />50-ft, silent<sup id="cite_ref-ISO-3654:1983_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-3654:1983-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S8_cartridge_(sound_label).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/S8_cartridge_%28sound_label%29.svg/80px-S8_cartridge_%28sound_label%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/S8_cartridge_%28sound_label%29.svg/120px-S8_cartridge_%28sound_label%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/S8_cartridge_%28sound_label%29.svg/160px-S8_cartridge_%28sound_label%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="865" /></a></span><br />50-ft, sound<sup id="cite_ref-ISO-5759:1980_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-5759:1980-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S8_cartridge_(sound_label_200).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/S8_cartridge_%28sound_label_200%29.svg/180px-S8_cartridge_%28sound_label_200%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/S8_cartridge_%28sound_label_200%29.svg/270px-S8_cartridge_%28sound_label_200%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/S8_cartridge_%28sound_label_200%29.svg/360px-S8_cartridge_%28sound_label_200%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2670" /></a></span><br />200-ft (60 m)<sup id="cite_ref-ISO-6903:1984_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-6903:1984-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Width </th> <td>24.23 ± 0.25 mm (0.954 ± 0.010 in) </td> <td>23.98–24.89 mm (0.944–0.980 in) </td> <td>31.47 ± 0.51 mm (1.239 ± 0.020 in) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Height </th> <td>70.62 ± 0.50 mm (2.780 ± 0.020 in) </td> <td>86.11 ± 0.50 mm (3.390 ± 0.020 in) </td> <td>267.01 ± 0.25 mm (10.512 ± 0.010 in) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Length </th> <td colspan="2">75.9 ± 0.3 mm (2.99 ± 0.01 in) </td> <td>165.10 mm (6.500 in), max </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="font-size:10%;background:#ddd;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Notching scheme<sup id="cite_ref-ISO-3067:1983_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO-3067:1983-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="13"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:S8_cartridge_(silent_edge).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/S8_cartridge_%28silent_edge%29.svg/150px-S8_cartridge_%28silent_edge%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/S8_cartridge_%28silent_edge%29.svg/225px-S8_cartridge_%28silent_edge%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/S8_cartridge_%28silent_edge%29.svg/300px-S8_cartridge_%28silent_edge%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="710" /></a></span> </td> <th rowspan="10"><i><span class="texhtml">s</span></i>, Film speed </th> <th>Daylight film</th> <th>Tungsten film</th> <th><i>X</i>, notch width </th></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>16</td> <td>2.54 mm (0.100 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>25</td> <td>5.08 mm (0.200 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>40</td> <td>7.62 mm (0.300 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>64</td> <td>10.16 mm (0.400 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>100</td> <td>12.7 mm (0.500 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>160</td> <td>15.24 mm (0.600 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>160</td> <td>250</td> <td>17.78 mm (0.700 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>250</td> <td>400</td> <td>20.32 mm (0.800 in) </td></tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td>640</td> <td>22.86 mm (0.900 in) </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><span class="texhtml">L</span></i>, Cartridge locator </th> <td colspan="3">At centerline of cartridge, tapered notch 3.91 ± 0.10 mm (0.154 ± 0.004 in) at surface </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><span class="texhtml">ID</span></i>, Film identification </th> <td colspan="3">6 locations for notches, total of 63 potential values using one through six (inclusive) notches </td></tr> <tr> <th><i><span class="texhtml">f</span></i>, Daylight filter </th> <td colspan="3">Present (tungsten film) or not present (daylight film), approximately 4.75 mm (0.187 in) wide </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super8mm_reels1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Super8mm_reels1.jpg/220px-Super8mm_reels1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Super8mm_reels1.jpg/330px-Super8mm_reels1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Super8mm_reels1.jpg/440px-Super8mm_reels1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>A Super 8 film cartridge (Eastman Ektachrome) beside a <a href="/wiki/Compact_audio_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact audio cassette">compact audio cassette</a> for scale</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard Super 8 cartridge is a rectangular box approximately <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3×<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>×<span class="frac"><span class="num">15</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span> in (76×70×24 mm) and contains 50 feet of film.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69">: 69 </span></sup> </p><p>The Super 8 plastic cartridge is probably the fastest loading film system ever developed, as it can be loaded into the Super 8 camera in less than two seconds without the need to directly thread or touch the film. In addition, coded notches cut into the Super 8 film cartridge exterior allow the camera to recognize the film speed automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6506_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6506-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Not all cameras can read all the notches correctly, however, and there is some debate about which notches actually deliver the best results.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canon keeps an exhaustive list of their Super 8 cameras with detailed specifications on what film speeds can be used with their cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually, testing one cartridge of film can help settle any uncertainty a filmmaker may have about how well their Super 8 camera reads different film stocks. Color <a href="/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stocks</a> were originally available only in <a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">tungsten (3400 K)</a> Type A, and almost all Super 8 cameras come with a switchable <a href="/wiki/Daylight_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Daylight filter">daylight filter</a> built in, allowing for both indoor and outdoor shooting. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartucho_sonoro_super8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cartucho_sonoro_super8.jpg/220px-Cartucho_sonoro_super8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cartucho_sonoro_super8.jpg/330px-Cartucho_sonoro_super8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Cartucho_sonoro_super8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Super 8 cartridge with magnetic sound (Kodachrome 40)</figcaption></figure> <p>The original Super 8 film release was a silent system only, but in 1973, a sound on film version was released. The film with sound had a magnetic soundtrack<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and came in larger cartridges than the original cartridge in order to accommodate the sound recording head in the film path.<sup id="cite_ref-PM-197510_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-197510-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound film requires a longer film path (for smoothing the film movement before it reaches the recording head) and a second aperture for the recording head.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-7310_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-7310-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sound cameras are compatible with silent cartridges, but not conversely. Sound film is typically filmed at a speed of 18 or 24 frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kodak discontinued the production of Super 8 sound film in 1997, citing environmental regulations, as the adhesive used to bond the magnetic track to the film is environmentally hazardous.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kodak introduced a 200 ft (61 m) Super 8 cartridge with magnetic sound in 1974;<sup id="cite_ref-Lipton75_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipton75-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> the accompanying Supermatic 200 camera was identical to its existing Ektasound camera, but included a door which allowed the extended reels to extend through the top.<sup id="cite_ref-PM-197510_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PM-197510-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_use">Current use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Current use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super8mm_reels2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Super8mm_reels2.jpg/220px-Super8mm_reels2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Super8mm_reels2.jpg/330px-Super8mm_reels2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Super8mm_reels2.jpg/440px-Super8mm_reels2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>A Super 8 film cartridge with a close-up of the film</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2005, Kodak announced the discontinuation of their most popular stock <a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the decline of facilities equipped with the <a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14</a> developing process. Kodachrome was "replaced" by a new <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> 64 <a href="/wiki/Ektachrome" title="Ektachrome">Ektachrome</a>, which uses the simpler <a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a>. The last roll of Kodachrome was processed on January 18, 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Parsons, Kansas, by the sole remaining lab capable of processing it.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2012, Kodak discontinued color reversal stock in all formats, including 35 mm and Super 8. However, in Spring of 2019, Kodak introduced Ektachrome 100D in super 8 and 16 mm formats, citing surges in demand.