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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihyan/Dedanite_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lihyan/Dedanite era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihyan/Dedanite_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nabatean_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nabatean_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nabatean era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nabatean_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ottoman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Qur'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Qur'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the Qur'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Qur'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Videos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hegra (Mada'in Salih)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD" title="مدائن صالح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدائن صالح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D3%80" title="Мадаин-СалихӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мадаин-СалихӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99dain_Saleh" title="Mədain Saleh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mədain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E2%80%99%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9" title="মাদা’ইন সালেহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাদা’ইন সালেহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Мадаин Салих – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мадаин Салих" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C3%A0%C3%AFn_S%C3%A0lih" title="Madàïn Sàlih – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Madàïn Sàlih" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegra_(Mad%C3%A1in_S%C3%A1lih)" title="Hegra (Madáin Sálih) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hegra (Madáin Sálih)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Salih" title="Mada'in Salih – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mada'in Salih" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" title="Mada'in Saleh – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mada'in Saleh" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD" title="مداین صالح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مداین صالح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C3%A2in_S%C3%A2lih" title="Madâin Sâlih – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Madâin Sâlih" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" title="Mada'in Saleh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mada'in Saleh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B8_%EC%82%B4%EB%A0%88" title="마다인 살레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마다인 살레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B9" title="मादाइन सालेह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मादाइन सालेह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Salih" title="Mada'in Salih – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mada'in Salih" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Salih" title="Mada'in Salih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mada'in Salih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Salih" title="Mada'in Salih – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mada'in Salih" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%90%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%97" title="מדאאן סאלח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדאאן סאלח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Shaleh" title="Madain Shaleh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Madain Shaleh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="მადაინ-სალიჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მადაინ-სალიჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Мадаин-Салих – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мадаин-Салих" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hid%C5%BEras" title="Al Hidžras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Al Hidžras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%C3%A1in_Sz%C3%A1lih" title="Madáin Szálih – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madáin Szálih" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85)" title="Хегра (Мадаин Салих) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хегра (Мадаин Салих)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D" title="മദായിൻ സ്വാലിഹ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മദായിൻ സ്വാലിഹ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegra" title="Hegra – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hegra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD" title="مدائن صالح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدائن صالح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" title="Mada'in Saleh – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mada'in Saleh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8F" title="マダイン・サーレハ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マダイン・サーレハ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Solih" title="Madain Solih – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madain Solih" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%27%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B9" title="ਮਾਦਾ'ਇਨ ਸਾਲੇਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਦਾ'ਇਨ ਸਾਲੇਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD" title="مدائن صالح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مدائن صالح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%E2%80%99in_Salih" title="Mada’in Salih – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mada’in Salih" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaim_Sal%C3%A9" title="Madaim Salé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Madaim Salé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" title="Mada'in Saleh – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mada'in Saleh" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Мадаин-Салих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мадаин-Салих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%27%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A6" title="ᱢᱟᱫᱟ'ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱦ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱫᱟ'ᱤᱱ ᱥᱟᱞᱮᱦ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD" title="مداين صالح – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مداين صالح" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" title="Mada'in Saleh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mada'in Saleh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%27%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Мада'ин Салих – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мада'ин Салих" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Salih" title="Mada'in Salih – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mada'in Salih" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madain_Saleh" title="Madain Saleh – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Madain Saleh" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="มะดาอินศอเลียะห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะดาอินศอเลียะห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medain_Salih" title="Medain Salih – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medain Salih" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85" title="Мадаїн-Саліх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мадаїн-Саліх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD" title="مدائن صالح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مدائن صالح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" title="Mada'in Saleh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mada'in Saleh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E7%94%B8%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%92" title="瑪甸沙勒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑪甸沙勒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q27356#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&params=26_47_30_N_37_57_10_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°47′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°57′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.79167°N 37.95278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.79167; 37.95278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical site in northwest Saudi Arabia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">List of World Heritage sites in Saudi Arabia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hegra (Mada’in Saleh)<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَدَائِن صَالِح</span></span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hegra,_Al-Ula,_Saudi_Arabia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mada'in Salih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png/250px-Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png/375px-Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png/500px-Hegra%2C_Al-Ula%2C_Saudi_Arabia.png 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1344" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Al-Hijr or Mada'in Salih</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mada'in Salih location"><img alt="Mada'in Salih location" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/250px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/375px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg/500px-Saudi_Arabia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.596%;left:17.215%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hegra (Mada'in Salih)"><img alt="Mada'in Salih location" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Saudi Arabia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Al-Hijr<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْحِجْر</span></span><br />Mada’in Salih</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)">Medina province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&params=26_47_30_N_37_57_10_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°47′30″N</span> <span class="longitude">37°57′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.79167°N 37.95278°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.79167; 37.95278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Hegra Archaeological Site (Al-Hijr / Madâ’in Sâlih)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2008" title="2008">2008</a> <small>(32nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1293">1293</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_states" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab states">Arab states</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hegra</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἕγρα</span>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْحِجْر</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ḥijr</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Q15:80-84_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q15:80-84-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Mada’in Salih</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَدَائِن صَالِح</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madāʼin Ṣāliḥ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Cities of Salih'), is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> located in the area of <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within <a href="/wiki/Medina_Province_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Medina Province (Saudi Arabia)">Medina Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. A majority of the remains date from the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabataean Kingdom</a> (1st century AD). The site constituted the kingdom's southernmost and second largest city after <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>), its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traces of <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> occupation before and after the Nabatean rule, respectively, can also be found. </p><p>The archaeological site lies in an arid environment. The dry climate, the lack of resettlement after the site was abandoned, and the prevailing local beliefs about the locality have all led to the extraordinary state of <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">preservation</a> of Al-Hijr,<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing an extensive picture of the Nabatean lifestyle. Thought to mark the southern extent of the Nabatean kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-expansion_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expansion-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hijr's oasis agriculture and extant wells exhibit the necessary adaptations made by the Nabateans in the given environment—its markedly distinct settlement is the second largest among the Nabatean kingdom, complementing that of the more famous Petra archaeological site in Jordan.