CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hanyu pinyin — Wikipédia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )frwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","janvier","février","mars","avril","mai","juin","juillet","août","septembre","octobre","novembre","décembre"],"wgRequestId":"345b25c3-c280-4a6c-a412-7f2eb6c0ee36","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hanyu_pinyin","wgTitle":"Hanyu pinyin","wgCurRevisionId":220511864,"wgRevisionId":220511864,"wgArticleId":14253,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais","Portail:Langues/Articles liés","Portail:Langues/Articles liés directement","Portail:Société/Articles liés","Portail:Monde chinois/Articles liés","Portail:Asie/Articles liés","Bon article en zazaki","Romanisation des langues chinoises","Langue mandarine"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentLanguage":"fr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hanyu_pinyin","wgRelevantArticleId": 14253,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"fr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"fr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q42222","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true, "wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ArchiveLinks","ext.gadget.Wdsearch","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=fr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/1200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/800px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/640px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hanyu pinyin — Wikipédia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modifier" href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipédia (fr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//fr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Flux Atom de Wikipédia" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hanyu_pinyin rootpage-Hanyu_pinyin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Aller au contenu</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" title="Accueil général [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Accueil</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Accueil"><span>Portails thématiques</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Page_au_hasard" title="Affiche un article au hasard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article au hasard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Contact"><span>Contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuer" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:D%C3%A9buter"><span>Débuter sur Wikipédia</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Accueil" title="Accès à l’aide"><span>Aide</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_de_la_communaut%C3%A9" title="À propos du projet, ce que vous pouvez faire, où trouver les informations"><span>Communauté</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Modifications_r%C3%A9centes" title="Liste des modifications récentes sur le wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Modifications récentes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipédia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'encyclopédie libre" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-fr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Recherche" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Rechercher</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Outils personnels"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Apparence" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Apparence</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr" class=""><span>Faire un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Hanyu+pinyin" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire." class=""><span>Créer un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Hanyu+pinyin" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connecter</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Plus d’options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils personnels" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils personnels</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu utilisateur" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_fr.wikipedia.org&uselang=fr"><span>Faire un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Cr%C3%A9er_un_compte&returnto=Hanyu+pinyin" title="Nous vous encourageons à créer un compte utilisateur et vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Créer un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Connexion&returnto=Hanyu+pinyin" title="Nous vous encourageons à vous connecter ; ce n’est cependant pas obligatoire. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connecter</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages pour les contributeurs déconnectés <a href="/wiki/Aide:Premiers_pas" aria-label="En savoir plus sur la contribution"><span>en savoir plus</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_contributions" title="Une liste des modifications effectuées depuis cette adresse IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Mes_discussions" title="La page de discussion pour les contributions depuis cette adresse IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Histoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Histoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Histoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Histoire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contexte_:_La_romanisation_du_mandarin_avant_1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contexte_:_La_romanisation_du_mandarin_avant_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contexte : La romanisation du mandarin avant 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contexte_:_La_romanisation_du_mandarin_avant_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wade–Giles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wade–Giles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Wade–Giles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wade–Giles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sin_Wenz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sin_Wenz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Sin Wenz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sin_Wenz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_romanisation_Yale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_romanisation_Yale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>La romanisation Yale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_romanisation_Yale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'émergence_et_l'histoire_du_Hanyu_Pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'émergence_et_l'histoire_du_Hanyu_Pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>L'émergence et l'histoire du Hanyu Pinyin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'émergence_et_l'histoire_du_Hanyu_Pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prononciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prononciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prononciation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prononciation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Prononciation</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prononciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voyelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voyelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Voyelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voyelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonnes_et_semi-voyelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonnes_et_semi-voyelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Consonnes et semi-voyelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonnes_et_semi-voyelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Graphèmes_simples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphèmes_simples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Graphèmes simples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphèmes_simples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attaques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attaques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Attaques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attaques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Finales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prononciation_chinoise_de_l'alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prononciation_chinoise_de_l'alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Prononciation chinoise de l'alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prononciation_chinoise_de_l'alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saisie_au_clavier_utilisant_le_pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saisie_au_clavier_utilisant_le_pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Saisie au clavier utilisant le pinyin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saisie_au_clavier_utilisant_le_pinyin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Saisie au clavier utilisant le pinyin</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Saisie_au_clavier_utilisant_le_pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saisie_sur_clavier_d'ordinateur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saisie_sur_clavier_d'ordinateur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Saisie sur clavier d'ordinateur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saisie_sur_clavier_d'ordinateur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saisir_des_hanzi_en_pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saisir_des_hanzi_en_pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Saisir des hanzi en pinyin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saisir_des_hanzi_en_pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saisir_du_pinyin_en_pinyin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saisir_du_pinyin_en_pinyin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Saisir du pinyin en pinyin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saisir_du_pinyin_en_pinyin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saisie_sur_clavier_de_téléphone_portable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saisie_sur_clavier_de_téléphone_portable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Saisie sur clavier de téléphone portable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saisie_sur_clavier_de_téléphone_portable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clavier_numérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clavier_numérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Clavier numérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clavier_numérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Écrans_tactiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Écrans_tactiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Écrans tactiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Écrans_tactiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanyu pinyin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 108 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بينيين – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بينيين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پينيپين – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پينيپين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньінь – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піньінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="ফিনিন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84_P%C4%ADng-%C4%ADng" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄ Pĭng-ĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86-%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین-ین – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پین-ین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bon article"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Πινγίν – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πινγίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjino" title="Pinjino – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pinjino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین‌یین – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پین‌یین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE_Ph%C3%AEn-y%C3%AEm" title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî Phîn-yîm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פין-יין – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פין-יין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="पिनयिन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पिनयिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Փինյին – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փինյին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin-sistemo" title="Pinyin-sistemo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pinyin-sistemo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="拼音 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="拼音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფინინი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пінин – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пінин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%B3%91%EC%9D%8C" title="한어병음 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한어병음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພິ່ນອິ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%86ji%C5%86s" title="Piņjiņs – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piņjiņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – malgache" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" title="Hanyu Pinyin – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hanyu Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="പിൻ‌യിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിൻ‌യിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="फीनयीन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फीनयीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ – pendjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਨਯਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pendjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Hanyu pinyin – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanyu pinyin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پین ین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پین ین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пінїнь – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пінїнь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Пиньинь – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пиньинь" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – écossais" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pchin-jin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjin" title="Pinjin – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pinjin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинјин – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пинјин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பின்யின் – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பின்யின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="พินอิน – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พินอิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%86" title="پىنيىن – ouïghour" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پىنيىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ouïghour" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Піньїнь – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Піньїнь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پینین – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پینین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADnh_%C3%A2m_H%C3%A1n_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Bính