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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scientific objectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific objectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Science results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institutions_involved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions_involved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Institutions involved</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions_involved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_and_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Launch and flight</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch_and_flight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Launch and flight subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_delays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_delays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Launch delays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_delays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trajectory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trajectory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Trajectory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trajectory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mission timeline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_Orbiter_and_Parker_Solar_Probe_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_Orbiter_and_Parker_Solar_Probe_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_Orbiter_and_Parker_Solar_Probe_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outreach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outreach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Outreach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outreach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Solar Orbiter</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="المسبار المداري الشمسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسبار المداري الشمسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Солар Орбитър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Солар Орбитър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مدارگرد خورشیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدارگرد خورشیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="സോളാർ ഓർബിറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോളാർ ഓർബിറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%93%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ソーラー・オービター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソーラー・オービター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சூரியச் சுற்றுகலன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூரியச் சுற்றுகலன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Solar Orbiter" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E8%BC%89%E5%85%B7" title="太陽軌道載具 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太陽軌道載具" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q653731#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the European Space Agency heliophysics orbiter. For NASA's in-situ heliophysics orbiter, see <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Solar Orbiter</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="spacecraft in front of the Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg/260px-Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg/390px-Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg/520px-Solar_Orbiter_ESA20813950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's impression of the <i>Solar Orbiter</i> orbiting the Sun</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliophysics" title="Heliophysics">Heliophysics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-010A">2020-010A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q653731#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">45167</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/">www.esa.int</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">7 years (nominal)<br />+ 3 years (extended)<sup id="cite_ref-esa1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eoPortal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eoPortal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Elapsed: 4 years, 9 months and 12 days</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus Defence and Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">1,800 kg (4,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Payload mass</th><td class="infobox-data">209 kg (461 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 × 3.1 × 2.7 m (8 × 10 × 9 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">180 watts<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 2020, 04:03 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-Schedule_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schedule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 411 (AV-087)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">SLC-41</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Launch_Alliance" title="United Launch Alliance">United Launch Alliance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entered service</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2021<br />(start of main mission)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">Heliocentric</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perihelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.28 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">au</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Aphelion altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.91 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">au</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24° (nominal mission)<br />33° (extended mission)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">168 days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a></th><td class="infobox-data">?