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the site at the crossroads of trade, as well as the various languages, scripts and artistic styles reflected in the façades of its monumental tombs further set it apart from other archaeological sites. It has duly earned the nickname "The Capital of Monuments" among Saudi Arabia's 4,000 archaeological sites.<sup id="cite_ref-digging_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digging-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a><sup id="cite_ref-Q7:73-79_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q7:73-79-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q11:61-69_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q11:61-69-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q15:80-84_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q15:80-84-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q26:141-158_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q26:141-158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q54:23-31_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q54:23-31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q89:6-13_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q89:6-13-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q91:11-15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q91:11-15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> places the settlement of the area by the <a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamudi</a> people during the days of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Saleh_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleh (prophet)">Salih</a>, between those of <a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nuh (Noah)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hud</a> on one hand, and those of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrahim (Abraham)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Musa (Moses)</a> on the other. However, a definitive historical chronology can not be obtained through the order of verses due to the fact that the Quranic chapters (see <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">surah</a>) deal with different subjects in non-chronologic order.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Quran, the Thamudis were punished by God for their <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, struck by an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> blasts. Thus, the site has earned a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">cursed</a> place—an image which the national government is attempting to overcome as it seeks to develop Mada'in Salih for its potential for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> proclaimed Mada'in Salih as a site of patrimony, becoming Saudi Arabia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage sites in Saudi Arabia">first World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was chosen for its well-preserved remains from <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, especially the 131 monumental <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb" title="Rock-cut tomb">rock-cut tombs</a>, with their elaborately ornamented façades, of the Nabataean Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> site of Hegra is situated 20 km (12 mi) north of the town of <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 400 km (250 miles) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, and 500 km (310 miles) southeast of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a> wrote in his <i>Routes of the Realms</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مسالك الممالك</span></span>): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Al-Hijr is a small village. It belongs to <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Qura" title="Wadi al-Qura">Wadi al Gura</a> and is located at one day's travel inside the mountains. It was the homeland of the Thamudians. I have seen those mountains and their carvings. Their houses are similar to ours but are carved in the mountains, which are called the Ithlib mountains. It looks as if they are a continuous range but they are separated and have sand dunes around them. You can reach the top of the mountains, but this is extremely tiring. The well of the Thamudians which is mentioned in the Holy Quran is located in the middle of the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-town_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The site is on a plain at the foot of a <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> that forms a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Hijaz_Mountains" title="Hijaz Mountains">Hijaz Mountains</a>. Beneath the western and northwestern parts of the site, the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> can be reached at a depth of 20 metres (66 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setting is notable for its desert landscape, marked by sandstone outcroppings of various sizes and heights.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its long history and the multitude of cultures occupying the site have produced several names. References by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and other Mediterranean writers use the name Hegra (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἔγρα</span>) for the Nabatean site.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2016_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2016-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Mada'in Salih refers to the (<a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a>) <a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Salih</a>, sent to ancient Arabs, a name and identity which may be derived from the biblical figure <i>Methuselah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מְתוּשֶׁלַח</span> <i>Məṯūšélaḥ</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Pausa" title="Pausa">pausa</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מְתוּשָׁלַח</span>‎ <i>Məṯūšālaḥ</i> "Man of the <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>" or "Death of Sword";<sup id="cite_ref-sword_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sword-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Μαθουσάλας</span> <i>Mathousalas</i>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_darius_statue_subject_l07_arab_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Susa_darius_statue_subject_l07_arab_%281%29.jpg/220px-Susa_darius_statue_subject_l07_arab_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="664" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Susa_darius_statue_subject_l07_arab_%281%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="906" /></a><figcaption>The word <i>hgr</i> (Hegra) on an Egyptian-style statue of the Persian king Darius</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Hegra was for a long time not as important as <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Dedan</a>, foreigners appear to have called the oasis Hegra. For example, the famous statue of the Achaemenid king <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> made in Egypt and erected in Susa calls the Arabs <i>hgr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_writings">Rock writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rock writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent archaeological work has revealed numerous rock writings and pictures not only on Mount Athleb, but also throughout central Arabia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They date between the sixth century BC and the fourth century AD and are labelled as being <a href="/wiki/Thamudic" title="Thamudic">Thamudic</a>, a name invented by nineteenth-century scholars for these large numbers of inscriptions which had not yet been properly studied.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lihyan/Dedanite_era"><span id="Lihyan.2FDedanite_era"></span>Lihyan/Dedanite era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lihyan/Dedanite era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archaeological traces of <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a> on the sandstones and epigraphic inscriptions, considered by experts to be <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyanite</a> script, on top of the Athleb Mountain,<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near Hegra (Mada’in Salih), have been dated to the 3rd–2nd century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicating the early human settlement of the area, which has an accessible source of freshwater and fertile soil.<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyans</a> became a center of <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a>, with goods from the east, north and south converging in the locality.<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nabatean_era">Nabatean era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nabatean era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myrrh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Myrrh.JPG/220px-Myrrh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Myrrh.JPG/330px-Myrrh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Myrrh.JPG/440px-Myrrh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Luxury_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury good">luxury items</a> that had to pass through the Nabatean territory to be traded elsewhere</figcaption></figure> <p>The extensive settlement of the site took place during the 1st century AD,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-13-818_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-13-818-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it came under the rule of the Nabatean king <a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV Philopatris</a> (Al-Harith IV) (9 BC – 40 AD), who made Hegra (Mada’in Salih) the kingdom's second capital, after <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place enjoyed a huge <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> movement, turning it into a city.<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristic of Nabatean rock-cut architecture, the geology of Hegra (Mada’in Salih) provided the perfect medium for the carving of monumental structures, with <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean alphabet">Nabatean scripts</a> inscribed on their façades.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nabateans also developed <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a><sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—digging <a href="/wiki/Water_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Water well">wells</a> and rainwater tanks in the rock and carving places of worship in the sandstone outcroppings.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar structures were featured in other Nabatean settlements, ranging from southern <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a> to the north, going south to the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a>, and down to the immediate area of the Hejaz.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent and the largest of these is Petra.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossroads (culture)">crossroad</a> of commerce, the Nabatean kingdom flourished, holding a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> for the trade of <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spices" class="mw-redirect" title="Spices">spices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica-8-473_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-8-473-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated on the overland <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravan</a> route and connected to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> of Egra Kome,<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegra, as it was known among the Nabateans, reached its peak as the major staging post on the main north–south trade route.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 106 AD, the Nabatean kingdom was annexed by the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-8-473_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-8-473-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hejaz, which encompasses Hegra, became part of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">province of Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Hedjaz region was integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Arabia">Roman province of Arabia</a> in 106 AD. A monumental Roman epigraph of 175–177 AD was recently discovered at al-Hijr (then called "Hijr" and now Mada'in Salih).