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<span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax_and_word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax_and_word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Syntax and word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax_and_word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns_and_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_and_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Nouns and pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_and_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verbal system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Machine_translation_software_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machine_translation_software_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Machine translation software and applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machine_translation_software_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lhasa Tibetan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibettaans" title="Tibettaans – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tibettaans" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة التبتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التبتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tibetanu" title="Idioma tibetanu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tibetanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivetano_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Tivetano ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tivetano ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dili" title="Tibet dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tibet dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tib%C3%A9t" title="Basa Tibét – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tibét" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="লাসা তিব্বতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাসা তিব্বতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dng-g%C3%AD" title="Chōng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chōng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тыбецкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тыбецкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тыбэцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тыбэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тибетски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བོད་ཀྱི་སྐད་ཡིག།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteg" title="Tibeteg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tibeteg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Түбэд хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түбэд хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C3%A0" title="Tibetà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tibetà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C5%A1tina" title="Tibetština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tibetština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeteg" title="Tibeteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tibeteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk_(sprog)" title="Tibetansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tibetansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetische_Sprache" title="Tibetische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tibetische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བོད་སྐད། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བོད་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibeti_keel" title="Tiibeti keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiibeti keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tibetano" title="Idioma tibetano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tibetano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeta_lingvo" title="Tibeta lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tibeta lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetera" title="Tibetera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tibetera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="تبتی معیار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبتی معیار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_bhasa" title="Tibetan bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tibetan bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tib%C3%A9tain" title="Tibétain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tibétain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tib%C3%A9idis" title="An Tibéidis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tibéidis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetish_Veanagh" title="Tibetish Veanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tibetish Veanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana" title="Lingua tibetana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi%C3%AAu-ch%C3%BAn_Chh%C3%B2ng-ng%C3%AE" title="Phiêu-chún Chhòng-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phiêu-chún Chhòng-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Төвдин келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төвдин келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%ED%8B%B0%EB%B2%A0%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="표준 티베트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준 티베트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Տիբեթերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիբեթերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardni_tibetski_jezik" title="Standardni tibetski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Standardni tibetski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagalagadan_a_Tibetano" title="Pagalagadan a Tibetano – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagalagadan a Tibetano" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet_Lhasa" title="Bahasa Tibet Lhasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tibet Lhasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Тибетаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тибетаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADbeska" title="Tíbeska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíbeska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tibetana" title="Lingua tibetana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="טיבטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיבטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტიბეტური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Тибет тілдері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тибет тілдері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitibeti" title="Kitibeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitibeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Тибет кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тибет кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Тибет тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тибет тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tibetana" title="Lingua Tibetana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tibetana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Tibetiešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tibetiešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetie%C4%8Di%C5%B3_kalba" title="Tibetiečių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tibetiečių kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeti_nyelv" title="Tibeti nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tibeti nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिब्बती भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तिब्बती भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тибетски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тибетски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tibetana" title="Fiteny tibetana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tibetana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="തിബത്തൻ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിബത്തൻ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="तिबेटी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तिबेटी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ტიბეტური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტიბეტური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="لغه تيبيتى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه تيبيتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تبتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تبتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" title="Bahasa Tibet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ung-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Câung-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Câung-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Төвөд хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төвөд хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetaans" title="Tibetaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tibetaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ल्हासा तिब्बती – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ल्हासा तिब्बती" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सेँ भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सेँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="チベット語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チベット語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibeetisk" title="Tibeetisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tibeetisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk" title="Tibetansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetansk" title="Tibetansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tibetansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan" title="Tibetan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tibetan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_tili" title="Tibet tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tibet tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਿੱਬਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="تبتی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تبتی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="معياري تيبېتي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معياري تيبېتي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tybeta%C5%84ski" title="Język tybetański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tybetański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_tibetana" title="Língua tibetana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua tibetana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tibetan%C4%83" title="Limba tibetană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tibetană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_simi" title="Tibet simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tibet simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Тибетский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тибетский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тибиэт тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тибиэт тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱱᱚᱠ ᱛᱤᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tibet" title="Kari Tibet – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tibet" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetisk" title="Tibetisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tibetisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_language" title="Tibetan language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tibetan language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C4%8Dina" title="Tibetčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tibetčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Стандардни тибетски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стандардни тибетски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiibetin_kieli" title="Tiibetin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tiibetin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetanska" title="Tibetanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tibetanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="திபெத்திய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத்திய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Тибет теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тибет теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาทิเบต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทิเบต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони тибетӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони тибетӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet%C3%A7e" title="Tibetçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tibetçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_dili" title="Tibet dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tibet dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2%D2%AF%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Төвүт дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Төвүт дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тибетська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тибетська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تبتی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبتی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AD%D8%B2%DB%87_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="زاڭزۇ تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="زاڭزۇ تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_T%E1%BA%A1ng_ti%C3%AAu_chu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Tiếng Tạng tiêu chuẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tạng tiêu chuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetin" title="Tibetin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tibetin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD" title="标准藏语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="标准藏语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87" title="藏文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="藏文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetki" title="Tibetki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tibetki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="標準藏語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="標準藏語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tibet" title="Bahasa Tibet – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tibet" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Tibetan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official dialect of Tibetan, spoken in Lhasa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Lhasa Tibetan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བོད་སྐད་</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibetan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tibetan.png/200px-Tibetan.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tibetan.png/300px-Tibetan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tibetan.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="161" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/U-Tsang" class="mw-redirect" title="U-Tsang">U-Tsang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(1.2 million cited 1990 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a> (?)