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, there are still a variety of Super 8 film stocks. Kodak sells one Super 8 color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, and three Super 8 color negative stocks cut from their Vision 3 film series, ISO 50, ISO 200 and ISO 500, which can be used in very low light. Kodak reformulated the emulsions for the B&W reversal stocks and made Tri-X (ISO 200). </p><p>Film cut to Super 8 from other manufactured raw stock such as Fuji, Orwo, Adox, Agfa and Foma are also available. Pro8mm offers 7 color negative stocks made from Kodak and Fuji film. Color Reversal film for Super 8 is still available from several Super 8 specialty companies. Wittner Kinotechnik offers Super 8 made from a batch of Agfa Aviphot 200D, which is perforated and slit for Super 8, 8 mm and 16 mm formats. This film is loaded into Super 8 and Single cartridges by several of the specialty companies. Other stocks, such as the new Fuji reversal film, and existing supplies of Kodak 35 mm 100D are often made available in Super 8 by these specialty companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Dubious, considering that 100D is produced by Kodak in both 8mm and 35mm (March 2024)">needs update?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Nh9BTMWj9M">A Super 8 reel scanned to 2K</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/139585927">A Super 8 reel scanned to 4K</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The growing popularity and availability of <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear editing system">non-linear editing systems</a> has allowed film-makers and any user of film to shoot Super 8 film but edit in digital. This avoids much of the tedium of handling film and the damage to the film, which can occur when editing the actual film.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (March 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> Super 8 films may be transferred (scanned) to digital and then imported into computer-based editing and correction systems for post production. Today's systems can scan Super 8 to <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K digital</a> in a variety of formats. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Super 8 film and equipment</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm/120px--Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="88" data-durationhint="32" data-mwtitle="Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="656" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="787" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="196" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="328" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm/Revue_S6_Super_8_Kamera.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="492" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Super 8 camera from ca. 1966</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Super 8 spools with film"><img alt="Super 8 spools with film" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg/120px-Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg/180px-Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg/240px-Super_8mm_spools_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Super 8 spools with film</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Super 8 spool box 400 ft with splice instructions etc."><img alt="Super 8 spool box 400 ft with splice instructions etc." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg/120px-Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg/180px-Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg/240px-Kodak_spool_box_400_ft_splice_instructions_C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Super 8 spool box 400 ft with splice instructions etc.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Super 8 spool with film - detail "Insert film here""><img alt="Super 8 spool with film - detail "Insert film here"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg/120px-Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg/180px-Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg/240px-Super_8mm_spool_with_film_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Super 8 spool with film - detail "Insert film here"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nizo film-camera"><img alt="Nizo film-camera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg/120px-Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg/180px-Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg/240px-Braun_nizo-800_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2389" data-file-height="1707" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Nizo</i> film-camera</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Super 8 frames - detail"><img alt="Super 8 frames - detail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg/120px-Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg/180px-Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg/240px-Super_8mm_film_piece_frames_detail_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Super 8 frames - detail</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitors">Competitors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Competitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fujifilm_Single-8_system">Fujifilm Single-8 system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fujifilm Single-8 system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Single-8" title="Single-8">Single-8</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> developed an alternative format called Single-8, which was released in 1965 as a different option to the Kodak Super 8 format,<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using a separate set of standards as <i>8 mm Type S Model II</i>. </p><p>Single-8 cartridges are of a different design from a Super 8 cartridge. Where Super 8 uses coaxial supply and take-up reels, Single-8 uses coplanar reels, resembling a cassette-style design where the supply and take-up reels are side by side. In addition, the pressure plate to flatten the Single-8 film is in the camera, rather than the cartridge (Super 8). Single-8 also uses a stronger <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> base, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> the thickness of the <a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">acetate</a> base of Super 8 film.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> Therefore, Single-8 film cartridges can only be used in Single-8 cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90">: 90 </span></sup> However, since Single-8 film has exactly the same image frame and perforation dimensions as Super 8, it can be viewed in any Super 8 projector after processing.<sup id="cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopSci-6507-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–91">: 90–91 </span></sup> Fuji recommended that only tape splices be used when combining Single-8 footage with Super-8, as standard film cement would not adhere to the Single-8 footage. Also, when jammed, Single-8 footage has a tendency to stretch in the projector, unlike the acetate-based Super-8 film, which simply breaks. </p><p>Although never as popular as Super 8, the format existed in parallel. On June 2, 2009, Fuji announced the end of Single-8 motion picture film.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tungsten balanced 200 ASA Fuji RT200N ceased to be manufactured by May 2010. Daylight balanced 25 ASA Fujichrome R25N remained available until March 2012. Fuji's in-house processing service was available until September 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polaroid_Polavision">Polaroid Polavision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Polaroid Polavision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polavision" title="Polavision">Polavision</a></div> <p>An instant 8 mm film released in 1977 by Polaroid, Polavision uses the same perforations as Super 8 mm film. It can be projected through a Super 8 mm projector if the film is transferred from the original cartridge to an 8 mm reel. However, because of the additive color process, the picture will be much darker. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Super_8_derivative_formats">Super 8 derivative formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Super 8 derivative formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Double_Super_8">Double Super 8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Double Super 8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg/255px-Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg/383px-Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg/510px-Meopta_A8G_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Meopta A8G: Double 8 gate and advancement mechanism</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg/255px-Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg/383px-Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg/510px-Meopta_A8G_Supra_gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Meopta A8G Supra: Double Super 8 gate and advancement mechanism of a camera of nearly identical build</figcaption></figure> <p>Double Super 8 film (commonly abbreviated as DS8 or DS 8) is a 16 mm wide film but has Super 8 size sprockets. </p> <dl><dt>Double Super 8 for amateurs</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>In amateur DS8 cameras, the film is used in the same way as standard <a href="/wiki/8_mm_film" title="8 mm film">8 mm film</a> in that the film is run through the camera twice, exposing one side on each pass. During processing, the film is split down the middle, and the two pieces spliced together to produce a single strip for projection in a Super 8 projector. </p><p>The advantages of this system are the possibility of higher frame rates and rewinding film for double exposures or crossfades, which were very difficult or impossible with the super 8 film cartridges but possible with cameras using film spools. Since the film doesn't follow a diagonal path through the stacked spools of the super 8 cassette, the pin-registration of DS8 is considered to be superior to that of Super 8 film, and so picture stability is better. </p><p>Also, camera manufacturers could use models already in production for double 8 mm film by enlarging the gate and slightly modifying the advancement mechanism for the use with Double Super 8 film (see comparison pictures in this segment). </p> <dl><dt>Double Super 8 for film-makers</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>DS8 can also be used as an alternative film stock in modified 16 mm cameras and projectors, which allows for larger image sizes due to the narrower super 8 sprockets. Some of the formats taking advantage of this are Max DS8 and Ultra DS8.