Stœchiométrie — Wikipédia

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aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Rechercher </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Stœchiométrie</h1> <div class="tagline"> étude des quantités de réactifs et de produits en jeu au cours d'une réaction chimique </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Modifier </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chimie">chimie</a>, la stœchiométrie, du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grec_ancien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grec ancien">grec ancien</a> στοιχεῖον / stoikheîon (« élément ») et μέτρον / métron (« mesure »), est un calcul qui permet d'analyser les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quantit%C3%A9_de_mati%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quantité de matière">quantités</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9actif_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réactif (chimie)">réactifs</a> et de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_de_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit de réaction">produits</a> qui sont en jeu au cours d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction chimique">réaction chimique</a>. C'est aussi la proportion des éléments dans une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentation_des_mol%C3%A9cules?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Représentation des molécules">formule chimique</a>. <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption> Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Cet article <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10" data-sort-value="2013-10">octobre 2013</time>). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a> et en les liant à la section « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ». En pratique : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qualit%C3%A9_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a> </div> </div> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Logo_travaux_orange.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/45px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/68px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Logo_travaux_orange.svg/90px-Logo_travaux_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></a> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> Cet article est en cours de réécriture ou de restructuration importante (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-11-24" data-sort-value="2024-11-24">24 novembre 2024</time>). Un utilisateur prévoit de modifier cet article pendant plusieurs jours. Vous êtes invité(e) à en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussion:St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussion:Stœchiométrie">discuter en page de discussion</a> et à participer à son amélioration de préférence en concertation pour des modifications de fond. Bandeau apposé par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Utilisateur:Ariel_Provost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Utilisateur:Ariel Provost"> Ariel Provost</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Discussion_utilisateur:Ariel_Provost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Discussion utilisateur:Ariel Provost">d</a> · <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Contributions/_Ariel_Provost?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Contributions/ Ariel Provost">c</a>). </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/220px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/330px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg/440px-Combustion_reaction_of_methane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="451"></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quation_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équation chimique">Équation de réaction</a> équilibrée illustrant la stœchiométrie de la réaction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combustion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combustion">combustion</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthane">méthane</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeremias_Benjamin_Richter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeremias Benjamin Richter">Jeremias Benjamin Richter</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1762?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1762">1762</a>-<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1807?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1807">1807</a>) fut le premier à énoncer les principes de la stœchiométrie, en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1792?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1792">1792</a>. Il écrivait alors : <blockquote> « La stœchiométrie est la science qui mesure les proportions quantitatives ou rapports de masse dans lesquels les éléments chimiques sont impliqués. » </blockquote> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Principe">1 Principe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aspects_historiques">2 Aspects historiques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89quations_de_r%C3%A9action,_coefficients_et_nombres_st%C5%93chiom%C3%A9triques">3 Équations de réaction, coefficients et nombres stœchiométriques</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89quations_de_r%C3%A9action">3.1 Équations de réaction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9finition">3.2 Définition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9s">3.3 Propriétés</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nombres_st%C5%93chiom%C3%A9triques_n%C3%A9gatifs">3.4 Nombres stœchiométriques négatifs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Remarques">3.5 Remarques</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%C3%89crire_une_%C3%A9quation_de_r%C3%A9action_%C3%A9quilibr%C3%A9e">4 Écrire une équation de réaction équilibrée</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#M%C3%A9lange,_proportions_et_conditions_st%C5%93chiom%C3%A9triques">5 Mélange, proportions et conditions stœchiométriques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9terminer_les_quantit%C3%A9s_de_r%C3%A9actifs_consomm%C3%A9s_ou_de_produits_form%C3%A9s">6 Déterminer les quantités de réactifs consommés ou de produits formés</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Proportions_au_sein_d'une_formule_chimique">7 Proportions au sein d'une formule chimique</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compos%C3%A9s_usuels">7.1 Composés usuels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compos%C3%A9s_non_st%C5%93chiom%C3%A9triques">7.2 Composés non stœchiométriques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aspects_historiques_2">7.3 Aspects historiques</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences">8 