<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg/310px-Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg/465px-Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg/620px-Hegra_Inscription_Marcus_Aurelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Hegra Roman inscription dedicated to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The trading itinerary shifted from the overland north–south axis on the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> to the maritime route through the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Hegra as a center of trade began to decline, leading to its abandonment.<sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by the lack of later developments based on archaeological studies, experts have hypothesized that the site had lost all of its urban functions beginning in late antiquity (mainly due to the process of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s and 1970s, evidence was discovered that the Roman legions of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> occupied Mada'in Salih in northeastern Arabia, increasing the extension of the <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Arabia">Romans in Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-romans2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-romans2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of Hegra, from the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> until the emergence of Islam, remains unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only sporadically mentioned by travelers and <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrims">pilgrims</a> making their way to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> in the succeeding centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegra served as a station along the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> route, providing supplies and water for pilgrims.<sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the accounts is a description made by 14th-century traveler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, noting the red stone-cut tombs of Hegra, by then known as "al-Hijr."<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he made no mention of human activities there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_era">Ottoman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ottoman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg/250px-Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg/375px-Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman Hajj Fort at Mada'in Salih, 1907</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> annexed western Arabia from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluks</a> by 1517.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-13-820_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-13-820-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early Ottoman accounts of the Hajj road between <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and Mecca, Hegra (Mada’in Salih) is not mentioned, until 1672, when the Turkish traveler, <a href="/wiki/Evliya_Celebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Evliya Celebi">Evliya Celebi</a> noted that the caravan passed through a place called "Abyar Salih" where there were the remains of seven cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen146_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is again mentioned by the traveler Murtada ibn 'Alawan as a rest stop on the route called "al-Mada'in."<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen146_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1744 and 1757,<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fort was built at al-Hijr on the orders of the Ottoman governor of <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/As%27ad_Pasha_al-Azm" title="As'ad Pasha al-Azm">As'ad Pasha al-Azm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen146_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cistern supplied by a large well within the fort was also built, and the site served as a one-day stop for Hajj pilgrims where they could purchase goods such as dates, lemons and oranges.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen146_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was part of a series of fortifications built to protect the pilgrimage route to Mecca.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen146_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the researches of Al-Ansari, the Ottoman castle was found near the settlement dating to the year 1600 A.D in 1984<sup id="cite_ref-town_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG/290px-Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG" decoding="async" width="290" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG/435px-Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG/580px-Ferrocarril_del_hiyaz_EN.PNG 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Spanish map of the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a> that passed through Mada'in Salih</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the discovery of Petra by the Swiss explorer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt" title="Johann Ludwig Burckhardt">Johann Ludwig Burckhardt</a> in 1812, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu_Doughty" title="Charles Montagu Doughty">Charles Montagu Doughty</a>, an English traveler, heard of a similar site near Hegra (Mada’in Salih), a fortified Ottoman town on the Hajj road from Damascus. In order to access the site, Doughty joined the Hajj caravan, and reached the site of the ruins in 1876, recording the visit in his journal which was published as <i><a href="/wiki/Travels_in_Arabia_Deserta" title="Travels in Arabia Deserta">Travels in Arabia Deserta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doughty described the Ottoman fort, where he resided for two months, and noted that <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribesmen had a permanent encampment just outside of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen146_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen146-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, there were accounts that the extant wells and oasis agriculture of al-Hijr were being periodically used by settlers from the nearby village of <a href="/wiki/Tayma" title="Tayma">Tayma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This continued until the 20th century, when the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Railway">Hejaz Railway</a> that passed through the site was constructed (1901–08) on the orders of Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> to link <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> in the north-west with Medina and Mecca,<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fall_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence facilitating the pilgrimage journey to the latter and to politically and economically consolidate the Ottoman administration of the centers of Islamic faith.<sup id="cite_ref-baker_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baker-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A station was built north of al-Hijr for the maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, and offices and dormitories for railroad staff.<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railway</a> provided greater accessibility to the site. However, this was destroyed in a <a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">local revolt</a> during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-5-809_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-5-809-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, several archaeological investigations continued to be conducted in the site beginning in the World War I period to the establishment of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the 1930s up to the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica-13-840_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-13-840-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railway station is, in 2024, still under restoration and includes the site of a new Chedi resort.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 1960s, the Saudi Arabian government devised a program to introduce a sedentary lifestyle to the <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes inhabiting the area.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was proposed that they settle down in al-Hijr, re-using the already existent wells and agricultural features of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the official identification of al-Hijr as an archaeological site in 1972 led to the resettlement of the Bedouins towards the north, beyond the site boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also included the development of new agricultural land and freshly dug wells, thereby preserving the state of al-Hijr. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1962, examples of many <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> were discovered and renewed the archaeological assessment of Hijr (Mada’in Salih) by Winnett and Reed.<sup id="cite_ref-town_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Al-Hijr site was proclaimed as an archaeological treasure in the early 1970s, few investigations had been conducted since.<sup id="cite_ref-digging_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digging-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirdad had lived here for a short time and wrote notices about the region since 1977. Healey studied here in 1985 and wrote a book about the <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">inscriptions</a> of Hijr (Mada’in Salih) in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-town_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-town-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Destruction_of_Islam's_early_historical_sites" title="Wahhabism">The prohibition on the veneration of objects/artifacts</a> has resulted in minimal archaeological activities. These conservative measures started to ease up beginning in 2000, when Saudi Arabia invited expeditions to carry out archaeological explorations as part of the government's push to promote cultural heritage protection and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-digging_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digging-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hidden_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological site was proclaimed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent archaeological studies of the area have been made as part of efforts to document and preserve the heritage sites prior to opening the area to more tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monastery,_Petra,_Jordan8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg/200px-The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg/300px-The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg/400px-The_Monastery%2C_Petra%2C_Jordan8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3142" data-file-height="2075" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The archaeological <a href="/wiki/Vestigiality" title="Vestigiality">vestiges</a> of Mada'in Salih are often compared with those of <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a> (above), the Nabatean capital situated 500 km (310 miles) north-west of Mada'in Salih.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qasr_al_Farid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/200px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/300px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Qasr_al_Farid.JPG/400px-Qasr_al_Farid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1875" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Qaṣr al-Farīd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قَصْر ٱلْفَرِيْد</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Lonely Castle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is largest tomb at the archaeological site.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Nabatean site of Hegra was built around a residential zone and its oasis during the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sandstone outcroppings were carved to build the necropolis. A total of four necropolis sites have survived, which featured 131 monumental rock-cut tombs spread out over 13.4 km (8.3 miles),<sup id="cite_ref-info_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-info-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alhijr_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alhijr-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many with inscribed Nabatean epigraphs on their façades: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Necropolis </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Period of construction </th> <th>Notable features </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Jabal al-Mahjar</i> </td> <td>North </td> <td><i>no information</i> </td> <td>Tombs were cut on the eastern and western sides of four parallel rock outcrops. Façade decorations are small in size.