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All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the W3C SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENT NOTICE AND LICENSE. * * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * */ (function() { 'use strict'; // Exit early if we're not running in a browser. if (typeof window !== 'object') { return; } // Exit early if all IntersectionObserver and IntersectionObserverEntry // features are natively supported. if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in window && 'intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { // Minimal polyfill for Edge 15's lack of `isIntersecting` // See: https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/211 if (!('isIntersecting' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { Object.defineProperty(window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype, 'isIntersecting', { get: function () { return this.intersectionRatio > 0; } }); } return; } /** * Returns the embedding frame element, if any. * @param {!Document} doc * @return {!Element} */ function getFrameElement(doc) { try { return doc.defaultView && doc.defaultView.frameElement || null; } catch (e) { // Ignore the error. return null; } } /** * A local reference to the root document. */ var document = (function(startDoc) { var doc = startDoc; var frame = getFrameElement(doc); while (frame) { doc = frame.ownerDocument; frame = getFrameElement(doc); } return doc; })(window.document); /** * An IntersectionObserver registry. This registry exists to hold a strong * reference to IntersectionObserver instances currently observing a target * element. Without this registry, instances without another reference may be * garbage collected. */ var registry = []; /** * The signal updater for cross-origin intersection. When not null, it means * that the polyfill is configured to work in a cross-origin mode. * @type {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ var crossOriginUpdater = null; /** * The current cross-origin intersection. Only used in the cross-origin mode. * @type {DOMRect|ClientRect} */ var crossOriginRect = null; /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserverEntry constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-entry * @param {Object} entry A dictionary of instance properties. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserverEntry(entry) { this.time = entry.time; this.target = entry.target; this.rootBounds = ensureDOMRect(entry.rootBounds); this.boundingClientRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.boundingClientRect); this.intersectionRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.intersectionRect || getEmptyRect()); this.isIntersecting = !!entry.intersectionRect; // Calculates the intersection ratio. var targetRect = this.boundingClientRect; var targetArea = targetRect.width * targetRect.height; var intersectionRect = this.intersectionRect; var intersectionArea = intersectionRect.width * intersectionRect.height; // Sets intersection ratio. if (targetArea) { // Round the intersection ratio to avoid floating point math issues: // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/324 this.intersectionRatio = Number((intersectionArea / targetArea).toFixed(4)); } else { // If area is zero and is intersecting, sets to 1, otherwise to 0 this.intersectionRatio = this.isIntersecting ? 1 : 0; } } /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserver constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-interface * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked after intersection * changes have queued. The function is not invoked if the queue has * been emptied by calling the `takeRecords` method. * @param {Object=} opt_options Optional configuration options. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserver(callback, opt_options) { var options = opt_options || {}; if (typeof callback != 'function') { throw new Error('callback must be a function'); } if ( options.root && options.root.nodeType != 1 && options.root.nodeType != 9 ) { throw new Error('root must be a Document or Element'); } // Binds and throttles `this._checkForIntersections`. this._checkForIntersections = throttle( this._checkForIntersections.bind(this), this.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT); // Private properties. this._callback = callback; this._observationTargets = []; this._queuedEntries = []; this._rootMarginValues = this._parseRootMargin(options.rootMargin); // Public properties. this.thresholds = this._initThresholds(options.threshold); this.root = options.root || null; this.rootMargin = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin) { return margin.value + margin.unit; }).join(' '); /** @private @const {!Array<!Document>} */ this._monitoringDocuments = []; /** @private @const {!Array<function()>} */ this._monitoringUnsubscribes = []; } /** * The minimum interval within which the document will be checked for * intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT = 100; /** * The frequency in which the polyfill polls for intersection changes. * this can be updated on a per instance basis and must be set prior to * calling `observe` on the first target. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.POLL_INTERVAL = null; /** * Use a mutation observer on the root element * to detect intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER = true; /** * Sets up the polyfill in the cross-origin mode. The result is the * updater function that accepts two arguments: `boundingClientRect` and * `intersectionRect` - just as these fields would be available to the * parent via `IntersectionObserverEntry`. This function should be called * each time the iframe receives intersection information from the parent * window, e.g. via messaging. * @return {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ IntersectionObserver._setupCrossOriginUpdater = function() { if (!crossOriginUpdater) { /** * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} boundingClientRect * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} intersectionRect */ crossOriginUpdater = function(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect) { if (!boundingClientRect || !intersectionRect) { crossOriginRect = getEmptyRect(); } else { crossOriginRect = convertFromParentRect(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect); } registry.forEach(function(observer) { observer._checkForIntersections(); }); }; } return crossOriginUpdater; }; /** * Resets the cross-origin mode. */ IntersectionObserver._resetCrossOriginUpdater = function() { crossOriginUpdater = null; crossOriginRect = null; }; /** * Starts observing a target element for intersection changes based on * the thresholds values. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.observe = function(target) { var isTargetAlreadyObserved = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { return item.element == target; }); if (isTargetAlreadyObserved) { return; } if (!(target && target.nodeType == 1)) { throw new Error('target must be an Element'); } this._registerInstance(); this._observationTargets.push({element: target, entry: null}); this._monitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); this._checkForIntersections(); }; /** * Stops observing a target element for intersection changes. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.unobserve = function(target) { this._observationTargets = this._observationTargets.filter(function(item) { return item.element != target; }); this._unmonitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); if (this._observationTargets.length == 0) { this._unregisterInstance(); } }; /** * Stops observing all target elements for intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.disconnect = function() { this._observationTargets = []; this._unmonitorAllIntersections(); this._unregisterInstance(); }; /** * Returns any queue entries that have not yet been reported to the * callback and clears the queue. This can be used in conjunction with the * callback to obtain the absolute most up-to-date intersection information. * @return {Array} The currently queued entries. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.takeRecords = function() { var records = this._queuedEntries.slice(); this._queuedEntries = []; return records; }; /** * Accepts the threshold value from the user configuration object and * returns a sorted array of unique threshold values. If a value is not * between 0 and 1 and error is thrown. * @private * @param {Array|number=} opt_threshold An optional threshold value or * a list of threshold values, defaulting to [0]. * @return {Array} A sorted list of unique and valid threshold values. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._initThresholds = function(opt_threshold) { var threshold = opt_threshold || [0]; if (!Array.isArray(threshold)) threshold = [threshold]; return threshold.sort().filter(function(t, i, a) { if (typeof t != 'number' || isNaN(t) || t < 0 || t > 1) { throw new Error('threshold must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusively'); } return t !== a[i - 1]; }); }; /** * Accepts the rootMargin value from the user configuration object * and returns an array of the four margin values as an object containing * the value and unit properties. If any of the values are not properly * formatted or use a unit other than px or %, and error is thrown. * @private * @param {string=} opt_rootMargin An optional rootMargin value, * defaulting to '0px'. * @return {Array<Object>} An array of margin objects with the keys * value and unit. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._parseRootMargin = function(opt_rootMargin) { var marginString = opt_rootMargin || '0px'; var margins = marginString.split(/\s+/).map(function(margin) { var parts = /^(-?\d*\.?\d+)(px|%)$/.exec(margin); if (!parts) { throw new Error('rootMargin must be specified in pixels or percent'); } return {value: parseFloat(parts[1]), unit: parts[2]}; }); // Handles shorthand. margins[1] = margins[1] || margins[0]; margins[2] = margins[2] || margins[0]; margins[3] = margins[3] || margins[1]; return margins; }; /** * Starts polling for intersection changes if the polling is not already * happening, and if the page's visibility state is visible. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._monitorIntersections = function(doc) { var win = doc.defaultView; if (!win) { // Already destroyed. return; } if (this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc) != -1) { // Already monitoring. return; } // Private state for monitoring. var callback = this._checkForIntersections; var monitoringInterval = null; var domObserver = null; // If a poll interval is set, use polling instead of listening to // resize and scroll events or DOM mutations. if (this.POLL_INTERVAL) { monitoringInterval = win.setInterval(callback, this.POLL_INTERVAL); } else { addEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); addEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (this.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER && 'MutationObserver' in win) { domObserver = new win.MutationObserver(callback); domObserver.observe(doc, { attributes: true, childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true }); } } this._monitoringDocuments.push(doc); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.push(function() { // Get the window object again. When a friendly iframe is destroyed, it // will be null. var win = doc.defaultView; if (win) { if (monitoringInterval) { win.clearInterval(monitoringInterval); } removeEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); } removeEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (domObserver) { domObserver.disconnect(); } }); // Also monitor the parent. var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._monitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorIntersections = function(doc) { var index = this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc); if (index == -1) { return; } var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; // Check if any dependent targets are still remaining. var hasDependentTargets = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { var itemDoc = item.element.ownerDocument; // Target is in this context. if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } // Target is nested in this context. while (itemDoc && itemDoc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(itemDoc); itemDoc = frame && frame.ownerDocument; if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } } return false; }); if (hasDependentTargets) { return; } // Unsubscribe. var unsubscribe = this._monitoringUnsubscribes[index]; this._monitoringDocuments.splice(index, 1); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.splice(index, 1); unsubscribe(); // Also unmonitor the parent. if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._unmonitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorAllIntersections = function() { var unsubscribes = this._monitoringUnsubscribes.slice(0); this._monitoringDocuments.length = 0; this._monitoringUnsubscribes.length = 0; for (var i = 0; i < unsubscribes.length; i++) { unsubscribes[i](); } }; /** * Scans each observation target for intersection changes and adds them * to the internal entries queue. If new entries are found, it * schedules the callback to be invoked. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._checkForIntersections = function() { if (!this.root && crossOriginUpdater && !crossOriginRect) { // Cross origin monitoring, but no initial data available yet. return; } var rootIsInDom = this._rootIsInDom(); var rootRect = rootIsInDom ? this._getRootRect() : getEmptyRect(); this._observationTargets.forEach(function(item) { var target = item.element; var targetRect = getBoundingClientRect(target); var rootContainsTarget = this._rootContainsTarget(target); var oldEntry = item.entry; var intersectionRect = rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(target, targetRect, rootRect); var rootBounds = null; if (!this._rootContainsTarget(target)) { rootBounds = getEmptyRect(); } else if (!crossOriginUpdater || this.root) { rootBounds = rootRect; } var newEntry = item.entry = new IntersectionObserverEntry({ time: now(), target: target, boundingClientRect: targetRect, rootBounds: rootBounds, intersectionRect: intersectionRect }); if (!oldEntry) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } else if (rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget) { // If the new entry intersection ratio has crossed any of the // thresholds, add a new entry. if (this._hasCrossedThreshold(oldEntry, newEntry)) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } else { // If the root is not in the DOM or target is not contained within // root but the previous entry for this target had an intersection, // add a new record indicating removal. if (oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } }, this); if (this._queuedEntries.length) { this._callback(this.takeRecords(), this); } }; /** * Accepts a target and root rect computes the intersection between then * following the algorithm in the spec. * TODO(philipwalton): at this time clip-path is not considered. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#calculate-intersection-rect-algo * @param {Element} target The target DOM element * @param {Object} targetRect The bounding rect of the target. * @param {Object} rootRect The bounding rect of the root after being * expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {?Object} The final intersection rect object or undefined if no * intersection is found. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._computeTargetAndRootIntersection = function(target, targetRect, rootRect) { // If the element isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (window.getComputedStyle(target).display == 'none') return; var intersectionRect = targetRect; var parent = getParentNode(target); var atRoot = false; while (!atRoot && parent) { var parentRect = null; var parentComputedStyle = parent.nodeType == 1 ? window.getComputedStyle(parent) : {}; // If the parent isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (parentComputedStyle.display == 'none') return null; if (parent == this.root || parent.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9) { atRoot = true; if (parent == this.root || parent == document) { if (crossOriginUpdater && !this.root) { if (!crossOriginRect || crossOriginRect.width == 0 && crossOriginRect.height == 0) { // A 0-size cross-origin intersection means no-intersection. parent = null; parentRect = null; intersectionRect = null; } else { parentRect = crossOriginRect; } } else { parentRect = rootRect; } } else { // Check if there's a frame that can be navigated to. var frame = getParentNode(parent); var frameRect = frame && getBoundingClientRect(frame); var frameIntersect = frame && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(frame, frameRect, rootRect); if (frameRect && frameIntersect) { parent = frame; parentRect = convertFromParentRect(frameRect, frameIntersect); } else { parent = null; intersectionRect = null; } } } else { // If the element has a non-visible overflow, and it's not the <body> // or <html> element, update the intersection rect. // Note: <body> and <html> cannot be clipped to a rect that's not also // the document rect, so no need to compute a new intersection. var doc = parent.ownerDocument; if (parent != doc.body && parent != doc.documentElement && parentComputedStyle.overflow != 'visible') { parentRect = getBoundingClientRect(parent); } } // If either of the above conditionals set a new parentRect, // calculate new intersection data. if (parentRect) { intersectionRect = computeRectIntersection(parentRect, intersectionRect); } if (!intersectionRect) break; parent = parent && getParentNode(parent); } return intersectionRect; }; /** * Returns the root rect after being expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded root rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._getRootRect = function() { var rootRect; if (this.root && !isDoc(this.root)) { rootRect = getBoundingClientRect(this.root); } else { // Use <html>/<body> instead of window since scroll bars affect size. var doc = isDoc(this.root) ? this.root : document; var html = doc.documentElement; var body = doc.body; rootRect = { top: 0, left: 0, right: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, width: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, bottom: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight, height: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight }; } return this._expandRectByRootMargin(rootRect); }; /** * Accepts a rect and expands it by the rootMargin value. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} rect The rect object to expand. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._expandRectByRootMargin = function(rect) { var margins = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin, i) { return margin.unit == 'px' ? margin.value : margin.value * (i % 2 ? rect.width : rect.height) / 100; }); var newRect = { top: rect.top - margins[0], right: rect.right + margins[1], bottom: rect.bottom + margins[2], left: rect.left - margins[3] }; newRect.width = newRect.right - newRect.left; newRect.height = newRect.bottom - newRect.top; return newRect; }; /** * Accepts an old and new entry and returns true if at least one of the * threshold values has been crossed. * @param {?IntersectionObserverEntry} oldEntry The previous entry for a * particular target element or null if no previous entry exists. * @param {IntersectionObserverEntry} newEntry The current entry for a * particular target element. * @return {boolean} Returns true if a any threshold has been crossed. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._hasCrossedThreshold = function(oldEntry, newEntry) { // To make comparing easier, an entry that has a ratio of 0 // but does not actually intersect is given a value of -1 var oldRatio = oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting ? oldEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; var newRatio = newEntry.isIntersecting ? newEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; // Ignore unchanged ratios if (oldRatio === newRatio) return; for (var i = 0; i < this.thresholds.length; i++) { var threshold = this.thresholds[i]; // Return true if an entry matches a threshold or if the new ratio // and the old ratio are on the opposite sides of a threshold. if (threshold == oldRatio || threshold == newRatio || threshold < oldRatio !== threshold < newRatio) { return true; } } }; /** * Returns whether or not the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @return {boolean} True if the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootIsInDom = function() { return !this.root || containsDeep(document, this.root); }; /** * Returns whether or not the target element is a child of root. * @param {Element} target The target element to check. * @return {boolean} True if the target element is a child of root. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootContainsTarget = function(target) { var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; return ( containsDeep(rootDoc, target) && (!this.root || rootDoc == target.ownerDocument) ); }; /** * Adds the instance to the global IntersectionObserver registry if it isn't * already present. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._registerInstance = function() { if (registry.indexOf(this) < 0) { registry.push(this); } }; /** * Removes the instance from the global IntersectionObserver registry. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unregisterInstance = function() { var index = registry.indexOf(this); if (index != -1) registry.splice(index, 1); }; /** * Returns the result of the performance.now() method or null in browsers * that don't support the API. * @return {number} The elapsed time since the page was requested. */ function now() { return window.performance && performance.now && performance.now(); } /** * Throttles a function and delays its execution, so it's only called at most * once within a given time period. * @param {Function} fn The function to throttle. * @param {number} timeout The amount of time that must pass before the * function can be called again. * @return {Function} The throttled function. */ function throttle(fn, timeout) { var timer = null; return function () { if (!timer) { timer = setTimeout(function() { fn(); timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } /** * Adds an event handler to a DOM node ensuring cross-browser compatibility. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to add the event handler to. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to add. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture Optionally adds the even to the capture * phase. Note: this only works in modern browsers. */ function addEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.addEventListener == 'function') { node.addEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.attachEvent == 'function') { node.attachEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Removes a previously added event handler from a DOM node. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to remove the event handler from. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to remove. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture If the event handler was added with this * flag set to true, it should be set to true here in order to remove it. */ function removeEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.removeEventListener == 'function') { node.removeEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.detatchEvent == 'function') { node.detatchEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Returns the intersection between two rect objects. * @param {Object} rect1 The first rect. * @param {Object} rect2 The second rect. * @return {?Object|?ClientRect} The intersection rect or undefined if no * intersection is found. */ function computeRectIntersection(rect1, rect2) { var top = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top); var bottom = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom); var left = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left); var right = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right); var width = right - left; var height = bottom - top; return (width >= 0 && height >= 0) && { top: top, bottom: bottom, left: left, right: right, width: width, height: height } || null; } /** * Shims the native getBoundingClientRect for compatibility with older IE. * @param {Element} el The element whose bounding rect to get. * @return {DOMRect|ClientRect} The (possibly shimmed) rect of the element. */ function getBoundingClientRect(el) { var rect; try { rect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); } catch (err) { // Ignore Windows 7 IE11 "Unspecified error" // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/pull/205 } if (!rect) return getEmptyRect(); // Older IE if (!