Références</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Voir_aussi">9 Voir aussi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes">9.1 Articles connexes</a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Principe">Principe</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Principe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Lors d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction chimique">réaction chimique</a> on observe une modification des substances présentes : certaines substances sont consommées, on les appelle les « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9actif_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réactif (chimie)">réactifs</a> », d'autres substances sont formées, ce sont les « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_de_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit de réaction">produits</a> ». À l'échelle microscopique, la réaction chimique est une modification des liaisons entre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atome">atomes</a>, par déplacement des électrons : certaines <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liaison_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liaison chimique">liaisons</a> sont rompues, d'autres sont formées, mais les atomes eux-mêmes sont conservés. C'est ce qu'on appelle la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservation_de_la_mati%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservation de la matière">conservation de la matière</a> qui se traduit par deux lois : <ul> <li>conservation du nombre d'atomes de chaque <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ment_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élément chimique">élément chimique</a> ;</li> <li>conservation de la charge globale.</li> </ul> Les relations stœchiométriques entre les quantités de réactifs consommés et de produits formés découlent directement des lois de conservation. Elles sont déterminées à partir de l'équation-bilan de la réaction. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Aspects_historiques">Aspects historiques</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Aspects historiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeremias_Benjamin_Richter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeremias Benjamin Richter">Jeremias Benjamin Richter</a>, qui avait eu le célèbre philosophe <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emmanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emmanuel Kant">Emmanuel Kant</a> comme professeur lors de ses études universitaires, en avait gardé l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cart%C3%A9sianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cartésianisme">idée cartésienne</a> qu'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science_naturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Science naturelle">science naturelle</a> n'est une vraie <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Science">science</a> que si elle contient des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mathématiques">mathématiques</a><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a>. Il fut le premier à montrer que les corps avaient une composition chimique constante. Il a montré également que deux corps qui réagissent le font toujours dans des quantités proportionnelles. Il a conduit ses travaux en particulier sur la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_acido-basique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction acido-basique">réaction acido-basique</a> de HCl avec CaCO3 ou avec MgCO3. Il a également travaillé avec la réaction de précipitation entre BaCl2 et MgSO4. Il ne connaissait pas les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule chimique">formules chimiques</a> et il nommait les corps par les symboles des alchimistes. D'autres savants ont contribué à l'élaboration de la notion de stœchiométrie, notamment <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernst_Gottfried_Fischer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernst Gottfried Fischer">Ernst Gottfried Fischer</a> de Berlin, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Dalton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Équations_de_réaction,_coefficients_et_nombres_stœchiométriques">Équations de réaction, coefficients et nombres stœchiométriques</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Équations de réaction, coefficients et nombres stœchiométriques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Équations_de_réaction">Équations de réaction</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Équations de réaction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> L'équation d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction chimique">réaction chimique</a> est une expression précisant les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formule_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Formule chimique">formules chimiques</a> des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9actif_(chimie)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réactif (chimie)">réactifs</a>, celles des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produit_de_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Produit de réaction">produits</a> et les proportions dans lesquelles les réactifs et les produits interviennent : <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightarrow p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mo> ⋯ </mo> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> P </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> P </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mo> ⋯ </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightarrow p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63e2ae048396e0ec59efda854d0c25f46a7861b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:41.427ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightarrow p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 41.427ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/63e2ae048396e0ec59efda854d0c25f46a7861b3" data-alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightarrow p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  </dd> </dl> où : <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {R} _{1},\mathrm {R} _{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> , </mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {R} _{1},\mathrm {R} _{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4093cafb81a2b9877d0484b43807c4efaed501c1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.564ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {R} _{1},\mathrm {R} _{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.564ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4093cafb81a2b9877d0484b43807c4efaed501c1" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {R} _{1},\mathrm {R} _{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>, sont les formules