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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_by_the_Tang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_by_the_Tang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conquest by the Tang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_by_the_Tang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Göktürks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83" title="كوكتورك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكتورك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Köktürk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Köktürk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6yt%C3%BCrkl%C9%99r" title="Göytürklər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göytürklər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤی تورکلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤی تورکلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Боронғо төркиҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо төркиҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Гьоктюрки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гьоктюрки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcs_Orientals" title="Turcs Orientals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turcs Orientals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D1%82%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Авалхи тĕрĕксем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи тĕрĕксем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuti" title="Turkuti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turkuti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrkere" title="Göktürkere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Göktürkere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6k-T%C3%BCrken" title="Kök-Türken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kök-Türken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA" title="Γκιόκτουρκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκιόκτουρκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Köktürk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Köktürk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokturkoj" title="Gokturkoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gokturkoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Göktürk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="گوک‌ترک‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوک‌ترک‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Göktürk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%B5%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC%EC%A1%B1" title="괵튀르크족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="괵튀르크족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գյոքթյուրքեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գյոքթյուրքեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="गोएकतुर्क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गोएकतुर्क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gok-Turkijci" title="Gok-Turkijci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gok-Turkijci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Göktürk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Göktürk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="גקטורקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גקטורקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Көне түрік дәуірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көне түрік дәуірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goktirk" title="Goktirk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Goktirk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%B6k" title="Türkök – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Türkök" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" title="Göktürk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Göktürk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijk_der_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrken" title="Rijk der Göktürken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijk der Göktürken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="突厥 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="突厥" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrkerne" title="Göktürkerne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Göktürkerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8k-tyrkarar" title="Køk-tyrkarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Køk-tyrkarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBkturklar" title="Koʻkturklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻkturklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗੋਏਤੁਰਕ ਖ਼ਨਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੋਏਤੁਰਕ ਖ਼ਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="گوک ترک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گوک ترک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%82" title="ហ្គោទួគ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហ្គោទួគ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkuci" title="Turkuci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turkuci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goturcos" title="Goturcos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Goturcos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Древние тюрки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древние тюрки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Былыргы түүрдэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы түүрдэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokturqit" title="Gokturqit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gokturqit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Göktürks" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokturki" title="Gokturki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gokturki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گۆکتورکەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆکتورکەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Плави Туркијци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плави Туркијци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gok_Turkijci" title="Gok Turkijci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gok Turkijci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrkit" title="Göktürkit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Göktürkit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கோக் துருக்கியர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோக் துருக்கியர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrkler" title="Göktürkler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Göktürkler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Стародавні тюрки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стародавні тюрки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="گوک ترک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوک ترک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="古突厥 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古突厥" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic people in Inner Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For empires established by the Gökturks, see <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Göktürk (disambiguation)">Göktürk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gökturks</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="otk">𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣<br />Türük Bodun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyurki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tyurki.jpg/200px-Tyurki.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tyurki.jpg/300px-Tyurki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Tyurki.jpg/400px-Tyurki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="524" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gökturk petroglyphs from modern Mongolia (6th to 8th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Altınkılıç_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altınkılıç-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Ancestral to some Turkic populations</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern Asia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Turkic" title="Orkhon Turkic">Orkhon Turkic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Göktürks</b>, <b>Türks</b>, <b>Celestial Turks</b> or <b>Blue Turks</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <span lang="otk" dir="rtl">𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜:𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old Turkic-language romanization"><i lang="otk-Latn">Türük Bodun</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">突厥</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tūjué</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">T'u-chüeh</span></i>) were a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic people</a> in medieval <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a>. The Göktürks, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> as the main power in the region and established the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men,_Miho_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men%2C_Miho_Museum.jpg/220px-Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men%2C_Miho_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="470" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men%2C_Miho_Museum.jpg/330px-Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men%2C_Miho_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men%2C_Miho_Museum.jpg/440px-Turanid_looking_Western_Gokturk%E2%80%93Ak-Hun_Turkic_men%2C_Miho_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>A funerary depiction of long haired Türks in the Kazakh steppe. <a href="/wiki/Miho_funerary_couch" title="Miho funerary couch">Miho funerary couch</a>, circa 570.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The common name "Göktürk" emerged from the misreading of the word "Kök" meaning <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a>, the endonym of the ruling clan of the historical ethnic group which was attested as [𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-KulteginMC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulteginMC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilgeKaganMC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [𐰚𐰇𐰜:𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Langx}}: invalid parameter: |labels= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-KulteginMC_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KulteginMC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BilgeKaganMC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic</a>: <span lang="otk" dir="rtl">𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old Turkic-language romanization"><i lang="otk-Latn">Türk</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-TonyukukMC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TonyukukMC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally accepted that the name <i>Türk</i> is ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old-Turkic</a> migration-term<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜 <i>Türük</i>/<i>Törük</i>, which means 'created, born'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were known in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> historical sources as the <i>Tūjué</i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%AA%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:突">突</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:厥">厥</a></span>; reconstructed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a> as romanized: *<i>dwət-kuɑt</i> > <i>tɦut-kyat</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden201120_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ethnonym was also recorded in various other Middle Asian languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a> *<i>Türkit ~ Türküt</i>, <i>tr'wkt</i>, <i>trwkt</i>, <i>turkt</i> > <i>trwkc</i>, <i>trukč</i>; <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotanese Saka</a> <i>Ttūrka</i>/<i>Ttrūka</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a> <i>to̤ro̤x</i>/<i>türǖg</i>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> <i><a class="external text" href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%8C%EA%B6%90">돌궐</a></i>/<i>Dolgwol</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Tibetan" title="Old Tibetan">Old Tibetan</a> <i>Drugu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden201120_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201120-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2018292_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2018292-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Chinese sources, Tūjué meant "<a href="/wiki/Combat_helmet" title="Combat helmet">combat helmet</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:兜">兜</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%8D%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:鍪">鍪</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dōumóu</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Tou<sup>1</sup>-mou<sup>2</sup></span></i>), reportedly because the shape of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, where they lived, was similar to a combat helmet.