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Qasr al walad</i> </td> <td><i>no information</i> </td> <td align="center">0–58 AD </td> <td>Includes 31 tombs decorated with fine inscriptions as well as artistic elements like birds, human faces and imaginary beings. Contains the most monumental of rock-cut tombs, including the largest façade measuring 16 m (52 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Area C </td> <td>South-east </td> <td align="center">16–61 AD </td> <td>Consists of a single isolated outcrop containing 19 cut tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-tourist_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourist-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No ornamentations were carved on the façades.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Jabal al-Khuraymat</i> </td> <td>South-west </td> <td align="center">7–73 AD </td> <td>The largest of the four, consisting of numerous outcrops separated by sandy zones, although only eight of the outcrops have cut tombs, totaling 48 in quantity.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poor quality of sandstone and exposure to prevailing winds resulted to the poor state of conservation of most façades.<sup id="cite_ref-tourist_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourist-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Non-monumental burial sites, totaling 2,000, are also part of the place.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closer observation of the façades indicates the <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> of the buried person<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—the size and ornamentation of the structure reflect the wealth of the person. Some façades had plates on top of the entrances providing information about the grave owners, the religious system, and the masons who carved them.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many graves indicate military ranks, leading archaeologists to speculate that the site might once have been a Nabatean military base, meant to protect the settlement's trading activities.<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nabatean kingdom was not just situated at the crossroad of trade but also of culture. This is reflected in the varying motifs of the façade decorations, borrowing stylistic elements from <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, combined with the native artistic style.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman decorations and <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin scripts</a> also figured on the troglodytic tombs when the territory was annexed by the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-digging_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digging-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the elaborate exteriors, the interiors of the rock-cut structures are severe and plain.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A religious area, known as "<i>Jabal Ithlib</i>," is located to the north-east of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed to have been originally dedicated to the Nabatean deity <a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a>. A narrow corridor, 40 metres (131 ft) long between the high rocks and reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Siq" title="Siq">Siq</a> in Petra, leads to the hall of the <i>Diwan</i>, a Muslim's council-chamber or law-court.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small religious sanctuaries bearing inscriptions were also cut into the rock in the vicinity. </p><p>The residential area is located in the middle of the plain, far from the outcrops.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary material of construction for the houses and the enclosing wall was sun-dried <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few vestiges of the residential area remain. </p><p>Water is supplied by 130 wells, situated in the western and north-western part of the site, where the water table was at a depth of only 20 m (66 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wells, with diameters ranging 4–7 m (13–23 ft), were cut into the rock, although some, dug in loose ground, had to be reinforced with sandstone.<sup id="cite_ref-whs_7-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_Qur'an"><span id="In_the_Qur.27an"></span>In the Qur'an</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In the Qur'an"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Quran, the site of <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">al-Hijr</a> was settled by the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamud</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-creation_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-creation-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who "(took) for (themselves) palaces from its plains and (carved) from the mountains, homes".<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D7%3Averse%3D73-79">7:73-79</a>]</sup><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D11%3Averse%3D61-69">11:61-69</a>]</sup><sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D15%3Averse%3D80-84">15:80-84</a>]</sup> The tribe fell to <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">idol worship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppression</a> became prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-verses_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verses-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prophet Salih,<sup id="cite_ref-Q7:73-79_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q7:73-79-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q11:61-69_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q11:61-69-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q26:141-158_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q26:141-158-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q54:23-31_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q54:23-31-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q89:6-13_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q89:6-13-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q91:11-15_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q91:11-15-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to whom the site's name of <i>Mada'in Salih</i> is often attributed,<sup id="cite_ref-madain_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madain-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called on the Thamudis to repent.<sup id="cite_ref-verses_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verses-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thamudis disregarded the warning and instead commanded Salih to summon a pregnant <a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">she-camel</a> from the back of a mountain. And so a pregnant she-camel was sent to the people from the back of the mountain, as proof of Salih's divine mission.<sup id="cite_ref-verses_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verses-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thamud_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thamud-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, only a minority heeded his words. The non-believers killed the <a href="/wiki/Sacred" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred">sacred</a> camel instead of caring for it as they were told, and its calf ran back to the mountain from whence it came. The Thamudis were given three days before their punishment was to take place, since they disbelieved and did not heed the warning. Salih and his <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">monotheistic</a> followers left the city, but the others were punished by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>—their souls leaving their lifeless bodies in the midst of an earthquake and lightning blasts.<sup id="cite_ref-hidden_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidden-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-verses_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verses-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Hoyland" title="Robert G. Hoyland">Robert G. Hoyland</a> suggested that their name was subsequently adopted by other new groups that inhabited the region of Mada'in Salih after the disappearance of the original people of Thamud.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggestion is also supported by the narration of <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">ʿAbdullah ibn ʿUmar</a> and analysis of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> which report that people called the region of Thamud <i>al-Hijr</i>, while they called the province of Mada'in Salih as <i>Arḍ Thamūd</i> "Land of Thamud" and <i>Bayt Thamud</i> (house of Thamud).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So the term "Thamud" was not applied to the groups that lived in Mada'in Salih, such as <a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rather to the region itself, and according to classical sources, it was agreed upon that the only remaining group of the native people of Thamud is the tribe of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Thaqif" title="Banu Thaqif">Banu Thaqif</a> which inhabited the city of <a href="/wiki/Taif" title="Taif">Taif</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saudi_Arabia" title="Portal:Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia">List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuke_Kome" title="Leuke Kome">Leuke Kome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihyan" title="Lihyan">Lihyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabataeans</a></li> <li><a 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.reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Q15:80-84-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Q15:80-84_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q15:80-84_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0002%3Asura%3D15%3Averse%3D80">15:80–84</a> <sup>(<a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Translated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Pickthall" title="Marmaduke Pickthall">Pickthall</a>)</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#E260.11">Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §E260.11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:16.4.24">Strabo, Geography, § 16.4.24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experiencealula.com/en/Discover_AlUla/Heritage/Pages/Hijr.aspx">"Hijr UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mada'in Salih | ExperienceAlUla.com"</a>. <i>experiencealula.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=experiencealula.com&rft.atitle=Hijr+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Site%2C+Mada%27in+Salih+%7C+ExperienceAlUla.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexperiencealula.com%2Fen%2FDiscover_AlUla%2FHeritage%2FPages%2FHijr.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saudi-archaeology.com/sites/madain-saleh/">"Mada'in Saleh - Arabian Rock Art Heritage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Oleander Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900891-48-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-900891-48-3"><bdi>0-900891-48-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Hussein+And+The+Kingdom+of+Hejaz&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=The+Oleander+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-900891-48-3&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-5-809-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-5-809_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia Volume 5</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experiencealula.com/en/Discover_AlUla/Heritage/Pages/default.aspx">the original</a> on 2020-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=experiencealula.com&rft.atitle=Heritage+Sites+in+AlUla%2C+Saudi+Arabia+%7C+ExperienceAlUla.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexperiencealula.com%2Fen%2FDiscover_AlUla%2FHeritage%2FPages%2Fdefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith" class="citation web cs1">Keith, Lauren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hegra-ancient-city-saudi-arabia-untouched-for-millennia-makes-its-public-debut-180976361/">"Hegra, an Ancient City in Saudi Arabia Untouched for Millennia, Makes Its Public Debut"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Hegra%2C+an+Ancient+City+in+Saudi+Arabia+Untouched+for+Millennia%2C+Makes+Its+Public+Debut&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Ftravel%2Fhegra-ancient-city-saudi-arabia-untouched-for-millennia-makes-its-public-debut-180976361%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-info-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-info_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nabataea.net/medain.html">"Information at nabataea.net"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Madain+Salih&rft.atitle=HISTORY%3A+Al-Hijr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madainSalih.net%2FAl-Hijr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tourist-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tourist_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tourist_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madainSalih.net/Tourist_Sites_in..html">"HISTORY: Tourist sites in Madain Salih"</a>. <i>Historical Madain Salih</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Madain+Salih&rft.atitle=HISTORY%3A+Explanation+of+the+Verses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madainSalih.net%2FExplanation_of__Verses.