chimiques des différents réactifs ; </dd> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> , </mo> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d00a857c907f8c4b3858f06a1b5c1db4282ab027" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.24ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.24ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d00a857c907f8c4b3858f06a1b5c1db4282ab027" data-alt="{\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>, les nombres d'entités (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécules</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mole_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mole (unité)">moles</a>, par exemple) des réactifs en jeu dans la réaction ; </dd> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {P} _{1},\mathrm {P} _{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> P </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> , </mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> P </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {P} _{1},\mathrm {P} _{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3027af58fae957a199d5a1aaf25a54e3164b82a6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.308ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {P} _{1},\mathrm {P} _{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 6.308ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3027af58fae957a199d5a1aaf25a54e3164b82a6" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {P} _{1},\mathrm {P} _{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>, les formules chimiques des différents produits ; </dd> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{1},p_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> , </mo> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle p_{1},p_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d0cc608181855fb8882bbc2e95d7d4bfbc697f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.571ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{1},p_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 5.571ex;height: 2.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4d0cc608181855fb8882bbc2e95d7d4bfbc697f" data-alt="{\displaystyle p_{1},p_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> , <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>, les nombres d'entités des produits résultant de la réaction. </dd> </dl> Quand la réaction peut se produire dans les deux sens, et notamment quand les réactifs et les produits sont en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équilibre chimique">équilibre</a>, on remplace la flèche «  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false"> → </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rightarrow } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.324ex;height: 1.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53e574cc3aa5b4bf5f3f5906caf121a378eef08b" data-alt="{\displaystyle \rightarrow }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  » par la double flèche «  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false"> ⇌ </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c37b981df851b9e54e489e017b1481e37d418f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.324ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.324ex;height: 1.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c37b981df851b9e54e489e017b1481e37d418f3" data-alt="{\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  » : <dl> <dd> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightleftharpoons p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi> r </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mo> ⋯ </mo> <mo class="MJX-variant" stretchy="false"> ⇌ </mo> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> P </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi> p </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> P </mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mo> ⋯ </mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightleftharpoons p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots } </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d50b6e74a962f603465151085bb7e4478af694b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:41.427ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightleftharpoons p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 41.427ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d50b6e74a962f603465151085bb7e4478af694b6" data-alt="{\displaystyle r_{1}\,\mathrm {R} _{1}+r_{2}\,\mathrm {R} _{2}+\cdots \rightleftharpoons p_{1}\,\mathrm {P} _{1}+p_{2}\,\mathrm {P} _{2}+\cdots }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  </dd> </dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Définition">Définition</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Définition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Le nombre (ou facteur) stœchiométrique d'une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esp%C3%A8ce_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Espèce chimique">espèce chimique</a> dans une réaction chimique donnée est le nombre qui précède sa formule dans l'équation considérée (un, à défaut<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a>). Dans l'exemple précédent : <dl> <dd> CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O </dd> </dl> le nombre stœchiométrique du méthane est 1, celui du dioxygène est 2, celui du dioxyde de carbone est 1 et celui de l'eau est 2. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Propriétés">Propriétés</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Propriétés" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Dans les cas simples (par exemple dans le cas de l'enseignement de la réaction chimique), le nombre stœchiométrique est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entier_naturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entier naturel">entier naturel</a>. Cependant, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fraction_(math%C3%A9matiques_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaires)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraction (mathématiques élémentaires)">fractions</a>, voire des nombres décimaux sont utilisables pour : <ul> <li>forcer un des nombres stœchiométriques à être égal à 1 <dl> <dd> <abbr class="abbr" title="Exemple">ex. :</abbr> C4H10 + 13/2 O2 → 4 CO2 + 5 H2O ; </dd> </dl></li> <li>préciser une formule moléculaire sans alourdir l'écriture de l'équation chimique, comme dans le cas du soufre dont la formule moléculaire est S8 <dl> <dd> <abbr class="abbr" title="Exemple">ex. :</abbr> 2 H2S + SO2 → 3/8 S8 + 2 H2O est plus facile à lire que 16 H2S + 8 SO2 → 3 S8 + 16 H2O<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a>. </dd> </dl></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Nombres_stœchiométriques_négatifs">Nombres stœchiométriques négatifs</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Nombres stœchiométriques