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou50_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sui84_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sui84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Northern99_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_R%C3%B3na-Tas" title="András Róna-Tas">Róna-Tas</a> (1991) pointed to a <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotanese-Saka</a> word, <i>tturakä</i> "lid", semantically stretchable to "helmet", as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Göktürk is sometimes interpreted as either "Celestial Turk" or "Blue Turk" (i.e. because <a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">sky blue</a> is associated with <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">celestial realms</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2008829_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2008829-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with "the cult of heavenly ordained rule" which was a recurrent element of Altaic political culture and as such may have been imbibed by the Göktürks from their predecessors in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Blue" is traditionally associated with the East as it used in the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction#Northern_Eurasia" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal system</a> of central Asia, thus meaning "Turks of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992133–134,_136_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992133–134,_136-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina clan</a> may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Khotanese_Saka" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotanese Saka">Khotanese Saka</a> term for "deep blue", <i>āššɪna</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFindley200439_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFindley200439-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">American Heritage Dictionary</a>, the word Türk meant "strong" in Old Turkic;<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Doerfer" title="Gerhard Doerfer">Gerhard Doerfer</a> supports this theory, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Clauson" title="Gerard Clauson">Gerard Clauson</a> points out that "the word <b>Türk</b> is never used in the generalized sense of 'strong'" and that the noun <b>Türk</b> originally meant "'the culminating point of maturity' (of a fruit, human being, etc.), but more often used as an [adjective] meaning (of a fruit) 'just fully ripe'; (of a human being) 'in the prime of life, young, and vigorous'".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hakan Aydemir (2022) also contends that <b>Türk</b> originally did not mean "strong, powerful" but "gathered; united, allied, confederated" and was derived from Pre-<a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> verb *<b>türü</b> "heap up, collect, gather, assemble".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name as used by the Göktürks only applied to themselves, the Göktürk khanates, and their subjects. The Göktürks did not consider other Turkic speaking groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> to be Türks. In the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Toquz_Oghuz" title="Toquz Oghuz">Toquz Oghuz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz</a> are not referred to as Türks. Similarly, the Uyghurs called themselves Uyghurs and used <i>Türk</i> exclusively for the Göktürks, whom they portrayed as enemy aliens in their royal inscriptions. The <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> may have kept the Göktürk tradition alive by claiming descent from the Ashina. When tribal leaders built their khanates, ruling over assorted tribes and tribal unions, the collected people identified themselves politically with the leadership. Turk became the designation for all subjects of the Turk empires. Nonetheless, subordinate tribes and tribal unions retained their original names, identities, and social structures. Memory of the Göktürks and the Ashina had faded by the turn of the millennium. The <a href="/wiki/Karakhanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanids">Karakhanids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> Uyghurs, and <a href="/wiki/Seljuks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks">Seljuks</a> did not claim descent from the Göktürks.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkic_hunting_scene,_Gokturk_period_Altai.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Turkic_hunting_scene%2C_Gokturk_period_Altai.png/220px-Turkic_hunting_scene%2C_Gokturk_period_Altai.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Turkic_hunting_scene%2C_Gokturk_period_Altai.png/330px-Turkic_hunting_scene%2C_Gokturk_period_Altai.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Turkic_hunting_scene%2C_Gokturk_period_Altai.png/440px-Turkic_hunting_scene%2C_Gokturk_period_Altai.png 2x" data-file-width="997" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Hunting scene from the Göktürk period, from Chaganka, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region, 5th-6th century AD<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkic_horseman_(Tomb_of_An_Jia,_579_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Turkic_horseman_%28Tomb_of_An_Jia%2C_579_CE%29.jpg/170px-Turkic_horseman_%28Tomb_of_An_Jia%2C_579_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Turkic_horseman_%28Tomb_of_An_Jia%2C_579_CE%29.jpg/255px-Turkic_horseman_%28Tomb_of_An_Jia%2C_579_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Turkic_horseman_%28Tomb_of_An_Jia%2C_579_CE%29.jpg/340px-Turkic_horseman_%28Tomb_of_An_Jia%2C_579_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>Turkic horseman (<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_An_Jia" title="Tomb of An Jia">Tomb of An Jia</a>, 579 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-REF1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REF1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYET_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYET-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Göktürk rulers originated from the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina clan</a>, who were first attested to in 439. The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i> reports that in that year, on 18 October, the <a href="/wiki/Tuoba" title="Tuoba">Tuoba</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taiwu_of_Northern_Wei" title="Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei">Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Juqu_Mujian" title="Juqu Mujian">Juqu Mujian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a> in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang">Gaochang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sui84_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sui84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i>, the Ashina clan was a component of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> confederation,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhou50_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Northern99_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically, the Northern Xiongnu tribes<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or southern Xiongnu "who settled along the northern Chinese frontier", according to <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Edwin G. Pulleyblank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2018306_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2018306-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view is contested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國) (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">MC</a>: *<i>sâk</i>) which was situated north of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> and had been founded by the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhou50_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhou50-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Northern99_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Northern99-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2018300_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2018300-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Book of Sui</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i>, they were "mixed Hu (barbarians)" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%83%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:雜胡">雜胡</a>) from <a href="/wiki/Pingliang" title="Pingliang">Pingliang</a> (平涼), now in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest China">Northwest China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sui84_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sui84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tong197_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong197-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pointing to the Ashina's association with the Northern tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, some researchers (e.g. Duan, Lung, etc.) proposed that Göktürks belonged in particular to the <a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele confederation</a>, likewise Xiongnu-associated,<sup id="cite_ref-Sui84_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sui84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by ancestral lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Lee and Kuang (2017) state that Chinese sources do not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks s descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese sources linked the <a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Hu</a> on their northern borders to the Xiongnu just as Graeco-Roman historiographers called the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> “<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>". Such archaizing was a common literary topos, implying similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As part of the heterogeneous <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a>, the Turks lived for generations north of the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, where they 'engaged in metal working for the Rouran'.<sup id="cite_ref-Sui84_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sui84-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi159_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi159-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Denis Sinor</a>, the rise to power of the Ashina clan represented an 'internal revolution' in the Rouran Khaganate rather than an external conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990295_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990295-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Charles Holcombe, the early Turk population was rather heterogeneous and many of the names of Turk rulers, including the two founding members, are not even Turkic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcombe2001114_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe2001114-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is supported by evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a>, which include several non-Turkic lexemes, possibly representing <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a> words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990291_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990291-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Peter Benjamin Golden</a> points out that the khaghans of the Turkic Khaganate, the Ashina, who were of an undetermined ethnic origin, adopted <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> and Tokharian (or non-<a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>) titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German Turkologist W.-E. Scharlipp points out that many common terms in Turkic are <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a> in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever language the Ashina may have spoken originally, they and those they ruled would all speak Turkic, in a variety of dialects, and create, in a broadly defined sense, a common culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Göktürks is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Göktürks is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png/300px-Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png/450px-Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png/600px-Map_of_the_First_Turkic_Khaganate.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x30" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:30px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Kyrgyzs</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_228x138" style="position:absolute; left:228px; top:138px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHAM-<br />PA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_278x03" style="position:absolute; left:278px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/AD_576" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 576"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">576</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_217x152" style="position:absolute; 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left:218px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><small>NORTH.</small><br />ZHOU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_245x80" style="position:absolute; left:245px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Qi" title="Northern Qi"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><small>NORTH.