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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Defaka language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Defaka" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaka" title="Defaka – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Defaka" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Defaka" title="Harshen Defaka – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Defaka" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaka_jezik" title="Defaka jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Defaka jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asusu_Defaka" title="Asusu Defaka – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asusu Defaka" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidefaka" title="Kidefaka – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kidefaka" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaka" title="Defaka – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Defaka" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defaka" title="Defaka – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Defaka" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Defaka" title="Lenga Defaka – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Defaka" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дефака – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дефака" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Endangered language of Nigeria</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Defaka</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Afakani</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><span title="Defaka-language text"><i lang="afn">Défàkà</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opobo%E2%80%93Nkoro" title="Opobo–Nkoro">Opobo–Nkoro</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">200 (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Defaka</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/afn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:afn">afn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/defa1248">defa1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/305">Defaka</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Defaka</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a> and divergent <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> language of uncertain classification. It is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Opobo%E2%80%93Nkoro" title="Opobo–Nkoro">Opobo–Nkoro</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">LGA</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers State</a>, in the Defaka or Afakani ward of Nkọrọ town and Ịwọma Nkọrọ.<sup id="cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low number of Defaka speakers, coupled with the fact that other languages dominate the region where Defaka is spoken, edges the language near extinction on a year-to-year basis. It is generally classified in an <a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Ijoid proposal is problematic. Blench (2012) notes that "Defaka has numerous external cognates and might be an isolate or independent branch of Niger–Congo which has come under Ịjọ influence."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (October 2024)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ethnically, the <a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka people</a> are distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Nkoroo" title="Nkoroo">Nkoroo</a>, but they have assimilated to Nkoroo culture to such a degree that their language seems to be the only sign of a distinct Defaka identity. Use of the Defaka language however is quickly receding in favour of the language of the <a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a> language. Nowadays, most Defaka speakers are elderly people, and even among these, Defaka is rarely spoken — the total number of Defaka speakers is at most 200 nowadays (SIL/Ethnologue 15th ed.).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decrease in use of Defaka is stronger in Nkoroo town than in the Iwoma area. Since the language communities between Defaka and Nkoroo are so intertwined, it is hard to determine which language influences the other.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All children grow up speaking <a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Ijo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijo languages">Ijo language</a>) as a first language. The next most used language among the Defaka is <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, owing to the political influence of the <a href="/wiki/Opobo" title="Opobo">Opobo</a> since the days of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_Rivers_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oil Rivers Trade (page does not exist)">Oil Rivers Trade</a>. Igbo has been a language of instruction in many schools in the region and still functions as a regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">trade language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Defaka language shows many lexical similarities with Ijọ, some shared regular sound correspondences and some typological similarities with proto-Ịjọ. For example, both languages have a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> basic word order, which is otherwise extremely rare in the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo language family">Niger–Congo language family</a>, being found only in the <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a> branches. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="afn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="afn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ebere</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="afn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ko̘</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SUBJ</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="afn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="afn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">okuna</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fowl</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="afn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɓááma</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kill:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">a ebere ko̘ a okuna ɓááma</p><p style="display: none;">the dog SUBJ the fowl kill:PST</p><p style="clear: left;">The dog killed the fowl (Defaka)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ijn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">obiri</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ijn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɓé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ijn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o̘ɓó̘kō̘</p><p style="margin: 0px;">fowl</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ijn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɓé</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ijn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɓám̄</p><p style="margin: 0px;">kill:<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">obiri ɓé o̘ɓó̘kō̘ ɓé ɓám̄</p><p style="display: none;">dog the fowl the kill:PST</p><p style="clear: left;">The dog killed the fowl (Ịjọ, Kalaɓarị dialect)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Also, Defaka has a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">sex-gender</a> system distinguishing between masculine, feminine, and neuter 3rd-person singular pronouns; this is once again a rarity among south-central Niger–Congo languages other than Ịjoid and Defaka.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenewari1983105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenewari1983105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Defaka-language text"><i lang="afn">á tóɓo</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">her head</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Defaka-language text"><i lang="afn">o toɓo</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">his head</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li> <li><span title="Defaka-language text"><i lang="afn">yé tóɓo</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">its head</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></li></ul> <p>While some of the lexical and maybe typological similarities can be attributed to borrowing (as Defaka has been in close contact with Ijọ for more than 300 years), the sound correspondences point to a (somewhat distant) genealogical relationship.