négatifs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Dans l'écriture compacte des équations chimiques, pour simplifier les calculs thermodynamiques, il est d'usage d'adopter la convention <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}B_{i}=0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo> ∑ </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi> ν </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi> B </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi> i </mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo> = </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}B_{i}=0} </annotation> </semantics> </math> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d4941b0a1668685c47f79245ef614dec0224e81" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:12.515ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}B_{i}=0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12.515ex;height: 5.509ex;vertical-align: -3.005ex;" data-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d4941b0a1668685c47f79245ef614dec0224e81" data-alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{i}\nu _{i}B_{i}=0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> . <ul> <li>où les νi sont les nombres stœchiométriques positifs pour les produits et négatifs pour les réactifs ;</li> <li>et les Bi sont les réactifs et les produits apparaissant dans l'équation chimique<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a>. Cette écriture est recommandée par l'IUPAC<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-S06025-5">[5]</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Remarques">Remarques</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Remarques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ol> <li>Les nombres stœchiométriques sont des nombres sans dimension qui permettent le calcul des quantités de réactifs consommés ou de produits formés au cours d'une réaction complète.</li> <li>Si la réaction n'est pas complète, on définit l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avancement_de_r%C3%A9action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avancement de réaction">avancement de la réaction</a> ξ qui est un concept incontournable en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermodynamique_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermodynamique chimique">thermodynamique</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9tique_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinétique chimique">cinétique chimique</a>. Dans la définition de ξ les nombres stœchiométriques des réactifs sont affectés du signe « - » et ceux des produits formés du signe « + ».</li> </ol> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Écrire_une_équation_de_réaction_équilibrée">Écrire une équation de réaction équilibrée</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Écrire une équation de réaction équilibrée" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Lorsqu'on écrit l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quation_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équation chimique">équation-bilan</a> d'une réaction chimique, elle doit respecter les règles de conservation de la matière. Pour respecter ces règles on est amené à placer devant la formule chimique de chaque espèce chimique un nombre, appelé nombre stœchiométrique (l'appellation « coefficient stœchiométrique » n'est pas recommandée par l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_internationale_de_chimie_pure_et_appliqu%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée">IUPAC</a>)<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-S06025-5">[5]</a>, qui indique les proportions entre les espèces engagées et entre les espèces formées. Ce sont donc des nombres sans dimension qui ne doivent pas être confondus avec une quantité de matière, n. L'équation de la réaction est en effet indépendante de la quantité de matière mais elle permet de calculer les quantités de matière après réaction si l'on connait les quantités réelles mises en jeu au départ. <dl> <dd> Exemple </dd> <dd> Lors de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combustion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combustion">combustion</a> du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9thane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Méthane">méthane</a> (CH4), celui-ci réagit avec le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyg%C3%A8ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxygène">dioxygène</a> (O2) de l'air ; au cours de cette réaction il se forme du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dioxyde_de_carbone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dioxyde de carbone">dioxyde de carbone</a> (CO2) et de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eau">eau</a> (H2O). </dd> <dd> Le point de départ qualitatif de l'équation de réaction sera donc de la forme : <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> mais en l'état cette équation n'est pas correcte puisqu'elle ne respecte pas les règles de conservation ; pour l'élément hydrogène (H) par exemple, on trouve 4 atomes d'hydrogène dans les réactifs et 2 seulement dans les produits. On équilibre donc cette réaction chimique en introduisant devant les formules chimiques de chaque espèce un nombre stœchiométrique. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dd> Ainsi, si on écrit : <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> CH4 + O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> ce qui respecte la règle de conservation pour les éléments carbone (C) et hydrogène (H) mais pas pour l'oxygène (O) ; on corrige donc : <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> </dd> <dd> qui est l'équation-bilan correcte de la réaction de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Combustion_d%27un_alcane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Combustion d'un alcane">combustion du méthane</a>. </dd> </dl> <dl> <dd> Elle traduit le fait que le bilan de la réaction chimique est le suivant : une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mole_(unit%C3%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mole (unité)">mole</a> de méthane réagit avec deux moles de dioxygène pour former une mole de dioxyde de carbone et deux moles d'eau. </dd> <dd> D'un point de vue moléculaire, le bilan est évidemment le même : une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Molécule">molécule</a> de méthane et deux molécules de dioxygène disparaissent pour former une molécule de dioxyde de carbone et deux molécules d'eau, mais cela ne veut pas dire que la réaction se fasse par réaction directe d'une molécule de méthane avec deux molécules de dioxygène. La réalité au niveau moléculaire est plus complexe et fait intervenir plusieurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_%C3%A9l%C3%A9mentaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction élémentaire">réactions élémentaires</a> dont le bilan est