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מי זוכר את החללים - אלוהים או עם ישראל? | תרבות.il
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class="site-content"> <div class="wrap"> <div id="up"></div> <div id="primary" class="content-area"> <main id="main" class="site-main" role="main"> <div class="content"> <div class="entry-header"> <div class="entry-header-img" > <img src="https://tarbutil.cet.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/article-icon.svg"></div> <h1>מי זוכר את החללים – אלוהים או עם ישראל? </h1> <h2> </h2> <h3 class="entry-summary"><p>המחלוקת סביב תפילת "יזכור" הוצתה מחדש, כשהורים שכולים תבעו את החזרת הנוסח המקורי של ברל כצנלסון "יזכור עם ישראל" במקום הנוסח הדתי "יזכור אלוהים". במאמר מתחקה המחבר אחר מקורותיה של תפילת "יזכור", טקסט מכונן שהסערה סביבו היא נייר הלקמוס של הציבוריות הישראלית.</p> </h3> <div class="author"><span class="authors">מאת:</span> <ul><li><a href="https://tarbutil.cet.ac.il/authors/%d7%a0%d7%a4%d7%aa%d7%9c%d7%99-%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%98%d7%a0%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%92/">נפתלי רוטנברג</a></li></ul></div> <div class="reading-time"> <span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix"></span> <span class="rt-time"> < 1</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">דקות</span></span> </div> </div> <hr class="margin-bottom"><div class="item-content"><p><p>לאחרונה התפרץ מחדש מאבק ציבורי בין חילונים לדתיים סביב הקראת ה"יזכור" לחללי מערכות ישראל בטקסים הממלכתיים. שני הצדדים סברו בטעות כי מקור הטקסט הוא תפילת ה"יזכור" המסורתית ששם "אלוהים" הוצא ממנה ובמקומו נאמר "יזכור עם ישראל". החלפת "עם ישראל" ב"אלוהים" היא משום כך עבור רבים פגיעה באחד מסמלי הזהות של היהדות החילונית. כנגד זה חשים רבים אחרים שה"יזכור" הממלכתי הוא קריאת תיגר כלפי שמיא ופגיעה ברגשותיהם הדתיים.</p> <p>אפשר ללמוד הרבה על עוצמתם של ביטויי זהות דווקא מן העובדה שהנחת היסוד של שני הצדדים מוטעית. מקור הטקסט אינו תפילת ה"יזכור" המסורתית בנוסח אשכנז (שחוברה בגרמניה במאה השתים-עשרה והוכנסה לאחר מכן לסידורים ולמחזורי התפילה). לא מדובר בתפילה דתית ששונתה וגם לא בניסיון חיקוי של ריטואל דתי. המקור הוא יצירה ספרותית מקורית שחיבר ברל כצנלסון לפני כתשעים שנה, מיד לאחר קרב תל חי שהתחולל ביום יא באדר תר"פ (1920):</p> <blockquote><p>יִזְכֹּר עַם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַנְּשָׁמוֹת הַטְּהוֹרוֹת שֶׁל בָּנָיו וּבְנוֹתָיו:</p> <p>שניאור שפושניק</p> <p>אהרן שר</p> <p>דבורה דראכלר</p> <p>בנימין מונטר</p> <p>(זאב) שרף</p> <p>שרה צ'יז'יק</p> <p>(יעקב) טוקר</p> <p>יוסף טרומפלדור</p> <p>הַנֶּאֱמָנִים וְהָאַמִּיצִים, אַנְשֵׁי הָעֲבוֹדָה וְהַשָּׁלוֹם, אֲשֶׁר הָלְכוּ מֵאַחֲרֵי הַמַּחֲרֵשָׁה וַיְחָרְפוּ נַפְשָׁם עַל כְּבוֹד יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל אַדְמַת יִשְׂרָאֵל.</p> <p>יִזְכֹּר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִתְבָּרַךְ בְּזַרְעוֹ וְיֶאֱבַל עַל זִיו הָעֲלוּמִים וְחֶמְדַּת הַגְּבוּרָה וּקְדֻשַּׁת הָרָצוֹן וּמְסִירוּת הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר נִסְפּוּ בַּמַּעֲרָכָה הַכְּבֵדָה.</p> <p>אַל יִשְׁקֹט וְאַל יִנָּחֵם וְאַל יָפוּג הָאֵבֶל עַד בֹּא יוֹם בּוֹ יָשׁוּב יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגָאַל אַדְמָתוֹ הַשְּׁדוּדָה.