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Widescreen_Super8_and_Max8">Widescreen Super8 and Max8</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Widescreen Super8 and Max8"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Super 8 progressed to be used in HD and theatrical applications, a need arose for widescreen compatibility without having to use expensive optical adapters or excessive cropping. Since magnetic sound-striped film was no longer available, that area of the film could be used to expand the picture aspect ratio in a process similar to the creation of Super 16 from standard 16 mm film. The creators of Sleep Always<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> experimented with widening the camera gate to expose into the sound track region to achieve this. </p><p>In March 2005, Pro8mm introduced its own version of the widened gate, achieving aspect ratio of 1.58 and calling it Max8.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whywhatmax8_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whywhatmax8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because top and bottom of the frame are meant to be cropped to achieve final 16:9 aspect ratio, the viewfinder is modified to show 16:9 frame markings.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro8mm claims that shooting with Max8 and then cropping it to achieve 16:9 provides 20% increase in the size of the negative compared to regular Super8 cropped to 16:9.<sup id="cite_ref-whywhatmax8_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whywhatmax8-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Logmar of Denmark made a one-off batch of 50 "digicanical" pro-level Super 8 cameras to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Super 8.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cameras use a widened gate as well, providing an 11% increase in imaging area over the standard Super 8 frame and achieving aspect ratio of 1.5.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, Eastman Kodak showed a concept<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a new Super 8 camera, its first such camera in over 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kodak has neither confirmed nor denied it, Logmar is said to have assisted in the design of the transport and the camera's firmware. A working prototype was displayed at the 2017 Consumer Electronics Show, with Kodak hoping to begin production in spring 2017. However, nothing has been heard from Kodak concerning the camera, until 8 years later, on 22 November 2023, Kodak formally released the Super 8 camera for pre-order, confirmed its analog and digital-assist hybrid features, and 1.5:1 aspect ratio "Expanded Super 8 Gate" aperture feature. The camera is expected to be shipped around Q1 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment_and_film">Equipment and film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Equipment and film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg/255px-Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg" decoding="async" width="255" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg/383px-Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg/510px-Bobina_Super_8_abierta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>A spool of developed Super 8 film, with a protective white leader</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Kodak launched Super 8 and had its own cameras, hundreds of other companies produced Super 8 camera, projection, editing, and sound equipment. Some of the more notable companies that made Super 8 equipment include: Canon,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bauer,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nizo,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Super8 Sound (Pro8mm),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beaulieu, Leicina, Logmar, Ciro, Bolex, Goko, Hahnel, Wurker, Minolta, Minnette, Nikon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these companies had long histories in the production of motion-picture equipment, dating back to the 1930s with 8 mm. In 1980, the consumer market for Super 8 collapsed. Most of the independent companies were forced into bankruptcy or merged, as the demand for Super 8 evaporated overnight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Use_plain_English#Buzzwords" title="Wikipedia:Use plain English"><span title="The material near this tag may use buzzwords designed solely to impress you or obscure meaning. (August 2021)">buzzword</span></a></i>]</sup> Some companies remained in business until 1985, when many gave up completely on movie-film equipment. A few later re-emerged, including Beaulieu, who, in 1985, introduced a new 7008 camera and Super 8 Sound that introduced a new version of its full-coat recorder, the Mag IV. The companies in which Super 8 was only a division simply closed. Kodak continued support for Super 8. A few products re-emerged with new features such as crystal sync and Max8.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Canon models have also started to reappear as restoration efforts like the RhondaCam. Recently, new companies have started producing new Super 8 cameras. In 2015, Logmar introduced a limited-edition completely new Super 8 camera,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2016, Kodak showed a concept of a new Super 8 camera at the 2016 CES expo.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are literally millions of Super 8 cameras that are still available and viable because of manufacturing methods back in the 1960s and 1970s. These cameras can be found at specialized retailers and distributors and at auction sites such as <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg/220px-Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg/330px-Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg/440px-Canon_Auto_Zoom_1014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Canon Auto Zoom 1014 Super 8 camera</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_stock">Film stock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kodak currently offers one color reversal stock, Ektachrome 100D, three of its latest Vision 3 color negative stock, the 50D, 200T, and 500T, and Tri-X B&W reversal film in the Super 8 format. Several Super 8 specialty companies such as Pro8mm in Burbank CA, Wittner Cinetec in Hamburg, Germany, and Kahlfilm in Brühl, Germany, slit and perforate raw 35 mm film stock from Kodak, Fuji, <a href="/wiki/ORWO" title="ORWO">ORWO</a>, Agfa, and Foma and then repackage it in Kodak Super 8 cartridges. Adox has its own B&W film supply and provides this in its own Super 8 cartridge design by GKfilmCinevia. Retro 8 of Japan provides a similar service for Super 8 film in the Fuji Cartridge (Single8). There are now more varieties of Super 8 film available than ever before. </p><p>In 2017, Kodak announced that <a href="/wiki/Ektachrome" title="Ektachrome">Ektachrome</a> will soon be available again in the Super 8 format.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spring of 2019, Kodak officially released Ektachrome 100D in Super 8 and 16 mm formats. </p><p>Super 8 film is available worldwide through specialty shops and online from major companies such as Amazon. It has become common to see it sold with processing prepaid and for it to be sold with scan-to-digital services at a variety of different levels from <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard-definition">standard-definition</a> digital to 4K data. It can even be purchased to include all the logistic associated with the process, including film processing, scanning and internet delivery of image and mail in and back services.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a sample video done with the Super 8 film kit.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound">Sound</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sound"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg/220px-Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg/330px-Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg/440px-Mag_IV_Super_8_Fullcoat_Recorder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>MagIV Super 8 Fullcoat Recorder</figcaption></figure> <p>In the beginning of 1965, Super 8 was introduced as a silent format. Over time, several companies began to offer sync sound options for Super 8 filmmaking. Two companies introduced comprehensive sound systems for Super 8. These were Super8 Sound Inc. led by Harvard film professor Bob Doyle<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Optasound led by Richard Leacock at MIT. With double system, as it was called, sound and picture are recorded separately. This was fine for more professional applications and for education about film production, but for consumers it was simply too complex and expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1973 Kodak introduced Ektasound—magnetic recording on the actual Super 8 film.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sound track was added on the edge of the film opposite to the perforations. Standard 8mm had the stripe between the perforations and the edge of the film which made good contact with a magnetic head problematic. A balance stripe was added on the opposite edge to facilitate spooling of the film. The Ektasound cartridge was deeper than the silent cartridge to allow access of the camera's recording head. Thus, silent cameras could not accept Ektasound cartridges, but Ektasound cameras and projectors accepted silent cartridges. Projectors, that could record and play sound, appeared before sound cameras. The sound was recorded 18 frames in advance of the picture (as opposed to 56 frames for standard 8mm). This short distance of just 3 inches facilitated the relatively compact size of the later sound cartridges. Some projectors used the balance stripe to provide a second channel for <a href="/wiki/Stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereo">stereo</a> sound. </p><p>Super 8mm was also specified with an optical sound track. This occupied the same location as the magnetic track. Picture to sound separation in this format was 22 frames. Projectors and cameras obviously could not record sound in this system, but optical sound package movies became briefly popular, particularly in Europe (mainly because they were cheaper to produce - though the projectors cost more). Although the optical sound should have been inferior in quality to magnetic sound (running at 3.6 inches per second for 24 frames per second), in practice it was often much better, largely because packaged