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lhasa Tibetan</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Committee for the Standardisation of the Tibetan Language<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=bo">bo</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=447">tib</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=447">bod</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bod" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bod">bod</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tibe1272">tibe1272</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=70-AAA-ac">70-AAA-ac</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/40px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/60px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg/80px-Tibetan_wa_%2B_%28i%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan characters</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Lhasa Tibetan</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྷ་སའི་སྐད་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Lha-sa'i skad</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>Lhaséké</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Lasägä</i>) or <b>Standard Tibetan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བོད་སྐད་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Bod skad</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>Böké</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Pögä</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[pʰø̀k˭ɛʔ]</a></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བོད་ཡིག་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Bod yig</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>Böyik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Pöyig</i>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is the Tibetan dialect spoken by educated people of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Autonomous Region">Tibetan Autonomous Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the traditional "three-branched" classification of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a>, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a> branch (the other two being <a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, speakers of Khams Tibetan are able to communicate at a basic level with Lhasa Tibetan, while Amdo speakers cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Lhasa Tibetan and Khams Tibetan evolved to become <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> and do not preserve the word-initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, which makes them very far from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a>, especially when compared to the more <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conservative</a> Amdo Tibetan.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jermay_reynolds_2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jermay_reynolds_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Registers">Registers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many languages, Lhasa Tibetan has a variety of <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">language registers</a>: </p> <ul><li><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཕལ་སྐད</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">phal skad</i></span>, literally "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demotic" class="extiw" title="wikt:demotic">demotic</a> language"): the vernacular speech.</li> <li><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཞེ་ས</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">zhe sa</i></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">honorifics</a> or deference, courtesy"): the formal spoken style, particularly prominent in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>.</li> <li><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཡིག་སྐད</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">yig skad</i></span>, literally "letters language" or "<a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>"): the written literary style; may include <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཆོས་སྐད</span></span> <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">chos skad</i></span> below.<sup id="cite_ref-Kellner_2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kellner_2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><span lang="bo">ཆོས་སྐད</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">chos skad</i></span>, literally "doctrine language" or "<a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">religious language</a>"): the literary style in which the scriptures and other classical works are written.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Lhasa_Tibetan_grammar" title="Modern Lhasa Tibetan grammar">Modern Lhasa Tibetan grammar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax_and_word_order">Syntax and word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax and word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetan is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative-absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative-absolutive language">ergative language</a>, with what can loosely be termed <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">subject–object–verb (SOV) word order</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">Grammatical constituents</a> broadly have <a href="/wiki/Head-final" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-final">head-final</a> word order: </p> <ul><li>adjectives generally follow nouns in Tibetan, unless the two are linked by a <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particle</a></li> <li>objects and adverbs precede the verb, as do adjectives in <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copular clauses</a></li> <li>a noun marked with the genitive case precedes the noun which it modifies</li> <li>demonstratives and numerals follow the noun they modify.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns_and_pronouns">Nouns and pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nouns and pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetan nouns do not possess <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, although this may be marked lexically, nor do they inflect for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. However, definite human nouns may take a plural marker <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཚོ</span> <i><tsho></i>. </p><p>Tibetan has been described as having six cases: <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">agentive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">associative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>. These are generally marked by particles, which are attached to entire noun phrases, rather than individual nouns. These suffixes may vary in form based on the final sound of the root. </p><p>Personal pronouns are inflected for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, showing singular, dual and plural forms. They can have between one and three <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a>. </p><p>The Standard Tibetan language distinguishes three levels of <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">demonstrative</a>: proximal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">འདི</span> <i><'di></i> "this", medial <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དེ</span> <i><de></i> "that", and distal <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཕ་གི</span> <i><pha-gi></i> "that over there (yonder)". These can also take case suffixes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs in Tibetan always come at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a>. Verbs do not show agreement in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> in Tibetan. There is also no <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a> distinction between active and <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive</a>; Tibetan verbs are neutral with regard to voice.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetan verbs can be divided into classes based on <a href="/wiki/Volition_(linguistics)" title="Volition (linguistics)">volition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">valency</a>. The volition of the verb has a major effect on its <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>. Volitional verbs have <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> forms, whilst non-volitional verbs do not: compare <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྟོས་ཤིག</span> <i><ltos shig></i> "Look!" with the non-existent *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མཐོང་ཤིག</span> <i><mthong shig></i> "*See!". Additionally, only volitional verbs can take the egophoric copula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡིན</span> <i><yin></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournardre_1991_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournardre_1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verbs in Tibetan can be split into monovalent and divalent verbs; some may also act as both, such as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཆག</span> <i><chag></i> "break". This interacts with the volition of the verb to condition which nouns take the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a> and which must take the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive</a>, remaining unmarked.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournardre_1991_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournardre_1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, distinction in <a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">transitivity</a> is orthogonal to volition; both the volitional and non-volitional classes contain transitive as well as intransitive verbs. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> of the verb affects which verbal suffixes and which final auxiliary copulae are attached. Morphologically, verbs in the unaccomplished aspect are marked by the suffix <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">གི</span> <i><gi></i> or its other forms, identical to the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> for nouns, whereas accomplished aspect verbs do not use this suffix. Each can be broken down into two subcategories: under the unaccomplished aspect, <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">progressive</a>/general; under the accomplished aspect, <a href="/wiki/Perfect_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfect aspect">perfect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aorist_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Aorist aspect">aorist or simple perfective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tournardre_1991_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tournardre_1991-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">Evidentiality</a> is a well-known feature of Tibetan verb morphology, gaining much scholarly attention,<sup id="cite_ref-DeLancey_1985_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLancey_1985-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contributing substantially to the understanding of evidentiality across languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidentials in Standard Tibetan interact with aspect in a system marked by final copulae, with the following resultant modalities being a feature of Standard Tibetan, as classified by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Nicolas Tournadre</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Assertive</li> <li>Allocentric intentional egophoric</li> <li>Allocentric intentional egophoric/Imminent danger</li> <li>Experiential egophoric</li> <li>Habitual/Generic assertive</li> <li>Inferential</li> <li>Intentional egophoric</li> <li>Intentional/Habitual egophoric</li> <li>Receptive egophoric</li> <li>Testimonial</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Tibetan numerals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/220px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/330px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg/440px-Stone_tablets_with_prayers_in_Tibetan_language_at_a_Temple_in_McLeod_Ganj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Stone tablets with prayers in Tibetan at a Temple in <a href="/wiki/McLeod_Ganj" title="McLeod Ganj">McLeod Ganj</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pejas,_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism,_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/220px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/330px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg/440px-Pejas%2C_scriptures_of_Tibetan_Buddhism%2C_at_a_library_in_Dharamsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i>Pechas</i>, scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, at a library in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike many other languages of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Burmese_numerical_classifiers" title="Burmese numerical classifiers">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese classifiers">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_count_word" title="Korean count word">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a>, there are no numeral auxiliaries or <a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">measure words</a> used in counting in Tibetan. However, words expressive of a collective or integral are often used after the tens, sometimes after a smaller number.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In scientific and astrological works, the numerals, as in Vedic <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, are expressed by symbolical words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The written numerals are a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>, forming a base-10 positional counting system<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is attested early on in Classical Tibetan texts. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Tibetan Numerals </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༠</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༡</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༢</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༣</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༤</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༥</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༦</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༧</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༨</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">༩</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_numerals" title="Devanagari numerals">Devanagari numerals</a> </th> <td>०</td> <td>१</td> <td>२</td> <td>३</td> <td>४</td> <td>५</td> <td>६</td> <td>७</td> <td>८</td> <td>९ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Bengali_numerals" title="Bengali numerals">Bengali numerals</a> </th> <td>০</td> <td>১</td> <td>২</td> <td>৩</td> <td>৪</td> <td>৫</td> <td>৬</td> <td>৭</td> <td>৮</td> <td>৯ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a> </th> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tibetan makes use of a special connector particle for the units above each multiple of ten. Between 100 and 199, the connective <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དང</span> <i>dang</i>, literally "and", is used after the hundred portion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ས་ཡ</span> <i>saya</i> million, the numbers are treated as nouns and thus have their multiples following the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 10 change spelling when combined with other numerals, reflecting a change in pronunciation in combination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Written <p>Tibetan </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic</a> <p><a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">numerals</a> </p> </th> <th> </th> <th>Written <p>Tibetan </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> </th> <th>Arabic <p>numerals </p> </th> <th> </th> <th>Written <p>Tibetan </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> </th> <th>Arabic <p>numerals </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">གཅིག</span> </td> <td>gcig </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>nyi shu tsa gcig </td> <td>21 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཞི་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>bzhi bgya </td> <td>400 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">གཉིས</span> </td> <td>gnyis </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཉིས</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa gynis </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྔ་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>lnga bgya </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">གསུམ</span> </td> <td>gsum </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གསུམ</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa gsum </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དྲུག་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>drug bgya </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཞི</span> </td> <td>bzhi </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་བཞི</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa bzhi </td> <td>24 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བདུན་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>bdun bgya </td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྔ</span> </td> <td>lnga </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་ལྔ</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa lnga </td> <td>25 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱད་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>brgyad bgya </td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དྲུག</span> </td> <td>drug </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་དྲུག</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa drug </td> <td>26 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དགུ་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>dgu bgya </td> <td>900 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བདུན</span> </td> <td>bdun </td> <td>7 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་བདུན</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa bdun </td> <td>27 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཆིག་སྟོང</span> </td> <td>chig stong </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱད</span> </td> <td>brgyad </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་བརྒྱད</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa brgyad </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁྲི</span> </td> <td>khri </td> <td>(a unit of) 10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དགུ</span> </td> <td>dgu </td> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་དགུ</span> </td> <td>nyi shu rtsa dgu </td> <td>29 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ</span> </td> <td>bcu </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སུམ་ཅུ</span> </td> <td>sum cu </td> <td>30 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སུམ་ཅུ་སོ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>sum cu so gcig </td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>bcu gcig </td> <td>11 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཞི་བཅུ</span> </td> <td>bzhi bcu </td> <td>40 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཞི་བཅུ་ཞེ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>bzhi bcu zhe gcig </td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་གཉིས</span> </td> <td>bcu gnyis </td> <td>12 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྔ་བཅུ</span> </td> <td>lnga bcu </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ལྔ་བཅུ་ང་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>lnga bcu nga gcig </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་གསུམ</span> </td> <td>bcu gsum </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དྲུག་ཅུ</span> </td> <td>drug cu </td> <td>60 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དྲུག་ཅུ་རེ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>drug cu re gcig </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་བཞི</span> </td> <td>bcu bzhi </td> <td>14 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བདུན་ཅུ</span> </td> <td>bdun cu </td> <td>70 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བདུན་ཅུ་དོན་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>bdun cu don gcig </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅོ་ལྔ</span> </td> <td>bco lnga </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱད་ཅུ</span> </td> <td>brgyad cu </td> <td>80 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱད་ཅུ་གྱ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>brgyad cu gya gcig </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་དྲུག</span> </td> <td>bcu drug </td> <td>16 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དགུ་བཅུ</span> </td> <td>dgu bcu </td> <td>90 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དགུ་བཅུ་གོ་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>dgu bcu go gcig </td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་བདུན</span> </td> <td>bcu bdun </td> <td>17 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>bgya </td> <td>100 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱ་དང་གཅིག</span> </td> <td>bgya dang gcig </td> <td>101 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅོ་བརྒྱད</span> </td> <td>bco brgyad </td> <td>18 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བརྒྱ་དང་ལྔ་བཅུ</span> </td> <td>bgya dang lnga bcu </td> <td>150 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བཅུ་དགུ</span> </td> <td>bcu dgu </td> <td>19 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉིས་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>nyis bgya </td> <td>200 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉི་ཤུ</span> </td> <td>nyi shu </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སུམ་བརྒྱ</span> </td> <td>sum bgya </td> <td>300 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">འབུམ</span> </td> <td>'bum </td> <td>(a unit of) 100,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ས་ཡ</span> </td> <td>sa ya </td> <td>(a unit of) 1,000,000 <p>(1 Million) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བྱེ་བ</span> </td> <td>bye ba </td> <td>(a unit of) 10,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དུང་ཕྱུར</span> </td> <td>dung phyur </td> <td>(a unit of) 100,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཐེར་འབུམ</span> </td> <td>ther 'bum </td> <td>(a unit of) 1,000,000,000 <p>(1 Billion) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ordinal numbers are formed by adding a suffix to the cardinal number, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">པ</span> (<i>-pa</i>), with the exception of the ordinal number "first", which has its own lexeme, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">དང་པོ</span> (<i>dang po</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje2003131–134-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan braille">Tibetan braille</a></div> <p>Tibetan is written with an <a href="/wiki/Indic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Indic script">Indic script</a>, with a historically conservative orthography that reflects <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> phonology and helps unify the Tibetan-language area. It is also helpful in reconstructing <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan Languages">Proto Sino-Tibetan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kiaer_2020_p._34_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiaer_2020_p._34-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a> is the most common system of <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> used by Western scholars in rendering written Tibetan using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> (such as employed on much of this page), while linguists tend to use other special transliteration systems of their own. As for transcriptions meant to approximate the pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a> is the official romanization system employed by the government of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, while English language materials use the THL transcription<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system. Certain names may also retain irregular transcriptions, such as <i>Chomolungma</i> for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>. </p><p>Tibetan orthographic syllable structure is (C<sub>1</sub>C<sub>2</sub>)C<sub>3</sub>(C<sub>4</sub>)V(C<sub>5</sub>C<sub>6</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all combinations are licit. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>position </th> <th>C<sub>1</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>2</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>3</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>4</sub> </th> <th>V </th> <th>C<sub>5</sub> </th> <th>C<sub>6</sub> </th></tr> <tr> <th>name </th> <td>Prefix </td> <td>Superfix </td> <td>Root </td> <td>Subjoined </td> <td>Vowel </td> <td>Suffix </td> <td>Suffix 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>licit letters </th> <td><big>ག ད བ མ འ</big> </td> <td><big>ར ལ ས</big> </td> <td>any consonant </td> <td><big>ཡ ར ཝ ལ</big> </td> <td>any vowel </td> <td><big>ག མ ང ད ལ ས ན བ ར འ</big> </td> <td><big>ས</big> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following summarizes the sound system of the dialect of Tibetan spoken in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the most influential variety of the spoken language. </p><p>The structure of a Lhasa Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> is relatively simple;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201812_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201812-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> no <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant cluster</a> is allowed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199975_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199975-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and codas are only allowed with a single consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenwood199971_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenwood199971-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vowels can be either short or long, and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a> may further be <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasalized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003272_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003272-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a> is observed in two syllable words as well as verbs with a <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite</a> ending.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangChang1968_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangChang1968-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003271_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003271-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> are <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">contrastive</a> in this language, where at least two tonemes are distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201828_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201828-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the four tone analysis is favored by linguists in China,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELim201834_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELim201834-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scott_DeLancey" title="Scott DeLancey">DeLancey</a> (2003) suggests that the falling tone and the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> are in <a href="/wiki/Contrastive_distribution" title="Contrastive distribution">contrastive distribution</a>, describing Lhasa Tibetan syllables as either high or low.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003272_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeLancey2003272-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Standard Tibetan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">(Alveolo-)<br />Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʂʰ</a></span> <br /> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> ~ <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">ʈʂ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">cʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̥</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral approximant">l̥</a></span></td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>In the low tone, the unaspirated <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>c,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b,<span class="wrap"> </span>d,<span class="wrap"> </span>dz,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖʐ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span>, whereas the aspirated stops and affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʂʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>cʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span> lose some of their aspiration. Thus, in this context, the main distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p,<span class="wrap"> </span>t,<span class="wrap"> </span>ts,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕ,<span class="wrap"> </span>c,<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʰ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈʂʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tɕʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>cʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰ/</span> is voicing. The dialect of the upper social strata in Lhasa does not use voiced stops and affricates in the low tone.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>) is in complementary distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar approximant">alveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span>; therefore, both are treated as one phoneme.