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thamud-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thamud_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iqrasense.com/islamic-history/madain-Salih-cities-inhabited-by-the-people-of-thamud.html">"Madain Salih – Cities inhabited by the People of Thamud"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madain+Salih+%E2%80%93+Cities+inhabited+by+the+People+of+Thamud&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iqrasense.com%2Fislamic-history%2Fmadain-Salih-cities-inhabited-by-the-people-of-thamud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyland2001" class="citation book cs1">Hoyland, Robert G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ8LydOFoScC&pg=PA69"><i>Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam</i></a>. Routledge. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415195349" title="Special:BookSources/0415195349"><bdi>0415195349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+the+Arabs%3A+From+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Coming+of+Islam&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0415195349&rft.aulast=Hoyland&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZ8LydOFoScC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a>, Narrated: ʿAbdullah ibn ʿUmar, Hadiths: 2116 & 3379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Kathir2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> (2003). <i>Al-Bidâya wa-l-Nihâya ("The Beginning and the End") Vol.1</i>. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya. p. 159.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Bid%C3%A2ya+wa-l-Nih%C3%A2ya+%28%22The+Beginning+and+the+End%22%29+Vol.1&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Dar+al-Kutub+al-Ilmiyya&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ibn+Kathir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropædia Volume 13. USA: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1995. Page: 818</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, Under the Category of: History of Arabia, the Section of: Dedān and Al-Ḥijr</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Detailed History of Arabs before Islam, Prof. Jawwad Ali, Volume: 15, Page: 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Historical Record of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldon">Ibn Khaldon</a>, Volume: 2, Page: 641</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitab Al-Aghani, Abu Al-Faraj Al-Asfahani, Volume: 4, Page: 74</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Rahman_AnsaryḤusayn_Abu_Al-Ḥassān2001" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Rahman Ansary; Ḥusayn Abu Al-Ḥassān (2001). <i>The civilization of two cities: Al-ʻUlā & Madāʼin Sāliḥ</i>. Riyadh: Dar Al-Qawafil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9960-9301-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/9960-9301-0-6"><bdi>9960-9301-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civilization+of+two+cities%3A+Al-%CA%BBUl%C4%81+%26+Mad%C4%81%CA%BCin+S%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pub=Dar+Al-Qawafil&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9960-9301-0-6&rft.au=Abdul+Rahman+Ansary&rft.au=%E1%B8%A4usayn+Abu+Al-%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-9301-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-9301-0-7">978-9960-9301-0-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_Babelli2003" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed Babelli (2003). <i>Mada'in Salih</i>. Riyadh: Desert Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-603-00-2777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-603-00-2777-4"><bdi>978-603-00-2777-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mada%27in+Salih&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.pub=Desert+Publisher&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-603-00-2777-4&rft.au=Mohammed+Babelli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHegra+%28Mada%27in+Salih%29" class="Z3988"></span> (I./2003, II./2005, III./2006, IV./2009.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Meda%27in_Saleh" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Meda'in Saleh">Meda'in Saleh</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5084/">World Heritage listing submission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/hijr-the-archaeological-site-of-al-hijr%C2%A0-mad%C3%A2in-s%C3%A2lih/xAIixatmfRWQLQ">Explore Hijr: the Archaeological Site of Al-Hijr (Mada'in Salih) in the UNESCO coleection on Google Arts and Culture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://experiencealula.com/en/">ExperienceAlUla.com (Official Tourism Website)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nabataea.net/medain.html">Photo gallery at nabataea.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211083605/http://www.zubeyr-kureemun.com/SaudiArabia/PhotoGalleryOfMadainSalih.htm">Photos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritian</a> photographer <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225071814/http://www.zubeyr-kureemun.com/index.htm">Zubeyr Kureemun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20081011152514/http://www.splendidarabia.com/mada'in_salih.htm">Historical Wonder</a> by Mohammad Nowfal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://observers.france24.com/en/content/20090907-saudi-arabia-hidden-city-cursed-islam-history-Meda-in-Salih">Saudi Arabia's Hidden City</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> from <a href="/wiki/France24" class="mw-redirect" title="France24">France24</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715133649/http://www.qatarvisitor.com/index.php?cID=448&pID=1764">Madain Salah: Saudi Arabia's Cursed City</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-49424036">Uncovering secrets of mystery civilization in Saudi Arabia</a> – <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenationalnews.com/gulf/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-s-al-ula-archaeologists-unearth-gulf-s-first-domesticated-dogs-1.1191230">"Saudi Arabia's Al Ula archaeologists unearth Gulf's first domesticated dogs. The dig at Hegra uncovered remains of human beings and canines dating back 6,000 years. "The National News", March 25, 2021.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videos">Videos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hegra_(Mada%27in_Salih)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Videos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2n-P7Ed264">The Road to Mada'in Salih</a></li> <li>Round in Mada'in Salih : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6uVK9JJ_JQ">Part1</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FK6x56oiEDc">Part2</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8mzIKHQbEQ">Part3</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMrWuiijVJs">Part4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Characters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_characters_and_names_mentioned_in_the_Quran" title="List of characters and names mentioned in the Quran">Characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-humans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-humans</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Allāh</a> ('The <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> found in the Quran, such as <i>Karīm</i> (Generous)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqara" title="Al-Baqara">baqara</a></i> (cow) of Israelites</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam#The_plot_against_Joseph" title="Joseph in Islam">dhiʾb</a></i> (wolf) that Jacob feared could attack Joseph</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">fīl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephant</a>) of the Abyssinians</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Domesticated donkey</a>)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">hud-hud</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i>kalb</i> (dog) of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">sleepers of the cave</a></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam#Reign" title="Solomon in Islam">namlah</a></i> (female ant) of Solomon</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Jonah#The_fish" title="Jonah">nūn</a></i> (fish or whale) of Jonah</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">nāqat</a></i> (she-camel) of Ṣāliḥ</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAnkabūt</i> (Female <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spider</a>)</li> <li><i>Dābbat al-Arḍ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a>)</li> <li><i>Ḥimār</i> (<a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">Wild ass</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey#Ancient_times" title="Honey">Naḥl</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaswarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaswarah">Qaswarah</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Lion</a>', 'beast of prey' or 'hunter')</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Malāʾikah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Angels of Hell <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maalik" title="Maalik">Mālik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Zabaniyya">Zabāniyah</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bearers_of_the_Throne" title="Bearers of the Throne">Bearers of the Throne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a></li> <li><i>Kirāman Kātibīn</i> (Honourable Scribes) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raqib" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqib">Raqib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atid" title="Atid">Atid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Muqarrabun" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archangel#Islam" title="Archangel"><i>Muqarrabun</i></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibrīl</a> (Gabriel, chief) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Ar-Rūḥ</a></i> ('The Spirit') <ul><li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Amīn</i> ('The Trustworthy Spirit')</li> <li><i>Ar-Rūḥ al-Qudus</i> ('The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Angel of the Trumpet (<a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Isrāfīl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raphael_(archangel)" title="Raphael (archangel)">Raphael</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azrael#In_Islam" title="Azrael">Malakul-Mawt</a></i> (Angel of Death, Azrael)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)#Islam" title="Michael (archangel)">Mīkāil</a> (Michael)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></i> (Genies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jann_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jann (legendary creature)">Jann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ifrit#Islamic_scripture" title="Ifrit">ʿIfrīt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asmodeus" title="Asmodeus">Sakhr</a></i> (Asmodeus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qarīn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Shaitan" title="Shaitan">Shayāṭīn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iblis" title="Iblis">Iblīs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Satan#Islam" title="Satan">ash-Shayṭān</a></i> (the (chief) <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Mārid</a></i> ('Rebellious one')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghilman" title="Ghilman">Ghilmān</a></i> or <i>Wildān</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Ḥūr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_in_Islam" title="Adam in Islam">Ādam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Yasa">Al-Yasa</a>ʿ (<a href="/wiki/Elisha" title="Elisha">Elisha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Ayyūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_in_Islam" title="David in Islam">Dāwūd</a> (<a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Kifl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Kifl">Dhūl-Kifl</a> (Ezekiel?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_in_Islam" title="Aaron in Islam">Hārūn</a> (Aaron)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)" title="Hud (prophet)">Hūd</a> (Eber?