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly all Defaka are bilingual in Nkọrọọ, and the phonology appears to be the same as that language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Defaka has two <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">high</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">low</span>. On long vowels and diphthongs, as well as disyllabic words, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">high–low</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">low–high</span> <a href="/wiki/Contour_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Contour tone">contours</a> occur. In addition, there is a <a href="/wiki/Downstep" title="Downstep">downstep</a> that may appear between high tones, and which is the remnant of an elided low tone. However, Shryock et al. were not able to measure significant differences in the pitch traces of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">high–low</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">low–low</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">high</span>–downstep–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">high</span>, all of which have a falling pitch, suggesting that there may be fewer distinctive <a href="/wiki/Word_tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Word tone">word tones</a> than the combinations of syllable tones would suggest. However, these all clearly contrast with level-pitched <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">high–high</span> and rising-pitched <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">low–high</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199715–16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199715–16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ijoid <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> has collapsed in Defaka, as it has in Nkọrọọ. There are seven oral vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>e<span class="wrap"> </span>a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɔ<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔ/</span> are uncommon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are five nasal vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ẽ<span class="wrap"> </span>ã<span class="wrap"> </span>õ<span class="wrap"> </span>ũ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All may occur long, and the nasal vowels are inherently long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long vowels are at least twice as long as short vowels, except <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨uu⟩</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19978–9_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19978–9-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonants<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19979_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19979-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial-velar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial-velar consonant">Labial-<br />velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Implosive </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Plosive</th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">kp</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">gb</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a></th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> next to velar and labial-velar stops<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>Most voiceless <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> are <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a>. However, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">kp</a>/</span> has a slightly negative <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a>. That is, voicing commences somewhat before the consonant is released, as in English "voiced" stops such as <span class="nowrap">⟨b⟩</span>. This is typical of labial-velar stops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199710_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199710-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡb</a>/</span>, on the other hand, is fully voiced, as are the other voiced obstruents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shryock et al. analyse the prenasalised stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mb<span class="wrap"> </span>nd<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋɡ͡b]</span> as <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>]</span> varies with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span>, with some speakers using one, some the other, and some either, depending on the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> may be nasalised before nasal vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199714_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199714-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The velar plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> may be <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span> between vowels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> is pronounced as an approximant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span>, by some speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It only occurs between vowels and at the ends of words.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Defaka_word_list" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Defaka word list">Defaka word list</a> (Wiktionary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/afn/">Defaka</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchAtlas4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAtlas4_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlench2019" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2019). <i>An Atlas of Nigerian Languages</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Nigerian+Languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kay+Williamson+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/afn">"Did you know Defaka is severely endangered?"</a>. <i>Endangered Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+Defaka+is+severely+endangered%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endangeredlanguages.com%2Flang%2Fafn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench" class="citation web cs1">Blench, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">"Niger-Congo: an alternative view"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger-Congo%3A+an+alternative+view&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FNiger-Congo%2FGeneral%2FNiger-Congo%2520an%2520alternative%2520view.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314075020/http://defaka.rutgers.edu/people.html">"Documenting Defaka & Nkoroo"</a>. <i>defaka.rutgers.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://defaka.rutgers.edu/people.html">the original</a> on 14 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defaka.rutgers.edu&rft.atitle=Documenting+Defaka+%26+Nkoroo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdefaka.rutgers.edu%2Fpeople.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenewari198399_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenewari1983">Jenewari 1983</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenewari1983105-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenewari1983105_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenewari1983">Jenewari 1983</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199715–16-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199715–16_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19974_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19978–9-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19978–9_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19979-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–19979_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199713_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199712_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199717_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199710-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199710_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199714-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–199714_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997">Shryock, Ladefoged & Williamson 1996–1997</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2003" class="citation conference cs1">Blench, Roger (2003) [2000]. <i>Language Death in West Africa</i>. Round Table on Language Endangerment. Bad Godesborg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Language+Death+in+West+Africa&rft.place=Bad+Godesborg&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenewari1983" class="citation book cs1">Jenewari, Charles E. W. (1983). "Defaka, Ijo's Closest Linguistic Relative". In Dihoff, Ivan R. (ed.). <i>Current Approaches to African Linguistics</i>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">85–</span>111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783112420065-006">10.1515/9783112420065-006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783112420065" title="Special:BookSources/9783112420065"><bdi>9783112420065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defaka%2C+Ijo%27s+Closest+Linguistic+Relative&rft.btitle=Current+Approaches+to+African+Linguistics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783112420065-006&rft.isbn=9783112420065&rft.aulast=Jenewari&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShryockLadefogedWilliamson1996–1997" class="citation journal cs1">Shryock, Aaron; Ladefoged, Peter; Williamson, Kay (1996–1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/downloads/download/76-volume2602/362-the-phonetic-structures-of-defaka">"The phonetic structures of Defaka"</a>. <i>Journal of West African Languages</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+West+African+Languages&rft.atitle=The+phonetic+structures+of+Defaka&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=1996%2F1997&rft.aulast=Shryock&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Ladefoged%2C+Peter&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Kay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofwestafricanlanguages.org%2Fdownloads%2Fdownload%2F76-volume2602%2F362-the-phonetic-structures-of-defaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1998" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Kay (1998). "Defaka revisited". In Ejituwu, Nkparom C. (ed.). <i>The multi-disciplinary approach to African history: Essays in honour of Ebiegberi Joe Algoa</i>. Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789782321909" title="Special:BookSources/9789782321909"><bdi>9789782321909</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Defaka+revisited&rft.btitle=The+multi-disciplinary+approach+to+African+history%3A+Essays+in+honour+of+Ebiegberi+Joe+Algoa&rft.place=Port+Harcourt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.pub=University+of+Port+Harcourt+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9789782321909&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Kay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADefaka+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Defaka_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512214641/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D9869%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Defaka at UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724075212/http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/AFN/AFN.html">Defaka word lists and recordings</a> at The UCLA Phonetics Lab.