</li> <li>The consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> may appear in syllable-final positions. The Classical Tibetan final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is still present, but its modern pronunciation is normally realized as a nasalisation of the preceding vowel, rather than as a discrete consonant (see above). However, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> is not pronounced in the final position of a word except in very formal speech. Also, syllable-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> are often not clearly pronounced but realized as a lengthening of the preceding vowel. The phonemic <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔ/</span> appears only at the end of words in the place of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, which were pronounced in Classical Tibetan but have since been elided. For instance, the word for <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> itself was <i>Bod</i> in Classical Tibetan but is now pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰø̀ʔ]</span> in the Lhasa dialect.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowels of Lhasa Tibetan have been characterized and described in several different ways, and it continues to be a topic of ongoing research.<sup id="cite_ref-Gong_2020_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gong_2020-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tournadre and Sangda Dorje describe eight vowels in the standard language:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200335_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> of Standard Tibetan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Three additional vowels are sometimes described as significantly distinct: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʌ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>, which is normally an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span>, which is normally an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span>; and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̈]</span> (an unrounded, centralised, mid front vowel), which is normally an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. These sounds normally occur in closed syllables; because Tibetan does not allow <a href="/wiki/Geminated_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated consonant">geminated consonants</a>, there are cases in which one syllable ends with the same sound as the one following it. The result is that the first is pronounced as an open syllable but retains the vowel typical of a closed syllable. For instance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཞབས</span> <i>zhabs</i> (foot) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕʌp]</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">པད</span> <i>pad</i> (borrowing from Sanskrit <i>padma</i>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_lotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian lotus">lotus</a>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɛʔ]</span>, but the compound word, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཞབས་པད</span> <i>zhabs pad</i> (lotus-foot, government minister) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕʌpɛʔ]</span>. This process can result in <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> involving sounds that are otherwise allophones. </p><p>Sources vary on whether the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ̈]</span> phone (resulting from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> in a closed syllable) and the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɛ]</span> phone (resulting from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> through the <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">i-mutation</a>) are distinct or basically identical. </p><p>Phonemic vowel length exists in Lhasa Tibetan but in a restricted set of circumstances. Assimilation of Classical Tibetan's suffixes, normally '<i>i</i> (འི་), at the end of a word produces a long vowel in Lhasa Tibetan; the feature is sometimes omitted in phonetic transcriptions. In normal spoken pronunciation, a lengthening of the vowel is also frequently substituted for the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> when they occur at the end of a syllable. </p><p>The vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ/</span> each have nasalized forms: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ỹ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ẽ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ø̃/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɛ̃/</span>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200355_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200355-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These historically result from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/in/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/un/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/en/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/on/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span>, and are reflected in the written language. The vowel quality of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/un/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/on/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an/</span> has shifted, since historical <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, along with all other coronal final consonants, caused a form of <a href="/wiki/I-mutation" title="I-mutation">umlaut</a> in the Ü/Dbus branch of <a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200356_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETournadreDorje200356-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some unusual cases, the vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> may also be nasalised. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lhasa dialect is usually described as having two tones: high and low. However, in monosyllabic words, each tone can occur with two distinct contours. The high tone can be pronounced with either a flat or a falling contour, and the low tone can be pronounced with either a flat or rising-falling contour, the latter being a tone that rises to a medium level before falling again. It is normally safe to distinguish only between the two tones because there are very few <a href="/wiki/Minimal_pair" title="Minimal pair">minimal pairs</a> that differ only because of contour. The difference occurs only in certain words ending in the sounds [m] or [ŋ]; for instance, the word <i>kham</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁམ་</span>, "piece") is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰám]</span> with a high flat tone, whereas the word <i>Khams</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁམས་</span>, "the <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> region") is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰâm]</span> with a high falling tone.<sup id="cite_ref-g447_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g447-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In polysyllabic words, tone is not important except in the first syllable. This means that from the point of view of phonological <a href="/wiki/Language_typology" class="mw-redirect" title="Language typology">typology</a>, Tibetan could more accurately be described as a <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch-accent language</a> than a true <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone language</a>, in the latter of which all syllables in a word can carry their own tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbal_system">Verbal system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Verbal system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lhasa Tibetan verbal system distinguishes four tenses and three evidential moods.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Future</th> <th>Present</th> <th>Past</th> <th>Perfect </th></tr> <tr> <td>Personal</td> <td>V་གི་ཡིན་ <br /> V-<i>gi-yin</i></td> <td>V་གི་ཡོད་ <br /> V-<i>gi-yod</i></td> <td>V་པ་ཡིན / V་བྱུང་ <br /> V-<i>pa-yin</i> / <i>byung</i></td> <td>V་ཡོད་ <br /> V-<i>yod</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Factual</td> <td>V་གི་རེད་ <br /> V-<i>gi-red</i></td> <td>V་གི་ཡོད་པ་རེད་ <br /> V-<i>gi-yod-pa-red</i></td> <td>V་པ་རེད་ <br /> V-<i>pa-red</i></td> <td>V་ཡོད་པ་རེད་ <br /> V-<i>yod-pa-red</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Testimonial</td> <td>-------</td> <td>V་གི་འདུག་ <br /> V-<i>gi-'dug</i></td> <td>V་སོང་ <br /> V-<i>song</i></td> <td>V་བཞག་ <br /> V-<i>bzhag</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">moods</a> may all occur with all three grammatical persons, though early descriptions associated the personal modal category with European first-person agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th and 19th centuries several Western linguists arrived in Tibet: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin friars</a> who settled in <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> for a quarter of century from 1719: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_della_Penna" title="Francesco della Penna">Francesco della Penna</a>, well known from his accurate description of Tibet,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cassian di <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a> sent home materials which were used by the Augustine friar Aug. Antonio Georgi of Rimini (1711–1797) in his <i>Alphabetum Tibetanum</i> (Rome, 1762, 4t0), a ponderous and confused compilation, which may be still referred to, but with great caution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>The Hungarian <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_K%C5%91r%C3%B6si_Csoma" title="Sándor Kőrösi Csoma">Sándor Kőrösi Csoma</a> (1784–1842), who published the first Tibetan–European language dictionary (Classical Tibetan and English in this case) and grammar, <i>Essay Towards a Dictionary, Tibetan and English</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Heinrich August Jäschke</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian mission</a> which was established in <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> in 1857,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tibetan Grammar</i> and <i>A Tibetan–English Dictionary</i>.</li> <li>At St Petersburg, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jacob_Schmidt" title="Isaac Jacob Schmidt">Isaac Jacob Schmidt</a> published his <i>Grammatik der tibetischen Sprache</i> in 1839 and his <i>Tibetisch-deutsches Wörterbuch</i> in 1841. His access to Mongolian sources had enabled him to enrich the results of his labours with a certain amount of information unknown to his predecessors. His <i>Tibetische Studien</i> (1851–1868) is a valuable collection of documents and observations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In France, P. E. Foucaux published in 1847 a translation from the <i>Rgya tcher rol-pa</i>, the Tibetan version of the <i>Lalita Vistara</i>, and in 1858 a <i>Grammaire thibétaine</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ant. Schiefner of St Petersburg in 1849 his series of translations and researches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911920note_2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theos_Casimir_Bernard" title="Theos Casimir Bernard">Theos Casimir Bernard</a>, a PhD scholar of religion from Columbia University, explorer and practitioner of Yoga and Tibetan Buddhism, published, after his 1936/37 trip to India and Tibet, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><i>A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language</i>, 1946</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Grammar+of+the+Literary+Tibetan+Language&rft.date=1946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span>. See the 'Books' section.</li></ul> <p>Indian <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">indologist</a> and linguist <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a> wrote a Tibetan grammar in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. Some of his other works on Tibetan were: </p> <ol><li>Tibbati Bal-Siksha, 1933</li> <li>Pathavali (Vols. 1, 2, 3), 1933</li> <li>Tibbati Vyakaran, 1933</li> <li>Tibbat May Budh Dharm, 1948</li></ol> <ul><li>Japanese linguist <a href="/wiki/Kitamura_Hajime" title="Kitamura Hajime">Kitamura Hajime</a> published a grammar and dictionary of Lhasa Tibetan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In much of Tibet, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> is conducted either primarily or entirely in the Tibetan language, and bilingual education is rarely introduced before students reach <a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>. However, Chinese is the language of instruction of most Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a>. In April 2020, classroom instruction was switched from Tibetan to Mandarin Chinese in <a href="/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture">Ngaba</a>, Sichuan.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students who continue on to <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> have the option of studying <a href="/wiki/Humanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic">humanistic</a> disciplines in Tibetan at a number of minority colleges in China.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with Tibetan schools in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a>, India, where the Ministry of Human Resource Development curriculum requires academic subjects to be taught in English from middle school.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Baker" title="Norman Baker">Norman Baker</a>, a UK MP, released a statement to mark <a href="/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Day" title="International Mother Language Day">International Mother Language Day</a> claiming, "The Chinese government are following a deliberate policy of extinguishing all that is Tibetan, including their own language in their own country" and he asserted a right for Tibetans to express themselves "in their mother tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetologist</a> Elliot Sperling has noted that "within certain limits the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">PRC</a> does make efforts to accommodate Tibetan cultural expression" and "the cultural activity taking place all over the Tibetan plateau cannot be ignored."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars also question such claims because most Tibetans continue to reside in rural areas where Chinese is rarely spoken, as opposed to Lhasa and other Tibetan cities where Chinese can often be heard. In the <i>Texas Journal of International Law</i>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Sautman" title="Barry Sautman">Barry Sautman</a> stated that "none of the many recent studies of endangered languages deems Tibetan to be imperiled, and language maintenance among Tibetans contrasts with language loss even in the remote areas of Western states renowned for liberal policies... claims that primary schools in Tibet teach Mandarin are in error. Tibetan was the main language of instruction in 98% of <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">TAR primary schools</a> in 1996; today, Mandarin is introduced in early grades only in urban schools.... Because less than four out of ten TAR Tibetans reach secondary school, primary school matters most for their cultural formation."