bien celui indiqué dans l'équation. </dd> </dl> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Mélange,_proportions_et_conditions_stœchiométriques">Mélange, proportions et conditions stœchiométriques</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Mélange, proportions et conditions stœchiométriques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Quand les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Quantit%C3%A9_de_mati%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Quantité de matière">quantités</a> de tous les réactifs sont proportionnelles à leurs nombres stœchiométriques au début de la réaction, on dit que : <ul> <li>le mélange est stœchiométrique ;</li> <li>les réactifs sont dans les proportions stœchiométriques (ou « ont été introduits dans les proportions stœchiométriques ») ;</li> <li>la réaction a lieu dans les conditions stœchiométriques ;</li> </ul> ces trois expressions ayant strictement la même signification. Dans ces conditions, si la réaction est totale, tous les réactifs seront entièrement consommés. Si les réactifs ne sont pas introduits initialement dans les proportions stœchiométriques, et si la réaction est totale : <ul> <li>l'un d'eux disparaitra totalement en fin de réaction : il est appelé <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9actif_limitant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réactif limitant">réactif limitant</a> ou en défaut ;</li> <li>le (ou les) autres(s) réactif(s) ne seront pas totalement consommés en fin de réaction, et il en restera donc dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milieu_r%C3%A9actionnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milieu réactionnel">milieu</a> : on l'(les) appelle réactif(s) en excès.</li> </ul> Remarque : ceci est valable pour une réaction totale, sachant que certaines réactions sont limitées ou peuvent s'inverser. En fin de réaction, les réactifs ne sont pas entièrement consommés, même s'ils avaient été introduits dans les proportions stœchiométriques ! Ceci est dû au fait que les produits d'une réaction limitée peuvent eux-mêmes réagir ensemble pour redonner les réactifs de départ, ce qui n'est pas possible dans une réaction totale. Cette inversabilité conduit à un état d'équilibre chimique dans lequel coexistent les réactifs et les produits dans une proportion fixée par une constante dite « constante d'équilibre » (voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équilibre chimique">Équilibre chimique</a>). </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Déterminer_les_quantités_de_réactifs_consommés_ou_de_produits_formés">Déterminer les quantités de réactifs consommés ou de produits formés</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Déterminer les quantités de réactifs consommés ou de produits formés" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Quelles que soient les conditions initiales, les quantités de réactifs consommés et de produits formés sont proportionnelles aux nombres stœchiométriques de l'équation de la réaction chimique. <dl> <dd> Exemple </dd> </dl> Soit l'équation-bilan de la combustion du méthane : <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd> CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O. </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> Puisque la combustion d'une mole de méthane (CH4, nombre stœchiométrique : 1) produit une mole de dioxyde de carbone (CO2, nombre stœchiométrique : 1), les deux substances sont consommées et formées dans les mêmes proportions. La quantité d'eau formée (H2O, nombre stœchiométrique : 2) peut être déduite de la même façon. Puisque la combustion d'une mole de méthane produit deux moles d'eau, le nombre de moles d'eau produit sera toujours deux fois supérieur au nombre de moles de méthane consommé. Il est possible d'utiliser les proportions avec n'importe quels réactifs ou produits de l'équation afin de calculer le nombre de moles produit ou consommé. Cette méthode est également effective entre réactifs (où l'un des réactifs est un réactif limitant) ainsi qu'entre produits. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Proportions_au_sein_d'une_formule_chimique">Proportions au sein d'une formule chimique</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Proportions au sein d'une formule chimique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Composés_usuels">Composés usuels</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Composés usuels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> La stœchiométrie est également la proportion avec laquelle les éléments sont présents dans une formule brute. Par exemple pour l'éthane, C2H6, les éléments chimiques C et H sont présents avec la stœchiométrie 2 et 6 respectivement. Dans le cas des composés ioniques, la stœchiométrie doit respecter le principe de neutralité électrique. Par exemple, le carbonate d'aluminium associe un anion portant deux charges électriques négatives et un cation portant trois charges positives. La stœchiométrie du sel est, pour cette raison Al2(CO3)3. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Composés_non_stœchiométriques">Composés non stœchiométriques</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Composés non stœchiométriques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> Dans certains composés, la stœchiométrie des éléments n'est pas entière. Le cas le plus classique est l'oxyde de fer FeO dont la formule est en fait Fe1-xO. Cette absence de stœchiométrie entière vient du fait que cet oxyde de fer possède une proportion importante de fer(III) parmi les fer(II), et qu'il faut, pour respecter l'électroneutralité de l'oxyde, moins d'ions fer que d'ions oxyde<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Aspects_historiques_2">Aspects historiques</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Aspects historiques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> La stœchiométrie des composés a fait l'objet de débats qui durèrent toute la première moitié du <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle">XIXe</abbr> siècle. Par exemple, l'eau avait pour certains la formule HO, en vertu d'un « principe » imposant que la stœchiométrie soit la plus simple possible. Pour d'autres, la formule était H2O en vertu du fait que l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89lectrolyse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Électrolyse">électrolyse</a> décompose l'eau en un volume de O2 pour deux volumes de H2 et que le volume des gaz est proportionnel à la quantité de molécules qu'ils contiennent, à même pression. Cette dernière loi (dite <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loi_d%27Avogadro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loi d'Avogadro">loi d'Avogadro</a>-Ampère) n'était pas universellement acceptée à l'époque. Les conséquences furent importantes car dans un cas, les masses équivalentes (aujourd'hui <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masse_molaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masse molaire">masses molaires</a>) étaient M(H) = 1 et M(O) = 17 et dans l'autre M(H) = 1 et M(O) = 16, or tout travail de chimie devait être présenté avec le système de masses équivalentes utilisé. Il en a été de même pour la stœchiométrie des molécules telles que le dichlore, Cl pour certains et Cl2 pour d'autres. La fin de la cacophonie qui résultait de cette méconnaissance de la stœchiométrie des corps les plus simples intervint à la suite du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_de_Karlsruhe_de_1860?