</small><br />QI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x90" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:90px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>ZHANGZHUNG</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_240x110" style="position:absolute; left:240px; top:110px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chen_dynasty" title="Chen dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHEN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x80" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_1x37" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:37px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AVAR<br />KHAGANATE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_185x78" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:78px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tuyuhun" title="Tuyuhun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TUYUHUN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x55" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:55px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Khitans</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x5" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:5px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Paleo-Siberians</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_265x25" style="position:absolute; left:265px; top:25px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Tungus</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_273x65" style="position:absolute; left:273px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GOGU-<br />RYEO</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_159x69" style="position:absolute; left:159px; top:69px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">TOCHA-<br />RIANS</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The First Turkic Khaganate and contemporary polities, circa 576</div></div></div> <p>The Göktürks reached their peak in the late 6th century and began to invade the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty of China</a>. However, the war ended due to the division of Turkic nobles and their civil war for the throne of Khagan. With the support of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yami_Qaghan" title="Yami Qaghan">Yami Qaghan</a> won the competition. However, the Göktürk empire was divided to Eastern and Western empires. Weakened by the civil war, Yami Qaghan declared allegiance to the Sui dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sui began to decline, <a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Khagan</a> began to assault its territory and even surrounded <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang of Sui</a> in Siege of Yanmen (615 AD) with 100,000 cavalry troops. After the collapse of the Sui dynasty, the Göktürks intervened in the ensuing Chinese civil wars, providing support to the northeastern rebel <a href="/wiki/Liu_Heita" title="Liu Heita">Liu Heita</a> against the rising <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> in 622 and 623. Liu enjoyed a long string of success but was finally routed by <a href="/wiki/Li_Shimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Shimin">Li Shimin</a> and other Tang generals and executed. The <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> was then established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_by_the_Tang">Conquest by the Tang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conquest by the Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Tang dynasty in Inner Asia">Tang dynasty in Inner Asia</a></div> <p>Although the Göktürk Khaganate once provided support to the Tang dynasty in the early period of the civil war during the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, the conflicts between the Göktürks and Tang finally broke out when Tang was gradually reunifying <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>. The Göktürks began to attack and raid the northern border of the Tang Empire and once marched their main force of 100,000 soldiers to <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>, the capital of Tang. The emperor Taizong of the Tang, in spite of the limited resources at his disposal, managed to turn them back. Later, Taizong sent his troops to Mongolia and defeated the main force of Göktürk army in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yinshan" title="Battle of Yinshan">Battle of Yinshan</a> four years later and captured <a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a> in 630 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_劉_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_劉-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the submission of the Turkic tribes, the Tang conquered the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>. From then on, the Eastern Turks were subjugated to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_劉_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_劉-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a vigorous court debate, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> decided to pardon the Göktürk nobles and offered them positions as imperial guards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the proposition was ended by a plan for the assassination of the emperor. On 19 May 639<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a> and his tribesmen directly assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang at Jiucheng Palace (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:九">九</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%88%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:成">成</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:宮">宮</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Linyou_County" title="Linyou County">Linyou County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baoji" title="Baoji">Baoji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>). However, they did not succeed and fled to the north, but were caught by pursuers near the <a href="/wiki/Wei_River" title="Wei River">Wei River</a> and were killed. Ashina Hexiangu was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Lingbao_City" title="Lingbao City">Lingbiao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi195_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi195-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the unsuccessful raid of <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a>, on 13 August 639<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taizong installed <a href="/wiki/Qilibi_Khan" title="Qilibi Khan">Qilibi Khan</a> and ordered the settled Turkic people to follow him north of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> to settle between the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many Göktürk generals still remained loyal in service to the Tang Empire. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_(35324303410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_%2835324303410%29.jpg/220px-Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_%2835324303410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_%2835324303410%29.jpg/330px-Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_%2835324303410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_%2835324303410%29.jpg/440px-Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_%2835324303410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3106" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a> (684–731) found in <a href="/wiki/Khashaat" title="Khashaat">Khashaat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkhangai_Province" title="Arkhangai Province">Arkhangai Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon River</a> valley. Located in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Mongolia" title="National Museum of Mongolia">National Museum of Mongolia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival">Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></div> <p>In 679, <a href="/wiki/Ashide" title="Ashide">Ashide</a> Wenfu and Ashide Fengzhi, who were Turkic leaders of the Chanyu Protectorate (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BA%8E%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="zh:单于大都护府">單于大都護府</a>), declared <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu" title="Ashina Nishufu">Ashina Nishufu</a> as qaghan and revolted against the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi202-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 680, <a href="/wiki/Pei_Xingjian" title="Pei Xingjian">Pei Xingjian</a> defeated Ashina Nishufu and his army. Ashina Nishufu was killed by his men.<sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi202-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashide Wenfu made <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Funian" title="Ashina Funian">Ashina Funian</a> a qaghan and again revolted against the Tang dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi202-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian surrendered to Pei Xingjian. On 5 December 681,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 54 Göktürks, including Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian, were publicly executed in the Eastern Market of <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang'an">Chang'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zizhi202-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 682, <a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk" title="Tonyukuk">Tonyukuk</a> revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>) with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restored Göktürk Khaganate intervened in the war between Tang and Khitan tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the death of Bilge Qaghan, the Göktürks could no longer subjugate other Turk tribes in the grasslands. In 744, allied with the Tang dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> defeated the last Göktürk Khaganate and controlled the Mongolian Plateau.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Khagans_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Khagans of the Göktürks">List of Khagans of the Göktürks</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a> of the Göktürks ruled the <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a>, which then split into the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a>, and later the <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a>, controlling much of Central Asia and the Mongolian Plateau between 552 and 745. The rulers were named "<a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a>" (Qaghan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their religion was polytheistic. The great god was the sky god, <a href="/wiki/Tengri" title="Tengri">Tengri</a>, who dispensed the viaticum for the journey of life (qut) and fortune (ulug) and watched over the cosmic order and the political and social order. People prayed to him and sacrificed to him a white horse as the offering. The khagan, who came from him and derived his authority from him, was raised on a felt saddle to meet him. Tengri issued decrees, brought pressure to bear on human beings, and enforced capital punishment, often by striking the offender with lightning. The many secondary powers – sometimes named deities, sometimes spirits or simply said to be sacred, and almost always associated with Tengri – were the Earth, the Mountain, Water, the Springs, and the Rivers; the possessors of all objects, particularly of the land and the waters of the nation; trees, cosmic axes, and sources of life; fire, the symbol of the family and alterego of the shaman; the stars, particularly the sun and the moon, the Pleiades, and Venus, whose image changes over time; <a href="/wiki/Umay" title="Umay">Umay</a>, the great goddess who is none other than the goddess of the earth and placenta; the threshold and the doorjamb; personifications of Time, the Road, Desire, etc.; heroes and ancestors embodied in the banner, in tablets with inscriptions, and in idols; and spirits wandering or fixed in Penates or in all kinds of holy objects. These and other powers have an uneven force which increases as objects accumulate, as trees form a forest, stones form a cairn, arrows form a quiver, and drops of water form a lake.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Karluks#Genetics" title="Karluks">Karluks § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Genetics" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimek_tribe#Genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimek tribe">Kimek tribe § Genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks#Genetics" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks § Genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde#Genetics" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde § Genetics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya_Cave_224,_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Maya_Cave_224%2C_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg/220px-Maya_Cave_224%2C_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Maya_Cave_224%2C_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg/330px-Maya_Cave_224%2C_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Maya_Cave_224%2C_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg/440px-Maya_Cave_224%2C_mourners_of_the_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>A Turk (center) mourning the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a>, Mingoi, Maya cave, 550–600 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A genetic study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in May 2018 examined the remains of four elite Türk soldiers buried between ca. 300 AD and 700 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_60,_62,_127,_130_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_60,_62,_127,_130-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 50% of the samples of <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> belonged to the West Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1" title="Haplogroup R1">haplogroup R1</a>, while the other 50% belonged to East Eurasian haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" title="Haplogroup Q-M242">Q</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175" title="Haplogroup O-M175">O</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Rows_44,_87,_88_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Rows_44,_87,_88-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extracted samples of <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> belonged mainly to East Eurasian haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C4b1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A14</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup A (mtDNA)">A15c</a>, while one specimen carried the West Eurasian haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H2a</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_128,_130,_70,_73_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_128,_130,_70,_73-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors suggested that central Asian nomadic populations may have been Turkicized by an East Asian minority elite, resulting in a small but detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, these authors also found that Türkic period individuals were extremely genetically diverse, with some individuals being of complete West Eurasian descent. To explain this diversity of ancestry, they propose that there were also incoming West Eurasians moving eastward on the Eurasian steppe during the Türkic period, resulting in admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study analyzed genetic data from 7 early medieval Türk skeletal remains from <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">Turkic Khaganate</a> burial sites in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors described the Türk samples as highly diverse, carrying on average 40% West Eurasian, and 60% East Eurasian ancestry. West Eurasian ancestry in the Türks combined <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian">Sarmatian</a>-related and <a href="/wiki/Bactria-Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> ancestry, while the East Eurasian ancestry was related to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northeast Asians">Ancient Northeast Asians</a>. The authors also observed that the <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Western Steppe Herder</a> ancestry in the Türks was largely inherited from male ancestors, which also corresponds with the marked increase of paternal haplogroups such as <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">R</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J</a> during the Türkic period in Mongolia.