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_(prophet)" title="Idris (prophet)">Idrīs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enoch" title="Enoch">Enoch</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">Ilyās</a> (Elijah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">ʿImrān</a> (Joachim the father of Maryam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_in_Islam" title="Isaac in Islam">Isḥāq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_in_Islam" title="Ishmael in Islam">Ismāʿīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac#Muslim_views" title="Binding of Isaac">Dhabih Ullah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_in_Islam" title="Lot in Islam">Lūṭ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lot_(biblical_person)" title="Lot (biblical person)">Lot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Ṣāliḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuaib" title="Shuaib">Shuʿayb</a> (Jethro, Reuel or <a href="/wiki/Hobab_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobab (biblical figure)">Hobab</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_in_Islam" title="Solomon in Islam">Sulaymān</a> ibn Dāwūd (<a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> son of David)</li> <li>ʿ<a href="/wiki/Uzair" title="Uzair">Uzair</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist#Islam" title="John the Baptist">Yaḥyā</a> ibn Zakariyyā (<a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> the son of Zechariah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_in_Islam" title="Jacob in Islam">Yaʿqūb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) <ul><li>Isrāʾīl (Israel)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>) <ul><li><i>Dhūn-Nūn</i> ('He of the <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whale</a>)' or 'Owner of the Fish (or Whale)')</li> <li><i>Ṣāḥib al-Ḥūt</i> ('Companion of the Whale')</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_in_Islam" title="Joseph in Islam">Yūsuf</a> ibn Ya‘qūb (<a href="/wiki/Joseph" title="Joseph">Joseph</a> son of Jacob)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)#In_Islam" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zakariyyā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Ulu-l-%E2%80%98Azm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu-l-‘Azm">Ulul-ʿAzm</a></i><br />('Those of the<br /> Perseverance<br /> and Strong Will')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muḥammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_the_Quran" title="Muhammad in the Quran">Aḥmad</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Names_and_titles_of_Muhammad" title="Names and titles of Muhammad">names and titles of Muhammad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">ʿĪsā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Masīḥ</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>)</li> <li><i>Ibn Maryam</i> (Son of Mary)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam" title="Moses in Islam">Mūsā Kalīmullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> He who spoke to God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">Ibrāhīm Khalīlullāh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> Friend of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">Nūḥ</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debatable ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhūl-Qarnain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_in_Islam" title="Mary in Islam">Maryam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talut" title="Talut">Ṭālūt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a>?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah#Islamic_views" title="Jeremiah">Irmiyā</a> (Jeremiah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel#Islam" title="Samuel">Ṣamūʾīl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua#In_Islam" title="Joshua">Yūshaʿ ibn Nūn</a> (Joshua, companion and successor of Moses)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People_of_Prophets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People of Prophets</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Good ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Adam's immediate relatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Martyred son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve#Islamic_view" title="Eve">Wife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_the_Carpenter" title="Habib the Carpenter">Believer of Ya-Sin</a></li> <li>Family of Noah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamech_(father_of_Noah)" title="Lamech (father of Noah)">Father Lamech</a></li> <li>Mother Shamkhah bint Anush or Betenos</li></ul></li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li>People of Abraham <ul><li>Mother Abiona or Amtelai the daughter of Karnebo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagar_in_Islam" title="Hagar in Islam">Ishmael's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah#In_Islam" title="Sarah">Isaac's mother</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Jesus <ul><li>Disciples (including <a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">Peter</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne#In_Islam" title="Saint Anne">Mary's mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)#In_Islam" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Zechariah's wife</a></li></ul></li> <li>People of Solomon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathsheba#Islam" title="Bathsheba">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Islamic" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_ibn_Barkhiya" title="Asif ibn Barkhiya">Vizier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Harithah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayd ibn Harithah">Zayd</a> (Muhammad's adopted son)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of<br /> Joseph</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brothers (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin in Islam">Binyāmin</a> (Benjamin) and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(son_of_Jacob)" title="Simeon (son of Jacob)">Simeon</a>)</li> <li>Egyptians <ul><li><i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Potiphar" title="Potiphar">Potiphar</a>, Qatafir or Qittin)</li> <li><i>Malik</i> (King Ar-Rayyān ibn Al-Walīd))</li> <li>Wife of <i>ʿAzīz</i> (<a href="/wiki/Zuleikha_(tradition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuleikha (tradition)">Zulaykhah</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel#In_Islam" title="Rachel">Mother</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People of <br />Aaron and Moses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egyptians <ul><li>Believer (Hizbil or Hizqil ibn Sabura)</li> <li><i>Imraʾat Firʿawn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Asiya" title="Asiya">Āsiyá bint Muzāḥim</a> the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)#In_Muslim_tradition" title="Pharaoh's daughter (Exodus)">Wife of Pharaoh</a>, who adopted Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_in_Islam#Confrontation_with_sorcerers" title="Moses in Islam">Magicians of the Pharaoh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Wise, pious man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipporah" title="Zipporah">Moses' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Moses' sister-in-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jochebed#The_Islamic_view_of_Jochebed" title="Jochebed">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam#Quranic_account" title="Miriam">Sister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evil ones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam#Family" title="Abraham in Islam">Āzar</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Terah#Islamic_tradition" title="Terah">Terah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible" title="Pharaohs in the Bible">Firʿawn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> of Moses' time)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(Islam)" title="Haman (Islam)">Hāmān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goliath#Islam" title="Goliath">Jālūt</a> (Goliath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korah#Quranic_reference" title="Korah">Qārūn</a> (Korah, cousin of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samiri_(Islamic_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samiri (Islamic figure)">As-Sāmirī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Lahab" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Lahab">Abū Lahab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slayers_of_%E1%B9%A2%C4%81li%E1%B8%A5%27s_she-camel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel (page does not exist)">Slayers of Ṣāliḥ's she-camel</a> (Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda' ibn Dahr)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied or<br />not specified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraha" title="Abraha">Abraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaam#Balaam_in_the_Quran" title="Balaam">Bal'am/Balaam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar%E1%B9%A3%C4%AB%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Barṣīṣā">Barṣīṣā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb#Quranic_account" title="Caleb">Caleb or Kaleb</a> the companion of Joshua</li> <li>Luqman's son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li>Rahmah the wife of Ayyub</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Groups</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Jannah</i> <ul><li>People of Paradise</li> <li>People of the Burnt Garden</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb as-Sabt</i> (Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Jesus' apostles</a> <ul><li><i>Ḥawāriyyūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Disciples of Jesus</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Companions of Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Kahf war-Raqīm</i> (<a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Islam" title="Seven Sleepers">Companions of the Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahab,_Jordan#Famous_places_in_Sahab" title="Sahab, Jordan">Al-Raqaim?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fil" title="Al-Fil">Companions of the Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_towns_in_Saudi_Arabia#Al-Ukhd.C5.ABd_Archeological_Area" title="Ancient towns in Saudi Arabia">People of al-Ukhdūd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Ya-Sin" title="People of Ya-Sin">People of a township in Surah Ya-Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">People of Yathrib</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Lūṭ</i> (People of Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li>Nation of Noah</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tribes,_ethnicitiesor_families" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribes,<br /> ethnicities<br />or families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>‘<a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)"><i>Ar-Rūm</i></a> (literally 'The Romans')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Banī Isrāʾīl</a></i> (Children of Israel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah#Islamic" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Muʾtafikāt</a></i> (Sodom and Gomorrah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_in_Islam" title="Abraham in Islam">People of Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah#Elijah_in_Islam" title="Elijah">People of Ilyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_in_Islam" title="Noah in Islam">People of Nuh</a></li> <li>People of Shuaib <ul><li><i>Ahl Madyan</i> <a href="/wiki/Midian#In_the_Qur'an" title="Midian">People of Madyan</a>)</li> <li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Aykah</i> ('Companions of the Wood')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Qawm <a href="/wiki/Jonah#Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah">Yūnus</a></i> (People of Jonah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog">Ya'juj and Ma'juj/Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">People of Fir'aun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad)</a> <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb Muḥammad</i> (<a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Anṣār</a> (literally 'Helpers')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a> (Emigrants from Mecca to Medina)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Jamil" title="Umm Jamil">Wife of Abu Lahab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_in_Islam" title="Job in Islam">Children of Ayyub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel_in_Islam" title="Cain and Abel in Islam">Sons of Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wives_aboard_Noah%27s_Ark" title="Wives aboard Noah's Ark">Wife of Nuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_wife" title="Lot's