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congrès de Karlsruhe de 1860">Congrès de Karlsruhe de 1860</a> à l'initiative de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Cannizzaro</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Références">Références</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Szabadvary F. (1962), The birth of stoichiometry, J. Chem. Educ. 39(5), 267-270.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Lorsque le nombre stœchiométrique est égal à 1, il n'est pas écrit, c'est pourquoi dans l'exemple CH4 et CO2 ne sont précédés d'aucun nombre.</li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> Greenwood N.N. et Earnshaw A. (2003), Chemistry of the Elements, <abbr class="abbr" title="Deuxième">2e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr>, Elsevier, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 651.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Brnon-Audat F., Busquet C. et Mesnil C. (1993), Thermodynamique chimique, Éd. Hachette supérieur, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 20.</li> <li id="cite_note-S06025-5">↑ <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-S06025_5-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-S06025_5-1">b</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://goldbook.iupac.org/S06025.html">stoichiometric number, ν</a> », <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Union_internationale_de_chimie_pure_et_appliqu%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Union internationale de chimie pure et appliquée">IUPAC</a>, <cite class="italique"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Compendium_of_Chemical_Terminology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Compendium of Chemical Terminology">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></cite> [« Gold Book »], Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1997, version corrigée en ligne :  (2019-), <abbr class="abbr" title="deuxième">2e</abbr> <abbr class="abbr" title="édition">éd.</abbr> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-9678550-9-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-9678550-9-8">0-9678550-9-8</a>)<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Chemical+Terminology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.edition=2&rft.au=IUPAC&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=0-9678550-9-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ASt%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uel.unisciel.fr/chimie/strucmic/strucmic_ch11/co/apprendre_ch11_20.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Non stoechiométrie [Structure des solides]</cite></a> », sur unisciel.fr (consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-03-22" data-sort-value="2021-03-22">22 mars 2021</time>).</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> Sur les autres projets Wikimedia : <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/st%25C5%2593chiom%25C3%25A9trie" class="extiw" title="wikt:stœchiométrie">stœchiométrie</a>, sur le Wiktionnaire</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modifier </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9action_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Réaction chimique">Réaction chimique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89quation_chimique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Équation chimique">Équation chimique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poids_%C3%A9quivalent?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poids équivalent">Poids équivalent</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89cologie_stoechiom%C3%A9trique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Écologie stoechiométrique">Écologie stoechiométrique</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thermobook.net/stoichiometry">calculateur de stoechiométrie</a></li> </ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Chimie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la chimie"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/36px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/48px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 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href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=St%C5%93chiom%C3%A9trie&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Dernière modification le 25 novembre 2024, à 10:34 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoigiometrie" title="Stoigiometrie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stoigiometrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A4_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B7_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1" title="تكافؤ ترابط العناصر – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تكافؤ ترابط العناصر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometr%25C3%25ADa" title="Estequiometría – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estequiometría" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D1%258D%25D1%2585%25D1%2596%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F" title="Стэхіяметрыя – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэхіяметрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Стехиометрия – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometria" title="Estequiometria – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estequiometria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechiometrie" title="Stechiometrie – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stechiometrie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25B8kiometri" title="Støkiometri – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Støkiometri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25B6chiometrie" title="Stöchiometrie – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stöchiometrie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A3%25CF%2584%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B9%25CF%2587%25CE%25B5%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CF%2584%25CF%2581%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Στοιχειομετρία – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στοιχειομετρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Stoichiometry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekiometrio" title="Stekiometrio – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stekiometrio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometr%25C3%25ADa" title="Estequiometría – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estequiometría" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25B6hhiomeetria" title="Stöhhiomeetria – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stöhhiomeetria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estekiometria" title="Estekiometria – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estekiometria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="استوکیومتری – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استوکیومتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometria" title="Stoikiometria – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stoikiometria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25B3caim%25C3%25A9adracht" title="Stócaiméadracht – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stócaiméadracht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%259B%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%259E%25D7%2598%25D7%25A8%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="סטויכיומטריה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטויכיומטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25B8%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A5%2580%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BF" title="रससमीकरणमिति – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रससमीकरणमिति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estekyometri" title="Estekyometri – créole haïtien" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estekyometri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="créole haïtien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szt%25C3%25B6chiometria" title="Sztöchiometria – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sztöchiometria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258D%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A5%25D5%25AD%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A5%25D5%25BF%25D6%2580%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Ստեխիոմետրիա – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստեխիոմետրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stoikiometri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechiometria" title="Stechiometria – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stechiometria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%25AD%25A6%25E9%2587%258F%25E8%25AB%2596" title="化学量論 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学量論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Стехиометрия – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2599%2594%25ED%2595%2599%25EB%259F%2589%25EB%25A1%25A0" title="화학량론 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학량론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Стехиометрия – kirghize" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghize" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25B8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B1%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AF%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%2586%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="സ്റ്റോയ്ക്യോമെട്രി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റോയ്ക്യോമെട്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580" title="Стехиометр – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стехиометр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoikiometri" title="Stoikiometri – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stoikiometri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometrie" title="Stoichiometrie – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stoichiometrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25B8kiometri" title="Støkiometri – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Støkiometri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechiometria" title="Stechiometria – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stechiometria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%25B9%25D9%2588%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25DA%25A9%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%25B9%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C" title="سٹوئیکیومیٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹوئیکیومیٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estequiometria" title="Estequiometria – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estequiometria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoechiometrie" title="Stoechiometrie – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stoechiometrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Стехиометрия – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стехиометрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stoichiometry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stehiometrija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stekiometria" title="Stekiometria – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stekiometria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Стехиометрија – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стехиометрија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%25C3%25B6kiometri" title="Stökiometri – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stökiometri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25B8%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%259F%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%2595%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25AF%25E0%25B1%258B%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B1%2586%25E0%25B0%259F%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%2580" title="స్టాయికియోమెట్రీ – télougou" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్టాయికియోమెట్రీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="télougou" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stokiyometri" title="Stokiyometri – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stokiyometri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A1%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D1%2596%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2580%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Стехіометрія – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стехіометрія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1_%25D9%25BE%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C" title="عنصر پیمائی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عنصر پیمائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%259D%259E%25E6%2595%25B4%25E6%25AF%2594%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%2590%2588%25E7%2589%25A9" title="非整比化合物 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="非整比化合物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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Stœchiométrie — Wikipédia