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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انثالبي الذوبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انثالبي الذوبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalpia_de_dissoluci%C3%B3" title="Entalpia de dissolució – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Entalpia de dissolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6sungsenthalpie" title="Lösungsenthalpie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lösungsenthalpie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entalp%C3%ADa_de_disoluci%C3%B3n" title="Entalpía de disolución – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Entalpía de disolución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84" title="آنتالپی انحلال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتالپی انحلال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpie_de_solution" title="Enthalpie de solution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Enthalpie de solution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%A9%ED%95%B4%EC%97%B4" title="용해열 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="용해열" 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title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> change associated with the <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolution</a> of a substance in a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> at <a href="/wiki/Isobaric_process" title="Isobaric process">constant pressure</a> resulting in infinite dilution. </p><p>The enthalpy of solution is most often expressed in <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a> at constant temperature. The energy change can be regarded as being made up of three parts: the <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> breaking of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonds</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">solute</a> and within the solvent, and the formation of attractions between the solute and the solvent. An <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solution</a> has a null <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_mixing" title="Enthalpy of mixing">enthalpy of mixing</a>. For a non-ideal solution, it is an <a href="/wiki/Excess_molar_quantity" class="mw-redirect" title="Excess molar quantity">excess molar quantity</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energetics">Energetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Energetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dissolution by most gases is exothermic. That is, when a gas dissolves in a liquid solvent, energy is released as heat, warming both the system (i.e. the solution) and the surroundings. </p><p>The temperature of the solution eventually decreases to match that of the surroundings. The equilibrium, between the gas as a separate phase and the gas in solution, will by <a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2telier%27s_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Châtelier's principle">Le Châtelier's principle</a> shift to favour the gas going into solution as the temperature is decreased (decreasing the temperature increases the solubility of a gas). </p><p>When a saturated solution of a gas is heated, gas comes out of the solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steps_in_dissolution">Steps in dissolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steps in dissolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dissolution can be viewed as occurring in three steps: </p> <ol><li>Breaking solute–solute attractions (<a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a>), for instance, <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</a> <span class="nowrap">⁠<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U_{\text{latt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>latt</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U_{\text{latt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd196a7a1ec362233236c346c55de7f78ea49c04" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.378ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U_{\text{latt}}}" /></span>⁠</span> in salts.</li> <li>Breaking solvent–solvent attractions (endothermic), for instance, that of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bonding">hydrogen bonding</a>.</li> <li>Forming solvent–solute attractions (<a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">solvation</a>.</li></ol> <p>The value of the enthalpy of solvation is the sum of these individual steps: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{solv}}=\Delta H_{\text{diss}}+U_{\text{latt}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>solv</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>diss</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>U</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>latt</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{solv}}=\Delta H_{\text{diss}}+U_{\text{latt}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdeae5e0dd5aafb8cf3ccc43b6ad111ab51f0625" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.625ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H_{\text{solv}}=\Delta H_{\text{diss}}+U_{\text{latt}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Dissolving <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> in water is endothermic. The energy released by the solvation of the ammonium ions and nitrate ions is less than the energy absorbed in breaking up the ammonium nitrate ionic lattice and the attractions between water molecules. Dissolving <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> is exothermic, as more energy is released during solvation than is used in breaking up the solute and solvent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expressions_in_differential_or_integral_form">Expressions in differential or integral form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expressions in differential or integral form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expressions of the enthalpy change of dissolution can be differential or <a href="/wiki/Integral" title="Integral">integral</a>, as a function of the ratio of amounts of solute-solvent. </p><p>The <b>molar differential enthalpy change of dissolution</b> is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{diss}}^{\text{d}}H=\left({\frac {\partial \Delta _{\text{diss}}H}{\partial \Delta n_{i}}}\right)_{T,p,n_{B}},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>diss</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>diss</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{diss}}^{\text{d}}H=\left({\frac {\partial \Delta _{\text{diss}}H}{\partial \Delta n_{i}}}\right)_{T,p,n_{B}},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85b0fd4f3f15768a5ac81c9924cdbe2cfb9893ec" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:28.413ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{diss}}^{\text{d}}H=\left({\frac {\partial \Delta _{\text{diss}}H}{\partial \Delta n_{i}}}\right)_{T,p,n_{B}},}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>where <span class="nowrap">⁠<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial \Delta n_{i}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial \Delta n_{i}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a0126a550af5dcb669709062a01ff34129ab832" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.448ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial \Delta n_{i}}" /></span>⁠</span> is the infinitesimal variation, or differential, of the <a href="/wiki/Mole_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole number">mole number</a> of the solute during dissolution. </p><p>The integral heat of dissolution is defined as a process of obtaining a certain amount of solution with a final concentration. The <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">enthalpy</a> change in this process, normalized by the <a href="/wiki/Mole_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole number">mole number</a> of solute, is evaluated as the <b>molar integral heat of dissolution</b>. Mathematically, the molar integral heat of dissolution is denoted as </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{diss}}^{\text{i}}H={\frac {\Delta _{\text{diss}}H}{n_{B}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>diss</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>i</mtext> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>diss</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{diss}}^{\text{i}}H={\frac {\Delta _{\text{diss}}H}{n_{B}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d66c4f2f709e9d9ec4d8af2bfd6df7e991caafc5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.379ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta _{\text{diss}}^{\text{i}}H={\frac {\Delta _{\text{diss}}H}{n_{B}}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>The prime heat of dissolution is the differential heat of dissolution for obtaining an infinitely diluted solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dependence_on_the_nature_of_the_solution">Dependence on the nature of the solution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dependence on the nature of the solution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_mixing" title="Enthalpy of mixing">enthalpy of mixing</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solution</a> is zero by definition, but the enthalpy of dissolution of nonelectrolytes has the value of the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">enthalpy of fusion</a> or vaporisation. For non-ideal solutions of <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> it is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Activity_coefficient" title="Activity coefficient">activity coefficient</a> of the solute(s) and the temperature derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Relative_permittivity" title="Relative permittivity">relative permittivity</a> through the following formula:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{\text{dil}}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}RT\ln \gamma _{i}\left(1+{\frac {T}{\epsilon }}{\frac {\partial \epsilon }{\partial T}}\right).