</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Main</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritchey–Chrétien">Ritchey–Chrétien</a> <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflector</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">160 mm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Focal length</th><td class="infobox-data">2.5 m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wavelengths</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">Visible light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;">Instruments</span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">EPD</th><td class="infobox-data">Energetic Particle Detector</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">EUI</th><td class="infobox-data">Extreme Ultraviolet Imager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MAG</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">METIS</th><td class="infobox-data">Multi Element Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy <a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">Coronagraph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">PHI</th><td class="infobox-data">Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RPW</th><td class="infobox-data">Radio and Plasma Waves</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SolOHI</th><td class="infobox-data">Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SPICE</th><td class="infobox-data">Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">STIX</th><td class="infobox-data">X-ray Spectrometer/Telescope</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SWPA</th><td class="infobox-data">Solar Wind Plasma Analyser</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_orbiter_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solar_orbiter_insignia.png/180px-Solar_orbiter_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solar_orbiter_insignia.png/270px-Solar_orbiter_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Solar_orbiter_insignia.png/360px-Solar_orbiter_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1303" data-file-height="1303" /></a></span><br />Insignia for the <i>Solar Orbiter</i> mission. <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><i><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></i> program</b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Solar Orbiter</b> (<b>SolO</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>-observing <a href="/wiki/Space_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Probe">probe</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) with a <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a> (NASA) contribution. Solar Orbiter, designed to obtain detailed measurements of the inner <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a> and the nascent <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a>, will also perform close observations of the polar regions of the Sun which is difficult to do from Earth. These observations are important in investigating how the Sun creates and controls its heliosphere. </p><p>SolO makes observations of the Sun from an eccentric orbit moving as close as ≈60 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">solar radii (R<sub>S</sub>)</a>, or 0.284 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (au), placing it inside <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> of 0.3075 au.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the mission the orbital inclination will be raised to about 24°. The total mission cost is US$1.5 billion, counting both ESA and NASA contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-launch_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SolO was launched on 10 February 2020 from Cape Canaveral, Florida (USA). The nominal mission is planned until the end of 2026, with a potential extension until 2030. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suncomparison.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Suncomparison.svg/220px-Suncomparison.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Suncomparison.svg/330px-Suncomparison.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Suncomparison.svg/440px-Suncomparison.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of the size of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> (left, 1 au) and from the Solar Orbiter spacecraft (0.284 au, right)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg/220px-Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg/330px-Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg/440px-Solar_Orbiter_Structural_Thermal_Model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The Solar Orbiter structural thermal model shortly before leaving the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_Defence_and_Space" title="Airbus Defence and Space">Airbus Defence and Space</a> facility in Stevenage, UK</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Solar Orbiter spacecraft is a Sun-pointed, three-axis stabilised platform with a dedicated heat shield to provide protection from the high levels of solar flux near perihelion. The spacecraft provides a stable platform to accommodate the combination of remote-sensing and in situ instrumentation in an electromagnetically clean environment. The 21 sensors were configured on the spacecraft to allow each to conduct its in situ or remote-sensing experiments with both access to and protection from the solar environment. Solar Orbiter has inherited technology from previous missions, such as the solar arrays from the <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO). The <a href="/wiki/Solar_arrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar arrays">solar arrays</a> can be rotated about their longitudinal axis to avoid overheating when close to the Sun. A battery pack provides supplementary power at other points in the mission such as eclipse periods encountered during planetary flybys. </p><p>The Telemetry, Tracking and Command Subsystem provides the communication link capability with the Earth in X-band. The subsystem supports telemetry, telecommand and ranging. Low-Gain Antennas are used for Launch and Early Orbit Phase (LEOP) and now function as a back-up during the mission phase when steerable Medium- and High-Gain Antennas are in use. The High-Temperature High-Gain Antenna needs to point to a wide range of positions to achieve a link with the ground station and to be able to downlink sufficient volumes of data. Its design was adapted from the BepiColombo mission. The antenna can be folded in to gain protection from Solar Orbiter's heat shield if necessary. Most data will therefore initially be stored in on-board memory and sent back to Earth at the earliest possible opportunity. </p><p>The ground station at <a href="/wiki/Malarg%C3%BCe" title="Malargüe">Malargüe</a> (Argentina), with a 35-metre (115 ft) antenna, is used for 4 to 8 hours/day (effective). ESA's Malargüe ground station will be used for all operations throughout the mission with the ground stations in <a href="/wiki/New_Norcia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Norcia">New Norcia</a>, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Cebreros" title="Cebreros">Cebreros</a>, Spain, acting as backup when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-esa1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_operations">Mission operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mission operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of Solar Orbiter's trajectory</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif/240px-Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif/360px-Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif/480px-Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Polar view. For more detailed animation, see <a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_polar_view.webm" title="File:Animation of Solar Orbiter's trajectory - polar view.webm">this video</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif/240px-Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif/360px-Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif/480px-Animation_of_Solar_Orbiter%27s_trajectory_-_equatorial_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Equatorial view</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  Solar Orbiter </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Cyan; color:black;"> </span> Mercury</span>  <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Lime; color:black;"> </span> Venus</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span> Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Sun</span></div></div></div></div> <p>During nominal science operations, science data is downlinked for eight hours during each communication period with the ground station. Additional eight-hour downlink passes are scheduled as needed to reach the required total science data return of the mission. The Solar Orbiter ground segment makes maximum reuse of ESA's infrastructure for Deep Space missions: </p> <ul><li>The ground stations, which belong to ESA's space tracking station network (<a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a>)</li> <li>The Mission Operations Centre (MOC), located at <a href="/wiki/ESOC" class="mw-redirect" title="ESOC">ESOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany</li> <li>The Science Operations Centre (SOC), located at <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Villanueva_de_la_Ca%C3%B1ada" title="Villanueva de la Cañada">Villanueva de la Cañada</a>, Spain</li> <li>The communications network, linking the various remotely located centres and stations to support the operational data traffic</li></ul> <p>The Science Operations Centre was responsible for mission planning and the generation of payload operations requests to the MOC, as well as science data archiving. The SOC has been operational for the active science phase of the mission, i.e. from the beginning of the Cruise Phase onwards. The handover of payload operations from the MOC to the SOC is performed at the end of the Near-Earth Commissioning Phase (NECP). ESA's <a href="/wiki/Malarg%C3%BCe_Station" title="Malargüe Station">Malargüe Station</a> in Argentina will be used for all operations throughout the mission, with the ground stations of <a href="/wiki/New_Norcia_Station" title="New Norcia Station">New Norcia Station</a>, Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Cebreros_Station" title="Cebreros Station">Cebreros Station</a>, Spain, acting as backup when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the initial cruise phase, which lasted until November 2021, Solar Orbiter performed two gravity-assist manoeuvres around Venus and one around Earth to alter the spacecraft's trajectory, guiding it towards the innermost regions of the Solar System. At the same time, Solar Orbiter acquired in situ data to characterise and calibrate its remote-sensing instruments. The first close solar pass took place on 26 March 2022 at around a third of Earth's distance from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spacecraft's orbit has been chosen to be 'in resonance' with Venus, which means that it will return to the planet's vicinity every few orbits and can again use the planet's gravity to alter or tilt its orbit. Initially, Solar Orbiter will be confined to the same plane as the planets, but each encounter of Venus will increase its orbital inclination. For example, after the 2025 Venus encounter, it will make its first solar pass at 17° inclination, increasing to 33° during a proposed mission extension phase, bringing even more of the polar regions into direct view.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_objectives">Scientific objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spacecraft makes a close approach to the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> every six months.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest approach will be positioned to allow a repeated study of the same region of the solar atmosphere. <i>Solar Orbiter</i> will be able to observe the magnetic activity building up in the atmosphere that can lead to powerful <a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">solar flares</a> or eruptions. </p><p>Researchers also have the chance to coordinate observations with NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></i> mission (2018–2025) which is performing measurements of the Sun's extended <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">corona</a>, as well as other ground-based assets such as the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_K._Inouye_Solar_Telescope" title="Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope">Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope</a>. </p><p>The objective of the mission is to perform close-up, high-resolution studies of the Sun and its inner <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliosphere</a>. The new understanding will help answer these questions: </p> <ul><li>How and where do the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> plasma and <a href="/wiki/Sun#Magnetic_field" title="Sun">magnetic field</a> originate in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">corona</a>?</li> <li>How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability?</li> <li>How do solar eruptions produce <a href="/wiki/Solar_energetic_particles" title="Solar energetic particles">energetic particle</a> radiation that fills the heliosphere?</li> <li>How does the <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynamo" title="Solar dynamo">solar dynamo</a> work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere?</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_results">Science results</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Science results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the launch of the mission, a series of papers have been released in three special issues of the <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics" title="Astronomy & Astrophysics">Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> Journal: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/component/toc/?task=topic&id=1082">The Solar Orbiter mission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/component/toc/?task=topic&id=1340">Solar Orbiter First Results (Cruise Phase)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/component/toc/?task=topic&id=1717">Solar Orbiter First Results (Nominal Mission Phase)</a></li></ul> <p>Meanwhile, regular "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/solar-orbiter/science-nuggets">science nuggets</a>" are released on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/solar-orbiter/home">Solar Orbiter science community website</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The science payload is composed of 10 instruments:<sup id="cite_ref-esa-solar-orbiter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-solar-orbiter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Heliospheric in-situ instruments (4)</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_(Flight_Model)_(24967051097).