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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carausian_propaganda_on_coins:_character,_claims_of_legitimacy,_literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carausian_propaganda_on_coins:_character,_claims_of_legitimacy,_literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Carausian_propaganda_on_coins:_character,_claims_of_legitimacy,_literary_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Carausian_propaganda_on_coins:_character,_claims_of_legitimacy,_literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Character_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Character portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claims_of_Imperial_legitimacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claims_of_Imperial_legitimacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Claims of Imperial legitimacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claims_of_Imperial_legitimacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virgilian_and_other_literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virgilian_and_other_literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Virgilian and other literary references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virgilian_and_other_literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carausian_control_and_fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carausian_control_and_fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Carausian control and fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carausian_control_and_fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-AD_293:_The_end_of_the_rule_of_Carausius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AD_293:_The_end_of_the_rule_of_Carausius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>AD 293: The end of the rule of Carausius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AD_293:_The_end_of_the_rule_of_Carausius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_medieval_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_medieval_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In medieval legend</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_medieval_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="كارسيس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارسيس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Караузий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Караузий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausi" title="Carausi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carausi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Καραύσιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καραύσιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausio" title="Carausio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carausio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کاروسیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاروسیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausio" title="Carausio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carausio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karauzije" title="Karauzije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karauzije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karausius" title="Karausius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karausius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausio" title="Carausio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carausio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كاروسيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاروسيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="カラウシウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラウシウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karauzjusz" title="Karauzjusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karauzjusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car%C3%A1usio" title="Caráusio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caráusio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Караузий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Караузий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Караусије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Караусије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karausije" title="Karausije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karausije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Каравзій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каравзій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کاراوسیوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاراوسیوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carausius" title="Carausius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carausius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="卡劳修斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡劳修斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul from 286 to 293</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman Emperor. For the Phasmatodea genus, see <a href="/wiki/Carausius_(insect)" title="Carausius (insect)">Carausius (insect)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Carausius</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg/220px-Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg/330px-Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg/440px-Antoninianus_Carausius_leg4-RIC_0069v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="206" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Carausius coin from <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> mint. On the reverse, the lion, symbol of <i><a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a></i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Carausian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carausian Revolt">Emperor of Britannia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">286–293</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">293<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius</b> (died 293) was a military commander of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 3rd century. He was a <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgic Gaul</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">usurped</a> power in 286, during the <a href="/wiki/Carausian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Carausian Revolt">Carausian Revolt</a>, declaring himself emperor in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (Imperium Britanniarum). He did this only 13 years after the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Batavii" class="mw-redirect" title="Batavii">Batavian</a> <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a> was ended in 273. He held power for seven years, fashioning the name "Emperor of the North" for himself, before being assassinated by his finance minister <a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carausius was of humble origin, a <a href="/wiki/Menapii" title="Menapii">Menapian</a> who distinguished himself during <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>'s campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a> rebels in northern <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> in 286. This success, and his former occupation as a <a href="/wiki/Harbour_pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour pilot">pilot</a>, led to his appointment to command