âm Hán ngữ – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bính âm Hán ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Пинин – kalmouk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пинин" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmouk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pinyin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghyeam_Vahgun" title="Binghyeam Vahgun – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghyeam Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语拼音" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="漢語拼音 – chinois littéraire" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語拼音" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="chinois littéraire" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD_Pheng-im" title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí Pheng-im" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="普通話拼音 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="普通話拼音" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42222#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussion:Hanyu_pinyin" rel="discussion" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_pinyin"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Hanyu_pinyin" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&oldid=220511864" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=Hanyu_pinyin&id=220511864&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHanyu_pinyin"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHanyu_pinyin"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hanyu+pinyin"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hanyu_pinyin&action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinyin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42222" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Pinyin_(homonymie)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pinyin (homonymie)">Pinyin (homonymie)</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/220px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/330px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/440px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Symbole de la <a href="/wiki/Translitt%C3%A9ration" class="mw-redirect" title="Translittération">translittération</a> sino-latine, mettant en regard la lettre <a href="/wiki/A_(lettre)" title="A (lettre)">A</a> et le sinogramme <a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:文">文</a>. C'est celui utilisé dans l'onglet du choix de langues sur Wikipedia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Le <b>hanyu pinyin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_simplifi%C3%A9" title="Sinogramme simplifié">chinois simplifié</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hans" lang="zh-hans">汉语拼音</span> ; <a href="/wiki/Sinogramme_traditionnel" title="Sinogramme traditionnel">chinois traditionnel</a> : <span class="lang-zh-hant" lang="zh-hant">漢語拼音</span> ; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">Hànyǔ Pīnyīn</span></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles">Wade</a> : <i><span class="lang-zh-latn-wadegile" lang="zh-latn-wadegile">Han⁴-yü³ P'in¹-yin¹</span></i> ; <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27EFEO" title="Romanisation de l'EFEO">EFEO</a> : <i><span class="lang-zh-latn" lang="zh-latn">Han-yu P'in-yin</span></i>) est un système de <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture)">romanisation</a> du chinois <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a>, promu officiellement en 1958 en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_populaire_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="République populaire de Chine">république populaire de Chine</a>, puis en 2008 à <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-taipei_times_2008-09-18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taipei_times_2008-09-18-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-china_post_2008-09-18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china_post_2008-09-18-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'étude et la diffusion du mandarin, traditionnellement écrit à l'aide de <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">sinogrammes</a>, ont nécessité des systèmes de transcription au fur et à mesure que les contacts de la langue avec d'autres cultures et d'autres <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_d%27%C3%A9criture" title="Système d'écriture">systèmes d'écriture</a> se sont développés. Le pinyin est la méthode de transcription du mandarin en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_latin" title="Alphabet latin">alphabet latin</a> la plus répandue de nos jours dans les ouvrages modernes. Les principales difficultés à son usage, pour les locuteurs étrangers, viennent de la prononciation spécifique de plusieurs consonnes, et de la fréquente omission des <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">accents tonaux</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contexte_:_La_romanisation_du_mandarin_avant_1949">Contexte : La romanisation du mandarin avant 1949</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Contexte : La romanisation du mandarin avant 1949" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Contexte : La romanisation du mandarin avant 1949"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1605, le missionnaire <a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_J%C3%A9sus" title="Compagnie de Jésus">Jésuite</a> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> publie <i>Xizi Qiji</i> à <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9kin" title="Pékin">Pékin</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il s'agit du premier livre utilisant l'alphabet romain pour écrire dans la langue chinoise. Vingt ans plus tard, un autre jésuite en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Trigault" title="Nicolas Trigault">Nicolas Trigault</a>, publie <i><span lang="zh-Latn" title="translittération depuis chinois" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Xī Rú Ěrmù Zī</span></i> à <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Aucun des deux livres n'a eu d'impact immédiat <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage nécessite des précisions supplémentaires (demandé le 7 mars 2023)." style="cursor:help;">sur la perception des Chinois sur leur système d'écriture</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Pr%C3%A9ciser_un_fait" title="Aide:Préciser un fait">[Quoi ?]</a></sup> et la romanisation qu'ils décrivaient était à l'intention des Occidentaux, plutôt que des Chinois<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Un des premiers penseurs Chinois à rapporter l'alphabet occidental au mandarin date de la fin de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming">dynastie Ming</a> et du début de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Qing" title="Dynastie Qing">dynastie Qing</a>. Il s'agit de l'érudit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Yizhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Yizhi (page inexistante)">Fang Yizhi</a> (1611–1671)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le premier réformateur de la dynastie Qing à proposer à la Chine d'adopter un système orthographique fut Song Shu (1862–1910). Il était l'étudiant des grands érudits <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Yue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Yue (page inexistante)">Yu Yue</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Taiyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Taiyan (page inexistante)">Zhang Taiyan</a>, il s'est rendu au Japon afin d'observer l'effet syllabaire <i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a></i> et l'apprentissage occidental. Cela l'a amené à participer à de nombreux projets, l'un des plus importants étant la réforme de l'écriture. Malgré le fait que Song n'ait pas créé par lui-même un système d'écriture sinitique, sa proposition fut bien reçue et a mené à la prolifération de schémas pour former une écriture phonétique<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wade–Giles"><span id="Wade.E2.80.93Giles"></span>Wade–Giles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Wade–Giles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Wade–Giles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le système Wade-Giles fut créé par <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Wade" title="Thomas Francis Wade">Thomas Wade</a> en 1859, et été amélioré par <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Herbert Giles</a> dans le dictionnaire Chinois-Anglais de 1892. Ce système a toujours été populaire et a été utilisé dans les publications de langue anglaise à l'extérieur de la Chine jusqu'en 1979<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sin_Wenz">Sin Wenz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Sin Wenz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Sin Wenz"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au début des années 1930, les dirigeants du <a href="/wiki/Parti_communiste_chinois" title="Parti communiste chinois">Parti communiste chinois</a> formés à Moscou prennent connaissance de l'alphabet phonétique utilisant les lettres romaines développé à l'institut oriental soviétique de Leningrad, et initialement destiné à l'alphabétisation de l'<a href="/wiki/Extr%C3%AAme-Orient_russe" title="Extrême-Orient russe">Extrême-Orient russe</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le <a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Sin Wenz</a> (littéralement, « nouvelle écriture ») était beaucoup plus sophistiqué linguistiquement que les alphabets précédents, avec comme exception qu'il n'incluait pas les différents tons utilisés en mandarin<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 1940, plusieurs milliers de membres ont participé à une convention de la Société Sin Wenz. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> et <a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a>, dirigeants de l'armée, ont tous deux fait contribuer leur calligraphie (en caractères) pour le titre du nouveau journal de Société Sin Wenz. À l'extérieur du Parti communiste chinois, il y avait de nombreux autres partisans influents, incluant le fils de <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Fo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Fo (page inexistante)">Sun Fo</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a>, l'éducateur le plus prestigieux du pays, <a href="/wiki/Tao_Xingzhi" title="Tao Xingzhi">Tao Xingzhi</a>, un grand réformateur de l'éducation; et <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun_(%C3%A9crivain)" title="Lu Xun (écrivain)">Lu Xun</a>. Plus d'une trentaine de journaux sont bientôt apparus, tous rédigés en Sin Wenz, en plus d'un grand nombre de traductions, biographies (incluant <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a> et <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a>), des œuvres de littérature chinoise contemporaine et un éventail de manuels. En 1940, le mouvement atteint un sommet quand le gouvernement de Mao Zedong déclare que le Sin Wenz avait le même statut légal que les caractères traditionnels chinois dans le gouvernement et les documents publics. De nombreux éducateurs et dirigeants politique attendaient avec impatience le jour où ils seraient universellement acceptés et remplaceraient complètement les caractères chinois. Des oppositions se sont toutefois manifestées, puisque le système n'était pas suffisamment adapté à l'écriture des langues régionales et nécessiterait ainsi donc un apprentissage du mandarin. Le système Sin Wenz est tombé en désuétude au fil des années suivantes<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_romanisation_Yale">La romanisation Yale</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : La romanisation Yale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : La romanisation Yale"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 1943, l'armée américaine engage l'<a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Yale" title="Université Yale">Université Yale</a> pour développer une romanisation du Mandarin chinois pour ses pilotes qui survolent la Chine. Le résultat final est très similaire au Pinyin, mais évite d'utiliser les lettres latines d'une manière non familière pour des anglophones. Par exemple, le <b>x</b> en pinyin pour ɕ est écrit comme <b>sy</b> dans le système Yale ; les semi-voyelles médianes s'écrivent avec <b>y</b> et <b>w</b> (au lieu du <b>i</b> et <b>u</b> pinyin) et les voyelles apicales (<a href="/wiki/Consonne_syllabique" title="Consonne syllabique">consonnes syllabiques</a>) avec <b>r</b> ou <b>z</b>. Les marques d'accentuation sont utilisées pour indiquer le ton. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'émergence_et_l'histoire_du_Hanyu_Pinyin"><span id="L.27.C3.A9mergence_et_l.27histoire_du_Hanyu_Pinyin"></span>L'émergence et l'histoire du Hanyu Pinyin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : L'émergence et l'histoire du Hanyu Pinyin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L'émergence et l'histoire du Hanyu Pinyin"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le Pinyin fut créé par un groupe de linguistes chinois, incluant <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a> qui était un économiste, dans le cadre d'un projet gouvernemental chinois dans les années 1950. Zhou, souvent reconnu sous le nom du « père du Pinyin »<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, travaillait comme banquier à <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> lorsqu'il pris la décision de retourner en Chine pour aider à reconstruire le pays à la suite de la création de la république populaire de Chine en 1949. Il devint un professeur d'économie à <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> et, en 1955, lorsque le ministère chinois de l'éducation créa un comité pour la réforme de la langue écrite chinoise, le premier ministre <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> confia à Zhou Youguang, bien qu’il ne fût pas un linguiste professionnel, la tâche de développer un nouveau système de romanisation. </p><p>Le <i>Hanyu Pinyin</i> a été construit sur la base de nombreux systèmes existants déjà : <i><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></i> de 1928, <i><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></i> de 1931, et les marques diacritiques du <i><a href="/wiki/Zhuyin_fuhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuyin fuhao">zhuyin fuhao</a></i> (ou <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Zhou aurait dit « Je ne suis pas le père du Pinyin, je suis le fils du Pinyin. C'est le résultat d'une longue tradition du temps de la dynastie Qing jusqu'à aujourd'hui, mais nous avons réétudié le problème, nous l'avons revisité et l'avons rendu plus parfait »<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Un projet a été publié le 12 février 1956. La première édition du <i>Hanyu Pinyin</i> fut approuvée et adoptée à la cinquième session du premier congrès national du peuple le 11 février 1958. Le Pinyin fut par la suite introduit dans les écoles primaires pour enseigner la prononciation du mandarin standard et fut utilisé pour améliorer le taux d'alphabétisation des adultes<sup id="cite_ref-Asiaone_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiaone-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_froide" title="Guerre froide">guerre froide</a>, l'utilisation du Pinyin au lieu du système de romanisation Yale à l'extérieur de la Chine était perçue comme une déclaration politique ou une identification au régime communiste chinois<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au début des années 1980, des publications occidentales s'adressant à la Chine commencèrent à utiliser la romanisation Hanyu Pinyin au lieu des systèmes précédents<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; ce changement a suivi la normalisation des relations diplomatiques entre les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a> et la république populaire de Chine en 1979<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. En 2001, le gouvernement de la république populaire de Chine a publié la loi sur la langue commune nationale, fournissant une base juridique pour l'application du Pinyin<sup id="cite_ref-Asiaone_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asiaone-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La spécification actuelle des règles orthographiques est établie dans la norme nationale GB/T 16159–2012<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origine">Origine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Origine" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origine"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Naissance_du_pinyin" title="Naissance du pinyin">Naissance du pinyin</a>.