</p></blockquote> <p>בניגוד למה שרבים חושבים בטעות, ברל לא הוציא מה"יזכור" את שם אלוהים אלא דווקא הכניס אזכוּר מסורתי – את המילים "יזכור […] את הנשמות הטהורות" – כדי ליצור חיבור למסורת בהשראתה של תפילת ה"יזכור" הנהוגה בקהילות אשכנז. יש לזכור שברל כצנלסון חי ויצר בקרב מי שבאו מן הקהילות היהודיות במזרח אירופה, והללו המשיכו להיות ערש תרבותם, גם אם הם זנחו את הריטואלים הדתיים היומיומיים. לא להתריס כלפי שמיא ביקש ברל כצנלסון ובעקבותיו מי שקבעו את קריאת "יזכור עם ישראל" בטקסים הממלכתיים, אלא לאחד את כלל ישראל, חילונים, דתיים ומסורתיים, סביב זכר הנופלים.</p> <p>עוד בטרם שככו קרבות מלחמת השחרור, הוכנסה הקראת ה"יזכור" של ברל, בשינויים מתבקשים ומתבקשים פחות, לטקסי הזיכרון לנופלים ונעשתה חלק מכל הטקסים הממלכתיים.<sup>1</sup> את העיבודים עשו אהוביה מלכין, אהרן זאב ומשה שמיר, וכן הוכנסו אחר כך כמה תוספות. בין השאר נעשה מאמץ מתמשך לניסוח כללי יותר שלא יזוהה בהכרח עם אנשי תנועת העבודה אלא עם הנופלים מכל חלקי העם:</p> <blockquote> <p dir="rtl">יִזְכֹּר עַם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת בָּנָיו וּבְנוֹתָיו, הַנֶּאֱמָנִים וְהָאַמִּיצִים, חַיָּלֵי צְבָא הֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכָל לוֹחֲמֵי הַמַּחְתָּרוֹת וַחֲטִיבוֹת הַלּוֹחֲמִים בְּמַעַרְכוֹת הָעָם, וְכָל אַנְשֵי קְהִילִיַּת הַמּוֹדִיעִין וְהַבִּטָּחוֹן וְאַנְשֵׁי הַמִּשְׁטָרָה אֲשֶׁר חֵרְפוּ נַפְשָׁם בַּמִּלְחָמָה עַל תְּקוּמַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, וְכָל אֵלֶּה שֶׁנִּרְצְחוּ בָּאָרֶץ וּמִחוּצָה לָהּ בִּידֵי מְרַצְּחִים מֵאִרְגּוּנֵי הַטֶּרוֹר.</p> <p dir="rtl">יִזְכֹּר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִתְבָּרַך בְּזַרְעוֹ וְיֶאֱבַל עַל זִיו הָעֲלוּמִים וְחֶמְדַּת הַגְּבוּרָה וּקְדֻשַּׁת הָרָצוֹן וּמְסִירוּת הַנֶּפֶש אֲשֶׁר נִסְפּוּ בַּמַּעֲרָכָה הַכְּבֵדָה.</p> <p dir="rtl">יִהְיוּ חַלְלֵי מַעַרְכוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל עֲטוּרֵי הַנִּצָּחוֹן חֲתוּמִים בְּלֵב יִשְׂרָאֵל לְדוֹר דּוֹר.</p> </blockquote> <p>הכנסת שם אלוהים לקטע המדובר יצרה חיבור כלאיים, שעטנז ענייני וסגנוני, שהרי רק השם "עם ישראל" הוצא מהמשפט הפותח ובמקומו הוכנס "אלוהים". השאר נותר עומד בעינו: תיאור מעשה גבורתם של הנופלים, קריאה נוספת "יזכור ישראל ויתברך בזרעו ויאבל על זיו העלומים וחמדת הגבורה" ולבסוף: "יהיו חללי מערכות ישראל עטורי הניצחון חתומים בלב ישראל לדור דור".</p> <p>"אשמתם" של ברל וממשיכיו היא אפוא השימוש במילה הטעונה "יזכור". אהבתו של ברל למסורת ישראל קלקלה כאן את השורה. לולא מאמציו לקשור את ההערכה לנופלים לטקסט המסורתי היו הרב שלמה גורן ואחרים יכולים להשלים עם הקראת קטע ספרותי נאה, כעין הספד, הקורא לעם ישראל לזכור את הנופלים במלחמותיו, וכאנשים מאמינים היו מסתפקים בתפילת "אל מלא רחמים", בפרק תהלים ובקדיש הנאמרים אחריו. בסופו של דבר הצליח מאבקם של המתקנים את הטקסט המקורי של ברל: ברבים מהטקסים הצבאיים והממלכתיים הוצא "עם ישראל" מהמשפט הפותח והוכנס "אלוהים". האם שינוי זה הכשיר את ה"יזכור" הממלכתי כולו והפך אותו לתפילה דתית? את התשובה לשאלה זו אפשר למצוא בסידור הנוסח האחיד בהוצאת הרבנות הצבאית הראשית שערכו הרב גורן וממשיכיו בתפקיד:</p> <blockquote><p>יִזְכֹּר אֱלֹהִים אֶת נִשְׁמוֹת חַיָּלֵי צְבָא הֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁמָּסְרוּ נַפְשָׁם עַל קְדֻשַּׁת הַשֵּׁם, הָעָם וְהָאָרֶץ, וְנָפְלוּ מוֹת גִּבּוֹרִים […] תִּהְיֶינָה נִשְׁמוֹתֵיהֶם צְרוּרות בִּצְרוֹר הַחַיִּים עִם נִשְׁמוֹת אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב וְעִם נִשְׁמוֹת שְׁאָר גִּבּוֹרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּקְדוֹשָׁיו שֶׁבְּגַן עֵדֶן וְנֹאמַר אָמֵן.