movie magnetic sound was often poorly recorded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaged_movies">Packaged movies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Packaged movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the 8mm format was originally intended for creating amateur films, condensed versions of popular cinema releases were available from the 1940s (in the Standard 8 format) until the mid-1980s, for projection at home. These were scenes from feature-length films generally edited to fit onto a 200 ft (61 m) reel that ran 8–9 minutes. Also popular were theatrical cartoons which could fit on the 200-foot reels without being edited. The 200-foot editions in black and white and silent were widely available and often sold in department stores such as <a href="/wiki/Woolco" title="Woolco">Woolco</a> in the $5.00-6.00 price range in the 1960s and 1970s. The leading companies releasing such films were <a href="/wiki/Castle_Films" title="Castle Films">Castle Films</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ken_Films&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ken Films (page does not exist)">Ken Films</a>, which licensed titles from <a href="/wiki/20th_Century-Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Century-Fox">20th Century-Fox</a> and other studios. The <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Walt Disney Studio</a> released excerpts from many of their animated feature films in the 1970s, as well as some short subjects. </p><p>Releases in color and with sound began appearing in the 1970s and by the end of the decade, demand for longer condensations resulted in 400 ft (120 m) reels being released, running approximately 16–18 minutes, sometimes with a second "part II" 400'.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The list price for the sound color films in 1980 were $39.95 for a single 200' film and $59.95 for a single 400' film, though most sellers sold them at a reduced price. The Walt Disney Studio, however, kept their releases at the 200-foot limit. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>, which had operated an 8mm division since the early 1960s, enjoyed success with a "Viewer's Digest" series of 400' feature condensations and complete prints of their <a href="/wiki/Three_Stooges" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Stooges">Three Stooges</a> short comedies. </p><p>Vintage silent films starring <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino" title="Rudolph Valentino">Rudolph Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a>, and other legends were available from companies specializing in them such as <a href="/wiki/Blackhawk_Films" title="Blackhawk Films">Blackhawk Films</a> and included both short films and multi-reel complete feature-length movies. Full-length sound films, particularly those in color, were seldom released due to the fairly expensive price of such films although a small number were released by such companies as <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(1952%E2%80%932006)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viacom (1952–2006)">Viacom</a> featuring stars with wide popularity such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blackhawk, which held the 8mm and 16mm rights to the <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a> classics produced by <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a>, offered both their short comedies and complete features in black-and-white sound prints. Most sound films that were released complete on Super 8 with multi reels were usually <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/My_Man_Godfrey" title="My Man Godfrey">My Man Godfrey</a></i> (1936), <i><a href="/wiki/Of_Human_Bondage_(1934_film)" title="Of Human Bondage (1934 film)">Of Human Bondage</a></i> (1934) and <i><a href="/wiki/His_Girl_Friday" title="His Girl Friday">His Girl Friday</a></i> (1940), and sold by smaller companies such as Thunderbird and Niles.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of home video and the increasing available of cable television dramatically decreased the market for Super 8 films in America in the early 1980s which led to a quick fadeout in availability, although the format remained quite popular in England into the early years of the 21st century with <a href="/wiki/Derann" title="Derann">Derann films</a> releasing full-length versions of many Disney films and vintage Hollywood musicals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In-flight_movies">In-flight movies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In-flight movies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1971<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">in-flight movies</a> (previously <a href="/wiki/16_mm" class="mw-redirect" title="16 mm">16 mm</a>) were shown in Super 8 format until video distribution became the norm and they were replaced by Video8 and later on, digital video. The films were printed with an optical sound track (amateur films use magnetic sound), and spooled into proprietary cassettes that often held an entire two-hour movie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg/265px-So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg/398px-So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg/530px-So_tell_me_again_RemodernistFilm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>A frame from <i>So tell me again</i> by Jesse Richards</figcaption></figure> <p>Super 8 was most widely used for filming home movies. Some lower-budget television stations used Super 8 to <a href="/wiki/Film_at_11" title="Film at 11">film news stories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-donpaul_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donpaul-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today amateur usage of Super 8 has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">digital</a>, but the format is still regularly used by artists and students. Some seek to imitate the look of old home movies, or create a stylishly grainy look. Others want to create alternative looks for flashback sequences and altered states of consciousness. Some just like the idea of creating images in the classic style of using actual film. Super 8 is a relatively inexpensive film, making it popular among filmmakers working on a low budget who still want to achieve the classic look of real film. </p><p>Super 8 has been used in theatrical features, usually for creative effect. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>, for example, has used it in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/JFK_(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a></i>, where his <a href="/wiki/Director_of_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of photography">director of photography</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_(cinematographer)" title="Robert Richardson (cinematographer)">Robert Richardson</a> employed it to evoke a period or to give a different look to scenes. The <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Globe_Trekker" title="Globe Trekker">Globe Trekker</a></i> uses approximately five minutes of Super 8 footage per episode.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, broadcasters such as the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> still occasionally make use of Super 8 in both drama and documentary contexts. </p><p>Thanks to over a dozen film stocks, the ease of function and finding a camera, and the ability to do high quality digital scanning to standard motion picture digital formats like 2K and 4K, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Picture_Exchange" title="Digital Picture Exchange">DPX</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes 4444</a>, Super 8 remains a popular format for creating a variety of interesting scenes. Super 8 provides an ideal, inexpensive medium for traditional stop-motion and cel <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> and other types of filming speed effects not common to video cameras.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_festivals">Film festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Film festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Today_Super_8_Festival.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Today_Super_8_Festival.png/220px-Today_Super_8_Festival.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Today_Super_8_Festival.png/330px-Today_Super_8_Festival.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Today_Super_8_Festival.png/440px-Today_Super_8_Festival.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p>To give further support to filmmakers dedicated to shooting on Super 8 mm film, many film festivals and screenings—such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flicker_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flicker Film Festival (page does not exist)">Flicker Film Festival</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_Gr8_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super Gr8 Film Festival (page does not exist)">Super Gr8 Film Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—exist to give filmmakers a place to screen their Super 8 mm films. Many of these screenings shun video and are only open to films shot on film. Some require film to be turned in undeveloped and thus not permitting any editing, providing an additional challenge to the filmmaker. These include the <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Film_Festival" title="Bentley Film Festival">Bentley Film Festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straight_8" title="Straight 8">straight 8</a>, which runs screenings at the <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a> and many other festivals and events worldwide, where a sound track is required to be supplied with a completed but unprocessed cartridge. In the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes Film Festival</a>, a Super 8 short film (<i>The Man Who Met Himself</i>) by British filmmaker Ben Crowe, shot on the now discontinued Kodachrome 40 format, was the first Super 8 film to be nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Short_Film_Palme_d%27Or" title="Short Film Palme d'Or">Short Film Palme d'Or</a> in the Official Selection. </p><p>In the UK, the Cambridge International Super 8 Film Festival,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the support of the film industry, runs a competition program of more than 60 films every year. The festival also features work of Super 8 filmmakers, industry talks, and a workshop. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Super_8mm_Film_%2B_Digital_Video_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Super 8mm Film + Digital Video Festival">United States Super 8mm Film + Digital Video Festival</a>, established in 1988, takes place annually at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University-New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers University-New Brunswick">Rutgers University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a> and is the longest running Super 8mm festival in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brazil<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curta8 | Festival Internacional de Cinema Super8 is in its 11th year. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">experimental filmmakers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mason_Shefa" title="Mason Shefa">Mason Shefa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Brakhage" title="Stan Brakhage">Stan Brakhage</a>, continue to work extensively in the format and festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Images_Festival" title="Images Festival">Images Festival</a> (Toronto), the Media City Film Festival (Windsor, Ont.), and TIE (based in Colorado) regularly project Super 8 films as part of their programming. </p><p>In June 2010, the Super8 Shots film festival was launched in <a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the first Super 8 festival to occur in Ireland, and included classes on basics and uses of film through to processing your own film.<sup id="cite_ref-IRTI1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRTI1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chicago 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival started in 2011, and will feature yearly programming of small gauge film from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Educational_use">Educational use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Educational use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Super 8 can still be found at a few select higher educational institutions offering film production courses including the program at <a href="/wiki/Chaffey_College" title="Chaffey College">Chaffey College</a> in Southern California. It is more common to find Super 8 film in art programs. These programs use the analog experience of film for its own creative potential rather than use Super 8 to teach traditional modern production methods. Art programs on many levels, such as this program put on in Santa Clarita California at ArtTree for students aged 10 to 15, teach the basic nature of film.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other programs such as "Do A Shot" sponsored by Pro8mm and Kodak give individuals a chance to experience film by lending film and cameras to a select group at film festivals and trade events like this film festival at The Art Center College of Art & Design.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several post-secondary institutions in the United States continue to utilize Super 8 in Film and Cinema programs. For example, both <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_San_Francisco" title="City College of San Francisco">City College of San Francisco</a>'s Cinema Department and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas" title="University of North Texas">University of North Texas</a>' Radio, Television and Film Department require the use of Super 8. </p><p>This experience provides students with the basics of film production and editing. Importantly, it also emphasizes the need for detailed pre-production planning, especially for in-camera edits. Further, the use of Super 8 leads students into the Regular 16 and Super 16 films shot in higher-level courses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plot of the 2011 film <i><a href="/wiki/Super_8_(2011_film)" title="Super 8 (2011 film)">Super 8</a></i> involves a group of teenagers in the fictional Ohio town of Lillian filming their own Super 8 movie depicting their experience with a landlocked alien in the summer of 1979. One of the cameras featured in the film is a Kodak Ektasound 130 movie camera produced and sold by Kodak in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 2012 film <i><a href="/wiki/Sinister_(film)" title="Sinister (film)">Sinister</a></i> contains Super 8 shots used to depict the various gruesome murders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_formats" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film formats">List of film formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_silent_films_released_on_8_mm_or_Super_8_mm_film" title="List of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film">List of silent films released on 8 mm or Super 8 mm film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_8_film_camera" title="Super 8 film camera">Super 8 film camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_videography" title="Wedding videography">Wedding videography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A narrower "balance strip" could be used in postproduction, but its main purpose was to cause the even spooling of the film.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The announced last date of processing was December<span class="nowrap"> </span>30, 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLenny1975" class="citation book cs1">Lenny, Lipton (1975). <i>The Super 8 Book</i>. San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-091-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-091-5"><bdi>0-87932-091-5</bdi></a>. <q>In May 1965, super 8 in its stubby, coaxial plastic cartridge arrived loaded with Type A indoor balanced Kodachrome II, billed as a universal film.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Super+8+Book&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Straight+Arrow+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-87932-091-5&rft.aulast=Lenny&rft.aufirst=Lipton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipton1973" class="citation book cs1">Lipton, Lenny (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/independentfilmm00lipt/page/26"><i>Independent Filmmaking</i></a></span> (5. print (revised) ed.). San Francisco: Straight Arrow Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/independentfilmm00lipt/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-010-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-010-9"><bdi>0-87932-010-9</bdi></a>. <q>After several years of research, Kodak offered super 8 format film in Instamatic cartridges in 1965.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independent+Filmmaking&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=5.+print+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Straight+Arrow+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-87932-010-9&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findependentfilmm00lipt%2Fpage%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKodak" class="citation web cs1">Kodak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motion.kodak.com/motion/Products/Production/Spotlight_on_Super_8/Super_8mm_History/index.htm">"Super 8 mm Film History"</a>. Kodak<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>. <q>In April of 1965, this revolutionary new format was introduced...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+8+mm+Film+History&rft.pub=Kodak&rft.au=Kodak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotion.kodak.com%2Fmotion%2FProducts%2FProduction%2FSpotlight_on_Super_8%2FSuper_8mm_History%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopSci-6506-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6506_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6506_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6506_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtner1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Ortner, Everett H. (June 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA72">"It's here: The new Super 8 system | Kodak's Revolution in Home Movies"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. Vol. 186, no. 12. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>54, 206<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=It%27s+here%3A+The+new+Super+8+system+%7C+Kodak%27s+Revolution+in+Home+Movies&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E54%2C+206&rft.date=1965-06&rft.aulast=Ortner&rft.aufirst=Everett+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SUDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopSci-6507-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-6507_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtner1965" class="citation magazine cs1">Ortner, Everett H. (July 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88">"IPEX REPORT: International Photo Exposition kicks off—War of the Photo Systems"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. Vol. 187, no. 1. p. 88<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=IPEX+REPORT%3A+International+Photo+Exposition+kicks+off%E2%80%94War+of+the+Photo+Systems&rft.volume=187&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1965-07&rft.aulast=Ortner&rft.aufirst=Everett+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyYDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopSci-7310-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-7310_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopSci-7310_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtner1973" class="citation magazine cs1">Ortner, Everett H. (October 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpiMSzja6W4C&pg=PA68">"This Home Movie Recorder Is a Sound Recorder, Too"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. p. 68<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=This+Home+Movie+Recorder+Is+a+Sound+Recorder%2C+Too&rft.pages=68&rft.date=1973-10&rft.aulast=Ortner&rft.aufirst=Everett+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlpiMSzja6W4C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Dave (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chaffey.edu/broadcast/1992_colorne_americancine.pdf">"Transforming Super 8"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Cinematographer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320054306/http://www.chaffey.edu/broadcast/1992_colorne_americancine.