</div></div> <p>Le terme pinyin (<a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">chinois</a> : <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">拼音</span> ; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">pinyin</a> : <span style="font-style:italic;"><span class="lang-zh-latn-pinyin" lang="zh-latn-pinyin">Pīnyīn</span></span> ; <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles">Wade</a> : <i><span class="lang-zh-latn-wadegile" lang="zh-latn-wadegile">P'in¹-yin¹</span></i> ; <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27EFEO" title="Romanisation de l'EFEO">EFEO</a> : <i><span class="lang-zh-latn" lang="zh-latn">P'in-yin</span></i>) signifie littéralement « assembler les sons » en <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_standard" title="Mandarin standard">mandarin standard</a>. Il désigne couramment le hanyu pinyin signifiant dans le contexte « assembler les sons de la langue des <a href="/wiki/Han_(ethnie)" title="Han (ethnie)">Hàns</a> ». Des systèmes similaires ont été conçus pour les autres <a href="/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises">langues chinoises</a> employées par les <a href="/wiki/Locuteur" title="Locuteur">locuteurs</a> non <a href="/wiki/Han_(ethnie)" title="Han (ethnie)">hàns</a>. </p><p>Le projet de transcription de la langue chinoise aboutissant au pinyin a été lancé par le linguiste <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Youguang" title="Zhou Youguang">Zhou Youguang</a>. Une première ébauche est publiée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1956-02-12" data-sort-value="1956-02-12">12 février 1956</time><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Une version finale est approuvée le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1958-02-11" data-sort-value="1958-02-11">11 février 1958</time>, pendant la cinquième session plénière de l'<a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_nationale_populaire" title="Assemblée nationale populaire">Assemblée nationale populaire</a> de la république populaire de Chine. Son système a été adopté en <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a> par le gouvernement chinois. </p><p>En 1979, l'<a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_normalisation" title="Organisation internationale de normalisation">Organisation internationale de normalisation</a> a adopté le pinyin comme système de romanisation du mandarin. Il porte aujourd'hui l'identifiant <i>ISO 7098</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En 2009, il a également été adopté par la république de Chine (<a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Taïwan">Taïwan</a>) pour la romanisation dans les instances gouvernementales, tout en n'étant pas imposé dans l'éducation ou les méthodes de saisie informatique<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Usage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Usage"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le pinyin supplanta des transcriptions plus anciennes comme le système <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a> (<a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a> modifié en <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a>), ou le <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> qui cependant reste utilisé en république de Chine (Taïwan). Dans les <a href="/wiki/Dictionnaire_de_sinogrammes" title="Dictionnaire de sinogrammes">dictionnaires de sinogrammes</a> de la république populaire de Chine, les définitions sont classés dans l'<a href="/wiki/Classement_alphab%C3%A9tique" title="Classement alphabétique">ordre alphabétique</a> dit <a href="/wiki/Classement_alphab%C3%A9tique#Ordre_levantin" title="Classement alphabétique">levantin</a> suivant la transcription des termes en pinyin. </p><p>Depuis 1958, le pinyin est activement utilisé dans l'éducation des adultes. Il facilite l'auto-apprentissage des personnes autrefois analphabètes, après une courte période d'instruction en pinyin<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il est devenu un outil pour beaucoup d'étrangers désirant connaître la prononciation du mandarin. Couplé avec l'étude des <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">caractères chinois</a>, il permet d'expliquer à la fois le mandarin parlé et sa grammaire. Les livres contenant des caractères chinois et des transcriptions pinyin sont donc souvent utilisés par des apprenants étrangers. </p><p>Le pinyin est devenu la méthode dominante pour écrire le chinois sur ordinateur en Chine continentale, alors que c'est le <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> qui est le plus utilisé à Taïwan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prononciation">Prononciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Prononciation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Prononciation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Prononciation_du_mandarin_standard" title="Prononciation du mandarin standard">Prononciation du mandarin standard</a>.</div></div> <p>Pour décrire une <a href="/wiki/Syllabe" title="Syllabe">syllabe</a> chinoise, on distingue son attaque et sa finale. Et la finale, également appelée <a href="/wiki/Rime_syllabique_en_mandarin" title="Rime syllabique en mandarin">rime</a>, se décompose elle-même en médiane, noyau et coda. </p> <ul><li>L'attaque, également appelée initiale, est une consonne débutant éventuellement la syllabe.</li> <li>La médiane est une <a href="/wiki/Semi-voyelle" title="Semi-voyelle">semi-voyelle</a> se plaçant éventuellement entre l'attaque et le noyau.</li> <li>Le noyau de la syllabe est une voyelle.</li> <li>La coda est une seconde voyelle ou une <a href="/wiki/Consonne_nasale" title="Consonne nasale">consonne nasale</a>, quelquefois un <i>-r</i>, attaché comme un suffixe grammatical, terminant éventuellement la syllabe.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voyelles">Voyelles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Voyelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voyelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les premiers diagrammes connus de voyelles chinoises ont été publiés en 1920 par le linguiste <a href="/wiki/Yi_Tso-lin" title="Yi Tso-lin">Yi Tso-lin</a>. Le tableau suivant liste les voyelles en mandarin : dans chaque case, en haut sa prononciation de référence en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">API</a>, en bas son écriture en pinyin. </p> <table class="IPA wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:50em"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:center; font-size:x-small"> <td style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Point_d%27articulation" title="Point d'articulation">Point d'articulation</a>→ </td> <th colspan="2">Antérieures </th> <th colspan="2">Quasi-antérieures </th> <th colspan="3">Centrales </th> <th colspan="2">Quasi-postérieures </th> <th colspan="2">Postérieures </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:center; font-size:x-small"> <td><a href="/wiki/Degr%C3%A9_d%27aperture" class="mw-redirect" title="Degré d'aperture">Aperture</a>↓ </td> <th>non arr.</th> <th>arr.</th> <th>non arr.</th> <th>arr.</th> <th>non arr.</th> <th></th> <th>arr.</th> <th>non arr.</th> <th>arr.</th> <th>non arr.</th> <th>arr. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Fermées </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_i" class="mw-redirect" title="API i"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">i</span></a>]<br />i</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_y" class="mw-redirect" title="API y"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">y</span></a>]<br />ü / u</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɨ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɨ</span></a>]<br />i</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_u" class="mw-redirect" title="API u"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">u</span></a>]<br />u </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pré-fermées </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʊ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ʊ</span></a>]<br />o</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mi-fermées </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_e" class="mw-redirect" title="API e"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">e</span></a>]<br />e </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɤ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɤ</span></a>]<br />e</td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_o" class="mw-redirect" title="API o"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">o</span></a>]<br />o </td></tr> <tr> <th>Moyennes </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%99" class="mw-redirect" title="API ə"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ə</span></a>]<br />e</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mi-ouvertes </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɛ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɛ</span></a>]<br />a / ê</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɔ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɔ</span></a>]<br />o </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pré-ouvertes </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɐ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɐ</span></a>] <p>a / e </p> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ouvertes </th> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_a" class="mw-redirect" title="API a"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">a</span></a>]<br />a</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%91" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɑ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɑ</span></a>]<br />a</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tons">Tons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Tons" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Tons"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">mandarin</a> est une <a href="/wiki/Langue_%C3%A0_tons" title="Langue à tons">langue tonale</a> à quatre tons. Ceux-ci sont représentés en pinyin par des accents, également appelés <a href="/wiki/Diacritique" title="Diacritique">diacritiques</a>. Lorsqu'on ne dispose pas des caractères accentués, on peut utiliser des chiffres écrits après les syllabes. Le <i>0</i> indiquant l'absence de ton. </p><p>Cette table donne les caractères <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> correspondant aux lettres accentuées utilisées en pinyin<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>α<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg/440px-4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg/660px-4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg/880px-4_Toene_des_Hochchinesischen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Les tons.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.2;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ton </th> <th>Chiffre </th> <th>Accent </th> <th>API </th> <th colspan="6">Voyelle </th></tr> <tr> <td>Neutre </td> <td>0 </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A_(lettre)" title="A (lettre)">a</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E_(lettre)" title="E (lettre)">e</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_(lettre)" title="I (lettre)">i</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O_(lettre)" title="O (lettre)">o</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/U_(lettre)" title="U (lettre)">u</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C_(lettre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ü (lettre)">ü</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haut et plat </td> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritique)" title="Macron (diacritique)">Macron</a> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international"><span class="nowrap">[˥]</span></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%80" title="Ā">ā</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%92" title="Ē">ē</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%AA" title="Ī">ī</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8C" title="Ō">ō</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%AA" title="Ū">ū</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%95" title="Ǖ">ǖ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haut montant </td> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accent_aigu" title="Accent aigu">Aigu</a> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international"><span class="nowrap">[˧˥]</span></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%81" title="Á">á</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%97" title="Ǘ">ǘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Descendant légèrement puis remontant </td> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caron_(diacritique)" title="Caron (diacritique)">Caron</a> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international"><span class="nowrap">[˨˩˦]</span></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%8D" title="Ǎ">ǎ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%9A" title="Ě">ě</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%8F" title="Ǐ">ǐ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%91" title="Ǒ">ǒ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%93" title="Ǔ">ǔ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%99" title="Ǚ">ǚ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Descendant et bref </td> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accent_grave" title="Accent grave">Grave</a> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international"><span class="nowrap">[˥˩]</span></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8C" title="Ì">ì</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">ò</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%99" title="Ù">ù</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%9B" title="Ǜ">ǜ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonnes_et_semi-voyelles">Consonnes et semi-voyelles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Consonnes et semi-voyelles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Consonnes et semi-voyelles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le tableau suivant liste les consonnes employées en mandarin : dans chaque case, en haut sa prononciation de référence en <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_phon%C3%A9tique_international" title="Alphabet phonétique international">API</a>, en bas son écriture en pinyin. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.2;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Consonne<sup id="cite_ref-att_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-att-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_bilabiale" title="Consonne bilabiale">Bilabiale</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_labio-dentale" title="Consonne labio-dentale">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_alv%C3%A9olaire" title="Consonne alvéolaire">Alvéolaire</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_r%C3%A9troflexe" title="Consonne rétroflexe">Rétroflexe</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_alv%C3%A9olo-palatale" title="Consonne alvéolo-palatale">Alvéolo-<br />palatale</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_palatale" title="Consonne palatale">Palatale</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_v%C3%A9laire" title="Consonne vélaire">Vélaire</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_labio-v%C3%A9laire" title="Consonne labio-vélaire">Labio-<br />vélaire</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_labio-palatale" title="Consonne labio-palatale">Labio-<br />palatale</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_glottale" title="Consonne glottale">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:center; font-size:x-small"> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_sourde" title="Consonne sourde">Sourde</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Consonne_sonore" title="Consonne sonore">Voisée</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Aspiration (phonétique)">Aspirée</a> </th> <th>Sourde </th> <th>Sourde</th> <th>Voisée</th> <th>Aspirée </th> <th>Sourde</th> <th>Voisée</th> <th>Aspirée </th> <th>Sourde</th> <th>Aspirée </th> <th>Voisée </th> <th>Sourde</th> <th>Voisée</th> <th>Aspirée </th> <th>Voisée </th> <th>Voisée </th> <th>Sourde </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_occlusive" title="Consonne occlusive">Occlusive</a> </th> <td style="background:#cfc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_p" class="mw-redirect" title="API p"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">p</span></a>]<br />b</td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cfc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_p%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API pʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">pʰ</span></a>]<br />p </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#ccf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_t" class="mw-redirect" title="API t"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">t</span></a>]<br />d</td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ccf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API tʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">tʰ</span></a>]<br />t </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#fcc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_k" class="mw-redirect" title="API k"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">k</span></a>]<br />g</td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#fcc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_k%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API kʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">kʰ</span></a>]<br />k </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʔ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ʔ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-glotte_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glotte-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_nasale" title="Consonne nasale">Nasale</a> </th> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cfc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_m" class="mw-redirect" title="API m"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">m</span></a>]<br />m</td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ccf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_n" class="mw-redirect" title="API n"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">n</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-coda_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coda-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />n</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ŋ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-coda_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coda-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />-ng</td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_affriqu%C3%A9e" title="Consonne affriquée">Affriquée</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#cff;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_ts" class="mw-redirect" title="API ts"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ts</span></a>]<br />z</td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#cff;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_ts%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API tsʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">tsʰ</span></a>]<br />c </td> <td style="background:#ffc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%CA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="API tʂ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">tʂ</span></a>]<br />zh</td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%CA%82%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API tʂʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">tʂʰ</span></a>]<br />ch </td> <td style="background:#fcf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="API tɕ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">tɕ</span></a>]<br />j</td> <td style="background:#fcf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_t%C9%95%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="API tɕʰ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">tɕʰ</span></a>]<br />q </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_fricative" title="Consonne fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td style="background:#cfc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_f" class="mw-redirect" title="API f"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">f</span></a>]<br />f </td> <td style="background:#cff;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_s" class="mw-redirect" title="API s"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">s</span></a>]<br />s</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#ffc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%82" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʂ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ʂ</span></a>]<br />sh</td> <td style="background:#ffc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʐ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ʐ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-rr_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />r </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#fcf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%95" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɕ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɕ</span></a>]<br />x</td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td style="background:#fcc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_x" class="mw-redirect" title="API x"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">x</span></a>]<br />h</td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_spirante" title="Consonne spirante">Spirante</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ffc;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɻ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɻ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-rr_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rr-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />r </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td style="text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_j" class="mw-redirect" title="API j"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">j</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-mediane_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediane-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>e<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />y / i </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td style="text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_w" class="mw-redirect" title="API w"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">w</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-mediane_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediane-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>e<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />w / u </td> <td style="text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɥ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɥ</span></a>]<sup id="cite_ref-mediane_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mediane-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>e<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><br />y / ü </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Consonne_spirante" title="Consonne spirante">Spirante</a> <a href="/wiki/Consonne_lat%C3%A9rale" title="Consonne latérale">latérale</a> </th> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#ccf;text-align:center">[<a href="/wiki/API_l" class="mw-redirect" title="API l"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">l</span></a>]<br />l</td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="3">  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes du tableau</dt></dl> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-att-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-att_28-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les cases colorées correspondent aux consonnes servant d'attaques.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glotte-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-glotte_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʔ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ʔ</span></a>] : anciennement le mandarin, comme d'autres langues chinoises aujourd'hui encore, employait un sixième ton appelé <a href="/wiki/Ton_d%27entr%C3%A9e" title="Ton d'entrée">ton d'entrée</a>. Celui-ci se caractérisait par une prononciation brève et vive. Il peut se marquer dans la langue contemporaine par un <a href="/wiki/Coup_de_glotte" title="Coup de glotte">coup de glotte</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coda-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-coda_30-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-coda_30-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">[<a href="/wiki/API_n" class="mw-redirect" title="API n"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">n</span></a>] et [<a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ŋ</span></a>] : consonnes nasales servant de coda.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rr-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rr_31-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-rr_31-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">[<a href="/wiki/API_%CA%90" class="mw-redirect" title="API ʐ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ʐ</span></a>] et [<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɻ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɻ</span></a>] : <a href="/wiki/Allophone_(phonologie)" title="Allophone (phonologie)">allophones</a> du même caractère <i>r</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mediane-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-mediane_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mediane_32-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-mediane_32-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">[<a href="/wiki/API_j" class="mw-redirect" title="API j"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">j</span></a>], [<a href="/wiki/API_w" class="mw-redirect" title="API w"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">w</span></a>] et [<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɥ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɥ</span></a>] : semi-voyelles servant de médiane.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Graphèmes_simples"><span id="Graph.C3.A8mes_simples"></span>Graphèmes simples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Graphèmes simples" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Graphèmes simples"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le système pinyin stipule que, pour rendre le style orthographique court, les <a href="/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème">graphèmes</a> complexes <i>zh</i>, <i>ch</i>, <i>sh</i> et <i>ng</i> peuvent s'écrire respectivement <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%90" title="Ẑ">ẑ</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C4%88" title="Ĉ">ĉ</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9C" title="Ŝ">ŝ</a></i> et <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a></i>. Mais ces lettres ne sont pas couramment utilisés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attaques">Attaques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Attaques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Attaques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les consonnes débutant une syllabe sont appelés attaques ou initiales. Le pinyin en spécifie 21. Leur ordre conventionnel, dit bopomofo, suit le mode d'articulation consonantique (on parle alors de <a href="/wiki/Classement_alphab%C3%A9tique" title="Classement alphabétique">classement alphabétique</a> de type indien). Leur liste est la suivante : </p> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="background:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#cfc">b p m f </td> <td style="background:#ccf">d t n l </td> <td style="background:#fcc">g k h </td> <td style="background:#fcf">j q x </td> <td style="background:#ffc">zh ch sh r </td> <td style="background:#cff">z c s </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cependant, en mandarin contemporain les initiales des mots prennent d'autres formes que ces <span class="nowrap">21 consonnes</span>. La langue emploie ainsi des demi-voyelles, des coups de glotte et d'autres consonnes nasales. La phonologie classe celles-ci dans un segment de consonnes dites <i>nulles</i>. Mais le système Pinyin ne leur reconnaît pas le statut d'attaques : une syllabe ayant une consonne <i>nulle</i> n'est constituée que d'une finale. Ainsi les lettres <i>w</i> et <i>y</i> ne sont pas des caractères officiels d'attaque en pinyin ; aussi par convention, quand les noyaux <i>i</i>, <i>u</i>, ou <i>ü</i> ne sont pas précédées d'une attaque, on écrit les syllabes respectivement <i>yi</i>, <i>wu</i>, et <i>yu</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finales">Finales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Finales" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Finales"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le tableau suivant transcrit les finales possibles en mandarin, en fonction des médianes et des coda, les noyaux étant indiqués en caractères gras : dans chaque case, en haut la prononciation de référence en API, au milieu l'écriture en pinyin pour une syllabe sans attaque, en bas l'écriture en pinyin pour une syllabe avec attaque. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;line-height:1.2;text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Coda→</th> <th colspan="6"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">∅</span></th> <th colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/API_i" class="mw-redirect" title="API i"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">i</span></a>]</th> <th colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/API_u" class="mw-redirect" title="API u"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">u</span></a>]</th> <th colspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/API_n" class="mw-redirect" title="API n"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">n</span></a>]</th> <th colspan="3">[<a href="/wiki/API_%C5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="API ŋ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ŋ</span></a>] </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">M<br />é<br />d<br />i<br />a<br />n<br />e</th> <th><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">∅</span> </th> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɨ</b>]</span><br /><br />-<b>i</b><sup id="cite_ref-csy_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csy-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>a</b>]</span><b><br />a</b><br />-<b>a</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɔ</b>]</span><br /><br />-<b>o</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɤ</b>]</span><br /><b>e</b><br />-<b>e</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɛ</b>]</span><br /><br />-<b>ê</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɐɚ̯</b>]</span><br /><br />-<b>er</b><sup id="cite_ref-er_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-er-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>a</b>i̯]</span><br /><b>a</b>i<br />-<b>a</b>i</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>e</b>i̯]</span><br /><b>e</b>i<br />-<b>e</b>i</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>a</b>u̯]</span><br /><b>a</b>o<br />-<b>a</b>o</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>o</b>u̯]</span><br /><b>o</b>u<br />-<b>o</b>u</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>a</b>n]</span><br /><b>a</b>n<br />-<b>a</b>n</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ə</b>n]</span><br /><b>e</b>n<br />-<b>e</b>n</td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>a</b>ŋ]</span><br /><b>a</b>ng<br />-<b>a</b>ng</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ə</b>ŋ]</span><br /><b>e</b>ng<br />-<b>e</b>ng</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>[<a href="/wiki/API_j" class="mw-redirect" title="API j"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">j</span></a>] </th> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>i</b>]</span><br />y<b>i</b><br />-<b>i</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>a</b>]</span><br />y<b>a</b><br />-i<b>a</b></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>e</b>]</span><br />y<b>e</b><br />-i<b>e</b></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>a</b>u̯]</span><br />y<b>a</b>o<br />-i<b>a</b>o</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>o</b>u̯]</span><br />y<b>o</b>u<br />-i<b>u</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>ɛ</b>n]</span><br />y<b>a</b>n<br />-i<b>a</b>n</td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>i</b>n]</span> <br />y<b>i</b>n<br />-<b>i</b>n</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>a</b>ŋ]</span><br />y<b>a</b>ng<br />-i<b>a</b>ng</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>i</b>ŋ]</span><br />y<b>i</b>ng<br />-<b>i</b>ng</td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <th>[<a href="/wiki/API_w" class="mw-redirect" title="API w"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">w</span></a>] </th> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>u</b>]</span><br />w<b>u</b><br />-<b>u</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>a</b>]</span><br />w<b>a</b><br />-u<b>a</b></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>o</b>]</span><br />w<b>o</b><br />-u<b>o</b><sup id="cite_ref-bpmf_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpmf-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>a</b>i̯]</span><br />w<b>a</b>i<br />-u<b>a</b>i</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>e</b>i̯]</span><br />w<b>e</b>i<br />-<b>u</b>i</td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>a</b>n]</span><br />w<b>a</b>n<br />-u<b>a</b>n</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>ə</b>n]</span><br />w<b>e</b>n<br />-u<b>e</b>n</td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>a</b>ŋ]</span><br />w<b>a</b>ng<br />-u<b>a</b>ng</td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[w<b>ə</b>ŋ]</span> <br />w<b>e</b>ng<br /> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ʊ</b>ŋ]</span><br /><br />-<b>o</b>ng </td></tr> <tr> <th>[<a href="/wiki/API_%C9%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="API ɥ"><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">ɥ</span></a>] </th> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>y</b>]</span><br />y<b>u</b><br />-<b>ü</b><sup id="cite_ref-jqx_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jqx-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɥ<b>e</b>]</span><br />yu<b>e</b><br />-ü<b>e</b><sup id="cite_ref-jqx_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jqx-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɥ<b>ɐ</b>n]</span><br />yu<b>a</b>n<br />-ü<b>a</b>n<sup id="cite_ref-jqx_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jqx-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>y</b>n]</span><br />y<b>u</b>n<br />-<b>ü</b>n<sup id="cite_ref-jqx_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jqx-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>d<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[j<b>ʊ</b>ŋ]</span><br />y<b>o</b>ng<br />-i<b>o</b>ng </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes du tableau</dt></dl> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-csy-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-csy_33-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Consonnes syllabiques.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-er-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-er_34-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Les caractères <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄦ, 而, 二</span>, etc. s'écrivent <i>er.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpmf-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-bpmf_35-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>uo</i> s'écrit <i>o</i> après <i>b</i>, <i>p</i>, <i>m</i> et <i>f</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jqx-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jqx_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jqx_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jqx_36-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-jqx_36-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>ü</i> s'écrit <i>u</i> après <i>j</i>, <i>q</i> et <i>x</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prononciation_chinoise_de_l'alphabet"><span id="Prononciation_chinoise_de_l.27alphabet"></span>Prononciation chinoise de l'alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Prononciation chinoise de l'alphabet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Prononciation chinoise de l'alphabet"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Classement_alphab%C3%A9tique" title="Classement alphabétique">ordre alphabétique</a> dit levantin a été adopté par le système pinyin. Cependant la prononciation des lettres est propre au chinois. Le tableau suivant les liste avec leur équivalent dans l'alphabet phonétique chinois <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">zhuyin</a>, et les transcriptions en API et en pinyin de leur déchiffrement ; la représentation zhuyin est basée sur les habitudes générales d'écriture. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-family: [[:Modèle:RawSansSerif]];text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Lettre </th> <td><b>A</b></td> <td><b>B</b></td> <td><b>C</b></td> <td><b>D</b></td> <td><b>E</b></td> <td><b>F</b></td> <td><b>G</b></td> <td><b>H</b></td> <td><b>I</b></td> <td><b>J</b></td> <td><b>K</b></td> <td><b>L</b></td> <td><b>M</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zhuyin </th> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄚ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄅ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄘ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄉ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄜ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄈ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄍ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄏ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄧ</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-iy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iy-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄐ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄎ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄌ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄇ</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>API </th> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɑ</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>p</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>tsʰ</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>t</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɤ</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɛ<b>f</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>k</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>x</b>a]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>i</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>tɕ</b>iə]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>kʰ</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɛ<b>l</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɛ<b>m</b>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <td><b>a</b></td> <td><b>b</b>ê</td> <td><b>c</b>ê</td> <td><b>d</b>ê</td> <td><b>e</b></td> <td>ê<b>f</b></td> <td><b>g</b>ê</td> <td><b>h</b>a</td> <td>y<b>i</b></td> <td><b>j</b>ie</td> <td><b>k</b>ê</td> <td>ê<b>l</b></td> <td>ê<b>m</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lettre </th> <td><b>N</b></td> <td><b>O</b></td> <td><b>P</b></td> <td><b>Q</b></td> <td><b>R</b></td> <td><b>S</b></td> <td><b>T</b></td> <td><b>U</b></td> <td><b>V</b></td> <td><b>W</b></td> <td><b>X</b></td> <td><b>Y</b></td> <td><b>Z</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zhuyin </th> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄋ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄛ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄆ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄑ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄦ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄙ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄊ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄨ</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-uw_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uw-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄪ</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-vv_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vv-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>c<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄨ</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-uw_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uw-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>b<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄒ</span></b></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄧ</span></b><sup id="cite_ref-iy_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iy-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>a<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><b><span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄗ</span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>API </th> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>n</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>o</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>pʰ</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>tɕʰ</b>iu]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[a<b>ʐ</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[ɛ<b>s</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>tʰ</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>u</b>]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>v</b>ɛ]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>u</b>a]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ɕ</b>i]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>i</b>a]</span></td> <td><span title="Alphabet phonétique international" class="API" style="font-family:'DejaVu Sans','Doulos SIL','Lucida Grande','Segoe UI','Arial Unicode MS','Adobe Pi Std','Lucida Sans Unicode','Chrysanthi Unicode',Code2000,Gentium,GentiumAlt,'TITUS Cyberbit Basic','Bitstream Vera Sans','Bitstream Cyberbit','Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro','Matrix Unicode',sans-serif;">[<b>ts</b>ɛ]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <td><b>n</b>ê</td> <td><b>o</b></td> <td><b>p</b>ê</td> <td><b>q</b>iu</td> <td>a<b>r</b></td> <td>ê<b>s</b></td> <td><b>t</b>ê</td> <td>w<b>u</b></td> <td><b>v</b>ê</td> <td><b>w</b>a</td> <td><b>x</b>i</td> <td><b>y</b>a</td> <td><b>z</b>ê </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Notes du tableau</dt></dl> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iy-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iy_37-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-iy_37-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Les caractères zhuyin ne distinguent pas les semi-voyelles <i>I</i> et <i>Y</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uw-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-uw_38-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-uw_38-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Les caractères zhuyin ne distinguent pas les semi-voyelles <i>U</i> et <i>W</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vv-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-vv_39-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le caractère zhuyin <span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">ㄪ</span> et la lettre <i>V</i> s'emploient pour orthographier des mots étrangers ou dans une langue chinoise non han.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typographie">Typographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Typographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Typographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le hanyu pinyin ne stipule pas quel type de <a href="/wiki/Police_d%27%C3%A9criture" class="mw-redirect" title="Police d'écriture">police</a> utiliser. Son projet indique que « l'écriture des lettres est basée sur les habitudes d'écriture générales de l'alphabet latin ». Des variantes d'écriture existent donc. Ainsi la lettre <i>a</i> peut aussi s'écrire <i>ɑ</i>. </p><p>Par simplification, les marques <a href="/wiki/Diacritique" title="Diacritique">diacritiques</a> qui marquent les quatre tons sont souvent omises. Il en résulte un certain degré d'ambiguïté quant aux mots représentés. Le contexte devient alors très important pour bien comprendre le mot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saisie_au_clavier_utilisant_le_pinyin">Saisie au clavier utilisant le pinyin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modifier la section : Saisie au clavier utilisant le pinyin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=18" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saisie au clavier utilisant le pinyin"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Voir l'article : <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_pinyin" title="Méthode pinyin">Méthode d'encodage pinyin</a></i> </p><p>Il est possible de saisir des caractères chinois sur un clavier alphabétique, en frappant le pinyin, avec ou sans le ton exprimé par un chiffre (1 à 4, le zéro correspondant à l'absence de ton). Une liste de <a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res_chinois" title="Caractères chinois">sinogrammes</a> est proposée et l'opérateur choisit. Des mécanismes d'anticipation basés sur un vocabulaire permettent de proposer en premier les sinogrammes les plus probables, notamment le suivant d'un mot polysyllabique, et une mémoire des frappes antérieures propose en premier les sinogrammes et les mots polysyllabiques déjà utilisés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saisie_sur_clavier_d'ordinateur"><span id="Saisie_sur_clavier_d.27ordinateur"></span>Saisie sur clavier d'ordinateur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modifier la section : Saisie sur clavier d'ordinateur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=19" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saisie sur clavier d'ordinateur"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saisir_des_hanzi_en_pinyin">Saisir des hanzi en pinyin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modifier la section : Saisir des hanzi en pinyin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=20" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saisir des hanzi en pinyin"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les systèmes d'exploitation les plus courants <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">GNU/Linux</a> et <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> possèdent en standard des fonctions de saisie du chinois en pinyin. </p> <ul><li>Sous MS-Windows (2000 et supérieur) : panneau de configuration ⇒ options régionales ⇒ ajouter une langue ⇒ chinois traditionnel ; le chinois est ajouté à la barre de langues. Ce logiciel IME (Input Method Editor) a de larges possibilité de paramétrage, affichage de claviers virtuels spécialisés, choix des caractères dans des tableaux par clés et nombre de traits.