the <i><a href="/wiki/Classis_Britannica" title="Classis Britannica">Classis Britannica</a></i>, a fleet based in the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>, with the responsibility of eliminating <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxon</a> pirates who had been raiding the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgica" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica">Belgica</a>. He was suspected of allowing pirates to carry out raids and collect loot before attacking them, then keeping captured treasure for himself, and Maximian ordered his execution. In late 286 or early 287 Carausius learned of this sentence and responded by declaring himself Emperor in Britain and northern Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built and the three <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> stationed in Britain, but also a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreign <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliary</a> units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British historian and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Frere" title="Sheppard Frere">Sheppard Frere</a> wonders how Carausius was able to win support from the army when his command had been sea-based, and speculates that he had perhaps been involved in an unrecorded victory in Britain, connected with <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s assumption of the title <i>Britannicus Maximus</i> in 285, and signs of destruction in Romano-British towns at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a>, however, was evidently land-based and may have been responsible for Carausius's popularity with the army. Equally, if the accusations of larceny are true, he could perhaps have afforded to buy their loyalty. </p><p>Maximian prepared an invasion of Britain in 288 or 289 to oust him,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it failed. A <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">panegyric</a> delivered to <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> attributes this failure to bad weather, but notes that Carausius claimed a military victory.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a> says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carausian_propaganda_on_coins:_character,_claims_of_legitimacy,_literary_references"><span id="Carausian_propaganda_on_coins:_character.2C_claims_of_legitimacy.2C_literary_references"></span>Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Carausian propaganda on coins: character, claims of legitimacy, literary references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coinage is the main source of information about the rogue emperor; his coinage was issued from mints in <a href="/wiki/Roman_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman London">Londinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rotomagus</a> (Rouen) and a third site, possibly <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colonia Claudia Victricensis</a> (Colchester). He also used them for sophisticated propaganda. He issued the first proper silver coins that had appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for generations, knowing that good quality bullion coinage would enhance his legitimacy and make him look more successful than <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Character_portrayal">Character portrayal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Character portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His initial issues show him as rough and thuggish, though the technical standard of die cutting on good specimens can be seen to be excellent. The intention was to portray a rough and thuggish man; his later coins show him as trim and beneficent.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claims_of_Imperial_legitimacy">Claims of Imperial legitimacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Claims of Imperial legitimacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He struck coins that showed three portrait heads on the reverse instead of the usual one, and a legend on the obverse including PAX AVGGG, the peace of <i>three</i> Augusti. This would imply that he was recognized by the other two current Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian, but their own coins of the time proclaim the attributes of only two Augusti, PAX AVGG.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carausius also had himself depicted as a member of the Tetrarchy's college of emperors, issuing coins with the legend CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI, 'Carausius and his brothers' with portraits of himself with <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virgilian_and_other_literary_references">Virgilian and other literary references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Virgilian and other literary references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carausius appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule; he issued coins with legends such as <i>Restitutor Britanniae</i> (Restorer of Britain) and <i>Genius Britanniae</i> (Spirit of Britain). Some of these silver coins bear the legend <i>Expectate veni</i>, "Come long-awaited one", recognised to allude to a messianic line in the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> by the Augustan poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, written more than 300 years previously.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the silver coins bear the legend RSR in the <a href="/wiki/Exergue" class="mw-redirect" title="Exergue">exergue</a> (an area on a coin below the legend). This was considered a mystery for some time. Three Carausian copper-alloy medallions, now in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, have also survived. One has the reverse legend VICTOR CARAVSIUS AVG GERM MAX with RSR in the exergue; the second has the reverse legend VICTOR CARAVSI AVG ('The Victory of Carausius Augustus') with INPCDA in the exergue; and the third is too damaged for an exergue legend to be visible but bears the reverse legend PACATOR ORBIS 'Peace-bringer to the world'. The medallions depict Carausius in consular garb and are around 34-35 mm, weighing ~22 g. The medals appeared on the market in the twentieth century and reached the British Museum in 1972, 1967 (this one was first shown to the Museum in 1931) and 1997 respectively. All bear evidence of chemical corrosion resulting from burial of some sort as can be seen from their present appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1998 these letters have been recognised as representing the sixth and seventh lines of the Fourth <a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">Eclogue</a> of Virgil, which reads <i>Redeunt Saturnia Regna, Iam Nova Progenies Caelo Demittitur Alto</i>, meaning "The Golden Ages are back, now a new generation is let down from Heaven above". Virgil's works, or at any rate quotations from them, were current in Roman popular culture. <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> cites three instances in which Virgilian lines were quoted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> cites an instance of a praetorian tribune quoting Virgil as a means of criticising <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> after an attack on Hatra went badly in 199.