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Machine_translation_software_and_applications">Machine translation software and applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Machine translation software and applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An incomplete list of machine translation software or applications that can translate Tibetan language from/to a variety of other languages. </p> <ul><li>藏译通 – Zangyitong, a mobile app for translating between Tibetan and Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="青海弥陀翻译 (page does not exist)">青海弥陀翻译</a> – A Beta-version WeChat Mini Program that translate between Tibetan language to/from Chinese. (invitation from WeChat users only)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E6%B0%91%E6%B1%89%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腾讯民汉翻译 (page does not exist)">腾讯民汉翻译</a> – A WeChat Mini Program that translate between Tibetan language to/from Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>THL Tibetan to English Translation Tool – A webpage that annotates Tibetan text various English meanings and translations, with 10+ dictionaries integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A downloadable version is also available.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E7%A7%91%E9%99%A2_%E8%97%8F%E6%B1%89(%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD)%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中国社科院藏汉(口语)机器翻译 (page does not exist)">中国社科院藏汉(口语)机器翻译</a> – A demonstrative website (slow in response) translating Tibetan to Chinese, developed by Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. It works well on Tibetan text from official Chinese News websites.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PanLex" class="mw-redirect" title="PanLex">Panlex</a> – A multilingual translation website with a few Tibetan words.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Translator" title="Microsoft Translator">Microsoft Translator</a> – Has an option to Translate Tibetan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Google Translate</a> – Whose support for Tibetan is supported.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Tibetan, written in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">འགྲོ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'gro</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ba</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">མིའི་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mi'i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རིགས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rigs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རྒྱུད་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rgyud</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡོངས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yongs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ལ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">སྐྱེས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">skyes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཙམ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཉིད་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nyid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ནས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nas</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཆེ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">che</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">མཐོངས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mthongs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དང༌།</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཐོབ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thob</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཐངགི་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thangagi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དབང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dbang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">འདྲ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'dra</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">མཉམ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mnyam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དུ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">du</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡོད་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yod</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ལ།</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཁོང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khong</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཚོར་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshor</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བྱུང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">byung</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">གི་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བློ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">blo</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">རྩལ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">rtsal</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བསམ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bsam</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཚུལ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshul</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བཟང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bzang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">པོ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">po</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">འདོན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'don</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">པའི་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa'i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">འོས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'os</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བབས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">babs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཀྱང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kyang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡོད།</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yod</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དེ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བཞིན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bzhin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཕན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">phan</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཚུན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tshun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">གཅིག་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gcig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">གིས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gis</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">གཅིག་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gcig</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ལ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">la</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བུ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">སྤུན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">spun</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">གྱི་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">gyi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">འདུ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'du</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཤེས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shes</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">འཛིན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">'dzin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">པའི་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa'i</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བྱ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bya</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">སྤྱོད་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">spyod</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཀྱང་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kyang</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ལག་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lag</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ལེན་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">len</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">བསྟར་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bstar</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">དགོས་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dgos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">པ་</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="bo" class="uchen" style="margin: 0px;font-size:1.25em; word-wrap:break-word;">ཡིན༎</p><p lang="bo-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">yin</p></div><p style="display: none;">འགྲོ་ བ་ མིའི་ རིགས་ རྒྱུད་ ཡོངས་ ལ་ སྐྱེས་ ཙམ་ ཉིད་ ནས་ ཆེ་ མཐོངས་ དང༌། ཐོབ་ ཐངགི་ རང་ དབང་ འདྲ་ མཉམ་ དུ་ ཡོད་ ལ། ཁོང་ ཚོར་ རང་ བྱུང་ གི་ བློ་ རྩལ་ དང་ བསམ་ ཚུལ་ བཟང་ པོ་ འདོན་ པའི་ འོས་ བབས་ ཀྱང་ ཡོད། དེ་ བཞིན་ ཕན་ ཚུན་ གཅིག་ གིས་ གཅིག་ ལ་ བུ་ སྤུན་ གྱི་ འདུ་ ཤེས་ འཛིན་ པའི་ བྱ་ སྤྱོད་ ཀྱང་ ལག་ ལེན་ བསྟར་ དགོས་ པ་ ཡིན༎</p><p style="display: none;">'gro ba mi'i rigs rgyud yongs la skyes tsam nyid nas che mthongs dang thob thangagi rang dbang 'dra mnyam du yod la khong tshor rang byung gi blo rtsal dang bsam tshul bzang po 'don pa'i 'os babs kyang yod de bzhin phan tshun gcig gis gcig la bu spun gyi 'du shes 'dzin pa'i bya spyod kyang lag len bstar dgos pa yin</p><p style="clear: left;">All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 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href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages of Bhutan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name "Lhasa Tibetan" is the preferred name, as in Chapter 19: Lhasa Tibetan, <i>The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd edition</i> (2017), edited by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Graham Thurgood</a> and Randy J. LaPolla.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བོད་ཡིག་བརྡ་ཚད་ལྡན་དུ་སྒྱུར་བའི་ལས་དོན་ཨུ་ཡོན་ལྷན་ཁང་གིས་བསྒྲིགས་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>bod yig brda tshad ldan du sgyur ba'i las don u yon lhan khang gis bsgrigs</i>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">藏语术语标准化工作委员会</span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bod/">Lhasa Tibetan</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2017" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Scott (2017). "Chapter 19: Lhasa Tibetan". In <a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Graham Thurgood</a> and Randy J. LaPolla (ed.). <i>The Sino-Tibetan Languages, 2nd edition</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-57045-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-57045-3"><bdi>978-0-367-57045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+19%3A+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+Languages%2C+2nd+edition&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-367-57045-3&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208094537/http://www.gov.cn/english/official/2009-03/02/content_1248355_4.htm">"Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet"</a>. <i>Official Chinese government site</i>. 2009-03-02. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.cn/english/official/2009-03/02/content_1248355_4.htm">the original</a> on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Chinese+government+site&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+Democratic+Reform+in+Tibet&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fofficial%2F2009-03%2F02%2Fcontent_1248355_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konchok_Gelek_2017_p.91-92_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelek2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gelek, Konchok (2017). "Variation, contact, and change in language: Varieties in Yul shul (northern Khams)". <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (245): 91-92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=Variation%2C+contact%2C+and+change+in+language%3A+Varieties+in+Yul+shul+%28northern+Khams%29&rft.issue=245&rft.pages=91-92&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gelek&rft.aufirst=Konchok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakleyDedeHuaWang1999" class="citation journal cs1">Makley, Charlene; Dede, Keith; Hua, Kan; Wang, Qingshan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073712/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/makley1999amdo.pdf">"The Amdo Dialect of Labrang"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/makley1999amdo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistics+of+the+Tibeto-Burman+Area&rft.atitle=The+Amdo+Dialect+of+Labrang&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Makley&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft.au=Dede%2C+Keith&rft.au=Hua%2C+Kan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Qingshan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fmakley1999amdo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jermay_reynolds_2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jermay_reynolds_2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Reynolds, Jermay J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812114744/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557712/Reynolds_georgetown_0076D_11674.pdf?sequence=1"><i>Language variation and change in an Amdo Tibetan village: Gender, education and resistance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>. p. 19-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557712/Reynolds_georgetown_0076D_11674.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Language+variation+and+change+in+an+Amdo+Tibetan+village%3A+Gender%2C+education+and+resistance&rft.inst=Graduate+School+of+Arts+and+Sciences+of+Georgetown+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Jermay+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.georgetown.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10822%2F557712%2FReynolds_georgetown_0076D_11674.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellner_2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kellner_2018_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kellner, Birgit (1 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fink.de/view/book/edcoll/9783846763469/BP000017.xml">"Vernacular Literacy in Tibet: Present Debates and Historical Beginnings"</a>. <i>Anfangsgeschichten / Origin Stories</i>. <b>31</b>: 381–402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F9783846763469_017">10.30965/9783846763469_017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8467-6346-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8467-6346-9"><bdi>978-3-8467-6346-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052208/https://www.fink.de/view/book/edcoll/9783846763469/BP000017.