</li> <li>Sous MS-Windows (95 à Me) installer les IME que l'on peut trouver sur le site de Microsoft.</li> <li>Sous macOS, on peut sélectionner la méthode de saisie <i>Chinois simplifié ⇒ ITABC</i> ou <i>Chinois traditionnel > Pinyin</i> (ouvrir les Préférences systèmes puis International). Attention toutefois : En ITABC pour Chinois simplifié, le clavier est <i><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">qwerty</a></i>, alors qu’en saisie Pinyin pour Chinois traditionnel, le clavier est <i><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">azerty</a></i>.</li> <li>Sous GNU/Linux, on peut utiliser <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Input_Bus" title="Intelligent Input Bus">iBus</a>, avec son module <i>libpinyin</i>. L'ancien système permettant de centraliser les différentes méthodes de saisies complexes était <a href="/wiki/Smart_Common_Input_Method" title="Smart Common Input Method">SCIM</a> (bouton droit ⇒ méthode de saisie ⇒ chinois simplifié ⇒ smart pinyin).</li> <li>Certains logiciels de traitement de texte, par exemple Njstar, offrent une fonction équivalente de saisie, et peuvent être utilisés sur un ordinateur non configuré pour les langues à sinogrammes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saisir_du_pinyin_en_pinyin">Saisir du pinyin en pinyin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modifier la section : Saisir du pinyin en pinyin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=21" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saisir du pinyin en pinyin"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il est également possible sous Linux de taper du pinyin avec ton, afin d'écrire des transcriptions pinyin. </p><p>Pour cela il y a deux méthodes<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : l'utilisation du module SCIM zh-pinyin (taper la lettre suivie du numéro du ton) (attention aux touches <i>a</i> et <i>q</i>, qui sont parfois inversées) et l'utilisation de la <a href="/wiki/Touche_de_composition" title="Touche de composition">touche compose</a>, combinée avec : </p> <ul><li>_ + a/e/i/o/(¨)u pour āēīō(ǖ)ū ;</li> <li>' + a/e/i/o/(¨)u pour áéíó(ǘ)ú ;</li> <li>c + a/e/i/o/(¨)u pour ǎěǐǒ(ǚ)ǔ ;</li> <li>` + a/e/i/o/(¨)u pour àèìò(ǜ)ù.</li></ul> <p>Dans certains cas, le quatrième ton ne marche pas. Par contre, <i>à</i>, <i>è</i> et <i>ù</i> sont déjà présents sur les claviers azerty français, ou bien il est possible d'utiliser l'« input pad » de SCIM (clavier virtuel, touches composées), puis de combiner grave + caractère (a/e/i/o/(")u)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il est également possible sous Windows de taper du pinyin avec ton en utilisant un pilote clavier français enrichi comme celui du projet libre FrElrick<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Dans ce dernier, les tons sont gérés comme des accents, ainsi<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>le macron est accessible via (AltGr+Cap+_), et par exemple (AltGr+Cap+_) + A donne <i>Ā</i> ;</li> <li>la hatchek ou caron est accessible via (AltGr+Cap+^), et par exemple (AltGr+Cap+^) + U donne <i>Ǔ</i> ;</li> <li>l’accent aigu est accessible via (AltGr+^), et par exemple (AltGr+^) + o donne <i>ó</i> ;</li> <li>l’accent grave est étendu pour prendre en charge le ü et le Ü, ainsi (AltGr+è) + (AltGr+u) donne <i>ǖ</i>.</li></ul> <p>Les caractères ü et Ü dans ce dispositif doivent être saisis <i>directement</i> sans passer par une frappe muette d’accent, et ces caractères ont donc été ajoutés à la touche de la lettre U, respectivement en (AltGr) et en (AltGr)+(Cap) pour permettre de les accentuer avec un ton. </p><p>Enfin, il est possible de taper du pinyin sous Linux, Windows et Mac, en utilisant la disposition de clavier bépo, qui est une <a href="/wiki/Disposition_Dvorak" title="Disposition Dvorak">disposition Dvorak</a>. Cette disposition permet entre autres d'écrire énormément de caractères, grâce aux touches mortes<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Voici les exemples pour la voyelle <i>u</i> (pour les autres voyelles, on procède par analogie) : </p> <ul><li><i>ū</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+m) + u ;</li> <li><i>ú</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+é) + u ;</li> <li><i>ǔ</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+v) + u ;</li> <li><i>ù</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+è) + u (<i>ù</i> est également disponible en altgr+u) ;</li> <li><i>ǖ</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+m) + (altgr+i) + u ;</li> <li><i>ǘ</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+é) + (altgr+i) + u ;</li> <li><i>ǚ</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+v) + (altgr+i) + u ;</li> <li><i>ǜ</i> s'obtient avec : (altgr+è) + (altgr+i) + u.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saisie_sur_clavier_de_téléphone_portable"><span id="Saisie_sur_clavier_de_t.C3.A9l.C3.A9phone_portable"></span>Saisie sur clavier de téléphone portable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modifier la section : Saisie sur clavier de téléphone portable" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=22" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Saisie sur clavier de téléphone portable"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clavier_numérique"><span id="Clavier_num.C3.A9rique"></span>Clavier numérique</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modifier la section : Clavier numérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=23" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Clavier numérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La composition des messages, et des noms dans les répertoires, sur un clavier numérique dont chaque touche correspond à plusieurs caractères latins, tire parti du nombre réduit de syllabes existantes (420 environ). Les syllabes possibles du pinyin s'affichent à la frappe des touches, par prédiction, comme dans les méthodes avec clavier alphabétique. Le choix par curseur de la syllabe affiche une liste de caractères, qu'on choisit, donc, par curseur. La composition d'un message en sinogrammes est plus rapide que la composition d'un message équivalent en caractères latins correctement orthographié. Toutes les grandes marques distribuent la variante de logiciel de leurs appareils qui offre ce mode de saisie, en plus du mode alphabétique et des modes spécialisés. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Écrans_tactiles"><span id=".C3.89crans_tactiles"></span>Écrans tactiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modifier la section : Écrans tactiles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=24" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Écrans tactiles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> sont généralement équipés d'écrans numériques. Des claviers spécialisés sont donc affichés sur la surface de l'écran. Un clavier de type QWERTY ou AZERTY peut être utilisé pour taper en pinyin avec prédiction de caractères, sur <a href="/wiki/Android" title="Android">Android</a> : Sogou pinyin, Google pinyin, 国笔GB输入法 (qui propose aussi <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">zhuyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_cangjie" title="Méthode cangjie">méthode cāngjié</a> et écriture manuscrite), etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=25" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=26" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-greek" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Ces caractères peuvent être utilisés directement dans les documents codés en <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> (ou autre codage Unicode) ou à l’aide d’<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_entit%C3%A9s_caract%C3%A8re_de_XML_et_HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="Liste des entités caractère de XML et HTML">entités de caractère</a> dans les documents HTML non Unicode.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=27" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin?oldid=1054805156">Pinyin</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-taipei_times_2008-09-18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-taipei_times_2008-09-18_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Taipei Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-18" data-sort-value="2008-09-18">18 septembre 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/18/2003423528">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hanyu+Pinyin+to+be+standard+system+in+2009&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2008%2F09%2F18%2F2003423528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-china_post_2008-09-18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-china_post_2008-09-18_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Gov't to improve English-friendly environment</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The China Post</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-18" data-sort-value="2008-09-18">18 septembre 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t-to.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gov%27t+to+improve+English-friendly+environment&rft.jtitle=The+China+Post&rft.date=2008-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinapost.com.tw%2Ftaiwan%2Fnational%2Fnational%2520news%2F2008%2F09%2F18%2F175155%2FGov%2527t-to.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sin2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kiong_Wong_Sin2012">Kiong Wong <span class="nom_auteur">Sin</span>, <cite class="italique">Confucianism, Chinese History and Society</cite>, World Scientific, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-9814374477" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-9814374477"><span class="nowrap">978-9814374477</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMapiPYFvc8C&q=Matteo+Ricci+Xizi+Qiji&pg=PA72">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 72<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism%2C+Chinese+History+and+Society&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.aulast=Sin&rft.aufirst=Kiong+Wong&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=72&rft.isbn=978-9814374477&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMapiPYFvc8C%26q%3DMatteo%2BRicci%2BXizi%2BQiji%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brockey2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Liam_Matthew_Brockey2009">Liam Matthew <span class="nom_auteur">Brockey</span>, <cite class="italique">Journey to the East: The Jesuit Mission to China, 1579–1724</cite>, Harvard University Press, <time>2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0674028814" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0674028814"><span class="nowrap">978-0674028814</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sOGSvo4VMPkC&q=Matteo+Ricci+Xizi+Qiji&pg=PA261">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 261<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+East%3A+The+Jesuit+Mission+to+China%2C+1579%E2%80%931724&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.aulast=Brockey&rft.aufirst=Liam+Matthew&rft.date=2009&rft.pages=261&rft.isbn=978-0674028814&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsOGSvo4VMPkC%26q%3DMatteo%2BRicci%2BXizi%2BQiji%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_5-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="ChanAdler2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wing-tsit_ChanJoseph_Adler2013">Wing-tsit <span class="nom_auteur">Chan</span> et Joseph <span class="nom_auteur">Adler</span>, <cite class="italique">Sources of Chinese Tradition</cite>, Columbia University Press, <time>2013</time>, 303, 304 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0231517997" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0231517997"><span class="nowrap">978-0231517997</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXEWsXaMJZYC&q=Matteo+Ricci+Xizi+Qiji&pg=PA302">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Chinese+Tradition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Wing-tsit&rft.au=Adler%2C+Joseph&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=303%2C+304&rft.isbn=978-0231517997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXEWsXaMJZYC%26q%3DMatteo%2BRicci%2BXizi%2BQiji%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mair2002"><span class="ouvrage" id="Victor_H._Mair2002"><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. <span class="nom_auteur">Mair</span></a>, <cite class="italique">Difficult Characters: Interdisciplinary Studies of Chinese and Japanese Writing</cite>, Columbus, Ohio, Ohio State University National East Asian Language Resource Center, <time>2002</time>, « Sound and Meaning in the History of Characters: Views of China's Earliest Script Reformers »<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Difficult+Characters%3A+Interdisciplinary+Studies+of+Chinese+and+Japanese+Writing&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+National+East+Asian+Language+Resource+Center&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ao1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Benjamin_Ao1997">Benjamin <span class="nom_auteur">Ao</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">History and Prospect of Chinese Romanization</cite> », <i>Chinese Librarianship: An International Electronic Journal</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4,‎ <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.white-clouds.com/iclc/cliej/cl4ao.htm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=History+and+Prospect+of+Chinese+Romanization&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Librarianship%3A+An+International+Electronic+Journal&rft.aulast=Ao&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.white-clouds.com%2Ficlc%2Fcliej%2Fcl4ao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Norman1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jerry_Norman1988">Jerry <span class="nom_auteur">Norman</span>, <cite class="italique">Chinese, Cambridge Language Surveys</cite>, Cambridge University Press, <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0521296536" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0521296536"><span class="nowrap">0521296536</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wOPArZVCk-wC&q=Latinxua+Sin+Wenz+tones&pg=PA262">lire en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 261<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese%2C+Cambridge+Language+Surveys&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=261&rft.isbn=0521296536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwOPArZVCk-wC%26q%3DLatinxua%2BSin%2BWenz%2Btones%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="JensenWeston2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lionel_M._JensenTimothy_B._Weston2007">Lionel M. <span class="nom_auteur">Jensen</span> et Timothy B. <span class="nom_auteur">Weston</span>, <cite class="italique">China's Transformations: The Stories Beyond the Headlines</cite>, Rowman & Littlefield, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0742538634" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0742538634"><span class="nowrap">978-0742538634</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> XX<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Transformations%3A+The+Stories+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Lionel+M.