(rect.width && rect.height)) { rect = { top: rect.top, right: rect.right, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, width: rect.right - rect.left, height: rect.bottom - rect.top }; } return rect; } /** * Returns an empty rect object. An empty rect is returned when an element * is not in the DOM. * @return {ClientRect} The empty rect. */ function getEmptyRect() { return { top: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0, right: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }; } /** * Ensure that the result has all of the necessary fields of the DOMRect. * Specifically this ensures that `x` and `y` fields are set. * * @param {?DOMRect|?ClientRect} rect * @return {?DOMRect} */ function ensureDOMRect(rect) { // A `DOMRect` object has `x` and `y` fields. if (!rect || 'x' in rect) { return rect; } // A IE's `ClientRect` type does not have `x` and `y`. The same is the case // for internally calculated Rect objects. For the purposes of // `IntersectionObserver`, it's sufficient to simply mirror `left` and `top` // for these fields. return { top: rect.top, y: rect.top, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, x: rect.left, right: rect.right, width: rect.width, height: rect.height }; } /** * Inverts the intersection and bounding rect from the parent (frame) BCR to * the local BCR space. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentBoundingRect The parent's bound client rect. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentIntersectionRect The parent's own intersection rect. * @return {ClientRect} The local root bounding rect for the parent's children. */ function convertFromParentRect(parentBoundingRect, parentIntersectionRect) { var top = parentIntersectionRect.top - parentBoundingRect.top; var left = parentIntersectionRect.left - parentBoundingRect.left; return { top: top, left: left, height: parentIntersectionRect.height, width: parentIntersectionRect.width, bottom: top + parentIntersectionRect.height, right: left + 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class="kBoxContent"><ul><li><span>à</span></li><li><span>á</span></li><li><span>â</span></li><li><span>ä</span></li><li><span>ã</span></li><li><span>ă</span></li><li><span>ā</span></li><li><span>ç</span></li><li><span>č</span></li><li><span>è</span></li><li><span>é</span></li><li><span>ê</span></li><li><span>ë</span></li><li><span>ē</span></li><li><span>ģ</span></li><li><span>ì</span></li><li><span>í</span></li><li><span>î</span></li><li><span>ï</span></li><li><span>ī</span></li><li><span>ķ</span></li><li><span>ļ</span></li><li><span>ñ</span></li><li><span>ň</span></li><li><span>ņ</span></li><li><span>ò</span></li><li><span>ó</span></li><li><span>ô</span></li><li><span>ö</span></li><li><span>õ</span></li><li><span>ş</span></li><li><span>š</span></li><li><span>ţ</span></li><li><span>ù</span></li><li><span>ú</span></li><li><span>û</span></li><li><span>ü</span></li><li><span>ū</span></li><li><span>ý</span></li><li><span>ž</span></li><li><span>æ</span></li><li><span>œ</span></li><li><span>ß</span></li></ul><i 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href="#h70206621647000">R<sup>3</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621666840">R<sup>4</sup></a> </div><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=292327308384887&display=page&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fr&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Facebook" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'facebook', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/definition/r');" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="Facebook"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 30 30" viewbox="0 0 30 30" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="m15 0c-8.284 0-15 6.716-15 15 0 8.285 6.716 15 15 15 8.284 0 15-6.715 15-15 0-8.284-6.716-15-15-15m3.214 15.01h-2.102c0 3.357 0 7.495 0 7.495h-3.115c0 0 0-4.095 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return false;" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="LinkedIn"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 32 32" viewbox="0 0 32 32" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="#006799"><path d="m16.959 14.824v-.033c-.006.012-.015.023-.022.033h.022"/><path d="m16 0c-8.837 0-16 7.164-16 16 0 8.837 7.163 16 16 16 8.836 0 16-7.162 16-16 0-8.836-7.164-16-16-16m-4.367 23.646h-3.431v-10.316h3.431v10.316m-1.716-11.726h-.022c-1.151 0-1.895-.793-1.895-1.783 0-1.012.768-1.783 1.939-1.783 1.174 0 1.896.771 1.918 1.783 0 .99-.744 1.783-1.94 1.783m14.08 11.726h-3.43v-5.52c0-1.387-.496-2.333-1.738-2.333-.946 0-1.512.64-1.76 1.255-.091.221-.113.525-.113.836v5.762h-3.429c0 0 .044-9.349 0-10.316h3.429v1.461c.457-.705 1.271-1.703 3.092-1.703 2.256 0 3.949 1.473 3.949 4.642v5.916"/></g></svg></i></a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="hwg"><span class="hw" data-headword-id="r" id="m_en_gbus0839210">r<sup>1</sup></span></h2><div class="hwg"><div class="entryGroup" id="h70206621615400"><h3 class="pronunciations">Pronunciation <a class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation" title="Key to pronunciations"></a><span class="phoneticspelling">/ɑː/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/r__gb_1_4.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></h3></div></div><p class="associatedTranslation">Translate <a href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/r">r</a> into Spanish</p></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">abbreviation</span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["recto"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Recto.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">2</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["giving","position","or","direction","right"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(giving position or direction) right.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘l to r: Evan, Nic, and David’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">3</span><span class="sense-regions domain_labels">Law </span><br/><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["rule"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Rule.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘under r 7.4 (6) the court may hear an application immediately’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></section><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos"></span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["radius"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Radius.