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anfangsgeschichten+%2F+Origin+Stories&rft.atitle=Vernacular+Literacy+in+Tibet%3A+Present+Debates+and+Historical+Beginnings&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=381-402&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F9783846763469_017&rft.isbn=978-3-8467-6346-9&rft.aulast=Kellner&rft.aufirst=Birgit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fink.de%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9783846763469%2FBP000017.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddellde_Lacouperie1911919_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaddellde_Lacouperie1911">Waddell & de_Lacouperie 1911</a>, p. 919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadre" class="citation web cs1">Tournadre, Nicolas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subjects.kmaps.virginia.edu/features/300">"Features: Show: Verbs and Verb Phrases"</a>. <i>subjects.kmaps.virginia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505121435/http://subjects.kmaps.virginia.edu/features/300">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+-+Tibetan&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fen%2Fhuman-rights%2Funiversal-declaration%2Ftranslations%2Ftibetan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1946" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Theos C. (1946). <i>A Simplified Grammar of the Literary Tibetan Language</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: Tibetan Text Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Grammar+of+the+Literary+Tibetan+Language&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=Tibetan+Text+Society&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Theos+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangChang1968" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Kun; Chang, Betty Shefts (1968). "Vowel harmony in spoken Lhasa Tibetan". <i>Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology (BIHP)</i>. <b>40</b>: 53–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+History+and+Philology+%28BIHP%29&rft.atitle=Vowel+harmony+in+spoken+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=53-124&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kun&rft.au=Chang%2C+Betty+Shefts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Das" title="Sarat Chandra Das">Das, Sarat Chandra</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atibetanenglish00dasgoog"><i>Tibetan–English Dictionary (with Sanskrit Synonyms)</i></a>. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86142-82-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86142-82-0"><bdi>978-81-86142-82-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan%E2%80%93English+Dictionary+%28with+Sanskrit+Synonyms%29&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Book+Depot&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-81-86142-82-0&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sarat+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatibetanenglish00dasgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2004" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sarat Chandra (2004). <i>Tibetan-English dictionary</i>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1713-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1713-3"><bdi>81-208-1713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan-English+dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-1713-3&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sarat+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLancey2003" class="citation book cs1">DeLancey, Scott (2003). "Lhasa Tibetan". <i>The Sino-Tibetan Languages</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 270–288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Tibetan+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=270-288&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=DeLancey&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenwood1999" class="citation book cs1">Denwood, Philip (1999). <i>Tibetan</i>. London Oriental and African Language Library. Vol. 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Floall.3">10.1075/loall.3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3803-0"><bdi>978-90-272-3803-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-3485">1382-3485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=London+Oriental+and+African+Language+Library&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=1382-3485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Floall.3&rft.isbn=978-90-272-3803-0&rft.aulast=Denwood&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2018" class="citation journal cs1">Francis, Norbert (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/005092">"Review of 'Becoming Bilingual in School and Home in Tibetan Areas of China: Stories of Struggle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>China Review International</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 48–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcri.2018.0012">10.1353/cri.2018.0012</a>. lingbuzz/005092.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Review+International&rft.atitle=Review+of+%27Becoming+Bilingual+in+School+and+Home+in+Tibetan+Areas+of+China%3A+Stories+of+Struggle%27&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=48-53&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcri.2018.0012&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fling.auf.net%2Flingbuzz%2F005092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHahn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hahn, Michael (July 2008). "Foundational Questions of Tibetan Morphology". <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 3–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Foundational+Questions+of+Tibetan+Morphology&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2008-07&rft.aulast=Hahn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge2003" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Stephen (2003). <i>An Introduction to Classical Tibetan</i>. Orchid Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-524-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/974-524-039-7"><bdi>974-524-039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Classical+Tibetan&rft.pub=Orchid+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=974-524-039-7&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_August_J%C3%A4schke" title="Heinrich August Jäschke">Jäschke, Heinrich August</a> (2004) [1865, Kye-Lang, Brit. Lahoul, H. A. Jäschke]. <i>A short practical grammar of the Tibetan language, with special reference to the spoken dialects</i>. London: Hardinge Simpole. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84382-077-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84382-077-3"><bdi>1-84382-077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+practical+grammar+of+the+Tibetan+language%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+spoken+dialects&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hardinge+Simpole&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84382-077-3&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span> " ... contains a facsimile of the original publication in manuscript, the first printed version of 1883, and the later Addenda published with the Third Edition."—P. [4] of cover.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1866" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Heinrich August (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kqACAAAAQAAJ"><i>Romanized Tibetan and English dictionary</i></a>. Kye-Lang<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romanized+Tibetan+and+English+dictionary&rft.place=Kye-Lang&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkqACAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1881" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Heinrich August (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atibetanenglish00jsgoog"><i>A Tibetan–English dictionary, with special reference to the prevailing dialects: To which is added an English-Tibetan vocabulary</i></a>. London: Unger Brothers (T. Grimm).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tibetan%E2%80%93English+dictionary%2C+with+special+reference+to+the+prevailing+dialects%3A+To+which+is+added+an+English-Tibetan+vocabulary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unger+Brothers+%28T.+Grimm%29&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatibetanenglish00jsgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJäschke1883" class="citation book cs1">Jäschke, Heinrich August (1883). Heinrich Wenzel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TibetanGrammarByH.A.Jschke"><i>Tibetan grammar</i></a>. Trübner's collection of simplified grammars. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). London: Trübner & co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+grammar&rft.place=London&rft.series=Tr%C3%BCbner%27s+collection+of+simplified+grammars&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+co.&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4schke&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTibetanGrammarByH.A.Jschke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopp1998" class="citation thesis cs1">Kopp, Teresa Kunkel (1998). <i>Verbalizers in Lhasa Tibetan</i> (PhD thesis). Arlington: University of Texas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Verbalizers+in+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Texas&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kopp&rft.aufirst=Teresa+Kunkel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Lim, Keh Sheng (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/37294"><i>Tonal and Intonational Phonology of Lhasa Tibetan</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis). University of Ottawa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tonal+and+Intonational+Phonology+of+Lhasa+Tibetan&rft.degree=Ph.D.&rft.inst=University+of+Ottawa&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Keh+Sheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fruor.uottawa.ca%2Fhandle%2F10393%2F37294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaga2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Naga, Sangye Tandar (2010). Vitali, Roberto (ed.). "Some Reflections on the Mysterious Nature of Tibetan Language". <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. 34–35 (3-2: The Earth Ox Papers): 561–566. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302083">43302083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Mysterious+Nature+of+Tibetan+Language&rft.volume=34-35&rft.issue=3-2%3A+The+Earth+Ox+Papers&rft.pages=561-566&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43302083%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Naga&rft.aufirst=Sangye+Tandar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg1894" class="citation book cs1">Sandberg, Graham (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookcolloqu00sandgoog"><i>Hand-book of colloquial Tibetan: A practical guide to the language of Central Tibet</i></a>. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hand-book+of+colloquial+Tibetan%3A+A+practical+guide+to+the+language+of+Central+Tibet&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink+%26+Co.&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookcolloqu00sandgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournadreDorje2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Tournadre" title="Nicolas Tournadre">Tournadre, Nicolas</a>; Dorje, Sangda (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manualofstandard00nico"><i>Manual of Standard Tibetan</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Snow_Lion_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Lion Publications">Snow Lion Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-189-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-189-8"><bdi>1-55939-189-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Standard+Tibetan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55939-189-8&rft.aulast=Tournadre&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Dorje%2C+Sangda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanualofstandard00nico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddellde_Lacouperie1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Waddell" title="Laurence Waddell">Waddell, Lawrence Austine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albert_Terrien_de_Lacouperie" title="Albert Terrien de Lacouperie">de Lacouperie, Albert Terrien</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tibet"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tibet">"Tibet § Language" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 919–921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tibet+%C2%A7+Language&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=919-921&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Austine&rft.au=de+Lacouperie%2C+Albert+Terrien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALhasa+Tibetan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lhasa_Tibetan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Research_on_Tibetan_Languages:_A_Bibliography" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography">Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bo:"> Tibetan edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetantranslations.com/">Translations of Tibetan texts, Tibetan language courses & publications by Erick Tsiknopoulos and the Trikāya Translation Committee.