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admixture between East and West Eurasian ancestors of the Türkic samples was dated to 500 AD, which is 8 generations prior.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the Türkic-affiliated males carried the <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA haplogroup">paternal haplogroups</a> J2a and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">J1a</a>, two carried haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)">C-F3830</a>, and one carried <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1a (Y-DNA)">R1a-Z93</a>. The analyzed <a href="/wiki/MtDNA_haplogroup" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA haplogroup">maternal haplogroups</a> were identified as <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup D (mtDNA)">D2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup B (mtDNA)">B4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup C (mtDNA)">C4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U7</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png/220px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png/330px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png/440px-Map_of_the_Ancient_Northeast_Asians.png 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a> (551–582), a royal Göktürk and immediate descendant of the Göktürk khagans, belonged genetically to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Northeast Asians">Ancient Northeast Asians</a> (ANA, <small><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffd700"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;background:#FFD700;color:inherit;"> </span></span></small> yellow area), supporting the Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe and the Gökturks.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_2023_3–43_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_2023_3–43-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeong2020Figure_S4A_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeong2020Figure_S4A-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A 2023 study published in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Systematics_and_Evolution" title="Journal of Systematics and Evolution">Journal of Systematics and Evolution</a> analyzed the DNA of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a> (551–582), a royal Göktürk and immediate descendant of the first Khagans, whose remains were recovered from a mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2023_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2023-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to the North-East Asian <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_F_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup F (mtDNA)">F1d</a>. Approximately 96-98% of her autosomal ancestry was of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">Ancient Northeast Asian</a> origin, while roughly 2-4% was of West Eurasian origin, indicating ancient admixture, and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang_2023_3–43_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang_2023_3–43-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results are consistent with a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Northeast_Asian" title="Ancient Northeast Asian">North-East Asian origin</a> of the royal Ashina family and the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2023_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2023-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Ashina did not show close genetic affinity with central-steppe Türks and early medieval Türks, who exhibit a high (but variable) degree of West Eurasian ancestry, which indicates that there was genetic sub-structure within the Türkic empire. For example, the ancestry of early medieval Turks was derived from Ancient Northeast Asians for about 62% of their genome, while the remaining 38% was derived from West Eurasians (<a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasievo">Afanasievo</a>), with the admixture occurring around the year 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ashina was found to share genetic affinities to post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic pastoralists, and was genetically closer to East Asians, while having heterogeneous relationships towards various Turkic-speaking groups in central Asia, suggesting genetic heterogeneity and multiple sources of origin for the population of the Turkic empire. This shows that the Ashina lineage had a dominating contribution on Mongolic and Tungusic speakers but limited contribution on Turkic-speaking populations. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the royal Ashina family.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Türk remains (GD1-1 and GD2-4) excavated from present-day eastern Mongolia analysed in a 2024 paper, were found to display only little to no West Eurasian ancestry. One of the Türk remains (GD1-1) was derived entirely from an Ancient Northeast Asian source (represented by <a href="/wiki/Slab-grave_culture" title="Slab-grave culture">SlabGrave1</a> or Khovsgol_LBA and Xianbei_Mogushan_IA), while the other Türk remain (GD2-4) displayed an "admixed profile" deriving c. 48−50% ancestry from Ancient Northeast Asians, c. 47% ancestry from an ancestry maximised in <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> (represented by Han_2000BP), and 3−5% ancestry from a West Eurasian source (represented by <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>). The GD2-4 belonged to the paternal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_D-M174" title="Haplogroup D-M174">haplogroup D-M174</a>. The authors argue that these findings are "providing a new piece of information on this understudied period".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_(Gokturk_period,_Altai).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle scene depicting Turkic horsemen, typical braided hair style, Chaganka, Altai region, 5th-6th century AD"><img alt="Battle scene depicting Turkic horsemen, typical braided hair style, Chaganka, Altai region, 5th-6th century AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_%28Gokturk_period%2C_Altai%29.png/134px-Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_%28Gokturk_period%2C_Altai%29.png" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_%28Gokturk_period%2C_Altai%29.png/201px-Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_%28Gokturk_period%2C_Altai%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_%28Gokturk_period%2C_Altai%29.png/268px-Battle_scene_of_a_Turkic_horseman_with_typical_long_hair_%28Gokturk_period%2C_Altai%29.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle scene depicting Turkic horsemen, typical braided hair style, Chaganka, <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region, 5th-6th century AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural,_7th_century_CE,_Mongolia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural, Göktürk, 7th century CE, Mongolia[1][84]"><img alt="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb mural, Göktürk, 7th century CE, Mongolia[1][84]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural%2C_7th_century_CE%2C_Mongolia.jpg/151px-Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural%2C_7th_century_CE%2C_Mongolia.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural%2C_7th_century_CE%2C_Mongolia.jpg/227px-Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural%2C_7th_century_CE%2C_Mongolia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural%2C_7th_century_CE%2C_Mongolia.jpg/302px-Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb_mural%2C_7th_century_CE%2C_Mongolia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="734" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a> mural, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürk</a>, 7th century CE, Mongolia<sup id="cite_ref-Altınkılıç_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altınkılıç-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gokturk_cav.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Göktürk cavalry mural, Shoroon Bumbagar tomb, 7th century CE.[1]"><img alt="Göktürk cavalry mural, Shoroon Bumbagar tomb, 7th century CE.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gokturk_cav.jpg/160px-Gokturk_cav.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gokturk_cav.jpg/240px-Gokturk_cav.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Gokturk_cav.jpg/320px-Gokturk_cav.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürk</a> cavalry mural, <a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a>, 7th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Altınkılıç_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altınkılıç-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an,_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology,_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Sogdian merchant An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in his yurt.[27][28]"><img alt="The Sogdian merchant An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in his yurt.[27][28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/106px-An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/160px-An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/213px-An_Jia_with_a_Turkic_Chieftain_in_Yurt._Xi%E2%80%99an%2C_579_CE._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1364" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Sogdian merchant An Jia with a Turkic Chieftain in his <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-REF1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REF1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYET_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYET-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology,_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Jia (right) brokering an alliance with Turks (left).[27][28]"><img alt="An Jia (right) brokering an alliance with Turks (left).[27][28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/106px-An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/159px-An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/212px-An_Jia_brokering_an_alliance_with_Turks._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Jia (right) brokering an alliance with Turks (left).<sup id="cite_ref-REF1_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REF1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYET_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYET-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology,_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panel from the Tomb of Anjia, a Sogdian trader (right), who is shown welcoming a Turkic leader (left, with long hair combed in the back). 579 CE, Xi'an, China.[85][28]"><img alt="Panel from the Tomb of Anjia, a Sogdian trader (right), who is shown welcoming a Turkic leader (left, with long hair combed in the back). 579 CE, Xi'an, China.[85][28]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/94px-An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/141px-An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg/189px-An_Jia_welcoming_a_Turk._Shaanxi_Provincial_Institute_of_Archaeology%2C_Xi%E2%80%99an.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panel from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Anjia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Anjia">Tomb of Anjia</a>, a Sogdian trader (right), who is shown welcoming a Turkic leader (left, with long hair combed in the back). 579 CE, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SYET_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SYET-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">History of the Turkic peoples</a> <small>pre–14th century</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE."><img alt="Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/250px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/375px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg/500px-Court_of_Seljuk_ruler_Tughril_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2375" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Onogurs" title="Onogurs">Onogurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Saragurs" title="Saragurs">Saragurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Utigurs" title="Utigurs">Utigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Black_Klobuks" title="Black Klobuks">Cherniye Klobuki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qasgqai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Belief system: <a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Chief gods and goddesses: <a href="/wiki/Kayra" title="Kayra">Kayra</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Clgen" title="Ülgen">Ülgen</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Epics and heroes: <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Major concepts: <a href="/wiki/Sheka_(mythology)" title="Sheka (mythology)">Sheka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf_(mythology)" title="Grey wolf (mythology)">Grey wolf</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;line-height:1.2em;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color:#000000; background: #eeeeee; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_history" title="Turkic history">Pre-14th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kyrgyz" title="Yenisei Kyrgyz">Yenisei Kyrgyz People</a></b> <small>202 BCE–13th CE</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></b> <small>71 BC–?? AD</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele (Gaoche) </a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Göktürks</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>552–581</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–657</small></li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>581–650</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <small>682–744</small></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Sabir_people" title="Sabir people">Sabiri People</a></b></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazar Khaganate</a></b> <small>618–1048</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></b> <small>628–646</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kangar_union" title="Kangar union">Kangar Union</a></b> <small>659–750</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Turk Shahi">Turk Shahi</a></b> <small>665-850</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh Khaganate</a></b> <small>699–766</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kimek%E2%80%93Kipchak_confederation" title="Kimek–Kipchak confederation">Kimek–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>743–1035</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></b> <small>744–840</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgu State</a></b> <small>750–1055</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Karluk_Yabgu_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Karluk Yabgu State">Karluk Yabgu State</a></b> <small>756–940</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a></b> <small>840–1212</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Western Kara-Khanid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate#Kara-Khanid_dynasty" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Eastern Kara-Khanid</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></b> <small>848–1036</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></b> <small>856–1335</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pecheneg Khanates</a></b> <small>860–1091</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire</a></b> <small>963–1186</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></b> <small>1037–1194</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Cumania" title="Cumania">Cuman–Kipchak Confederation</a></b> <small>1067–1239</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></b> <small>1077–1231</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait Khanate</a></b> <small>11th century–13th century</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Atabegs of Azerbaijan</a></b> <small>1136–1225</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></b> <small>1206–1526</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Qarlughids" title="Qarlughids">Qarlughid Kingdom</a></b> <small>1224–1266</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></b> <small>1242–1502</small></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)</a></b> <small>1250–1517</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bahri_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahri dynasty">Bahri dynasty</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman State">Ottoman State</a></b> <small>1299–1922</small></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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(500–1300)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Deer_of_Bilge_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Deer of Bilge Khan">Silver Deer of Bilge Khan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCr%C5%9Fat_(hero)" title="Kürşat (hero)">Kürşat</a>, fictional character based on Göktürk prince <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-1" title="Göktürk-1">Göktürk-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-2" title="Göktürk-2">Göktürk-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk-3" title="Göktürk-3">Göktürk-3</a> satellites named after Göktürks</li> <li><a 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li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Altınkılıç-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Altınkılıç_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altınkılıç_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Altınkılıç_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAltınkılıç2020" class="citation journal cs1">Altınkılıç, Arzu Emel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jshsr.org/Makaleler/1429516422_07-7-53.1853-1101-1110.pdf">"Göktürk giyim kuşamının plastik sanatlarda değerlendirilmesi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research</i>: 1101–1110. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024185201/http://www.jshsr.org/Makaleler/1429516422_07-7-53.1853-1101-1110.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Humanities+Sciences+Research&rft.atitle=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk+giyim+ku%C5%9Fam%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+plastik+sanatlarda+de%C4%9Ferlendirilmesi&rft.pages=1101-1110&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Alt%C4%B1nk%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Arzu+Emel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jshsr.org%2FMakaleler%2F1429516422_07-7-53.1853-1101-1110.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2020" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd, Keith (10 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvDqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153"><i>The Routledge Handbook of Comparative World Rhetorics: Studies in the History, Application, and Teaching of Rhetoric Beyond Traditional Greco-Roman Contexts</i></a>. Routledge. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-06627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-06627-2"><bdi>978-1-000-06627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Comparative+World+Rhetorics%3A+Studies+in+the+History%2C+Application%2C+and+Teaching+of+Rhetoric+Beyond+Traditional+Greco-Roman+Contexts&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft.isbn=978-1-000-06627-2&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvDqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiu Ouyang, (1073), <i>Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</i>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMierse2022" class="citation book cs1">Mierse, William E. (1 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQuXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126"><i>Artifacts from the Ancient Silk Road</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5829-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5829-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-5829-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artifacts+from+the+Ancient+Silk+Road&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2022-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5829-1&rft.aulast=Mierse&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQuXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span> "In the upper scene, long-haired Turkic servants attend an individual seated inside the yurt proper, and in the lower scene, hunters are seen riding down game. The setting must be the Kazakh steppes over which the Turks had taken control from the Hepthalites."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KulteginMC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KulteginMC_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KulteginMC_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1">Kultegin's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig</a> <a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BilgeKaganMC-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BilgeKaganMC_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kaznpu.kz/kz/">"Абай атындағы Қазақ ұлттық педагогикалық университеті"</a>. <i>kaznpu.kz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kaznpu.kz&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B+%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B+%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B+%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkaznpu.kz%2Fkz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TonyukukMC-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TonyukukMC_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=17&m=1">Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig</a> <a href="/wiki/Bain_Tsokto_inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bain Tsokto inscriptions">Bain Tsokto inscriptions</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Bŭlgarska akademii︠a︡ na naukite. Otdelenie za ezikoznanie/ izkustvoznanie/ literatura, Linguistique balkanique, Vol. 27–28, 1984, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faruk Sümer, Oghuzes (Turkmens): History, Tribal organization, Sagas, Turkish World Research Foundation, 1992, p. 16)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden201120-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden201120_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden201120_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2011">Golden 2011</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2018292-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2018292_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2018">Golden 2018</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou50-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhou50_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhou50_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhou50_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Linghu_Defen" title="Linghu Defen">Linghu Defen</a> et al., <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zhou" title="Book of Zhou">Book of Zhou</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750" class="extiw" title="zh:s:周書/卷50">Vol. 50.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sui84-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sui84_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sui84_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sui84_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sui84_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sui84_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Zheng" title="Wei Zheng">Wei Zheng</a> et al., <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/t:%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B784" class="extiw" title="zh:t:隋書/卷84">Vol. 84.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern99-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Northern99_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern99_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Northern99_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Yanshou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Yanshou (page does not exist)">Li Yanshou</a> (李延寿), <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Dynasties" title="History of the Northern Dynasties">History of the Northern Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/t:%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099" class="extiw" title="zh:t:北史/卷099">Vol. 99.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden2006_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter B. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 542–543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864112-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864112-5"><bdi>0-19-864112-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Pre-13th+Century+Turkish&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=542-543&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-19-864112-5&rft.aulast=Clauson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydemir2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aydemir, Hakan (2–3 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/100924309">"TÜRK Adının Kökeni Üzerine (On the origin of the ethnonym TÜRK 'Turkic, Turkish') + an English abstract"</a>. In Şahin, İbrahim; Akgün, Atıf (eds.). <i>Türk Dunyası Sosyal Bilimler - Sempozyumu</i> (in Turkish). İzmir: Ege University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C3%9CRK+Ad%C4%B1n%C4%B1n+K%C3%B6keni+%C3%9Czerine+%28On+the+origin+of+the+ethnonym+T%C3%9CRK+%27Turkic%2C+Turkish%27%29+%2B+an+English+abstract&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+Dunyas%C4%B1+Sosyal+Bilimler+-+Sempozyumu&rft.place=%C4%B0zmir&rft.pub=Ege+University&rft.date=2022-12-02%2F2022-12-03&rft.aulast=Aydemir&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F100924309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2018" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Joo-Yup (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=666361">"Some remarks on the Turkicisation of the Mongols in post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe"</a>. <i>Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 128–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F062.2018.71.2.1">10.1556/062.2018.71.2.