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘2πr’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">2</span><span class="sense-regions domain_labels">Statistics </span><br/><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["correlation","coefficient"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Correlation coefficient.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘sigmoidoscopic and symptom scores also showed a significant correlation with each other (r = 0.91)’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></section><div class="entryHead primary_homograph" id="h70206621651640"><div id="audio-hover-preload"></div><header><div class="homographs"> <h2>Main meanings of <em>R</em> in English</h2>: <a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Primary sense" href="#h70206621615400">r<sup>1</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621651640">R<sup>2</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621647000">R<sup>3</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621666840">R<sup>4</sup></a> </div><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638/https://www.facebook.com/dialog/share?app_id=292327308384887&display=page&href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fr&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fr" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Share on Facebook" onclick="javascript:ga('send', 'event', 'share_this_entry', 'facebook', 'https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/definition/r');" data-behaviour="ga-event-entry-sharing" data-value="Facebook"><i class="transition"><svg enable-background="new 0 0 30 30" 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1.271-1.703 3.092-1.703 2.256 0 3.949 1.473 3.949 4.642v5.916"/></g></svg></i></a></li> </ul></div> <h2 class="hwg"><span class="hw" data-headword-id="r" id="m_en_gbus0839240">R<sup>2</sup></span></h2><div class="hwg"><div class="entryGroup" id="h70206621651640"><h3 class="pronunciations">Pronunciation <a class="ipaLink" href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/grammar/key-to-pronunciation" title="Key to pronunciations"></a><span class="phoneticspelling">/ɑː/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/r__gb_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></h3></div></div><p class="associatedTranslation">Translate <a href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/r">R</a> into Spanish</p></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">noun</span><span class="pos-inflections"><span class="inflection-text"><span><span class="inflection-note">plural noun </span>Rs<span class="inflection-note">, </span></span></span><span class="inflection-text"><span><span class="inflection-note">plural noun </span>R's<span class="inflection-note"></span></span></span></span></h3><div class="variant morph_unit_variant">(also <strong>r</strong>)</div><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["the","eighteenth","letter","of","the","alphabet"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">The eighteenth letter of the alphabet.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><ol class="subSenses"><li class="subSense"><span class="subsenseIteration">1.1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["denoting","the","next","after","q","in","a","set","of","items","categories","etc"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Denoting the next after Q in a set of items, categories, etc.</span><div class="trg"></div></li></ol></div></li></ul></section><section class="etymology etym"><h3 class="phrases-title"><strong>Phrases</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><ul class="semb gramb"><strong class="phrase">the R months</strong><br/><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration"></span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["the","months","with","r","in","their","names","september","to","april","considered","to","be","the","season","for","eating","oysters"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">The months with R in their names (September to April), considered to be the season for eating oysters.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li></ul><strong class="phrase">the three Rs</strong><br/><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration"></span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["reading","writing","and","arithmetic","regarded","as","the","fundamentals","of","learning"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Reading, writing, and arithmetic, regarded as the fundamentals of learning.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquowhy","couldnt","they","just","leave","well","alone","and","let","pupils","concentrate","on","the","three","rsrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘why couldn't they just leave well alone and let pupils concentrate on the three Rs?’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘An annual poll of headteachers shows that increasing numbers of them think the policies being used to improve pupils' grasp of the three Rs in primary schools are working.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Perhaps society would be better off if its schools stuck to the three Rs and did a solid job in domains where they enjoy both competence and wide public support.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Researchers identified a steady rise in time spent on the three Rs by juniors in England over the six years to 2002.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Today's tables were based on the results achieved by the first year group of children to be affected by the extension of the primary school drive to improve the three Rs to comprehensives.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘One of the great developments has been the broadening of education in Ireland from the three Rs to the total development of people.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘This seems a real pity since it is common to see grown up girls, well past primary school level, learning the three Rs after they have finished with household work.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘With the introduction of ‘payment by results’ in the 1860s, all children in elementary schools over the age of 6 were examined in the three Rs.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘We think it should become national policy that the educational system teach entrepreneurship just like it teaches the three Rs.