</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_language" title="Template talk:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tibetan language</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Classical Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">U-tsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a> (Drutsa, Bêtsug)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Tibet_calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Tibet calligraphy (page does not exist)">Joyig, Monyig and Lhoyig</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_numerals" title="Tibetan numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Transcription: <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan pinyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL Transcription</a></li> <li>Grammar (<a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Modern Standard Tibetan grammar</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic languages</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bodic_(Tibeto-Kanauri)_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bodic_languages" title="Template:Bodic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bodic_languages" title="Template talk:Bodic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bodic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bodic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bodic_(Tibeto-Kanauri)_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish<br />(Kanauric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinnauric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinnauri_language" title="Kinnauri language">Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitkuli_Kinnauri_language" title="Chitkuli Kinnauri language">Chitkuli Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lahaulic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_language" title="Pattani language">Pattani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinani_language" title="Tinani language">Tinani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunan_language" title="Bunan language">Bunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongpo_language" title="Rongpo language">Rongpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunam_language" title="Sunam language">Sunam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhung language">Zhangzhung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Almora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rangas_language" title="Rangas language">Rangas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmiya_language" title="Darmiya language">Darmiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byangsi_language" title="Byangsi language">Byangsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuleli_language" title="Dhuleli language">Dhuleli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudangsi_language" title="Chaudangsi language">Chaudangsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Tibetan language">Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugom_dialect" title="Mugom dialect">Mugom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amdo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDungnag_language" title="MDungnag language">mDungnag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kham (Eastern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha" title="Dzongkha">Dzongkha (Bhutanese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamba_language" title="Khamba language">Khamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_dialect" title="Laya dialect">Laya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunana_dialect" title="Lunana dialect">Lunana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokkat_language" title="Brokkat language">Brokkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokpa_language" title="Brokpa language">Brokpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochangachakha_language" title="Chochangachakha language">Chochangachakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakha_language" title="Lakha language">Lakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naapa_language" title="Naapa language">Naapa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi%E2%80%93Balti_languages" title="Ladakhi–Balti languages">Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangskari_language" title="Zangskari language">Zangskari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changthang_language" title="Changthang language">Changthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahuli%E2%80%93Spiti_languages" title="Lahuli–Spiti languages">Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stod_Bhoti" title="Stod Bhoti">Lahuli (Stod Bhoti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiti_Bhoti" title="Spiti Bhoti">Spiti Bhoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamkat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyamkat language">Nyamkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoti_Kinnauri" title="Bhoti Kinnauri">Bhoti Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukpa_language" title="Tukpa language">Tukpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sherpa-Jirel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_language" title="Jirel language">Jirel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyirong%E2%80%93Kagate_languages" title="Kyirong–Kagate languages">Kyirong–Kagate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagate_language" title="Kagate language">Kagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsum_language" title="Tsum language">Tsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_language" title="Yolmo language">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubri_language" title="Nubri language">Nubri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalsumdo_language" title="Gyalsumdo language">Gyalsumdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tshangla-East Bodish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tshangla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takpa_language" title="Takpa language">Takpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzala_language" title="Dzala language">Dzala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyen_language" title="Nyen language">Nyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali_language" title="Chali language">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_language" title="Bumthang language">Bumthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheng_language" title="Kheng language">Kheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt%C3%B6p_language" title="Kurtöp language">Kurtöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupbi_language" title="Nupbi language">Nupbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TGTM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakali_language" title="Thakali language">Thakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manang_language" title="Manang language">Manang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantyal_language" title="Chantyal language">Chantyal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghale_languages" title="Ghale languages">Ghale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghale_language" title="Ghale language">Ghale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutang_language" title="Kutang language">Kutang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kaike</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaike_language" title="Kaike language">Kaike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_China" title="Template talk:Languages of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">ARs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">SARs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a><sup><b><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">HK</a>/MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">English</a><sup><b>HK</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Mongolian</a><sup><b>NM</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Portuguese</a><sup><b>MC</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a><sup><b>XZ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a><sup><b>XJ</b></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a><sup><b>GX</b></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefectures_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous prefectures of China">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language_in_China" title="Korean language in China">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people#Language" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of China">Counties</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia#Autonomous_banner" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Banners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">numerous</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sino-Tibetan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-<br />Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maang_language" title="Maang language">Maang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga_language_(China)" title="Manga language (China)">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_language_(China)" title="Mango language (China)">Mango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maza_language" title="Maza language">Maza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantsi_language" title="Mantsi language">Mondzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muangphe_language" title="Muangphe language">Muangphe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achang_language" title="Achang language">Achang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiandao_dialect" title="Xiandao dialect">Xiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pela_language" title="Pela language">Pela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashi_language" title="Lashi language">Lashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chashan_language" title="Chashan language">Chashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhao_Vo_language" title="Lhao Vo language">Lhao Vo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaiwa_language" title="Zaiwa language">Zaiwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Loloish_languages" title="Southern Loloish languages">Hanoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akeu_language" title="Akeu language">Akeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akha_language" title="Akha language">Akha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amu_language" title="Amu language">Amu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angluo_language" title="Angluo language">Angluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuo_language" title="Asuo language">Asuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baihong_language" title="Baihong language">Baihong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisu_language" title="Bisu language">Bisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_language_(China)" title="Budu language (China)">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukong_language" title="Bukong language">Bukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosao_language" title="Cosao language">Cosao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duoni_language" title="Duoni language">Duoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duota_language" title="Duota language">Duota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enu_language" title="Enu language">Enu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habei_language" title="Habei language">Habei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honi_language" title="Honi language">Honi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jino_language" title="Jino language">Jino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabi_language" title="Khabi language">Kabie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaduo_language" title="Kaduo language">Kaduo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lami_language" title="Lami language">Lami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laomian_language" title="Laomian language">Laomian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laopin_language" title="Laopin language">Laopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpi_language" title="Mpi language">Mpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muda_language" title="Muda language">Muda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuobi_language" title="Nuobi language">Nuobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuomei_language" title="Nuomei language">Nuomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phana%CA%BC_language" title="Phanaʼ language">Phana’</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyo_language" title="Piyo language">Piyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidi_language" title="Qidi language">Qidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadu_language" title="Sadu language">Sadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangkong_language" title="Sangkong language">Sangkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suobi_language" title="Suobi language">Suobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukong_language" title="Tsukong language">Tsukong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woni_language" title="Woni language">Woni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiche_language" title="Yiche language">Yiche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lisoish_languages" title="Lisoish languages">Lisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eka_language" title="Eka language">Eka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlersu_language" title="Hlersu language">Hlersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kua-nsi_language" title="Kua-nsi language">Kua-nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuamasi_language" title="Kuamasi language">Kuamasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laizisi_language" title="Laizisi language">Laizisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_language" title="Lalo language">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamu_language" title="Lamu language">Lamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavu_language" title="Lavu language">Lavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawu_language" title="Lawu language">Lawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limi_language" title="Limi language">Limi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipo_language" title="Lipo language">Lipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolopo_language" title="Lolopo language">Lolopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangdi_language" title="Mangdi language">Mangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_language" title="Micha language">Micha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_language" title="Mili language">Mili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonaga_language" title="Sonaga language">Sonaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholo_language" title="Tholo language">Toloza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhang_language" title="Xuzhang language">Xuzhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangliu_language" title="Yangliu language">Yangliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibusi_language" title="Zibusi language">Zibusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nisoish_languages" title="Nisoish languages">Nisoish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alingpo_language" title="Alingpo language">Alingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Alugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluo_language" title="Aluo language">Aluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axi_language" title="Axi language">Axi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azha_language" title="Azha language">Azha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhe_language" title="Azhe language">Azhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Bokha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepo_language" title="Gepo language">Gepo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khlula_language" title="Khlula language">Khlula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lope_language" title="Lope language">Lope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moji_language" title="Moji language">Moji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Muji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzi_language" title="Muzi language">Muzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasu_language" title="Nasu language">Nasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisu_language" title="Nisu language">Nisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phola_language" title="Phola language">Phola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa_language" title="Phowa