wife">Wife of Lut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog#Qur'an" title="Gog and Magog"><i>Yaʾjūj wa Maʾjūj</i></a> (Gog and Magog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Extrabiblical_sons_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sons of Noah">Son of Nuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Aʿrāb</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia" title="Tribes of Arabia">Arabs</a><br /> or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BF%C4%80d" title="ʿĀd">ʿĀd</a> (people of Hud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Rass" title="Companions of the Rass">Companions of the Rass</a></li> <li><i>Qawm Tubbaʿ</i> (People of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saba_and_Himyar" title="List of rulers of Saba and Himyar">Tubba</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">People of Sabaʾ or Sheba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamud" title="Thamud">Thamūd</a> (people of Ṣāliḥ) <ul><li><i>Aṣḥāb al-Ḥijr</i> ('Companions of the <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Stoneland</a>')</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Ahl al-Bayt</i><br /> ('People of the<br /> Household')</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Household of Abraham <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob#Children_of_Jacob" title="Jacob">Brothers of Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot%27s_daughters" title="Lot's daughters">Lot's daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim#In_Islam" title="Joachim">Progeny of Imran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Moses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Household of Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Khadijah%27s_daughters" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogy of Khadijah's daughters">Daughters of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_wives" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad's wives">Muhammad's wives</a></li></ul></li> <li>Household of Salih</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implicitly<br />mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a></li> <li><i>Ahl as-Suffa</i> (People of the Verandah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Nadir" title="Banu Nadir">Banu Nadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Banu Qaynuqa">Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Qurayza" title="Banu Qurayza">Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Aus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Khazraj</a></li> <li>People of <a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Ahl al-Dhimmah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kāfirūn</a></i> <ul><li>disbelievers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Majūs</i> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munafiq" title="Munafiq">Munāfiqūn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> <ul><li>Believers</li></ul></li> <li><i>Ahl al-Kitāb</i> (<a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>) <ul><li><i>Naṣārā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>(s) or People of the Injil) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Ruhban (Christian monks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest#Christianity" title="Priest">Qissis (Christian priest)</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Yahūd</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham" title="Hakham">Ahbār (Jewish scholars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbani/Rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians#Islamic_reference" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Mecca" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Meccan polytheists</a> at the time of Muhammad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian polytheists</a> at the time of Abraham and Lot</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Locations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Locations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Al-Arḍ Al-Muqaddasah</a></i> ('The Holy Land') <ul><li>'Blessed' Land'</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Jannah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>, literally 'The Garden')</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Huta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bab Huta">Door of Hittah</a></li> <li><i>Madyan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midian</a>)</li> <li><i>Majmaʿ al-Baḥrayn</i></li> <li><i>Miṣr</i> (Mainland <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</li> <li>Salsabīl (A river in Paradise)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <br />(excluding Madyan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hud_(prophet)#Historical_context" title="Hud (prophet)">Al-Aḥqāf</a></i> ('The Sandy Plains,' or 'the Wind-curved Sand-hills') <ul><li><i>Iram dhāt al-ʿImād</i> (<a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Madīnah</a></i> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Medina#Pre-Islamic_times" title="Medina">Yathrib</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arafat" title="Mount Arafat">ʿArafāt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muzdalifah#The_Sacred_Monument" title="Muzdalifah">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Al-Ḥijr</a></i> (Hegra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Badr, Saudi Arabia">Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunayn,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Hunayn, Saudi Arabia">Ḥunayn</a></li> <li><i>Makkah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkah" title="Bakkah">Bakkah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haram_(site)" title="Haram (site)">Ḥaraman</a> Āminan</i> ('Sanctuary (which is) Secure')</li> <li><i>Kaʿbah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_Ibrahim" title="Maqam Ibrahim">Maqām Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Station of Abraham)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_and_Marwa" title="Safa and Marwa">Safa and Marwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaʾ</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Sheba</a>) <ul><li><i>ʿArim Sabaʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marib_Dam" title="Marib Dam">Dam of Sheba</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ar_Rass" title="Ar Rass">Rass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Peninsula in Islam">Sinai Region</a><br /> or Tīh Desert</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wād</a> Al-Muqaddas Ṭuwan</i> (The Holy <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Tuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley of Tuwa">Valley of Tuwa</a>) <ul><li><i>Al-Wādil-Ayman</i> (The valley on the 'righthand' side of the Valley of Tuwa and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Buq%E2%80%98ah_Al-Mub%C4%81rakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah">Al-Buqʿah Al-Mubārakah</a></i> ('The Blessed Place')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tabor" title="Mount Tabor">Mount Tabor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Al-Jūdiyy</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Munzal_Al-Mub%C4%81rak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Munzal Al-Mubārak">Munzalanm-Mubārakan</a></i> ('Place-of-Landing Blessed')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Bābil</i> (<a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>)</li> <li><i>Qaryat Yūnus</i> ('Township of <a href="/wiki/Jonah_in_Islam" title="Jonah in Islam">Jonah</a>,' that is <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br /> locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Bayʿa</a></i> (Church)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Miḥrāb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monastery</a></li> <li><i>Masjid</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a>, literally 'Place of <a href="/wiki/Sujud" title="Sujud">Prostration</a>') <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Mash%27ar_Al-Haram" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mash'ar Al-Haram">Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām</a></i> ('The Sacred Grove')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a>, literally 'The Farthest Place-of-Prostration')</li> <li><i>Al-Masjid Al-Ḥarām</i> (The <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Mecca" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Mecca">Sacred Mosque</a> of Mecca)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Masjid_al-Dirar" title="Demolition of Masjid al-Dirar">Masjid al-Dirar</a></li> <li>A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: <ul><li><i>Masjid Qubāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Quba_Mosque" title="Quba Mosque">Quba Mosque</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">The Prophet's Mosque</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Salat (Synagogue)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arabia <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Ḥijāz</a></i> (literally 'The Barrier') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Stone" title="Black Stone"><i>Al-Ḥajar al-Aswad</i></a> (Black Stone) & <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Hijr_of_Ishmael" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hijr of Ishmael">Al-Hijr of Isma'il</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Hira" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Hira">Cave of Hira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Thawr#Cave" title="Jabal Thawr"><i>Ghār ath-Thawr</i></a> (Cave of the Bull)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Hudaybiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27if" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'if">Ta'if</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayla_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayla (city)">Ayla</a></li> <li>Barrier of Dhul-Qarnayn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-Muqaddas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayt al-Muqaddas">Bayt al-Muqaddas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">'Ariha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamia in the Quran">Bilād ar-Rāfidayn</a></i> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sleepers#Location_of_the_cave_and_duration_of_stay" title="Seven Sleepers">Cave of Seven Sleepers</a></li> <li><i>Dār an-Nadwa</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> River</li> <li>Palestine River</li> <li>Paradise of <a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Events,_incidents,_occasions_or_times" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Events, incidents, occasions or times</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Incident of Ifk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_Power" title="Night of Power">Laylat al-Qadr</a></i> (Night of Decree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Mubahala" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Mubahala">Event of Mubahala</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sayl_al-%27Arim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayl al-'Arim">Sayl al-ʿArim</a></i> (Flood of the Great Dam of <a href="/wiki/Ma%27rib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'rib">Ma'rib</a> in Sheba)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hudaybiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Hudaybiyyah">Treaty of Hudaybiyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles or<br />military expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench" title="Battle of the Trench">Battle of <i>al-Aḥzāb</i></a> ('the Confederates')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunayn" title="Battle of Hunayn">Battle of Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uhud" title="Battle of Uhud">Battle of Uhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Tabuk" title="Expedition of Tabuk">Expedition of Tabuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca" title="Conquest of Mecca">Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Days</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Jumu%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumu'ah">Jumuʿah</a></i> (The Friday)</li> <li><i>As-<a href="/wiki/Sabbath#Islam" title="Sabbath">Sabt</a></i> (The Sabbath or Saturday)</li> <li>Days of battles</li> <li>Days of Hajj</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Doomsday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>12 months: Four holy months <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Ash-Shahr Al-Ḥarām</a> (The Sacred or Forbidden Month)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramaḍān</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pilgrimages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Ḥajj</a></i> (literally 'The Pilgrimage', the Greater Pilgrimage)</li> <li><i>Al-ʿ<a