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper-alloy medallions already existed in the contemporary repertoire of imperial Roman coinage so Carausius's production should not be considered exceptional. <a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a> (283-4) and his brother <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> (283-5) both issued copper-alloy medallions of similar size and weight to those of Carausius, often depicting the three Monetae (goddesses of the mint).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another depicts Numerian in consular garb and on the reverse himself and his father <a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a> in a quadriga pulled by Victory with the legend TRIVNF.QVADOR, 'the triumph over the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> tribe', and is clearly similar in tone to the Carausian INPCDA medallion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Virgilian reference might seem remarkable in the context of late third century Roman Britain it is apparent from other contemporary literature that the Tetrarchy legitimist regime was utilising Virgilian allusions and references in its propaganda, and claiming itself to have restored a Golden Age.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'The rule of Saturn over a golden age is a literary commonplace ... as is the association of any emperor's reign with the same thing'.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An imperial panegyric to <a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a> states 'Indeed, as the fact is, those golden ages which once flourished briefly in the reign of Saturn, are now reborn under the perpetual guidance of Jove and Hercules.'<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>, a Christian writer of the period and opponent of the Tetrarchs, makes a number of disparaging references to the Tetrarchs and their Saturnian pretensions which seem to be a refutation of official propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carausius was claiming to represent a revival of traditional Roman virtues and the great traditions of the Empire as established by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in the last decades of the first century BC, not in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> but in Britain. However, he appears to have adopted a propaganda theme that was already current in Tetrarchal publicity which corresponds with the use of similar literary allusions. </p><p>An alternative school of thought exists which argues the medallions must be eighteenth-century fantasy pieces on the basis that such arcane literary allusions would have been too obscure to Carausius and his army. This argument contends that the antiquarian <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> or someone like him found the RSR on Carausius's silver coinage, and noted that this matched the Redeunt Saturnia Regna (RSR) of the 6th line of the Fourth Eclogue. Thus inspired, the medallions were created with the next line of the Eclogue included on one of them. The central points of this argument are that Stukeley had published a detailed book on Carausius and his coinage,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the medallions have no known provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this published argument does not offer any evidence to support Stukeley's involvement or motives (since Stukeley never mentions the medals or a Virgilian expansion of the RSR coins known to him), or include discussion of the literary evidence of the contemporary panegyrics or any of the scholarly publications concerning them, or explain why the medallions appear on the basis of their present appearance to have been buried and why they were unknown until 1931 when the INPCDA one was first brought to the British Museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carausian_control_and_fortifications">Carausian control and fortifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carausian control and fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Milestone" title="Milestone">milestone</a> from <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a> with his name on it suggests that the whole of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> was in Carausius's grasp.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription reads (with expansions in square brackets) "IMP[eratori] C[aesari] M[arco] | AVR[elio] MAVS[aeo] | CARAVSIO P[io] F[elici] | INVICTO AVG[usto]", this translates as "For the Emperor Caesar Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius Pius Felix Invictus Augustus".<sup id="cite_ref-RIB_2291._Milestone_of_Carausius_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIB_2291._Milestone_of_Carausius-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The title indicates he considered himself equal to the <a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a>'s <i>senior</i> emperors (<i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusti</a></i>), rather than their subordinate junior emperors (<i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesares</a></i>). The milestone was reused in about 306, burying the first inscription and adding a new one at the other end, which translates as "For Flavius Valerius Constantinus, most noble Caesar" and refers to <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus</a> (Constantius I).<sup id="cite_ref-RIB_2292._Milestone_of_Constantine_I_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIB_2292._Milestone_of_Constantine_I-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some more text on the stone, probably a continuation of the Carausius inscription after a gap because it is orientated the same way, was chiselled away, presumably when the stone was reused; the traces remaining suggest it included (translated) "... the Emperor ...". </p><p>It has also been suggested that Carausius may have been responsible for the series of fortifications on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D_A_White_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D_A_White-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fields_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fields-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AD_293:_The_end_of_the_rule_of_Carausius">AD 293: The end of the rule of Carausius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: AD 293: The end of the rule of Carausius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This situation continued until 293, when <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> (Constantius I), now the western Caesar, marched into Gaul and reclaimed it for the empire. He isolated Carausius by besieging the port of <a href="/wiki/Gesoriacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesoriacum">Gesoriacum</a> (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and invading <a href="/wiki/Batavia_(region)" title="Batavia (region)">Batavia</a> in the Rhine delta, securing his rear against Carausius's <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> allies. He could not yet mount an invasion of Britain until a suitable fleet could be built.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Carausius's grip on power was fatally undermined. <a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a>, whom he had put in charge of his treasury, assassinated him and assumed power himself.