&rft.au=Weston%2C+Timothy+B.&rft.date=2007&rft.pages=XX&rft.isbn=978-0742538634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Chen1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ping_Chen1999">Ping <span class="nom_auteur">Chen</span>, <cite class="italique">Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics</cite>, Cambridge University Press, <time>1999</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0521645727" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0521645727"><span class="nowrap">0521645727</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen">lire en ligne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Inscription nécessaire pour accéder au document"><img alt="Inscription nécessaire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>)</small>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinesehis00chen/page/186">186</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese%3A+History+and+Sociolinguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Ping&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinesehis00chen%2Fpage%2F186+186%5D&rft.isbn=0521645727&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinesehis00chen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span> :<blockquote><p>« Latinxua Sin Wenz tones. »</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">John DeFrancis, <i>The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984), pp. 246-247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"> <span class="ouvrage" id="2009">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/books&magazines/2009-03/26/content_17504026.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Father of pinyin</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-03-26" data-sort-value="2009-03-26">26 mars 2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-07-12" data-sort-value="2009-07-12">12 juillet 2009</time>)</small></span> Reprinted in part as <span class="ouvrage" id="Simon2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alan_Simon2011">Alan <span class="nom_auteur">Simon</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Father of Pinyin</cite> », <i>Xinhua</i>, Hong Kong,‎ 21–27 jan 2011, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 20<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Father+of+Pinyin&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dwyer2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Colin_Dwyer2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Colin <span class="nom_auteur">Dwyer</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Obituary: Zhou Youguang, Architect Of A Bridge Between Languages, Dies At 111</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a></span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-14" data-sort-value="2017-01-14">14 janvier 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/01/14/509820277/zhou-youguang-architect-of-a-bridge-between-languages-dies-at-111">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2018-12-20" data-sort-value="2018-12-20">20 décembre 2018</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Zhou+Youguang%2C+Architect+Of+A+Bridge+Between+Languages%2C+Dies+At+111&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2017%2F01%2F14%2F509820277%2Fzhou-youguang-architect-of-a-bridge-between-languages-dies-at-111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Branigan2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tania_Branigan2008">Tania <span class="nom_auteur">Branigan</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Sound Principles</cite> », <i>The Guardian</i>, London,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-21" data-sort-value="2008-02-21">21 février 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/21/china">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-20" data-sort-value="2008-09-20">20 septembre 2008</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sound+Principles&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Rohsenow, John S. 1989. Fifty years of script and written language reform in the PRC: the genesis of the language law of 2001. In Zhou Minglang and Sun Hongkai, eds. <i>Language Policy in the People's Republic of China: Theory and Practice Since 1949</i>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Branigan2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tania_Branigan2008">Tania <span class="nom_auteur">Branigan</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Sound principles</cite> », <i>The Guardian</i>, London,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-21" data-sort-value="2008-02-21">21 février 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/feb/21/china">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sound+principles&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.aulast=Branigan&rft.aufirst=Tania&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fchina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asiaone-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Asiaone_17-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Asiaone_17-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2008">« <cite style="font-style:normal">Hanyu Pinyin system turns 50</cite> », <i><a href="/wiki/Straits_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Straits Times">Straits Times</a></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-02-11" data-sort-value="2008-02-11">11 février 2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaone.com/News/The%2BStraits%2BTimes/Story/A1Story20080211-48960.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-20" data-sort-value="2008-09-20">20 septembre 2008</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hanyu+Pinyin+system+turns+50&rft.jtitle=Straits+Times&rft.date=2008-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiaone.com%2FNews%2FThe%252BStraits%252BTimes%2FStory%2FA1Story20080211-48960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2004">Jeroen (<a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>) Wiedenhof <span class="citation">« Purpose and effect in the transcription of Mandarin »</span> (<time>2004</time>) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiedenhof.nl/ul/tk/pbl/articles/purp&eff.pdf">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-07-18" data-sort-value="2009-07-18">18 juillet 2009</time>)</small><small> [<span class="noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GHjcjxFr?url=http://www.wiedenhof.nl/ul/tk/pbl/articles/purp%26eff.pdf">archive du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-05-01" data-sort-value="2013-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 2013</time></a></span>]</small><br />— <span class="ouvrage"><cite style="font-style:normal">« <i>(ibid.)</i> »</cite>, dans <cite style="font-style:normal">Proceedings of the International Conference on Chinese Studies 2004 (<span class="lang-zh" lang="zh">漢學研究國際學術研討會論文集</span>)</cite>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Yunlin_University_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Yunlin University of Science and Technology (page inexistante)">National Yunlin University of Science and Technology</a> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9860040117" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9860040117"><span class="nowrap">9860040117</span></a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">387–402</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+Chinese+Studies+2004+%28%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E7%A0%94%E8%A8%8E%E6%9C%83%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86%29&rft.atitle=%27%27%28ibid.%29%27%27&rft.pub=National+Yunlin+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=387%E2%80%93402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span><div style="margin-left:2em; line-height:1.5;"><span class="citation">« In the Cold War era, the use of this system outside China was typically regarded as a political statement, or a deliberate identification with the Chinese communist regime. (p390) »</span></div></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Terry, Edith. <i>How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.E._Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.E. Sharpe (page inexistante)">M.E. Sharpe</a>, 2002. <a href="//archive.org/details/howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/632" class="extiw" title="iarchive:howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/632"> 632</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on August 7, 2011. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7656-0356-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7656-0356-X"><span class="nowrap">0-7656-0356-X</span></a>)</small>, 9780765603562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Terry, Edith. <i>How Asia Got Rich: Japan, China and the Asian Miracle</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.E._Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.E. Sharpe (page inexistante)">M.E. Sharpe</a>, 2002. <a href="//archive.org/details/howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/632" class="extiw" title="iarchive:howasiagotrichja0000terr/page/632"> 633</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on August 7, 2011. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-7656-0356-X" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-7656-0356-X"><span class="nowrap">0-7656-0356-X</span></a>)</small>, 9780765603562.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">TIMES DUE TO REVISE ITS CHINESE SPELLING</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The New York Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1979-02-04" data-sort-value="1979-02-04">4 février 1979</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/04/archives/times-due-to-revise-its-chinese-spelling-adoption-of-new-system.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-20" data-sort-value="2023-06-20">20 juin 2023</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TIMES+DUE+TO+REVISE+ITS+CHINESE+SPELLING&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.date=1979-02-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/08/21/20120821100233165.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GB/T 16159-2012</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-02-17" data-sort-value="2020-02-17">17 février 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1956"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <cite class="italique" lang="en">Draft scheme for a Chinese phonetic alphabet : simplifying Chinese characters</cite> (supplément de <i>People’s China</i>), Peking, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1956-03-16" data-sort-value="1956-03-16">16 mars 1956</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=HcVDAQAAIAAJ">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draft+scheme+for+a+Chinese+phonetic+alphabet&rft.place=Peking&rft.stitle=simplifying+Chinese+characters&rft.date=1956-03-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/store/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=13683"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">ISO 7098:1991 — Information and documentation -- Romanization of Chinese</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">iso.org</span>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_normalisation" title="Organisation internationale de normalisation">ISO</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hsiu-Chuan2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Shih_Hsiu-Chuan2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : chinois">(zh)</abbr> Shih Hsiu-Chuan, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/18/2003423528"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="zh">Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">taipeitimes.com</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a></i>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-09-18" data-sort-value="2008-09-18">18 septembre 2008</time></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">R. F. Price (2005), <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Education in Modern China</span></i>, volume 23 de <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">China: History, Philosophy, Economics</span></i> (2, édition illustrée). Routledge. pp. 206-208 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-415-36167-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-415-36167-2"><span class="nowrap">0-415-36167-2</span></a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Su2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peicheng_(苏培成)_Su2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : chinois">(zh)</abbr> Peicheng (苏培成) <span class="nom_auteur">Su</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="zh">现代汉字学纲要 (Essentials of Modern Chinese Characters)</cite>, Beijing, 商务印书馆 (The Commercial Press, Shangwu),‎ <time>2014</time>, 3rd <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, 183–207 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-7-100-10440-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-7-100-10440-1"><span class="nowrap">978-7-100-10440-1</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81+%28Essentials+of+Modern+Chinese+Characters%29&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86+%28The+Commercial+Press%2C+Shangwu%29&rft.edition=3rd&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=Peicheng+%28%E8%8B%8F%E5%9F%B9%E6%88%90%29&rft.date=2014&rft.tpages=183%E2%80%93207&rft.isbn=978-7-100-10440-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AHanyu+pinyin"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinyin.info/romanization/hanyu/apostrophes.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">apostrophes in Pinyin</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.pinyin.info</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-20" data-sort-value="2023-06-20">20 juin 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/frelrick/"><cite style="font-style:normal;">FrElrick</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">sourceforge.net</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/clreq/Overview.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Requirements for Chinese Text Layout - 中文排版需求</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.w3.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-20" data-sort-value="2023-06-20">20 juin 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgit.freedesktop.org/xkeyboard-config/tree/symbols/cn?id=abd1480ae3b3bdce52f9d87fdc18bbc55ce9fa5b#n215"><cite style="font-style:normal;">cn\symbols - xkeyboard-config - XKB data. (mirrored from https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/xkeyboard-config/xkeyboard-config)</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">cgit.freedesktop.