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘It was not until the School Enforcement Act of 1876 that families were legally obliged to have their offspring educated and parents had to pay to have their children taught the three Rs.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘The practice of publishing figures showing attainment levels among schoolchildren in the three Rs has been scrapped, because the figures repeatedly damned the executive's appalling performance in education.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Not enough funding, poor pay for academics, youngsters turning up with no grasp of the three Rs… there's always something to complain about.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Like most seven-year-olds, Joe can think of a zillion things to do with his time other than the three Rs, which I assume are still being taught in school.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘His education there went far beyond the three Rs, taking in falconry, boxing and, most importantly, self-preservation.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘‘Many were filling gaps in their knowledge of the three Rs, whilst at the other end of the scale at least 20 prisoners were pursuing Open University courses, two of whom gained degrees,’ it says.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Diversity might include free-thinking, liberal-minded schools, alongside those that favour the firm thwack of the three Rs above all else.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Company bosses today said they were satisfied with this year's A level results, but said too many young people are leaving school without a good grasp of the three Rs.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘Some blamed early childhood centres for focusing on the three Rs rather than play.’</em></li><li class="ex"><em>‘There have been calls for a radical delivery of the three Rs, and we back this.’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></ul></div></section><div class="entryHead primary_homograph" id="h70206621647000"><div id="audio-hover-preload"></div><header><div class="homographs"> <h2>Main meanings of <em>R</em> in English</h2>: <a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Primary sense" href="#h70206621615400">r<sup>1</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621651640">R<sup>2</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621647000">R<sup>3</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621666840">R<sup>4</sup></a> </div><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" 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pronunciations"></a><span class="phoneticspelling">/ɑː/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/r__gb_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></h3></div></div><p class="associatedTranslation">Translate <a href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/r">R</a> into Spanish</p></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">noun</span></h3><div class="variant morph_unit_variant">(also <strong>R number</strong>)</div><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration"></span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["a","figure","expressing","the","rate","at","which","an","infectious","disease","spreads","taken","as","the","average","number","of","cases","arising","by","transmission","from","a","single","infected","individual"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">A figure expressing the rate at which an infectious disease spreads, taken as the average number of cases arising by transmission from a single infected individual.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquothere","are","lots","of","things","we","can","do","to","reduce","r","including","reducing","our","social","contacts","by","continuing","social","distancingrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘there are lots of things we can do to reduce R, including reducing our social contacts by continuing social distancing’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘he warned that an increase in the R number would see a rapid escalation of cases’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li></ul></section><section class="etymology etym"><h3><strong>Origin</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><p>1970s the initial letter of reproduction or reproductive.</p></div></section><div class="entryHead primary_homograph" id="h70206621666840"><div id="audio-hover-preload"></div><header><div class="homographs"> <h2>Main meanings of <em>R</em> in English</h2>: <a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Primary sense" href="#h70206621615400">r<sup>1</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621651640">R<sup>2</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621647000">R<sup>3</sup></a><a data-behaviour="ga-event-homograph" data-value="Secondary sense" href="#h70206621666840">R<sup>4</sup></a> </div><div class="socials"><ul><li><a class="ico-fb" 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pronunciations"></a><span class="phoneticspelling">/ɑː/</span> <a class="speaker" onclick="this.firstElementChild.play();"><audio src="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124223638im_/https://lex-audio.useremarkable.com/mp3/r__gb_1.mp3" preload="none"></audio></a></h3></div></div><p class="associatedTranslation">Translate <a href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/r">R</a> into Spanish</p></header></div><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos">abbreviation</span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["rand"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Rand.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘a farm worth nearly R1,3 million’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">2</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["in","names","of","sports","clubs","rangers","or","rovers"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(in names of sports clubs) Rangers or Rovers.