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446">0001-6446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133847698">133847698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Some+remarks+on+the+Turkicisation+of+the+Mongols+in+post-Mongol+Central+Asia+and+the+Qipchaq+Steppe&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-129&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133847698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0001-6446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F062.2018.71.2.1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joo-Yup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D666361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. Brill. 19 (2): p. 203 of 197–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors, Page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantinovSoenovЧеремисин" class="citation web cs1">Konstantinov, Nikita; Soenov, Vasilii; Черемисин, Дмитрий. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29773396">"BATTLE AND HUNTING SCENES IN TURKIC ROCK ART OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES IN ALTAI"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BATTLE+AND+HUNTING+SCENES+IN+TURKIC+ROCK+ART+OF+THE+EARLY+MIDDLE+AGES+IN+ALTAI&rft.aulast=Konstantinov&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rft.au=Soenov%2C+Vasilii&rft.au=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C+%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29773396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REF1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-REF1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REF1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-REF1_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA228"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SYET-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SYET_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYET_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYET_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SYET_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/14/yatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html">"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art"</a>. <i>Transoxiana</i>. <b>14</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transoxiana&rft.atitle=Early+Turks%3A+Male+Costume+in+the+Chinese+Art&rft.volume=14&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transoxiana.com.ar%2F14%2Fyatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wei_Shou" title="Wei Shou">Wei Shou</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wei" title="Book of Wei">Book of Wei</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B74%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:s:魏書/卷4上">Vol. 4-I.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Guang" title="Sima Guang">Sima Guang</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7123" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷123">Vol. 123.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E5%92%8C_(%E5%8C%97%E5%87%89)" class="extiw" title="zh:承和 (北凉)">永和</a>七年 (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:太延">太延</a>五年) 九月丙戌 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/">Academia Sinica</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016003621/http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/">Archived</a> 16 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian1998249_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristian1998">Christian 1998</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">New Book of Tang</a></i>, vol. 215 upper. "突厥阿史那氏, 蓋古匈奴北部也." "The Ashina family of the Turk probably were the northern tribes of the ancient Xiongnu." translated by Xu (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xu Elina-Qian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/19205"><i>Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2018306-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2018306_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2018">Golden 2018</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a>, (1999), "A türkök eredetmondája", <i>Magyar Nyelv</i>, vol. 95(4): p. 391 of 385–396. cited in Golden (2018), "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks", p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vásáry, István (2007) <i>Eski İç Asya Tarihi</i> p. 99-100, cited Golden (2018), "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks", p. 300</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden2018300-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden2018300_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden2018">Golden 2018</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong197-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tong197_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">杜佑, 《通典》, 北京: 中華書局出版, (<a href="/wiki/Du_You" title="Du You">Du You</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a></i>, Vol.197), 辺防13 北狄4 突厥上, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-101-00258-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-101-00258-7">7-101-00258-7</a>, p. 5401. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLung2011" class="citation book cs1">Lung, Rachel (2011). <i>Interpreters in Early Imperial China</i>. John Benjamins. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2444-6"><bdi>978-90-272-2444-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreters+in+Early+Imperial+China&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2444-6&rft.aulast=Lung&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuan1988" class="citation book cs1">Duan (1988). <i>Dingling, Gaoju and Tiele</i>. 上海人民出版社. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-208-00110-3" title="Special:BookSources/7-208-00110-3"><bdi>7-208-00110-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dingling%2C+Gaoju+and+Tiele&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=7-208-00110-3&rft.au=Duan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Joo-Yup; Kuang, Shuntu (18 October 2017). "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples". Inner Asia. Brill. 19 (2): p. 201 of 197–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zizhi159-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi159_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Guang, <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/t:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7159" class="extiw" title="zh:t:資治通鑑/卷159">Vol. 159.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990295-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990295_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>, p. 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcombe2001114-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcombe2001114_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolcombe2001">Holcombe 2001</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1990291-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinor1990291_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinor1990">Sinor 1990</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vovin, Alexander. "Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal 44/1 (2000), pp. 87–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolden1992126_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGolden1992">Golden 1992</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharlipp1992" class="citation book cs1">Scharlipp, Wolfgang-Ekkehard (1992). <i>Die frühen Türken in Zentralasien</i>. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-534-11689-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-534-11689-5"><bdi>3-534-11689-5</bdi></a>. <q>(...) Über die Ethnogenese dieses Stammes ist viel gerätselt worden. Auffallend ist, dass viele zentrale Begriffe iranischen Ursprungs sind. Dies betrifft fast alle Titel (...). Einige Gelehrte wollen auch die Eigenbezeichnung türk auf einen iranischen Ursprung zurückführen und ihn mit dem Wort "Turan", der persischen Bezeichnung für das Land jeneseits des Oxus, in Verbindung bringen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+fr%C3%BChen+T%C3%BCrken+in+Zentralasien&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-534-11689-5&rft.aulast=Scharlipp&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang-Ekkehard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Gumilyov">Lev Gumilyov</a>, (1967), <i>Drevnie Turki</i> (Ancient Turks), p. 22-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWei_魏656" class="citation book cs1">Wei 魏, Zheng 徵 (656). <i>Book of Sui 隋書 Vol. 2 Vol. 51 & Vol.84</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+of+Sui+%E9%9A%8B%E6%9B%B8+Vol.+2+Vol.+51+%26+Vol.84&rft.date=656&rft.aulast=Wei+%E9%AD%8F&rft.aufirst=Zheng+%E5%BE%B5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_劉-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_劉_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_劉_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_劉945" class="citation book cs1">Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945). <i>Old book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.2 & Vol. 67</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+book+of+Tang+%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8+Vol.2+%26+Vol.+67&rft.date=945&rft.aulast=Liu+%E5%8A%89&rft.aufirst=Xu+%E6%98%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_劉945" class="citation book cs1">Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945). <i>Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.2 & Vol.194</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Book+of+Tang+%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8+Vol.2+%26+Vol.194&rft.date=945&rft.aulast=Liu+%E5%8A%89&rft.aufirst=Xu+%E6%98%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A7%80_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:貞觀 (唐朝)">貞觀</a>十三年四月戊寅 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Archived</a> 22 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zizhi195-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi195_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Guang, <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7195" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷195">Vol. 195.</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/t:%E8%B2%9E%E8%A7%80_(%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D)" class="extiw" title="zh:t:貞觀 (唐朝)">貞觀</a>十三年七月庚戌 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Archived</a> 22 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouyang Xiu et al., <i>New Book of Tang</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7215%E4%B8%8A" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新唐書/卷215上">Vol. 215-I.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zizhi202-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zizhi202_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Guang, <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7202" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷202">Vol. 202</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E8%80%80" class="extiw" title="zh:开耀">開耀</a>元年十月乙酉 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/">Archived</a> 22 May 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sima Guang, <i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7203" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷203">Vol. 203</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_劉945" class="citation book cs1">Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945). <i>Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol. 6 & Vol.194</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Book+of+Tang+%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8+Vol.+6+%26+Vol.194&rft.date=945&rft.aulast=Liu+%E5%8A%89&rft.aufirst=Xu+%E6%98%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu_劉945" class="citation book cs1">Liu 劉, Xu 昫 (945). <i>Old Book of Tang 舊唐書 Vol.103，Vol.194 & Vol.195</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Book+of+Tang+%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8+Vol.103%EF%BC%8CVol.194+%26+Vol.195&rft.date=945&rft.aulast=Liu+%E5%8A%89&rft.aufirst=Xu+%E6%98%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asian Mythologies by Yves Bonnefoy, Page 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/14/yatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html">"Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art Second half of the 6th – first half of the 8th cc. (Images of 'Others')"</a>. <i>Transoxiana</i>. <b>14</b>: Fig.16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transoxiana&rft.atitle=Early+Turks%3A+Male+Costume+in+the+Chinese+Art+Second+half+of+the+6th+%E2%80%93+first+half+of+the+8th+cc.