href="/wiki/Umrah" title="Umrah">Umrah</a></i> (The Lesser Pilgrimage)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Times for prayer<br />or remembrance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Times for <i><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Duʿāʾ</a></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a>'), <i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Ṣalāh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> ('Remembrance', including <i><a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah">Taḥmīd</a></i> ('Praising'), <i><a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbīr</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tasbih" title="Tasbih">Tasbīḥ</a></i>): <ul><li><i>Al-ʿAshiyy</i> (The Afternoon or the Night)</li> <li><i>Al-Ghuduww</i> ('The Mornings') <ul><li><i>Al-Bukrah</i> ('The Morning')</li> <li><i>Aṣ-Ṣabāḥ</i> ('The Morning')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Al-Layl</i> ('The Night') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Isha_prayer" title="Isha prayer">ʿIshāʾ</a></i> ('The Late-Night')</li></ul></li> <li><i>Aẓ-<a href="/wiki/Zuhr_prayer" title="Zuhr prayer">Ẓuhr</a></i> ('The Noon')</li> <li><i>Dulūk ash-Shams</i> ('Decline of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Masāʾ</a></i> ('The Evening')</li> <li><i>Qabl al-<a href="/wiki/Maghrib_prayer" title="Maghrib prayer">Ghurūb</a></i> ('Before the Setting (of the Sun)') <ul><li><i>Al-Aṣīl</i> ('The Afternoon')</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Asr_prayer" title="Asr prayer">ʿAṣr</a></i> ('The Afternoon')</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>Qabl ṭulūʿ ash-Shams</i> ('Before the rising of the Sun') <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Fajr_prayer" title="Fajr prayer">Fajr</a></i> ('The Dawn')</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laylat_al-Mabit" class="mw-redirect" title="Laylat al-Mabit">Laylat al-Mabit</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Pilgrimage" title="First Pilgrimage">First Pilgrimage</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Gospel_in_Islam" title="Gospel in Islam">Injīl</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> of Jesus)</li> <li><i>Al-<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qurʾān</a></i> (The Book of Muhammad)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Abraham" title="Scrolls of Abraham">Ṣuḥuf-i Ibrāhīm</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Abraham)</li> <li><i>At-<a href="/wiki/Torah_in_Islam" title="Torah in Islam">Tawrāt</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Scrolls_of_Moses" title="Scrolls of Moses">Ṣuḥuf-i-Mūsā</a></i> (Scroll(s) of Moses)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Az-<a href="/wiki/Zabur" title="Zabur">Zabūr</a></i> (The <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> of David)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Quran" title="Heavenly Quran">Umm al-Kitāb</a></i> ('Mother of the Book(s)')</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects <br />of people<br />or beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciples_of_Jesus_in_Islam" title="Disciples of Jesus in Islam">Heavenly food of Jesus' apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_of_Moses" title="Staff of Moses">Staff of Musa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant#Quran" title="Ark of the Covenant">Tābūt as-Sakīnah</a></i> (Casket of Shekhinah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba#Qur'anic_account" title="Queen of Sheba">Throne of Bilqis</a></li> <li>Trumpet of Israfil</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mentioned_idols(cult_images)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mentioned idols<br />(cult images)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>'Ansāb</li> <li><i>Jibt</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Ṭāghūt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">False god</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Israelites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal#In_Islam" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li>The <i>ʿijl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">golden calf</a> statue) of Israelites</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Noah's people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Yaʿūq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of Quraysh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uzza" title="Al-Uzza">Al-ʿUzzā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celestial<br /> bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i>Maṣābīḥ</i> (literally 'lamps'): <ul><li><i>Al-Qamar</i> (The Moon)</li> <li><i>Kawākib</i> (Planets) <ul><li><i>Al-Arḍ</i> (The Earth)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Nujūm</i> (Stars) <ul><li><i>Ash-Shams</i> (The Sun)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i>Baṣal</i> (Onion)</li> <li><i>Fūm</i> (Garlic or wheat)</li> <li><i>Shaṭʾ</i> (Shoot)</li> <li><i>Sūq</i> (Plant stem)</li> <li><i>Zarʿ</i> (Seed)</li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ʿAdas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a>)</li> <li><i>Baql</i> (Herb)</li> <li><i>Qith-thāʾ</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a>)</li> <li><i>Rummān</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a>)</li> <li><i>Tīn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Fig" title="Fig">Fig</a>)</li> <li><i>Zaytūn</i> (<a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olive</a>)</li> <li>In Paradise <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit#Islamic_tradition" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit of Adam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bushes, trees<br />or plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Plants of Sheba <ul><li><i>Athl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamarix" title="Tamarix">Tamarisk</a>)</li> <li><i>Sidr</i> (<a href="/wiki/Celtis_australis" title="Celtis australis">Lote-tree</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Līnah</i> (Tender <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Palm tree</a>)</li> <li><i>Nakhl</i> (<a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">Date palm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrat_al-Muntaha" title="Sidrat al-Muntaha">Sidrat al-Muntahā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaqqum" title="Zaqqum">Zaqqūm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Liquids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Māʾ</i> (Water or fluid) <ul><li><i>Nahr</i> (River)</li> <li><i>Yamm</i> (River or sea)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Sharāb</i> (Drink)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Note:</b> Names are sorted alphabetically. Standard form: Islamic name / Biblical name (title or relationship)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Saudi_Arabia&#124;link=Saudi_Arabia_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia">World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Al-Hijr Archaeological Site</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diriyah" title="Diriyah">At-Turaif District in ad-Dir'iyah</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Balad,_Jeddah" title="Al-Balad, Jeddah">Historic Jeddah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Art_in_the_Ha%27il_Region" title="Rock Art in the Ha'il Region">Rock Art in the Ha'il Region</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahsa_Oasis" title="Al-Ahsa Oasis">Al-Ahsa Oasis</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Hima_Rock_Petroglyphs_and_Inscriptions" title="Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions">Bir Hima Rock Petroglyphs and Inscriptions</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Uruq_Bani_Ma%27arid" title="'Uruq Bani Ma'arid">'Uruq Bani Ma'arid</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-Faw" title="Qaryat al-Faw">Qaryat al-Faw</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ottoman_hajj_routes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_hajj_routes" title="Template:Ottoman hajj routes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_hajj_routes" title="Template talk:Ottoman hajj routes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_hajj_routes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman hajj routes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_hajj_routes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hajj#The_Hajj_routes" title="History of the Hajj">Ottoman hajj routes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div id="Syrian_route"><b>Syrian route</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1. <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya</a></li> <li>2. <a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">Maydan</a></li> <li>3. <a href="/wiki/Al-Kiswah" title="Al-Kiswah">Kiswa</a></li> <li>4. <a href="/wiki/Khan_Dannun" title="Khan Dannun">Khan Dannun</a></li> <li>5. <a href="/wiki/Ghabaghib" title="Ghabaghib">Ghabaghib</a></li> <li>6. <a href="/wiki/Al-Sanamayn" title="Al-Sanamayn">Sanamayn</a></li> <li>7. <a href="/wiki/Muzayrib" title="Muzayrib">Muzayrib</a></li> <li>8. <a href="/wiki/Mafraq" title="Mafraq">Mafraq</a></li> <li>9. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jizah,_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jizah, Jordan">Birkat Zizia</a></li> <li>10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dab%27a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dab'a (page does not exist)">Dab'a</a></li> <li>11. <a href="/wiki/Qatraneh" title="Qatraneh">Qatrana</a></li> <li>12. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasa,_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasa, Jordan (page does not exist)">Hasa</a></li> <li>13. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Unayzah,_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Unayzah, Jordan (page does not exist)">Unayzah</a></li> <li>14. <a href="/wiki/Ma%27an" title="Ma'an">Ma'an</a></li> <li>15. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fassu%27a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fassu'a (page does not exist)">Fassu'a</a></li> <li>16. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Mudawwara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Mudawwara (page does not exist)">Mudawwara</a></li> <li>17. <a href="/wiki/Dhat_al-Hajj" title="Dhat al-Hajj">Dhat al-Hajj</a></li> <li>18. <a href="/wiki/Tabuk,_Saudi_Arabia" title="Tabuk, Saudi Arabia">Tabuk</a></li> <li>19. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qalandariyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qalandariyya (page does not exist)">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li>20. <a href="/wiki/Al-Ukhaydir,_Tabuk_Province" title="Al-Ukhaydir, Tabuk Province">al-Ukhaydir</a></li> <li>21. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qal%27at_al-Mu%27azzam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qal'at al-Mu'azzam (page does not exist)">Mu'azzam</a></li> <li>22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dar_al-Hamra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dar al-Hamra (page does not exist)">Dar al-Hamra</a></li> <li>23. <a href="/wiki/Mada%27in_Saleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mada'in Saleh">Mada'in Saleh</a></li> <li>24. <a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Ula">Al-'Ula</a></li> <li>25. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir_al-Ghannam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir al-Ghannam (page does not exist)">Bir al-Ghannam</a></li> <li>26. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zumurrud,_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zumurrud, Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Zumurrud</a></li> <li>27. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bir_Jadid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bir Jadid (page does not exist)">Sawrah</a></li> <li>28. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadiyya,_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadiyya, Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Hadiyya</a></li> <li>29. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Nakhlatayn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Nakhlatayn (page does not exist)">Nakhlatayn</a></li> <li>30. <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Qura" title="Wadi al-Qura">Wadi al-Qura</a></li> <li>31. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafira (page does not exist)">Hafira</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ottoman fort at Mada'in Saleh, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg/120px-Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg/180px-Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg/240px-Mada%27in_Salih_Ottoman_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="371" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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