</p></blockquote> <p>בזירה אחת המפגישה קבוצות בעלות זהויות שונות – הזירה המשותפת של הזיכרון והשכול – נאבקה הרבנות הצבאית הראשית על אזכור שם שמים אף שגם היא הייתה סבורה שה"יזכור" הממלכתי אינו תפילה מסורתית. אפשר ללמוד מכאן שאין די בשילוב שם אלוהים בתוך יצירה ספרותית בעלת מעמד ציבורי-ממלכתי כדי להכניסה לסידור התפילה הכולל תפילות ש"נטבעו במטבע שטבעו חכמים", ולא יצירות שכתבו סופרים והוגים כמו ברל כצנלסון ואחרים.</p> </p></div><hr/> <div class="footnotes-footer"> <p>הערות שוליים</p><ol> <li>על תולדות השינויים ב"יזכור" הממלכתי ראו אילנה שמיר, "שינויים בנוסח ה'יזכור'", אתר "יזכר – אתר הנצחה לחללי מערכות ישראל", <a href="http://www.izkor.gov.il/Page.aspx?pid=32">http://www.izkor.gov.il/Page.aspx?pid=32 </a> (אוחזר ב-28.7.2011).</li> </ol> </div> </div> </main><!-- #main --> <div id="readmore" class="readlength"><hr/><div>לחצו להמשך קריאה</div><div class="read-img"></div></div> <div id="readless" class="readlength"><hr/><div>לחצו להקטנה</div><div class="read-img"></div></div> </div><!-- #primary --> <aside id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-inner"> <div class="sharing"> <h2>רוצה לשתף את העמוד זה?</h2> <div class="buttons-wrapper"> <!-- Created with a shortcode from an AddThis plugin --><div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox_hnri addthis_tool"></div><!-- End of short code snippet --></div> </div> <hr/> <div class="similar"> <h2>באותו נושא</h2> <div class="similar-wrapper"> <a class="post_preview " popular="22" id="1760" data-preload="0" href="https://tarbutil.cet.ac.il/article/%d7%9e%d7%9b%d7%aa%d7%91%d7%95-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%a9-%d7%a6%d7%95%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%91%d7%97%d7%99%d7%a0%d7%aa-%d7%a0%d7%95%d7%a1%d7%97-%d7%99%d7%96%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%a8/"><h3>מכתבו של ראש צוות בחינת נוסח "יזכור"</h3><p>המתח בין מיתוס דתי למיתוס חילוני. להן מכתבו של אלוף במיל' ישי בר, ראש צוות בחינת נוסח "יזכור", לרמטכ"ל. במכתב ניתן לראות את הלבטים, החלופות ואת הרקע ההיסטורי ממנו צמח הפולמוס הנוקב על תפילת היזכור</p> <div class="preview_footer "><div class="icon"><img src="https://tarbutil.cet.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/creation-icon-1.svg"><span>יצירה</span></div><div class="reading-time"><span class="span-reading-time rt-reading-time"><span class="rt-label rt-prefix"></span> <span class="rt-time"> < 1</span> <span class="rt-label rt-postfix">דקות</span></span></div></div> </a><a class="post_preview " popular="19" id="5110" data-preload="0" href="https://tarbutil.cet.ac.il/lexicon/%d7%99%d7%95%d7%9d-%d7%94%d7%96%d7%99%d7%9b%d7%a8%d7%95%d7%9f-%d7%9c%d7%97%d7%9c%d7%9c%d7%99-%d7%9e%d7%a2%d7%a8%d7%9b%d7%95%d7%aa-%d7%99%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%9c/"><h3>יום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל</h3><p>יום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל נקבע ל-ד באייר, יום לפני יום העצמאות, כדי להדגיש את הקשר בין עצמאות ישראל ובין מחירהּ הכבד. ביום זה מציינים את כל ההרוגים במהלך שנות המדינה - במלחמות, בפעילות מבצעית או בעת מילוי תפקידם, וכן את קורבנות הטרור בארץ ובחו"ל.</p> <div class="preview_footer "><div class="icon"><img src="https://tarbutil.cet.ac.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/lex-icon-1.svg"><span>לקסיקון</span></div><div class="reading-time"><span class="span-reading-time 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