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-03-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Cinematographer&rft.atitle=Transforming+Super+8&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chaffey.edu%2Fbroadcast%2F1992_colorne_americancine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ANSI/SMPTE ST 239: Motion-Picture Film (16-mm) - Perforated 8-mm Type R, 2R (supersedes ANSI PH22.17)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/4531.html">"ISO 486:1988 | Cinematography — 16 mm motion-picture film perforated 8 mm Type R — Cutting and perforating dimensions"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. November 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+486%3A1988+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+16+mm+motion-picture+film+perforated+8+mm+Type+R+%E2%80%94+Cutting+and+perforating+dimensions&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1988-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F4531.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ANSI/SMPTE ST 149: Motion-Picture Film (8-mm Type S) - Perforated 1R (supersedes ANSI PH22.151)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.9535.1980">"Indian Standard 9535: Dimensions for 8 mm Type S Motion-Picture Raw Stock Film"</a>. Indian Standards Institution. 1981<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Standard+9535%3A+Dimensions+for+8+mm+Type+S+Motion-Picture+Raw+Stock+Film&rft.pub=Indian+Standards+Institution&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgov.in.is.9535.1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/6317.html">"ISO 1700:1988 | Cinematography — 8 mm Type S motion-picture raw stock film — Cutting and perforating dimensions"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+1700%3A1988+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+8+mm+Type+S+motion-picture+raw+stock+film+%E2%80%94+Cutting+and+perforating+dimensions&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F6317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/6414.html">"ISO 3645:1984 | Cinematography — Image area produced by 8 mm Type S motion-picture camera aperture and maximum projectable image area — Positions and dimensions"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+3645%3A1984+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+Image+area+produced+by+8+mm+Type+S+motion-picture+camera+aperture+and+maximum+projectable+image+area+%E2%80%94+Positions+and+dimensions&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F6414.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-3654:1983-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO-3654:1983_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/9101.html">"ISO 3654:1983 | Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. December 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+3654%3A1983+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+Motion-picture+camera+cartridge%2C+8+mm+Type+S%2C+Model+I+%E2%80%94+Cartridge-camera+interface+and+take-up+core+drive+%E2%80%94+Dimensions+and+specifications&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F9101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-5759:1980-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO-5759:1980_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/11888.html">"ISO 5759:1980 | Cinematography — Sound motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. October 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+5759%3A1980+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+Sound+motion-picture+camera+cartridge%2C+8+mm+Type+S%2C+Model+I+%E2%80%94+Cartridge-camera+interface+and+take-up+core+drive+%E2%80%94+Dimensions+and+specifications&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1985-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F11888.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-6903:1984-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO-6903:1984_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/13424.html">"ISO 6903:1984 | Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I (capacity 60 m) — Cartridge-camera interface and take-up core drive — Dimensions and specifications"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. July 1984.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+6903%3A1984+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+Motion-picture+camera+cartridge%2C+8+mm+Type+S%2C+Model+I+%28capacity+60+m%29+%E2%80%94+Cartridge-camera+interface+and+take-up+core+drive+%E2%80%94+Dimensions+and+specifications&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1984-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F13424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO-3067:1983-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO-3067:1983_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/13424.html">"ISO 6903:1984 | Cinematography — Motion-picture camera cartridge, 8 mm Type S, Model I — Notches for film speed, film identification and colour-balancing filter — Dimensions and positions"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. December 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO+6903%3A1984+%7C+Cinematography+%E2%80%94+Motion-picture+camera+cartridge%2C+8+mm+Type+S%2C+Model+I+%E2%80%94+Notches+for+film+speed%2C+film+identification+and+colour-balancing+filter+%E2%80%94+Dimensions+and+positions&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1983-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F13424.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahl1968" class="citation magazine cs1">Wahl, Paul (December 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA68">"How to Get Started in HOME MOVIES"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>71, 184<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=How+to+Get+Started+in+HOME+MOVIES&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E71%2C+184&rft.date=1968-12&rft.aulast=Wahl&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCkDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://super8wiki.com/index.php/Super_8_Cartridge_Notch_Ruler">"Super 8 Cartridge Notch Ruler - Super8wiki"</a>. <i>super8wiki.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=super8wiki.com&rft.atitle=Super+8+Cartridge+Notch+Ruler+-+Super8wiki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuper8wiki.com%2Findex.php%2FSuper_8_Cartridge_Notch_Ruler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canon.com/camera-museum/camera/cine/series_8mc.html">"Canon Camera Museum. Camera Hall. Movie Cameras"</a>. Canon.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canon+Camera+Museum.+Camera+Hall.+Movie+Cameras&rft.pub=Canon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canon.com%2Fcamera-museum%2Fcamera%2Fcine%2Fseries_8mc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOIDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA64">"Home-movie sound gets easier—and more professional"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <b>144</b> (4). Hearst Magazines: 64. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>. <q>The sound cartridges are bigger than the silent ones, so they won't fit silent cameras (though silent cartridges fit sound cameras) and they cost about $1.75 more than their silent equivalents. For professional applications, Kodak also plans a 200-foot cartridge that will fit through a trap-door in the top of one of its Ektasound cameras; other cameras for this cartridge will soon be available.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Home-movie+sound+gets+easier%E2%80%93and+more+professional&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1975-10&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhOIDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fM8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA66">"Home-movie sound that sounds good"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <b>149</b> (1). 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Designed and illustrated by Christopher Swan. San Francisco, California: Straight Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-091-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-091-5"><bdi>0-87932-091-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/75-9430">75-9430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Super+8+Book&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=Straight+Arrow+Books&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F75-9430&rft.isbn=0-87932-091-5&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuper8book0000lipt_k0i0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124181343/http://www.kodak.com/US/en/motion/about/news/super8.jhtml">"40th Anniversary of Super 8 film"</a>. <i>Kodak.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kodak.com/US/en/motion/about/news/super8.jhtml">the original</a> on 2007-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kodak.com&rft.atitle=40th+Anniversary+of+Super+8+film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2FUS%2Fen%2Fmotion%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fsuper8.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna40853048">"Kodachrome's road ends at Kansas photo lab"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231220940/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/40853048/ns/business-the_new_york_times/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kodachrome%27s+road+ends+at+Kansas+photo+lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna40853048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kodak.com/en/motion/product/camera-films/ektachrome">"EKTACHROME Color Reversal Film 7294"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123010907/https://www.kodak.com/en/motion/product/camera-films/ektachrome">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kodak&rft.atitle=EKTACHROME+Color+Reversal+Film+7294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kodak.com%2Fen%2Fmotion%2Fproduct%2Fcamera-films%2Fektachrome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722005358/http://fujifilm.jp/information/articlead_0011.html">"シングル-8用フィルム「FUJICHROME R25N」「FUJICHROME RT200N」販売および現像終了のご案内 : お知らせ | 富士フイルム"</a> (in Japanese). Fujifilm.jp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fujifilm.jp/information/articlead_0011.html">the original</a> on 2012-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB-8%E7%94%A8%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%80%8CFUJICHROME+R25N%E3%80%8D%E3%80%8CFUJICHROME+RT200N%E3%80%8D%E8%B2%A9%E5%A3%B2%E3%81%8A%E3%82%88%E3%81%B3%E7%8F%BE%E5%83%8F%E7%B5%82%E4%BA%86%E3%81%AE%E3%81%94%E6%A1%88%E5%86%85+%3A+%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B+%26%23124%3B+%E5%AF%8C%E5%A3%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0&rft.pub=Fujifilm.