}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>dil</mtext> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <munder> <mo>∑</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </munder> <msub> <mi>ν</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>γ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>T</mi> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>ϵ</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{\text{dil}}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}RT\ln \gamma _{i}\left(1+{\frac {T}{\epsilon }}{\frac {\partial \epsilon }{\partial T}}\right).}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8091f820ea2ec712a424ed0cd68fa1495c45bf0e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; width:36.007ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{\text{dil}}=\sum _{i}\nu _{i}RT\ln \gamma _{i}\left(1+{\frac {T}{\epsilon }}{\frac {\partial \epsilon }{\partial T}}\right).}" /></span> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Enthalpy change of solution in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> at 25 °C for some selected compounds<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Compound</th> <th>Δ<i>H</i><sup><s>o</s></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">kJ</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mol</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a></td> <td>−74.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a></td> <td>+25.69 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></td> <td>−30.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a></td> <td>−57.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">caesium hydroxide</a></td> <td>−71.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a></td> <td>+3.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a></td> <td>+41.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a></td> <td>−1.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a></td> <td>−44.50 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_molar_property" title="Apparent molar property">Apparent molar property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_mixing" title="Enthalpy of mixing">Enthalpy of mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_of_dilution" title="Heat of dilution">Heat of dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_of_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of melting">Heat of melting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydration_energy" title="Hydration energy">Hydration energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">Lattice energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_dilution" title="Law of dilution">Law of dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity" title="Thermodynamic activity">Thermodynamic activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium" title="Solubility equilibrium">Solubility equilibrium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Kort%C3%BCm" title="Gustav Kortüm">Gustav Kortüm</a>, Elektrolytlösungen, <a href="/wiki/Akademische_Verlagsgesellschaft_m._b._H." class="mw-redirect" title="Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H.">Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft m. b. H.</a>, Leipzig 1941, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>, 90th ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902091218/http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781420090840">Archived</a> 2012-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enthalpy_change_of_solution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">Ideal solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Aqueous solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_solution" title="Solid solution">Solid solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffer solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flory%E2%80%93Huggins_solution_theory" title="Flory–Huggins solution theory">Flory–Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">Mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_separation" title="Phase separation">Phase separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation concentration">Saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">Supersaturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_dilution" title="Serial dilution">Serial dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution (equation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_molar_property" title="Apparent molar property">Apparent molar property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility_gap" title="Miscibility gap">Miscibility gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a><br />and related quantities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">Molar concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)" title="Mass concentration (chemistry)">Mass concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_density" title="Number density">Number concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_fraction" title="Volume fraction">Volume concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_concentration" title="Equivalent concentration">Normality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molality" title="Molality">Molality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">Mole fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)" title="Mass fraction (chemistry)">Mass fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">Isotopic abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_ratio" title="Mixing ratio">Mixing ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternary_plot" title="Ternary plot">Ternary plot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium" title="Solubility equilibrium">Solubility equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation_shell" title="Solvation shell">Solvation shell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enthalpy of solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">Lattice energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_table" title="Solubility table">Solubility table (data)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_chart" title="Solubility chart">Solubility chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">Miscibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">Solvent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Category:Solvents" title="Category:Solvents">Category</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acid dissociation constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protic_solvent" title="Protic solvent">Protic solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_aprotic_solvent" title="Polar aprotic solvent">Polar aprotic solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_nonaqueous_solvent" title="Inorganic nonaqueous solvent">Inorganic nonaqueous solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">Solvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boiling_and_freezing_information_of_solvents" title="List of boiling and freezing information of solvents">List of boiling and freezing information of solvents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">Partition coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">Hydrophobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">Hydrophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">Lipophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">Amphiphile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonium_ion" title="Lyonium ion">Lyonium ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyate_ion" title="Lyate ion">Lyate ion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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