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="exg"><div class="ex"><em><span class=" one-click-content" data-no-definition="["lsquoberwick","rrsquo"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">‘Berwick R’</span></em></div></div><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘Featherstone R’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">3</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["réaumur","a","temperature","scale","now","obsolete"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Réaumur (a temperature scale, now obsolete)</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘198.6 °R’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">4</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["regina","or","rex"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Regina or Rex.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘Elizabeth R’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">5</span><div class="variant">(also <strong>®</strong>)</div><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["registered","as","a","trademark"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Registered as a trademark.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">6</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["in","the","us","republican"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(in the US) Republican.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">7</span><span class="sense-regions">North American </span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["in","film","classification","restricted","denoting","films","restricted","to","viewers","over","a","certain","age"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(in film classification) restricted (denoting films restricted to viewers over a certain age).</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">8</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["on","a","gear","shift","reverse"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(on a gear shift) reverse.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">9</span><span class="form-groups">R.</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["river","chiefly","on","maps"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">River (chiefly on maps).</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">10</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["roentgens"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Roentgen(s).</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">11</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["romania","international","vehicle","registration"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Romania (international vehicle registration).</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">12</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["rook","in","recording","in","chess"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Rook (in recording moves in chess)</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><div class="examples"><div class="moreInfo"><button data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="more example sentences">More example sentences</button></div><div class="exg"><ul class="english-ex"><li class="ex"><em>‘21.Rh4’</em></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">13</span><span class="sense-regions domain_labels">Cricket </span><br/><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["on","scorecards","runs"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">(on scorecards) run(s).</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li></ul></section><section class="gramb"><h3 class="ps pos"><span class="pos"></span></h3><span class="transitivity"></span><ul class="semb"><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">1</span><span class="sense-regions domain_labels">Chemistry </span><br/><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["an","unspecified","alkyl","or","other","organic","radical","or","group"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">An unspecified alkyl or other organic radical or group.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span><section class="etymology etym"><h3><strong>Origin</strong></h3><div class="senseInnerWrapper"><p>Abbreviation of <a href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/definition/radical#m_en_gbus0840730.morphUnit">radical</a>.</p></div></section></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">2</span><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["electrical","resistance"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">Electrical resistance.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li><li><div class="trg"><div class="sense-inflection"></div><p><span class="iteration">3</span><span class="sense-regions domain_labels">Chemistry </span><br/><span class="ind one-click-content" data-no-definition="["the","gas","constant"]" data-behaviour="ga-event-one-click" data-value="Lexical data - en-gb">The gas constant.</span></p><span class="indicators"></span></div></li></ul></section></div></div></div><aside class="sideBanner"><div class="sideBannerWrap"><aside class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_atf_160x600_1"></div><div id=""></div></aside></div></aside><aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar extend"><div class="sidebar-content"><aside class="banbox-mini ad-placeholder" id="top_right_rail"><div class="banner adUnit"><div id="lexi_serp_dkt_btf_300x250_20"></div><div id=""></div></div></aside><div class="dayword"><section><div class="daywordmain"><span class="wotd-title">Word of the day</span><div class="word_spacer"></div><div><div><strong><a class="linkword" id="48f8d886-1201-4ab5-a15c-96c850294797" href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hygge" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">hygge</a></strong><p class="word_type phonetic_spelling">/ ˈh(j)uːɡə /</p><p class="word_type pos">noun</p></div></div><div class="cta"><a id="48f8d886-1201-4ab5-a15c-96c850294797" href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hygge" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">See definitions & examples</a></div></div></section></div><div class="news layout"><section><a href="/web/20211124223638/https://www.lexico.com/explore/word-of-the-year" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Sidebar - story 1"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="2.35" data-ratioy="1"><img 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