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffujifilm.jp%2Finformation%2Farticlead_0011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro8mm.com/blogs/blog/introducing-the-new-ektachrome-in-double-super-8-film">Reviving Double Super 8 Film</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendlyfirefilms.com/">Sleep Always</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigeant2005" class="citation web cs1">Vigeant, Rhonda (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pro8mm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2005_max8_pressrelease.pdf">"New Widescreen Super 8 format pushes Super 8 to its Max"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604094138/http://www.pro8mm.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/2005_max8_pressrelease.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Widescreen+Super+8+format+pushes+Super+8+to+its+Max&rft.date=2005-03&rft.aulast=Vigeant&rft.aufirst=Rhonda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pro8mm.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2F2005_max8_pressrelease.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whywhatmax8-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whywhatmax8_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whywhatmax8_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigeant2008" class="citation web cs1">Vigeant, Philip (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro8mm-burbank.blogspot.com/2008/03/why-and-what-is-max-8the-super-8.html">"Why and What Is Max 8...The Super 8 Widescreen Format"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+and+What+Is+Max+8...The+Super+8+Widescreen+Format&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Vigeant&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpro8mm-burbank.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F03%2Fwhy-and-what-is-max-8the-super-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pro8mm.com/">"Super 8 Film – Super 8 HD Scanning – Super 8 Cameras – Super 8 Processing"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eight+years+after+being+announced%2C+Kodak%27s+Super+8+movie+camera+will+finally+ship+in+December&rft.pub=DPreview.com&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft.au=Baskin%2C+Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpreview.com%2Farticles%2F3383990532%2Feight-years-after-being-announced-kodak-super-8-movie-camera-will-finally-ship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaso,_Erik2023" class="citation web cs1">Naso, Erik (2023-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsshooter.com/2023/11/21/kodak-releases-super-8-film-camera-with-digital-features/">"Kodak releases Super 8 film camera with digital features"</a>. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pro8mm.com/">"Pro8mm | Super 8 & 16mm Film, Cameras, Processing, & Digital Scanning"</a>. <i>Pro8mm</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro8mm&rft.atitle=Pro8mm+%26%23124%3B+Super+8+%26+16mm+Film%2C+Cameras%2C+Processing%2C+%26+Digital+Scanning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pro8mm.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Rutgers Film Co-op.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=njfilmfest.com&rft.atitle=New+Jersey+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnjfilmfest.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curta8.com.br/?lang=en">"Curta8 | Festival Internacional de Cinema Super8"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curta8+%26%23124%3B+Festival+Internacional+de+Cinema+Super8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curta8.com.br%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRTI1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRTI1_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/weekend/2010/0619/1224272842633.html">"The first Super 8 picture show"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>, June 19, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chicago8fest.org">"CHICAGO 8: A Small Gauge Film Festival"</a>. Chicago8fest.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHICAGO+8%3A+A+Small+Gauge+Film+Festival&rft.pub=Chicago8fest.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicago8fest.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigeant2016" class="citation web cs1">Vigeant, Phil (6 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/154455282">"Artree"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artree&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft.aulast=Vigeant&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F154455282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVigeant" class="citation web cs1">Vigeant, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/64681287">"Art Center College of Design"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+Center+College+of+Design&rft.aulast=Vigeant&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F64681287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8209692/kodak-ektasound-130-super-8-camera-cine-camera">"Kodak Ektasound 130 Super 8 camera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Group" title="Science Museum Group">Science Museum Group</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205152902/https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co8209692/kodak-ektasound-130-super-8-camera-cine-camera">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum+Group&rft.atitle=Kodak+Ektasound+130+Super+8+camera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fobjects%2Fco8209692%2Fkodak-ektasound-130-super-8-camera-cine-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuper+8+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_8_film&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFEvan_A._EdwardsTheodore_A._MunsonJohn_A._Black1965"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3208686A">US Patent 3208686A</a>, Evan A. Edwards; Theodore A. Munson & John A. Black, "Film Cartridge", published September 28, 1965,  assigned to Eastman Kodak Company</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=3208686A&rft.cc=US&rft.title=Film+Cartridge&rft.inventor=Evan+A.+Edwards&rft.assignee=Eastman+Kodak+Company&rft.pubdate=September 28, 1965&rft.prioritydate=December 30, 1963"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastman_Kodak135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastman_Kodak" title="Template:Eastman Kodak"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastman_Kodak" title="Template talk:Eastman Kodak"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastman_Kodak" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastman Kodak"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastman_Kodak135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinon_Industries" title="Chinon Industries">Chinon Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creo_(company)" title="Creo (company)">Creo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Express" title="Kodak Express">Kodak Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualex" title="Qualex">Qualex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESL_Federal_Credit_Union" title="ESL Federal Credit Union">ESL Federal Credit Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cameras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DC_Series" title="Kodak DC Series">DC series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DC215" title="Kodak DC215">DC215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DC3200" title="Kodak DC3200">DC3200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS" title="Kodak DCS">DCS</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nikon_F_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikon F mount">NF</a>/<a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon EF mount">EF</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">DSLR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS_100" title="Kodak DCS 100">100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS_300_series" title="Kodak DCS 300 series">300 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS_400_series" title="Kodak DCS 400 series">400 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_D2000" title="Canon EOS D2000">D2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_D6000" title="Canon EOS D6000">D6000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_DCS_1" title="Canon EOS DCS 1">DCS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_DCS_3" title="Canon EOS DCS 3">DCS 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS_Pro_14n" title="Kodak DCS Pro 14n">Pro 14n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS_Pro_SLR/c" title="Kodak DCS Pro SLR/c">Pro SLR/c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DCS_Pro_SLR/n" title="Kodak DCS Pro SLR/n">Pro SLR/n</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare" title="Kodak EasyShare">EasyShare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Easyshare_C1013" title="Kodak Easyshare C1013">C1013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_C300" title="Kodak EasyShare C300">C300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_C330" title="Kodak EasyShare C330">C330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_C340" title="Kodak EasyShare C340">C340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_C613" title="Kodak EasyShare C613">C613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Easyshare_C813" title="Kodak Easyshare C813">C813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_CX4200" title="Kodak EasyShare CX4200">CX4200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_CX4230" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodak EasyShare CX4230">CX4230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_DX4530" title="Kodak EasyShare DX4530">DX4530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_DX6440" title="Kodak EasyShare DX6440">DX6440</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_DX6490" title="Kodak EasyShare DX6490">DX6490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_DX7590_Zoom_Digital_Camera" title="Kodak DX7590 Zoom Digital Camera">DX7590</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_P880" title="Kodak EasyShare P880">P880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_EasyShare_V570" title="Kodak EasyShare V570">V570</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Pixpro" title="Kodak Pixpro">Pixpro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Z612_Zoom_Digital_Camera" title="Kodak Z612 Zoom Digital Camera">Z612 Zoom Digital Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Z712_IS_ZOOM_digital_camera" title="Kodak Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera">Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movie</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9-Kodak" title="Ciné-Kodak">Ciné-Kodak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9-Kodak_Special" title="Ciné-Kodak