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223100807/http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/langdoc/EGA/Proposals/Ega-proposal2/">Defaka</a> targeted by a proposal to document endangered languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813080008/http://defaka.rutgers.edu/">Defaka and Nkoroo</a> a project to document Defaka and Nkoroo</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Efik-Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_language" title="Tiv language">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6ff;"><div id="Indigenous_languages_(grouped_by_Nigerian_state)106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(grouped by <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian state</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(Adamawa)" title="Bali language (Adamawa)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_language" title="Boga language">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daka_language" title="Daka language">Daka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(Nigeria)" title="Dong language (Nigeria)">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Mubi" title="Fali of Mubi">Fali of Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27anda_language" title="Ga'anda language">Ga'anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaa_language" title="Gaa language">Gaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudu_language" title="Gudu language">Gudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huba_language" title="Huba language">Huba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwana_language" title="Hwana language">Hwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofa language">Kofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpasam_language" title="Kpasam language">Kpasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugama_language" title="Kugama language">Kugama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumba_language" title="Kumba language">Kumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwaba_language" title="Ngwaba language">Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taram_language" title="Taram language">Taram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme_language" title="Teme language">Teme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wom_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wom language (Nigeria)">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekit language">Ekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron language">Oron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Dazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulbu_language" title="Dulbu language">Dulbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jarawa language (Nigeria)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushi language">Kushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labir_language" title="Labir language">Labir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas language">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'a language">Pa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiki_language" title="Shiki language">Shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Southeast Ijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanyom_language" title="Abanyom language">Abanyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbe_language" title="Mbe language">Mbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbembe_language" title="Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Uhrobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishan language">Ishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bini_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini language">Bini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awak language">Awak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangwinji_language" title="Bangwinji language">Bangwinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_language" title="Kamo language">Kamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_language" title="Tula language">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanufi_language" title="Kanufi language">Anib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayu_language" title="Ayu language">Ayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_language" title="Bu language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_language" title="Bina language">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_language" title="Piti language">Bishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cori language">Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doka_language" title="Doka language">Doka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duya language">Duya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku_language" title="Iku language">Ekhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbagyi language">Gbagyi-Gbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_language" title="Hyam language">Hyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Ikulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Koonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Kuzamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada_language" title="Mada language">Mada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghan language">Nghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikyob-Nindem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikyob-Nindem language">Nikyob-Nindem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numana_language" title="Numana language">Numana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyankpa_language" title="Nyankpa language">Nyankpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruma_language" title="Ruma language">Ruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">T'kurmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_language" title="Map language">Timap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheni-Ziriya_language" title="Sheni-Ziriya language">TiSeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vori_language" title="Vori language">Tivori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Tugbiri-Niragu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_language" title="Tumi language">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vono_language" title="Vono language">Vono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Wachi_language" title="Koro Wachi language">Wachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Tikurmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ake_language" title="Ake language">Ake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jili_language" title="Jili language">Jili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Bogghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyam language">Fyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorto language">Jorto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofyar language">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_language" title="Pe language">Pe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur language">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Takad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankam language">Yankam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abua_language" title="Abua language">Abua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baan_language" title="Baan language">Baan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O’chi’chi’ language">O’chi’chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obulom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Okodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_language" title="Tee language">Tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baissa_Fali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baissa Fali language">Baissa Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buru language (Nigeria)">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga language">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laka_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laka language (Nigeria)">Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangseng_language" title="Pangseng language">Pangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rang_language" title="Rang language">Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_language" title="Waka language">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoti_language" title="Yoti language">Yoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Nigerian_alphabet" title="Pan-Nigerian alphabet">Pan-Nigerian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ijoid_languages52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ijoid_languages" title="Template:Ijoid languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ijoid_languages" title="Template talk:Ijoid languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ijoid_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ijoid languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ijoid_languages52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akassa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akassa language">Akassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Nembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Defaka</a></li></ul> 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