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His reign would last only three years, after which he was defeated and killed by Constantius's subordinate <a href="/wiki/Julius_Asclepiodotus" title="Julius Asclepiodotus">Julius Asclepiodotus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2010 a large <a href="/wiki/Frome_Hoard" title="Frome Hoard">hoard</a> of over 52,500 Roman coins was unearthed in a field near <a href="/wiki/Frome" title="Frome">Frome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>. 766 of these coins were determined to have been produced during Carausius's reign, of which only 5 were silver <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarii</a>. This find roughly equates to four years' pay for a Roman legionary, but the presence of later coin issues implies that the group was not deposited until after Carausius's death.<sup id="cite_ref-pas_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pas-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_medieval_legend">In medieval legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In medieval legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">History of the Kings of Britain</a></i> (1136) Carausius is a Briton of humble birth, who by his courage persuades the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> to give him command of a fleet to defend Britain from barbarian attack. Once given the fleet, however, he sails around Britain stirring up unrest and raises an army against <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Bassianus</a>, the historical Caracalla, here a king of Britain. Carausius defeats Bassianus by persuading his <a href="/wiki/Pict" class="mw-redirect" title="Pict">Pictish</a> allies to desert him in exchange for grants of land in Scotland and sets himself up as king. Hearing of Carausius's treachery, the Romans send <a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a> to Britain with three legions. Allectus defeats Carausius, kills him, and sets himself up as king in his place.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Hector Boece</a> later built on this to make "Carantius" a Scottish prince, exiled on suspicion of involvement in his brother's murder, who entered Roman service passing himself off as a commoner, and later allied with his nephew King Crathlinthus against the Romans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The assassination of Carausius is central to <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sutcliff" title="Rosemary Sutcliff">Rosemary Sutcliff</a>'s 1957 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Branch_(Sutcliff_novel)" title="The Silver Branch (Sutcliff novel)">The Silver Branch</a></i>. </p><p>Carausius features as the character 'Caros' in <a href="/wiki/James_Macpherson" title="James Macpherson">James Macpherson</a>'s <i>Fingal, An Epic Poem in Six Books</i> (1761), in which he is defeated by the blind poet <a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a>'s son, Oscar.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carausius, Marcus Aurelius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carausius,_Marcus_Aurelius">"Carausius, Marcus Aurelius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carausius%2C+Marcus+Aurelius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. E. V. Nixon & Barbara Saylor Rodgers (ed & trans), <i>In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The <a href="/wiki/Panegyrici_Latini" title="Panegyrici Latini">Panegyrici Latini</a></i>, University of California Press, 1994, 8:6; <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a>, <i>Book of Caesars</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39">39:20-21</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, <i>Abridgement of Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#21">21</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>; <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, <i>Seven Books of History Against the Pagans</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius7A.html#25">7:25.2-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Panegyrici Latini</i> 8:12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sheppard_Frere" title="Sheppard Frere">Sheppard Frere</a>, <i>Britannia: a History of Roman Britain</i>, third edition, Pimlico, 1987, pp. 326-327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Panegyrici Latini</i> 10:12.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Panegyrici Latini</i> 8:12.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eutropius, <i>Abridgement of Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22">22</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman coins and Roman communication. A discussion of the ways in which Roman coins may have communicated with their users. Richard Reece. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/38183328/Roman_coins_and_Roman_communication.doc">https://www.academia.edu/38183328/Roman_coins_and_Roman_communication.doc</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman coins and Roman communication. A discussion of the ways in which Roman coins may have communicated with their users. Richard Reece. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/38183328/Roman_coins_and_Roman_communication.doc">https://www.academia.edu/38183328/Roman_coins_and_Roman_communication.doc</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sear, D.R., (2011), Roman Coins and Their Values Volume IV, nos.13767-74, pp.218-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virgil, Aeneid II.283, 'From what shores do you come Hector, the long-awaited one?'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For images, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.forumancientcoins.com/lateromancoinage/carausius/medallions/medallions.html">http://www.forumancientcoins.com/lateromancoinage/carausius/medallions/medallions.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=1669438&partId=1&searchText=g68%2F2*&page=1">"Medallion | British Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medallion+%26%23124%3B+British+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D1669438%26partId%3D1%26searchText%3Dg68%252F2%2A%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sear, D.R., (2011), Roman Coins and Their Values Volume IV, nos.13765-66A, pp.217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, Augustus 40.5 (Aeneid VI.808-12), Nero 47.2 (Aeneid XII.646), Domitian 9.1 (Georgics 2.537).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio 76.10.1-3; Aeneid XI.371-3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Bédoyère1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_la_B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re" title="Guy de la Bédoyère">de la Bédoyère, Guy</a> (1998). "Carausius and the Marks RSR and I.N.P.C.D.A.". <i>The Numismatic Chronicle</i>. <b>158</b>: 79–88. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42668550">42668550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Numismatic+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Carausius+and+the+Marks+RSR+and+I.N.P.C.D.A.