Special">Ciné-Kodak Special</a> <ul><li>Lenses: <a href="/wiki/Kodak_S-mount" title="Kodak S-mount">S-mount</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rangefinder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Retina" title="Kodak Retina">Retina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Retinette" title="Kodak Retinette">Retinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_35" title="Kodak 35">Kodak 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_35_Rangefinder" title="Kodak 35 Rangefinder">Kodak 35 RF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Signet" title="Kodak Signet">Signet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Ektra" title="Kodak Ektra">Ektra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reflex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Retina_Reflex" title="Kodak Retina Reflex">Retina Reflex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(camera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (camera)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instamatic" title="Instamatic">Instamatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Pony" title="Kodak Pony">Pony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Starflash" title="Kodak Starflash">Starflash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Stereo_Camera" title="Kodak Stereo Camera">Stereo Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vest_Pocket_Kodak" title="Vest Pocket Kodak">Vest Pocket Kodak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Vigilant_camera" title="Kodak Vigilant camera">Vigilant camera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camera film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/120_film" title="120 film">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/127_film" title="127 film">127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/616_film" title="616 film">616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/828_film" title="828 film">828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Photo_System" title="Advanced Photo System">APS (IX240)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_film" title="Disc film">Disc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Super 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Color reversal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ektachrome" title="Ektachrome">Ektachrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodachrome" title="Kodachrome">Kodachrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color print</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastmancolor" title="Eastmancolor">Eastmancolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ektar" title="Ektar">Ektar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodacolor_(filmmaking)" title="Kodacolor (filmmaking)">Kodacolor (filmmaking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodacolor_(still_photography)" title="Kodacolor (still photography)">Kodacolor (still photography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Portra" title="Kodak Portra">Portra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B&W</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_High-Speed_Infrared" title="Kodak High-Speed Infrared">High-Speed Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_T-MAX" title="Kodak T-MAX">T-MAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Tri-X" title="Kodak Tri-X">Tri-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Pan" title="Technical Pan">Technical Pan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_proofer" title="Approval proofer">Approval proofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autographic_film" title="Autographic film">Autographic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_slide_projector" title="Carousel slide projector">Carousel slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Digital_Sound" title="Cinema Digital Sound">Cinema Digital Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineon" title="Cineon">Cineon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorama_(Kodak)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorama (Kodak)">Colorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Ektaprint_Electronic_Publishing_System" title="Kodak Ektaprint Electronic Publishing System">Ektaprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Ektra_(phone)" title="Kodak Ektra (phone)">Ektra (phone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Gallery" title="Kodak Gallery">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAF-10500" class="mw-redirect" title="KAF-10500">KAF-10500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keykode" title="Keykode">Keykode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodacolor_Technology" title="Kodacolor Technology">Kodacolor Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodascope" title="Kodascope">Kodascope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KPR" title="KPR">KPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola_Zine" title="Motorola Zine">Motorola Zine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_CD" title="Picture CD">Picture CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Proofing_Software" title="Kodak Proofing Software">Proofing Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starmatic" title="Starmatic">Starmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Ultima" title="Kodak Ultima">Ultima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versamat" title="Versamat">Versamat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Changing_Focus" title="Changing Focus">Changing Focus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brownies" title="The Brownies">The Brownies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technical <br />standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DX_encoding" title="DX encoding">DX encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Thirds_system" title="Four Thirds system">Four Thirds system</a> (<a href="/wiki/Micro_Four_Thirds_system" title="Micro Four Thirds system">Micro Four Thirds</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wratten_number" title="Wratten number">Wratten number</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colby_Chandler_(CEO)" title="Colby Chandler (CEO)">Colby Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eastman" title="George Eastman">George Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Godowsky_Jr." title="Leopold Godowsky Jr.">Leopold Godowsky Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Hargrave" title="Thomas J. Hargrave">Thomas J. Hargrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mannes" title="Leopold Mannes">Leopold Mannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Mees" title="Kenneth Mees">Kenneth Mees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sasson" title="Steven Sasson">Steven Sasson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Strong" title="Henry A. Strong">Henry A. Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Vaughn" title="William S. Vaughn">William S. Vaughn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Business_Park" title="Eastman Business Park">Eastman Business Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Heights" title="Kodak Heights">Kodak Heights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kodak_Building_9" title="Kodak Building 9">Building 9</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Park_Railroad" title="Kodak Park Railroad">Kodak Park Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Photo_Spot" title="Kodak Photo Spot">Kodak Photo Spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Picture_Kiosk" title="Kodak Picture Kiosk">Kodak Picture Kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak,_Tennessee" title="Kodak, Tennessee">Kodak, Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak_Tower" title="Kodak Tower">Kodak Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak_Co_v._Harold_Worden" title="Eastman Kodak Co v. Harold Worden">Kodak v. Worden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak_Co._v._Image_Technical_Services,_Inc." title="Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services, Inc.">Kodak v. Image Technical Services</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vroegh_v._Eastman_Kodak_Co." title="Vroegh v. Eastman Kodak Co.">Vroegh v. Kodak</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-22_process" title="C-22 process">C-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RA-4_process" title="RA-4 process">RA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Color_Negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Color Negative">Eastman Color Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastman_Color_Positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Color Positive">Eastman Color Positive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Kodak_Workers" title="Union of Kodak Workers">Union of Kodak Workers</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You_Press_the_Button,_We_Do_the_Rest" title="You Press the Button, We Do the Rest">You Press the Button, We Do the Rest</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kodak_sponsorships" title="Category:Kodak sponsorships">Sponsorships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox540" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412320#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Super-acht-Film"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4184105-0">Germany</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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46 Template:Cite_web"," 9.20% 96.904 3 Template:Cite_book"," 8.81% 92.811 4 Template:Navbox"," 8.43% 88.810 1 Template:Eastman_Kodak"," 7.00% 73.674 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.66% 70.154 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 6.12% 64.474 1 Template:Ambox"," 5.72% 60.202 7 Template:Rp"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.603","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10590562,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-65b64b4b74-ttbvd","timestamp":"20250219124717","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Super 8 film","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Super_8_film","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1412320","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1412320","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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