CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134e03cfeb7f938',cH: '_cJ4xyM8qHVx5X8gDC2jE1uzd3GsINTHPtDhHqGKS4s-1739785855-1.2.1.1-rFrUUlu5w.7BKxn0DXIBaaYkGeSL91XMnjZD3WosAaq2G25UriK8tY4m900eOptJ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=QAM%20receiver&__cf_chl_tk=AlUpN_8WyFkVfmxhvjC2yp1NH7l_ENzLClgF0Rv1MMc-1739785855-1.0.1.1-mNg2nZgqt4IcyLmG0OZx978LuOu6hLvJWOLWKk.7Blc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739785855',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=QAM%20receiver&__cf_chl_f_tk=AlUpN_8WyFkVfmxhvjC2yp1NH7l_ENzLClgF0Rv1MMc-1739785855-1.0.1.1-mNg2nZgqt4IcyLmG0OZx978LuOu6hLvJWOLWKk.7Blc",md: "ZAsf7QfCcqpNckJy2QAiColiCFJkbFGCnnmVwqja3Z8-1739785855-1.2.1.1-c0J5qNvClRe4_pGLLmOQC2kj_MMxlbRm.9wD_mfsWooTVxd.rCJEPa0IcMxnuaD8Rs9yww32kpF9ehyL0sDyTdPYMW2OTCdNOnE0Cx3uiC7I7KuADB.XGCTtaHQIn8GEipEvOU64TNAJzEa.rMu9rF0HDnomx6mSRFVZv7AlC86QMJyFI8f454.tkDP6hhsQ65Ypp9T1oH53gmIuP1qpqF8ShSCj7ulor6c6LB70WzmxBsk05kjL7xpavxxRzDRRFjMYWxjNVn4hMiBFrMwgsj_oQTpPjPa1mMw4i8VqVl5peolx2nqjUKk9XAxmagpQgsBesEmoFBBVT8Xm0Pr0rXoISX.5EsfarA5AMB9nNmGPMYE9f4fWe_CY0B.8arvi8puX4C8AoqRTX3C54yah3EbTTHyrcVWBLUY8D04pD5_5mLiZYk1.WwjP_T8BybtCVZi5GkAmBmaCNYzmyqcPMUG2.LRiIHkMyLOEO0SYpgwa7dIi2sIA36zmZV_.gklzaEufRHedufO7X0REav3bt2Yvj9GTZGdcRXefKfb6bNCmLJ_Z6wjS6Yf1JpF7idUzKBRizUIEzmUXC0IZ9Ph_..s2sj7CXB6uuW3ilrMo.XIWtdQfdnOvl00YzAXLyGZmBTXbKmeGv0M_bAr_AfiMy9.ptgEcJgHP1EwkfBg8ovxDz0sR60Lw_G9XHz0p87gwS1eOCk9TZYsFXoSjWJ6qqlTsb1yBRqqYoShlZQvQvgrzlu7wGq9A8DKWk210ZdYtb20jSe_cJ9aDRF62VyGb146_Dgd2CRIXyAR54UNBXmBdwoPZTsSPhCtGpAnm3_75S_ooM9mMC__3uHjb9O0hnuHiQaUxDyCDuNSNWh5Xbl93iJjtwbiRTn6wIlh0ARNXpMdb8hLUvhFzpA68zK96uMF6wQN_I5xaTG6.fqqjtYIlcEqUqeTSI4Bb1TKLyHZ3RKl7PvGQf4qKiENNq8rpnoPnrrTUtYGBCp9Qf1WTfXUG1aaXeMV04L8Qs5Sq3eFJz4hZc3_nm8TScgdPMOmY.Obo2vcE4vSaY0c5stN7umoiu_7nhW40QCNWjBJOSgAtbTfX3sMgIDx9whuMp4OzfwYwXiHsblU0yN3.24aDcHCTDIbH4PQa3tbriIfYFKOul5ZKO1Maqmfy_1pBy75tvw6QEeWrwiwIB9XDd6P37hazb_sBvWjqyqkVxy3ka7ANrcgXKXK_mgy4RZQdcZFRaxZKc.oy57WyWZkaBE2Kd3PwLUT8hW8RadHeNGRYgjPKwfanheVcwqesu2GHOh8QS_E5KTqkYo6.lY22CbB7neTXVEbDxRMaW3hAsKb9gt84CYffLf_NNqfMHZgYR3n1v1vVQZ.kzQMknc4Pvs6zZCycJOscTJAf5yiLsa3J4K9u7w7RmJrsgd8z6ndP0KBN3MfUYudjGJmrZDPfLFLDgucgN2AuKe280EDEKmX.1wCyeWxJKpNCvfkXp6KV7op9eTZNZdw25HHcIcTlhbmUddMhRdERG8Mws0TSGyQG.EAptLvOAJ4o09xPIcfyUMI3p.3PSjaCJiW.ZBAVnXZnUx_Caf3IQ2EazBYhHBed6iwVa.ZSQD8P4Ih3CoVVsw30lPOgliNBF.TJ4AoDYqcI7qp96XQWDbomWS.I8ftcrC4FeFX_Tn6TVkO3xkoNrsBggoNmq5uoKnh4AdzHxWQ.F.hIbA1pP7JazeG7BVdwB2YvnqGrEmjk3RxRTVTOJ26yxftXJnmcWQMJ6tX81VBXU8h6G4adjbzBAO6CdfDejhsE2GhFjuOamE3btv0DfEngq2t_ZOERJ7V3Pf77ATN7DNCVbRolgmefehUoKr0brl2QapVLTIltPuZqvlWO.mtNNtddIb0ktO.MeN9iIx9Dhx3Cds1p35KvTUV4XNiSRI5SktfTfkr0V4m1pPydkOcQg_7Let_Q5b.vcB7XBkMmDdw",mdrd: "8yKqbXm3TSYcwZCb1mtxmDymi5pztXdQH9_RZWeRCas-1739785855-1.2.1.1-BgO3fCn11oDU8Ke5oq9sepqxZ5SCsc5y3n.7tiKYwJLpmG55Neb_Jyswer7maW5VBJMqt8jMVSqHS5UjzUuFpqGEsDige4_Q9tUnNSG.oN0fwos0aZzUGKbovFyzM8imxefFZdRPGmMwm6VLiHvA6THxtF_gTnJ9t9N0ZwWxNd7ldMKBehwfULfZQe7SdSuTlY15dCR7Wc6eMgNZ8Dnq4z1ApoY7HH0_4WRmnA9QCPv11xDcfenrbUFzbFd_HaMd9uyKZLTAaRFpdnMle6E6e176d2bxQQGnBDoZPE3RrhB1ICjRblJ4WUrJ5D7oTcmqLyA53FSrLuCjcHcI1eqbrgjJdzWWFHagNpDSKlK4wXG7OWR9MV1b0Ul5yIQ2XQ3UX6s0m42EcVOzlAhaAvyzI.l3AqhcbOUWzzZrdSyurKeMeG7MuDbRd2jZq2oPXvLoOZQjpjSncBPscVTTIa7mRLTlYDO1jxrL.SyREtgOw4HsM8AEgcFxvRqWzQhmyROHpEs22nWMfEP81L1aXp5LJjKEv1mmyxpByKBhY8Ps2F1nuT_1hp7jqaBefya77fDTI.ZQdJyDKiJRplqm590l9eT.U99SRte0_KEAUxL1.M5XnVnOMtws1LpKNnxCIXrtWyvd24AYZb5ocX9lE2w0XjblObmRHDdWMXubMC8CV_FNdLcy_dzTf08ZmRyZKSyuv8nALhVjdFnQrJ_eMmypXaFrZ0q.lSGXZ3WHDARCodKTvCrVpVIVZHut72R6L3sGbS5ihS4Dg4IzuTc2ihHMOaQS.t_NsDBmttO2tyNomn0vgXFFqgk7zcVVkOw2JKnCQCiu6tR.k.2Db1PejDNUoSAM6kzPxbX7ll2Yx5Ggdjp3upxLeQnt9IP4BgcGsWBDbT_y6Ln3NV6wkGD5x5rUebB3Q.lhlPFJlfLfzLuHX_i1_7W3obj00Wg0QvbB2BRVtd2yUk7a5LgV0JHIzmTZUHrpgMzt5iEZ0T6KaT_DQS1o3heIuKLpc7qCLv8t5VPuuwJ1Ie4b8K4mhOmb22oS7GrE9L71SpGXn1E0RnB9DkgF49ZjoQ1trjRNUXxilPI3bPnQafAEhYpJnAH2pUkGE44rCGHbs1bDcIU7IrIhzO4d1O19AlYteE2.qHgvlzULzPMbpBmPiA.asiyMTyUujwcKpi6uHwUV0_OEhLLyMJdPmZU_KA14F6ZWwK2CUiGIkwlaA7LDBSse02kct.0HXdeVTbsN1BVoPVIa3l9sVoD3xg.XMconsyjWs_d9ouMwdDiU_3YlVDcpTRHtqeIJGmfkdYF9oCxugYvZkcjdbgROMv96e01fKGGeaAX7nF0EfhktJIsTKx9iotX8MZhJzlCh_920ekriyN95fNCBwFBkr3tHb7PPVodo9z_7RSnTgGcc7tLTpln53AbdnHu8j9VCBcqARhRmfs5V4hH.7HMQg3rz8rMsWmIjlBiYYQN0Ueaxdo5.OZ192OVBaOCZQqTpbloa3HToQJeBJQ9E8SgznzwYVFxebNkuqIGD1ahEQ6g0kFH5TCUQNc674A7XYG9iyH1jIZjeDRiw3aH18lfxnlZGKoPoq0X86vV3_7Stn18jFtMyQSMdnPYzA1v8fD70NaYhWGKwT2N0W1cGo7bHNLHf46L.9fkj4lsCm9qKVAI214f4FhJotHmNpXYPIjC2I2pnJCFYzDdiu7oymve6ToYrntA8DoZcW8S2l_G4syLM12yxY1DvjoAjVP6ln9l0GICBUhLaCusCVXQUfi1amQRvEGU99DfZ8WKWbLxzcOJGm_KASZMr_6RC4wSEH37lJTyxG5f0pspSjr8Deij_3YMAeyQG.4HMM001uv6FZt.T2aqCYcabkd0pK6Ly6wn8Um3NyDa7vAPlmyCvTSKRbbaUHfbpDxj6kiMf_DEw6Jv7YX5PsmJsAKiAiIWIGcZSquUB.EAQBGdtBc1UGwJQJ.PIuQ4KjS5Y0vvEMRxT"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134e03cfeb7f938';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=QAM%20receiver&__cf_chl_rt_tk=AlUpN_8WyFkVfmxhvjC2yp1NH7l_ENzLClgF0Rv1MMc-1739785855-1.0.1.1-mNg2nZgqt4IcyLmG0OZx978LuOu6hLvJWOLWKk.7Blc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>