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_%28Flight_Model%29_%2824967051097%29.jpg/220px-Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_%28Flight_Model%29_%2824967051097%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_%28Flight_Model%29_%2824967051097%29.jpg/330px-Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_%28Flight_Model%29_%2824967051097%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_%28Flight_Model%29_%2824967051097%29.jpg/440px-Solar_Orbiter_EAS_instrument_%28Flight_Model%29_%2824967051097%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The flight model of the Electrostatic Analyser System (EAS), which is part of the Solar Wind Analyser (SWA) Suite</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>SWA – Solar Wind <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">Plasma</a> Analyser (United Kingdom): Consists of a suite of sensors that measures the ion and electron bulk properties (including density, velocity, and temperature) of the solar wind, thereby characterizing the solar wind between 0.28 and 1.4 au from the Sun. In addition to determining the bulk properties of the wind, SWA provides measurements of solar wind ion composition for key elements (e.g. the C, N, O group and Fe, Si or Mg)<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EPD – Energetic Particle Detector (Spain): Measures the composition, timing and distribution functions of suprathermal and energetic particles. Scientific topics to be addressed include the sources, acceleration mechanisms, and transport processes of these particles<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>MAG – <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">Magnetometer</a> (United Kingdom): Provides in situ measurements of the heliospheric magnetic field (up to 64 Hz) with high precision. This will facilitate detailed studies into the way the Sun's magnetic field links into space and evolves over the solar cycle; how particles are accelerated and propagate around the Solar System, including to the Earth; how the corona and solar wind are heated and accelerated<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>RPW – Radio and Plasma Waves (France): Unique amongst the Solar Orbiter instruments, RPW makes both in situ and remote-sensing measurements. RPW measures magnetic and electric fields at high time resolution using a number of sensors/antennas, to determine the characteristics of electromagnetic and electrostatic waves in the solar wind<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Solar remote-sensing instruments (6)</dt></dl> <ul><li>PHI – <a href="/wiki/Polarimetry" title="Polarimetry">Polarimetric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismic</a> Imager (Germany): Provides high-resolution and full-disk measurements of the <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">photospheric</a> vector magnetic field and line-of-sight (LOS) velocity as well as the continuum intensity in the visible wavelength range. The LOS velocity maps have the accuracy and stability to allow detailed helioseismic investigations of the solar interior, in particular of the solar convection zone high-resolution and full-disk measurements of the photospheric magnetic field<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>EUI – Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (Belgium): Images the solar atmospheric layers above the photosphere, thereby providing an indispensable link between the solar surface and outer corona that ultimately shapes the characteristics of the interplanetary medium. Also, EUI provides the first-ever UV images of the Sun from an out-of-ecliptic viewpoint (up to 33° of solar latitude during the extended mission phase)<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SPICE – Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (France): Performs extreme ultraviolet imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> to remotely characterize plasma properties of the Sun's on-disk corona. This will enable matching in situ composition signatures of <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> streams to their source regions on the Sun's surface<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STIX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/STIX.jpg/220px-STIX.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/STIX.jpg/330px-STIX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/STIX.jpg/440px-STIX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>STIX</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>STIX – <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer_Telescope_for_Imaging_X-rays" title="Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays">Spectrometer Telescope for Imaging X-rays</a> (Switzerland): Provides imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> of solar thermal and non-thermal X-ray emission from 4 to 150 keV. STIX provides quantitative information on the timing, location, intensity, and spectra of accelerated electrons as well as of high-temperature thermal plasmas, mostly associated with flares and/or microflares<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Metis<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">Coronagraph</a> (Italy): Simultaneously images the visible and far ultraviolet emissions of the solar corona and diagnoses, with unprecedented temporal coverage and spatial resolution, the structure and dynamics of the full corona in the range from 1.4 to 3.0 (from 1.7 to 4.1) solar radii from Sun centre, at minimum (maximum) perihelion during the nominal mission. This is a region that is crucial in linking the solar atmospheric phenomena to their evolution in the inner heliosphere<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SoloHI – Solar Orbiter Heliospheric Imager (United States): Images both the quasi-steady flow and transient disturbances in the solar wind over a wide field of view by observing visible sunlight scattered by solar wind electrons. SoloHI provides unique measurements to pinpoint coronal mass ejections (CMEs). (NRL provided)<sup id="cite_ref-Instruments_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Instruments-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions_involved">Institutions involved</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Institutions involved"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg/220px-Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg/330px-Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg/440px-Solar_Orbiter_spacecraft_is_prepared_for_encapsulation_in_the_United_Launch_Alliance_Atlas_V_payload_fairing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4480" data-file-height="6720" /></a><figcaption>Solar Orbiter spacecraft is prepared for encapsulation in the United Launch Alliance Atlas V payload fairing.