&rft.volume=158&rft.pages=79-88&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42668550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=de+la+B%C3%A9doy%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example Cohen 55 and 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Golden Age was a recurrent leitmotif of the Tetrarchs' publicity'. O. O. Nicholson, 'The Wild Man of the Tetrarchy [Galerius],' Byzantium 54 (1984) 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nixon, C. E. V., and Rodgers, B.S., (1994), In Praise of Later Emperors: the Panegyricii Latini, University of California Press, Berkeley, 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Imperial Panegyrics IX (IV).13.1ff.and cited by Nixon and Rodgers, see previous note</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Principally Divine Institutes 1 and 5, for example 5.5 'they repeat examples of justice from the times of Saturnus, which they call the golden times, and they relate in what condition human life was while it delayed on the earth. And this is not to be regarded as a poetic fiction, but as the truth.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stukeley, W., 1757, The Medallic History of Marcus Aurelius Valerius(sic) Carausius</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, H. P. G., (2004), Carausius. A consideration of the historical, archaeological and numismatic aspects of his reign. British Archaeological Reports (British Series) no. 378, pp. 81-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frere, <i>Britannia</i>, p. 327-328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIB_2291._Milestone_of_Carausius-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RIB_2291._Milestone_of_Carausius_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2291">"RIB 2291. Milestone of Carausius"</a>. <i>Roman Inscriptions of Britain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roman+Inscriptions+of+Britain&rft.atitle=RIB+2291.+Milestone+of+Carausius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromaninscriptionsofbritain.org%2Finscriptions%2F2291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIB_2292._Milestone_of_Constantine_I-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RIB_2292._Milestone_of_Constantine_I_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romaninscriptionsofbritain.org/inscriptions/2292">"RIB 2292. Milestone of Constantine I"</a>. <i>Roman Inscriptions of Britain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roman+Inscriptions+of+Britain&rft.atitle=RIB+2292.+Milestone+of+Constantine+I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromaninscriptionsofbritain.org%2Finscriptions%2F2292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D_A_White-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_A_White_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1961" class="citation book cs1">White, Donald A (1961). <i>Litus Saxonicum: the British Saxon Shore in Scholarship and History</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Litus+Saxonicum%3A+the+British+Saxon+Shore+in+Scholarship+and+History.&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Donald+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fields-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fields_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields2006" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Nic (2006). <i>Rome's Saxon Shore - Coastal Defences of Roman Britain AD 250-500 (Fortress 56)</i>. Osprey Publishing. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-094-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-094-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-094-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome%27s+Saxon+Shore+-+Coastal+Defences+of+Roman+Britain+AD+250-500+%28Fortress+56%29&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-094-9&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Nic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Panegyrici Latini</i> 6:5, 8.6-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Panegyrici Latini</i> 8:12; Aurelius Victor, <i>Book of Caesars</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39">39.40</a>; Eutropius, <i>Abridgement of Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22">22</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>; Orosius, <i>Seven Books of History Against the Pagans</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/latin/orosius7A.html#25">7:25.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eutropius, <i>Abridgement of Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031222152525/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/eutropius/trans9.html#22">9.22</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>; Aurelius Victor, <i>Book of Caesars</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/victor.caes.html#39">39.42</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pas-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pas_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712200444/http://finds.org.uk/blogs/fromehoard/">"The Frome Hoard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portable_Antiquities_Scheme" title="Portable Antiquities Scheme">Portable Antiquities Scheme</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finds.org.uk/blogs/fromehoard/">the original</a> on 2010-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Frome+Hoard&rft.pub=Portable+Antiquities+Scheme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinds.org.uk%2Fblogs%2Ffromehoard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a></i> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_5#3" class="extiw" title="wikisource:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 5">5.3-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Montgomery, Alan (2022), <i>Walking the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>: A Journey from East to West Scotland</i>, Tippermuir Books Limited, Perth, pp. 91 & 92, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781913-836122" title="Special:BookSources/9-781913-836122">9-781913-836122</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carausius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carausius_(emperor)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carausius (emperor)">Carausius (emperor)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040605160918/http://www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk/CARAUSIUS.HTM">Carausius, Rebel Emperor of Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot-domesday.me.uk/empires2.htm">The Pirate Emperor of Roman Britain</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayson2010" class="citation news cs1">Clayson, Alan (2010-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/ahead-of-his-time-carausius-was-a-pirate-a-rebel-and-the-first-ruler-of-a-unified-britain-2039008.html">"Ahead of his time: Carausius was a pirate, a rebel and the first ruler of a unified Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Ahead+of+his+time%3A+Carausius+was+a+pirate%2C+a+rebel+and+the+first+ruler+of+a+unified+Britain&rft.date=2010-07-30&rft.aulast=Clayson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Fahead-of-his-time-carausius-was-a-pirate-a-rebel-and-the-first-ruler-of-a-unified-britain-2039008.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarausius" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Legendary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Interregnum</div><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Bassianus</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain" title="List of legendary kings of Britain">King of Britain</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allectus" title="Allectus">Allectus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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