language">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muji_language" title="Muji language">Phukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuma_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuma language">Phuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phupha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phupha_language" title="Phupha language">Phuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samei_language" title="Samei language">Samei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sani_language" title="Sani language">Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thopho_language" title="Thopho language">Thopho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zokhuo_language" title="Zokhuo language">Zokhuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gokhy_language" title="Gokhy language">Gokhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katso_language" title="Katso language">Katso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucong_language" title="Kucong language">Kucong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruo_language" title="Naruo language">Naruo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusu_language" title="Nusu language">Nusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samu_language" title="Samu language">Samu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanie_language" title="Sanie language">Sanie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zauzou_language" title="Zauzou language">Zauzou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choyo_language" title="Choyo language">Choyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_language" title="Ersu language">Ersu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiqiong_language" title="Guiqiong language">Guiqiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horpa_language" title="Horpa language">Horpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhug_language" title="Japhug language">Japhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khroskyabs_language" title="Khroskyabs language">Khroskyabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laze_language" title="Laze language">Laze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizu_language" title="Lizu language">Lizu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na_language" title="Na language">Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muya_language" title="Muya language">Muya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namuyi_language" title="Namuyi language">Namuyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumi_language" title="Pumi language">Pumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qiang_language" title="Northern Qiang language">Northern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Qiang_language" title="Southern Qiang language">Southern Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shixing_language" title="Shixing language">Shixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situ_language" title="Situ language">Situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshobdun_language" title="Tshobdun language">Tshobdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbu_language" title="Zbu language">Zbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaba_language" title="Zhaba language">Zhaba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo_Tibetan" title="Amdo Tibetan">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baima_language" title="Baima language">Baima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan" title="Central Tibetan">Central Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choni_language" title="Choni language">Choni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_language_(China)" title="Dao language (China)">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongwang_Tibetan_language" title="Dongwang Tibetan language">Dongwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugchu_language" title="Drugchu language">Drugchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groma_language" title="Groma language">Groma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gserpa_language" title="Gserpa language">Gserpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalong_Tibetan_language" title="Khalong Tibetan language">Khalong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khams_Tibetan" title="Khams Tibetan">Khams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyirong_language" title="Kyirong language">Kyirong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseku_language" title="Tseku language">Tseku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongu_Tibetan_language" title="Zhongu Tibetan language">Zhongu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zitsadegu_language" title="Zitsadegu language">Zitsadegu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derung_language" title="Derung language">Derung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nung_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Nung language (Sino-Tibetan)">Nung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxianghua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bit_language" title="Bit language">Bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blang_language" title="Blang language">Blang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyu_language" title="Bolyu language">Bolyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugan_language" title="Bugan language">Bugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumang_language" title="Bumang language">Bumang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_language" title="Hu language">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuan_language" title="Kuan language">Kuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A3ng_language" title="Mảng language">Mang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Met_language" title="Man Met language">Man Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muak_language" title="Muak language">Muak Sa-aak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riang_language" title="Riang language">Riang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_language" title="U language">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va_language" title="Va language">Va</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_language" title="Wa language">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hmongic_languages" title="Hmongic languages">Hmongic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-Hmao_language" title="A-Hmao language">A-Hmao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu-Nao_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bu-Nao languages">Bu-Nao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejia_language" title="Gejia language">Gejia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyang_Miao_language" title="Guiyang Miao language">Guiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hm_Nai_language" title="Hm Nai language">Hm Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmu_language" title="Hmu language">Hmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huishui_Miao_language" title="Huishui Miao language">Huishui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiong_Nai_language" title="Kiong Nai language">Kiong Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luobohe_Miao_language" title="Luobohe Miao language">Luobohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashan_Miao_language" title="Mashan Miao language">Mashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa-Hng_language" title="Pa-Hng language">Pa-Hng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_Na_language" title="Pa Na language">Pa Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingtang_Miao_language" title="Pingtang Miao language">Pingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xong_language" title="Xong language">Qo Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raojia_language" title="Raojia language">Raojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_language" title="She language">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gha-Mu_language" title="Gha-Mu language">Small Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xixiu_Miao_language" title="Xixiu Miao language">Xixiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younuo_language" title="Younuo language">Younuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mienic_languages" title="Mienic languages">Mienic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biao_Min_language" title="Biao Min language">Biao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzao_Min_language" title="Dzao Min language">Dzao Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_language" title="Iu Mien language">Iu Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Mun_language" title="Kim Mun language">Kim Mun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Daur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Zhuang_language" title="Dai Zhuang language">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Zhuang_language" title="Min Zhuang language">Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Ningming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Zhuang_language" title="Nong Zhuang language">Nong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Dam_language" title="Tai Dam language">Tai Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_D%C3%B3n_language" title="Tai Dón language">Tai Dón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Hongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Nuea_language" title="Tai Nuea language">Tai Nüa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Ya_language" title="Tai Ya language">Tai Ya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhuang_language" title="Yang Zhuang language">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_Zhuang_language" title="Yei Zhuang language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Cham_language" title="Ai-Cham language">Ai-Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biao_language" title="Biao language">Biao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyang_language" title="Buyang language">Buyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Miao_language" title="Cao Miao language">Cao Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadong_language" title="Chadong language">Chadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cun_language" title="Cun language">Cun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelao_languages" title="Gelao languages">Gelao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_languages" title="Hlai languages">Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiamao_language" title="Jiamao language">Jiamao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kam_language" title="Kam language">Kam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkia_language" title="Lakkia language">Lakkja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_language" title="Mak language">Mak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maonan_language" title="Maonan language">Maonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulam_language" title="Mulam language">Mulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuoxi_language" title="Nuoxi language">Naxi Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_languages" title="Be languages">Ong Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paha_language" title="Paha language">Paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabiao_language" title="Qabiao language">Qabiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_language" title="Sui language">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Then_language" title="Then language">Then</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanai_language" title="Nanai language">Nanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroqen_language" title="Oroqen language">Oroqen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyu Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop_dialect" title="Lop dialect">Lop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> <small>(Indo-European)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <small>(Austronesian)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_China" title="Esperanto in China">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> (Kinh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of<br />Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Ji-Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiao-Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lan-Yin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teoswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Puxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shaojiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Auish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Ping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole/Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E_language" title="E language">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezhou_language" title="Hezhou language">Hezhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linglinghua" title="Linglinghua">Lingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maojia_dialect" title="Maojia dialect">Maojia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanqiao_language" title="Sanqiao language">Sanqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_language" title="Jie language">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yue_language" title="Old Yue language">Old Yue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_language" title="Tangut language">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei#Language" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang-Zhung_language" title="Zhang-Zhung language">Zhangzhung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a> <ul><li>Northern (Beijing) Sign</li> <li>Southern (Shanghai) Sign <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong Sign</a><b><sup>HK/MC</sup></b></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan Sign</a><b><sup>XZ</sup></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li>GX = Guangxi</li> <li>HK = Hong Kong</li> <li>MC = Macau</li> <li>NM = Inner Mongolia</li> <li>XJ = Xinjiang</li> <li>XZ = Tibet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34271#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4117212-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tibetan language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85135224">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tibétain (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937910z">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Tibétain (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937910z">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572958">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tibetština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126645&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000078516&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536399305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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