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following institutions operate each instrument:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Solar Wind Plasma Analyser (SWA): <a href="/wiki/Mullard_Space_Science_Laboratory" title="Mullard Space Science Laboratory">Mullard Space Science Laboratory</a></li> <li>Energetic Particle Detector (EPD): <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alcala" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Alcala">University of Alcala</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kiel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kiel">University of Kiel</a> (CAU)</li> <li>Magnetometer (MAG): <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a></li> <li>Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW): <a href="/wiki/Observatoire_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Observatoire de Paris">Observatoire de Paris</a></li> <li>Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI): <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> (MPS), <a href="/wiki/Instituto_de_Astrof%C3%ADsica_de_Andaluc%C3%ADa" title="Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía">Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía</a> (IAA)</li> <li>Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI): <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium" title="Royal Observatory of Belgium">Royal Observatory of Belgium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_Spatial_de_Li%C3%A8ge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre Spatial de Liège (page does not exist)">Centre Spatial de Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27astrophysique_spatiale" title="Institut d'astrophysique spatiale">Institut d'astrophysique spatiale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> (MPS)</li> <li>Spectral Imaging of the Coronal Environment (SPICE): <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27astrophysique_spatiale" title="Institut d'astrophysique spatiale">Institut d'astrophysique spatiale</a> <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Appleton_Laboratory" title="Rutherford Appleton Laboratory">Rutherford Appleton Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> (MPS)</li> <li>Spectrometer/Telescope for Imaging X-rays (STIX): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fachhochschule_Nordwestschweiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (page does not exist)">FHNW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_Institute_for_Astrophysics_Potsdam" title="Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam">Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam</a> (AIP)<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Coronagraph (Metis): <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/INAF" class="mw-redirect" title="INAF">INAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> (MPS)</li> <li>Heliospheric Imager (SoloHI): <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Research Laboratory">United States Naval Research Laboratory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_and_flight">Launch and flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Launch and flight"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_delays">Launch delays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Launch delays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg/220px-Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg/330px-Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg/440px-Solar_Orbiter_launch_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2593" data-file-height="4206" /></a><figcaption>The launch of Solar Orbiter from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a> at 11.03pm <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a> on 9 February 2020 (US date)</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 2015, the launch was set back from July 2017 to October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2017, Solar Orbiter was considered "on track" for a launch in February 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-2019Launch_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2019Launch-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch occurred on 10 February 2020<sup id="cite_ref-Schedule_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schedule-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on an <a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> 411.<sup id="cite_ref-esa-summary_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa-summary-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atlas V 411 (AV-087) lifted off from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral, Florida, at 04:03 UTC. The Solar Orbiter spacecraft separated from the Centaur upper stage nearly 53 minutes later, and the European Space Agency acquired the first signals from the spacecraft a few minutes later.<sup id="cite_ref-launch_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trajectory">Trajectory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Trajectory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After launch, Solar Orbiter will take approximately 3.5 years, using repeated <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a> from Earth and Venus, to reach its operational orbit, an elliptical orbit with perihelion 0.28 AU and aphelion 0.91 AU. The first flyby was of Venus in December 2020. Over the expected mission duration of 7 years, it will use additional gravity assists from Venus to raise its inclination from 0° to 24°, allowing it a better view of the Sun's poles. If an extended mission is approved, the inclination could rise further to 33°.<sup id="cite_ref-esa1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esa1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESA168_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA168-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During its cruise phase to Venus, Solar Orbiter passed through the ion tail of Comet <a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a> from 31 May to 1 June 2020. It passed through the comet's dust tail on 6 June 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA20200529_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA20200529-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewAtlas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewAtlas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, Solar Orbiter came within 77,000,000 km (48,000,000 mi) of the Sun, and captured the closest pictures of the Sun ever taken.