+%28Images+of+%27Others%27%29&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=Fig.16&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transoxiana.com.ar%2F14%2Fyatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünwedel1912" class="citation book cs1">Grünwedel, Albert (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AltbuddhistischeKultstattenChinesischTurkistan1912/page/n92/mode/1up"><i>Altbuddhistische Kultstätten Chinesisch Turkistan</i></a>. p. 180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altbuddhistische+Kultst%C3%A4tten+Chinesisch+Turkistan&rft.pages=180&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnwedel&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAltbuddhistischeKultstattenChinesischTurkistan1912%2Fpage%2Fn92%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_60,_62,_127,_130-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_2,_Rows_60,_62,_127,_130_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 2, Rows 60, 62, 127, 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Rows_44,_87,_88-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_9,_Rows_44,_87,_88_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 9, Rows 44, 87, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_128,_130,_70,_73-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDamgaard_et_al.2018Supplementary_Table_8,_Rows_128,_130,_70,_73_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018">Damgaard et al. 2018</a>, Supplementary Table 8, Rows 128, 130, 70, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaardMarchi2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina (2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes". <i>Nature</i>. <b>557</b> (7705). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256769352">256769352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-374&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256769352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter+de+Barros&rft.au=Marchi%2C+Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDamgaardMarchi2018">Damgaard & Marchi 2018</a>, p. 372: "These results suggest that Turk cultural customs were imposed by an East Asian minority elite onto central steppe nomad populations, resulting in a small detectable increase in East Asian ancestry. However, we also find that steppe nomad ancestry in this period was extremely heterogeneous with several individuals being genetically distributed at the extremes of the first principal component (Figure 2) separating Eastern and Western descent. Based on this notable heterogeneity, we interpret that during Medieval times, the steppe populations were exposed to gradual admixture from the East, while interacting with incoming west Eurasians. The strong variation is a direct window into ongoing admixture processes and to the multi-ethnic cultural organization of this period."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>183</b> (4): 890–904.e29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015">10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D">21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7664836">7664836</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33157037">33157037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=A+Dynamic+6%2C000-Year+Genetic+History+of+Eurasia%27s+Eastern+Steppe&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=890-904.e29&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0007-77BF-D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.10.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33157037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Choongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7664836&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>: "Türk (550-750 CE). Göktürkic tribes of the Altai Mountains established a political structure across Eurasia beginning in 552 CE, with an empire that ruled over Mongolia from 581-742 CE (Golden, 1992). A brief period of disunion occurred between 659-682 CE, during which the Chinese Tang dynasty laid claim over Mongolia...We analyzed individuals from 5 Türk sites in this study: Nomgonii Khundii (NOM), Shoroon Bumbagar (Türkic mausoleum; TUM), Zaan-Khoshuu (ZAA), Uliastai River Lower Terrace (ULI), and Umuumur uul (UGU)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>: "We observe a clear signal of male-biased WSH admixture among the EIA Sagly/Uyuk and during the Türkic period (i.e., more positive Z scores; Figure 5B), which also corresponds to the decline in the Y chromosome lineage Q1a and the concomitant rise of the western Eurasian lineages such as R and J (Figure S2A)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>: "The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>: "Table S2, S2C_SexHaplogroups, Supplementary Materials GUID: E914F9CE-9ED4-4E0F-9172-5A54A08E9F6B</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang_2023_3–43-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_2023_3–43_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang_2023_3–43_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYangMengZhang2023">Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023</a>, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeong2020Figure_S4A-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeong2020Figure_S4A_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>, Figure S4A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yang2023-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yang2023_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yang2023_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangMengZhang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin (17 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jse.12938">"Ancient genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>61</b> (6): 1056–1064. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12938">10.1111/jse.12938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-4918">1674-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255690237">255690237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ancient+genome+of+Empress+Ashina+reveals+the+Northeast+Asian+origin+of+G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk+Khanate&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1056-1064&rft.date=2023-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255690237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1674-4918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12938&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Min&rft.au=Meng%2C+Hai-Liang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jian-Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeong2020">Jeong 2020</a>, p. 897: See figure 4, B for admixture proportions in earlyMed_Turk. "...it is clear that these individuals have genetic profiles that differ from the preceding Xiongnu period, suggesting new sources of gene flow into Mongolia at this time that displace them along PC3 (Figure 2)...The admixture dates estimated for the ancient Türkic and Uyghur individuals in this study correspond to ca. 500 CE: 8 ± 2 generations before the Türkic individuals and 12 ± 2 generations before the Uyghur individuals (represented by ZAA001 and Olon Dov individuals)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYangMengZhang2023">Yang, Meng & Zhang 2023</a>, p. 4: "The early Medieval Türk (earlyMed_Turk) derived the major ancestry from ANA at a proportion of 62.2%, the remainder from BMAC (10.7%) and Western Steppe Afanasievo nomad (27.1%) (Figs. 1C, 1D; Table S2E)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeng" class="citation journal cs1">Meng, Hailiang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366965287">"Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</i>. <q>Ashina individual clustered with ancient populations from Northeast Asia and eastern Mongolia Plateau, and especially with the Northeast Asian hunter‐gatherers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ancient+Genome+of+Empress+Ashina+reveals+the+Northeast+Asian+origin+of+G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk+Khanate&rft.aulast=Meng&rft.aufirst=Hailiang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F366965287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeSatoTajimaAmgalantugs2024" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Juhyeon; Sato, Takehiro; Tajima, Atsushi; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Tsogtbaatar, Batmunkh; Nakagome, Shigeki; Miyake, Toshihiko; Shiraishi, Noriyuki; Jeong, Choongwon; Gakuhari, Takashi (1 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pivotscipub.com/hpgg/4/1/0004">"Medieval genomes from eastern Mongolia share a stable genetic profile over a millennium"</a>. <i>Human Population Genetics and Genomics</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47248%2Fhpgg2404010004">10.47248/hpgg2404010004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2770-5005">2770-5005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Population+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=Medieval+genomes+from+eastern+Mongolia+share+a+stable+genetic+profile+over+a+millennium&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2024-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47248%2Fhpgg2404010004&rft.issn=2770-5005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Juhyeon&rft.au=Sato%2C+Takehiro&rft.au=Tajima%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Amgalantugs%2C+Tsend&rft.au=Tsogtbaatar%2C+Batmunkh&rft.au=Nakagome%2C+Shigeki&rft.au=Miyake%2C+Toshihiko&rft.au=Shiraishi%2C+Noriyuki&rft.au=Jeong%2C+Choongwon&rft.au=Gakuhari%2C+Takashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pivotscipub.com%2Fhpgg%2F4%2F1%2F0004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarantsatsral" class="citation journal cs1">Narantsatsral, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inciss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Narantsatsral-2.pdf">"THE SILK ROAD CULTURE AND ANCIENT TURKISH WALL PAINTED TOMB"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of International Civilization Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026144159/http://www.inciss.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Narantsatsral-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+International+Civilization+Studies&rft.atitle=THE+SILK+ROAD+CULTURE+AND+ANCIENT+TURKISH+WALL+PAINTED+TOMB&rft.aulast=Narantsatsral&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inciss.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FNarantsatsral-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA228"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian1998" class="citation book cs1">Christian, David (1998). <i>A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire</i>. Blackwell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Russia%2C+Central+Asia+and+Mongolia%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Inner+Eurasia+from+prehistory+to+the+Mongol+Empire&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Christian&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eyoacDdcIMC"><i>The Turks in World History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988425-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988425-4"><bdi>978-0-19-988425-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988425-4&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+Vaughn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eyoacDdcIMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaard_et_al.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, P. 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(9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>557</b> (7705). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 369–373. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=369-373&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=P.+B.&rft.au=Marchi%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter</a> (1992). <i>An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples: Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East</i>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447032742" title="Special:BookSources/9783447032742"><bdi>9783447032742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples%3A+Ethnogenesis+and+State-Formation+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Eurasia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783447032742&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2018" class="citation journal cs1">Golden, Peter B. (August 2018). "The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks". <i>The Medieval History Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 291–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0971945818775373">10.1177/0971945818775373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166026934">166026934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+History+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ethnogonic+Tales+of+the+T%C3%BCrks&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-327&rft.date=2018-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0971945818775373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166026934%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benjamin_Golden" title="Peter Benjamin Golden">Golden, Peter Benjamin</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9609971">"Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks"</a>. <i>Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes</i>. București: Ed. Acad. Române. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-1871-96-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-1871-96-7"><bdi>978-973-1871-96-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnogenesis+in+the+tribal+zone%3A+The+Shaping+of+the+Turks&rft.btitle=Studies+on+the+peoples+and+cultures+of+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.place=Bucure%C8%99ti&rft.pub=Ed.+Acad.+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-973-1871-96-7&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9609971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Soviet Encyclopaedia">Great Soviet Encyclopaedia</a>, 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/113/276.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050516102002/http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/113/276.htm">Archived</a> 16 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a>. <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>, 1970. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9">0-8135-1304-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumilev,_Lev" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumilev, Lev">Gumilev, Lev</a> (2007) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <i>The Göktürks</i> (Древние тюрки ;Drevnie ti︠u︡rki). Moscow: AST, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-17-024793-1" title="Special:BookSources/5-17-024793-1">5-17-024793-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Skaff, Jonathan Karem (2009). Nicola Di Cosmo (ed.). <i>Military Culture in Imperial China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03109-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03109-8"><bdi>978-0-674-03109-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Culture+in+Imperial+China&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03109-8&rft.aulast=Skaff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Karem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yu. Zuev (I︠U︡. A. Zuev) (2002) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>, <i>"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/b/OL13632412M/Rannie-ti%EF%B8%A0u%EF%B8%A1rki">Rannie ti︠u︡rki: ocherki istorii i ideologii</a>), <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Daik-Press, p. 233, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9985-4-4152-9" title="Special:BookSources/9985-4-4152-9">9985-4-4152-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcombe2001" class="citation book cs1">Holcombe, Charles (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XT5pvPZ4vroC"><i>The Genesis of East Asia, 221 B.C.-A.D. 907</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2465-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genesis+of+East+Asia%2C+221+B.C.-A.D.+907&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2465-5&rft.aulast=Holcombe&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXT5pvPZ4vroC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wechsler, Howard J. (1979). "T'ai-Tsung (Reign 626–49): The Consolidator". In Denis Twitchett; John Fairbank (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China Part I</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21446-9"><bdi>978-0-521-21446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%27ai-Tsung+%28Reign+626%E2%80%9349%29%3A+The+Consolidator&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+China%2C+Volume+3%3A+Sui+and+T%27ang+China+Part+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21446-9&rft.aulast=Wechsler&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wink, André. <i>Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-04173-8">0-391-04173-8</a>.</li> <li>Zhu, Xueyuan (朱学渊) (2004) <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <i>The Origins of the Ethnic Groups of Northern China</i> (中国北方诸族的源流). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju (中华书局) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-101-03336-9" title="Special:BookSources/7-101-03336-9">7-101-03336-9</a></li> <li>Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正) (1992) <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span> <i>A History of the Turks</i> (突厥史). Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press (中国社会科学出版社) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-5004-0432-8">7-5004-0432-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nechaeva, Ekaterina (2011). "The "Runaway" Avars and Late Antique Diplomacy". In Ralph W. Mathisen, Danuta Shanzer (ed.). <i>Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity</i>. Ashgate. pp. 175–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754668145" title="Special:BookSources/9780754668145"><bdi>9780754668145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Runaway%22+Avars+and+Late+Antique+Diplomacy&rft.btitle=Romans%2C+Barbarians%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+the+Roman+World%3A+Cultural+Interaction+and+the+Creation+of+Identity+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=175-181&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780754668145&rft.aulast=Nechaeva&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA295"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24304-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24304-9&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2008" class="citation cs2">West, Barbara A. (2008), <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Template talk:Göktürks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Göktürks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Göktürks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Göktürks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (552–581)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–630)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_Qaghan" title="Yami Qaghan">Yami Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibi_Khan" title="Shibi Khan">Shibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xichun" title="Ashina Xichun">Chulo Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illig_Qaghan" title="Illig Qaghan">Illig Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilibi_Khan" title="Qilibi Khan">Qilibi Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chebi_Khan" title="Chebi Khan">Chebi Qaghan</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Jiesheshuai" title="Ashina Jiesheshuai">Ashina Jiesheshuai</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Funian" title="Ashina Funian">Ashina Funian</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_She%27er" title="Ashina She'er">Ashina She'er</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Nishufu" title="Ashina Nishufu">Ashina Nishufu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Wenfu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Wenfu (page does not exist)">Ashide Wenfu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashide_Fengji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashide Fengji (page does not exist)">Ashide Fengji</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shibobi" title="Ashina Shibobi">Ashina Shibobi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (581–657)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tardu" title="Tardu">Tardu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshana_Qaghan" title="Heshana Qaghan">Heshana Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy_Yabghu_Khagan" title="Sy Yabghu Khagan">Sy Yabghu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Kulug_Shad" title="El Kulug Shad">El Kulug Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Irbis_Ishbara_Yabgu_Qaghan" title="Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan">Irbis Ishbara Yabgu Qaghan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Hallig</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Bagha_Shad" title="Bagha Shad">Bagha Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ri_Shad" title="Böri Shad">Böri Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duzhi" title="Ashina Duzhi">Ashina Duzhi</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuizi" title="Ashina Tuizi">Ashina Tuizi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a> <br /> (682–744)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilterish_Qaghan" title="Ilterish Qaghan">Ilterish Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qapaghan_Qaghan" title="Qapaghan Qaghan">Qapaghan Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inel_Qaghan" title="Inel Qaghan">Inel Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilg%C3%A4_Qa%C7%A7an" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilgä Qaǧan">Bilgä Qaǧan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoll%C4%B1g_Khagan" title="Yollıg Khagan">Yollıg Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengri_Qaghan" title="Tengri Qaghan">Tengri Qaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutluk_Yabgu_Khagan" title="Kutluk Yabgu Khagan">Kutluk Yabgu Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zmi%C5%9F_Khagan" title="Özmiş Khagan">Özmiş Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Shi" title="Ashina Shi">Ashina Shi</a></li></ul> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Duoxifu" title="Ashina Duoxifu">Ashina Duoxifu</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kulun_Beg" title="Kulun Beg">Kulun Beg</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Kul_Tigin" title="Kul Tigin">Kul Tigin</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk" title="Tonyukuk">Tonyukuk</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Qutlu%C4%9F_S%C3%A4b%C3%A4g_Qatun" title="Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun">Qutluğ Säbäg Qatun</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/El_Bilga_Khatun" title="El Bilga Khatun">El Bilga Khatun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a><br />under <a href="/wiki/Jimi_system" title="Jimi system">Jimi system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Kunling Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Mishe" title="Ashina Mishe">Ashina Mishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Yuanqing" title="Ashina Yuanqing">Ashina Yuanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Xian" title="Ashina Xian">Ashina Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Zhen" title="Ashina Zhen">Ashina Zhen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mengchi Protectorate</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Buzhen" title="Ashina Buzhen">Ashina Buzhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huseluo" title="Ashina Huseluo">Ashina Huseluo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_Huaidao" title="Ashina Huaidao">Ashina Huaidao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashina_Xin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashina Xin (page does not exist)">Ashina Xin</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anxi_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxi Protectorate">Anxi Protectorate</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a> (625-758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a> (665–870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asena" title="Asena">Asena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Turkic language">Old Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_inscriptions" title="Orkhon inscriptions">Orkhon inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkhon_Valley" title="Orkhon Valley">Orkhon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoroon_Bumbagar_tomb" title="Shoroon Bumbagar tomb">Shoroon Bumbagar tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Tang_military" title="Turks in the Tang military">Turks in the Tang military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cl%C3%BC%C5%9F_system" title="Ülüş system">Ülüş system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonyukuk_inscriptions" title="Tonyukuk inscriptions">Tonyukuk inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongin_inscription" title="Ongin inscription">Ongin inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyn_Tamgan_Tarhan_inscription" title="Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription">Altyn Tamgan Tarhan inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_bodun" title="Qara bodun">Qara bodun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Göktürk wars<br /> and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gol-Zarriun" title="Battle of Gol-Zarriun">Battle of Gol-Zarriun/Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk%E2%80%93Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk–Persian wars">Göktürk–Persian wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Perso-Turkic War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Perso-Turkic War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Perso-Turkic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Perso-Turkic War">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">Goguryeo–Tang War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_civil_war" title="Göktürk civil war">Göktürk civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks" title="Tang campaign against the Eastern Turks">Tang Eastern Turk campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong%27s_campaign_against_Xueyantuo" title="Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">Tang Western Turk campaigns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Western_Turks" title="Conquest of the Western Turks">Conquest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Khitans#The_Li-Sun_rebellion_and_the_Turks" title="History of the Khitans">Li-Sun rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bolchu" title="Battle of Bolchu">Battle of Bolchu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad_(prince)" title="Shad (prince)">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegin" title="Tegin">Tegin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabghu" title="Yabghu">Yabghu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghatur" title="Baghatur">Bagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boila" title="Boila">Boyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudun" title="Tudun">Tudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishad" title="Ishad">Ishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elteber" title="Elteber">Elteber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_family_tree" title="Göktürk family tree">Göktürk family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashide" title="Ashide">Ashide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkic_topics" title="Template talk:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Turkic_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div><sup>1</sup>These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.<br /> <sup>2</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205466#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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