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-06-20" data-sort-value="2023-06-20">20 juin 2023</time>)</small></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=28" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=29" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_postal" title="Pinyin postal">Pinyin postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_et_translitt%C3%A9ration" title="Transcription et translittération">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_(%C3%A9criture)" title="Romanisation (écriture)">Romanisations</a> : <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles">Wade-Giles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27EFEO" title="Romanisation de l'EFEO">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_du_chinois_%C3%A0_partir_du_pinyin" title="Cyrillisation du chinois à partir du pinyin">Cyrillisation du chinois à partir du pinyin</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Sinogramme_traduit_en_pinyin" title="Catégorie:Sinogramme traduit en pinyin">Catégorie:Sinogramme traduit en pinyin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&action=edit&section=30" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lespetitsmandarins.fr/la-methode.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La méthode de chinois en ligne - Les Petits Mandarins</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">lespetitsmandarins.fr</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2019-07-01" data-sort-value="2019-07-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> juillet 2019</time>)</small></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lespetitsmandarins.fr">https://lespetitsmandarins.fr</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Outils</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanzidico.com/outils-transcription-chinois-simplifie-chinois-traditionnel-pinyin/">Outil de conversion du chinois simplifié ou traditionnel vers pinyin accentué (dà jiā hǎo) ou pinyin + ton (da4 jia1 hao3)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chine-nouvelle.com/outils/pinyin.html">Outil de conversion du chinois vers le pinyin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexilogos.com/clavier/zhongwen_pinyin.htm">Clavier pinyin en ligne</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Médias</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanzidico.com/outils-transcription-chinois-simplifie-chinois-traditionnel-pinyin/logiciels-apprentissage-chinois/">Utilisation IME (Input Method Extension) Chinois avec un clavier AZERTY</a> (§ Windows & Google IME : Patch pour clavier AZERTY)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chine-nouvelle.com/methode/chinois/annexe-pinyin.html">Table de prononciation du Pinyin (avec de précieuses analogies phonétiques pour un francophone)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlezchinois.free.fr/phonetique_chinois.html">Cours sur la phonétique chinoise avec l'audio</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Modèle:Palette Romanisation des langues chinoises"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Romanisation des langues chinoises">Romanisation des langues chinoises</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(langue)" title="Mandarin (langue)">Mandarin</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanyu pinyin</a></i> (汉语拼音)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_pinyin" title="Tongyong pinyin">Tongyong pinyin</a></i> (通用拼音)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></i> (國語羅馬字)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sinwenz" title="Latinxua Sinwenz">Latinxua Sinwenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lessing-Othmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lessing-Othmer (page inexistante)">Lessing-Othmer</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" class="extiw" title="en:Lessing-Othmer"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Lessing-Othmer »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II (page inexistante)">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" class="extiw" title="en:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II »">(en)</span></a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_postal" title="Pinyin postal">Pinyin postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27EFEO" title="Romanisation de l'EFEO">Romanisation de l'EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Yale" title="Romanisation Yale">Romanisation Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Wade-Giles" title="Romanisation Wade-Giles">Romanisation Wade-Giles</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Comparaison_des_syst%C3%A8mes_de_romanisation_du_chinois" title="Comparaison des systèmes de romanisation du chinois">Tableau comparatif</a></b></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonais" title="Cantonais">Cantonais</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></i> (粵拼)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Barnett-Chao" title="Romanisation Barnett-Chao">Barnett-Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishima-shiki_hy%C5%8Dkih%C5%8D" title="Chishima-shiki hyōkihō"><i>Chishima-shiki</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanisation_du_gouvernement_de_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanisation du gouvernement de Hong Kong (page inexistante)">Romanisation du gouvernement de Hong Kong</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" class="extiw" title="en:Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_Guangdong" title="Romanisation du Guangdong">Romanisation du Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_de_l%27Institut_d%27%C3%A9ducation" title="Romanisation de l'Institut d'éducation">ILE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meyer-Wempe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meyer-Wempe (page inexistante)">Meyer-Wempe</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meyer-Wempe" class="extiw" title="en:Meyer-Wempe"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Meyer-Wempe »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_minist%C3%A8re_de_l%27%C3%89ducation_de_Guangdong" title="Romanisation du ministère de l'Éducation de Guangdong">Pinyin cantonais</a> (廣州話拼音方案)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_Yale" title="Romanisation Yale">Romanisation Yale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanisation_Sidney_Lau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanisation Sidney Lau (page inexistante)">Romanisation Sidney Lau</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" class="extiw" title="en:Sidney Lau romanisation"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Sidney Lau romanisation »">(en)</span></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cantonais#Romanisations" title="Cantonais">Romanisation cantonaise</a></b></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Gan_(langue)" title="Gan (langue)">Gan</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><i><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-oa-chhi" title="Pha̍k-oa-chhi">Pha̍k-oa-chhi</a></i></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_(langue)" title="Hakka (langue)"> Hakka</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_de_transcription_du_hakka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan de transcription du hakka (page inexistante)">Plan de transcription du hakka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Minbei" title="Minbei">Minbei</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Mindong" title="Mindong">Mindong</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><a href="/wiki/Foochow_romanis%C3%A9" title="Foochow romanisé">Foochow romanisé</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">Minnan</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><table class="navbox-subgroup" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Hainanais" title="Hainanais">Dialecte hainanais</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";background:#ECECFF; text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_de_transcription_du_hainanais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan de transcription du hainanais (page inexistante)">Plan de transcription du hainanais</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_(dialecte)" title="Teochew (dialecte)">Dialecte teochew</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=";background:#ECECFF; text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%AAh-u%C4%93-j%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pêh-uē-jī (page inexistante)">Pêh-uē-jī</a></i> (白话字)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></i> (潮州话拼音方案)</li></ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:200px"><a href="/wiki/Minnan" title="Minnan">Minnan</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais">dialecte taïwanais</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=";background:#ECECFF; text-align:left;"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></i> (白话字)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_romanisation_ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Système de romanisation taïwanais">Système de romanisation taïwanais</a></b></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Puxian" title="Puxian">Puxian</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style=""><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_romanis%C3%A9" title="Hinghwa romanisé">Hinghwa romanisé</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th class="navbox-group" style="width:100px;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_(langue)" title="Wu (langue)">Wu</a></th> <td class="navbox-list" style=""><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangha%C3%AFen" title="Shanghaïen">Dialecte shanghaïen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Romanisation_du_wu" title="Romanisation du wu">Romanisation du wu</a></b></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail des langues"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/24px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/36px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg/48px-Iconoir_chat-bubble.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Langues" title="Portail:Langues">Portail des langues</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_chinois" title="Portail du monde chinois"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E4%B8%AD-red.svg/24px-%E4%B8%AD-red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E4%B8%AD-red.svg/36px-%E4%B8%AD-red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%E4%B8%AD-red.svg/48px-%E4%B8%AD-red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_chinois" title="Portail:Monde chinois">Portail du monde chinois</a></span> </span></li> </ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&oldid=220511864">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&oldid=220511864</a> ».</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Accueil" title="Catégorie:Accueil">Catégories</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises" title="Catégorie:Romanisation des langues chinoises">Romanisation des langues chinoises</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Langue_mandarine" title="Catégorie:Langue mandarine">Langue mandarine</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catégories cachées : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_%C3%A0_traduction_en_anglais" title="Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais">Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés">Portail:Langues/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Langues/Articles_li%C3%A9s_directement" title="Catégorie:Portail:Langues/Articles liés directement">Portail:Langues/Articles liés directement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Société/Articles liés">Portail:Société/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Monde_chinois/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Monde chinois/Articles liés">Portail:Monde chinois/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Portail:Asie/Articles_li%C3%A9s" title="Catégorie:Portail:Asie/Articles liés">Portail:Asie/Articles liés</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Bon_article_en_zazaki" title="Catégorie:Bon article en zazaki">Bon article en zazaki</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 22 novembre 2024 à 13:05.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citation_et_r%C3%A9utilisation_du_contenu_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia:Citation et réutilisation du contenu de Wikipédia">Droit d'auteur</a> : les textes sont disponibles sous <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions</a> ; d’autres conditions peuvent s’appliquer. Voyez les <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/fr">conditions d’utilisation</a> pour plus de détails, ainsi que les <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Cr%C3%A9dits_graphiques" title="Wikipédia:Crédits graphiques">crédits graphiques</a>. En cas de réutilisation des textes de cette page, voyez <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer/Hanyu_pinyin" title="Spécial:Citer/Hanyu pinyin">comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence</a>.<br /> Wikipedia® est une marque déposée de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, organisation de bienfaisance régie par le paragraphe <a href="/wiki/501c" title="501c">501(c)(3)</a> du code fiscal des États-Unis.</span><br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politique de confidentialité</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C3%80_propos_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia">À propos de Wikipédia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Avertissements_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raux">Avertissements</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipédia:Contact">Contact</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code de conduite</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Développeurs</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/fr.wikipedia.org">Statistiques</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Déclaration sur les témoins (cookies)</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//fr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanyu_pinyin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Version mobile</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vh5cv","wgBackendResponseTime":790,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.489","walltime":"0.604","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9235,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":285903,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25933,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":49483,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 450.157 1 -total"," 30.86% 138.919 5 Modèle:Références"," 10.94% 49.263 1 Modèle:Portail"," 8.59% 38.684 21 Modèle:Note"," 7.70% 34.668 1 Modèle:Lien_conférence"," 7.68% 34.558 1 Modèle:Palette"," 7.39% 33.250 2 Modèle:Chinois"," 7.10% 31.959 9 Modèle:Article"," 6.66% 29.993 1 Modèle:Voir_homonymes"," 6.54% 29.427 1 Modèle:Palette_Romanisation_des_langues_chinoises"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.127","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5273012,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vh5cv","timestamp":"20241124123900","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hanyu pinyin","url":"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanyu_pinyin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42222","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q42222","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributeurs aux projets Wikimedia"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Fondation Wikimedia, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-11T13:10:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T12:05:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4e\/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg","headline":"romanisation du chinois mandarin"}</script> </body> </html>