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_timeline">Mission timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mission timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg/880px-Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="880" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg/1320px-Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg/1760px-Timeline_of_Solar_orbiter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>The speed of the probe and distance from the Sun</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Event</th> <th>Distance from the Sun (AU) / a planet (km)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Orbital inclination</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;">Cruise Phase </th></tr> <tr> <td>15 Jun 2020</td> <td>Perihelion #1</td> <td>0.52</td> <td>7.7° </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Dec 2020 12:39 UTC</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #1</td> <td>7,500<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 Feb 2021</td> <td>Perihelion #2</td> <td>0.49</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>09 Aug 2021 04:42 UTC</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #2</td> <td>7,995<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Sep 2021</td> <td>Perihelion #3</td> <td>0.59</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 Nov 2021</td> <td style="background-color:LightBlue;">Earth flyby</td> <td>460<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;">Nominal Mission Phase </th></tr> <tr> <td>26 Mar 2022</td> <td>Perihelion #4</td> <td>0.32</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 Sep 2022 01:26 UTC</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #3</td> <td>6,000<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 Oct 2022</td> <td>Perihelion #5</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 Apr 2023</td> <td>Perihelion #6</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>07 Oct 2023</td> <td>Perihelion #7</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 Apr 2024</td> <td>Perihelion #8</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 Sep 2024</td> <td>Perihelion #9</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Feb 2025</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #4</td> <td></td> <td>17° </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 Mar 2025</td> <td>Perihelion #10</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 Sep 2025</td> <td>Perihelion #11</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>03 Mar 2026</td> <td>Perihelion #12</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Aug 2026</td> <td>Perihelion #13</td> <td>0.29</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 Dec 2026</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #5</td> <td></td> <td>24° </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background-color:lightgrey;">Extended Mission Phase </th></tr> <tr> <td>06 Feb 2027</td> <td>Perihelion #14</td> <td>0.28</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>06 Jul 2027</td> <td>Perihelion #15</td> <td>0.28</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>03 Dec 2027</td> <td>Perihelion #16</td> <td>0.28</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>07 May 2028</td> <td>Perihelion #17</td> <td>0.33</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Mar 2028</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #6</td> <td></td> <td>33° </td></tr> <tr> <td>04 Oct 2028</td> <td>Perihelion #18</td> <td>0.33</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>03 Mar 2029</td> <td>Perihelion #19</td> <td>0.33</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 Jun 2029</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 Aug 2029</td> <td>Perihelion #20</td> <td>0.37</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>08 Jan 2030</td> <td>Perihelion #21</td> <td>0.37</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>02 Sep 2030</td> <td style="background-color:Gold;">Venus flyby #8</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>06 Jun 2030</td> <td>Perihelion #22</td> <td>0.37</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 2012: €319 million contract to build orbiter awarded to Astrium UK<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>June 2014: Solar shield completes 2 week bake test<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 2018: Spacecraft is shipped to <a href="/wiki/IABG" title="IABG">IABG</a> in Germany to begin the environmental test campaign<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>February 2020: Successful launch<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>May–June 2020: Encounter with the ion and dust tails of <a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a><sup id="cite_ref-ESA20200529_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA20200529-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewAtlas_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewAtlas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jul 2020: First images of the Sun released<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 2021: Flight through tail of Comet C/2021 A1 Leonard<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>March 2022: highest resolution image of the Sun’s full disc and outer atmosphere, the corona, ever taken<sup id="cite_ref-sun-photo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-photo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>September 2022: Solar Orbiter solves the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchback" title="Magnetic switchback">magnetic switchback</a> mystery <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_Orbiter_and_Parker_Solar_Probe_collaboration">Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe collaboration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Solar Orbiter and Parker Solar Probe collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SolO and NASA's <a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> (PSP) missions cooperated to trace solar wind and transients from their sources on the Sun to the inner interplanetary space.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, SolO and PSP collaborated to study why the Sun's atmosphere is "150 times hotter" than its surface. SolO observed the Sun from 140 million kilometers, with PSP simultaneously observed the Sun's corona during flyby at a distance of nearly 9 million kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2024, both space probes are at their closest approach to the Sun, PSP at 7.3 million km, and SolO at 45 million km. SolO observed the Sun, while PSP sampled the plasma of solar wind, that allowed scientists to compare data from both probes.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outreach">Outreach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Outreach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Solar Orbiter news are regularly updated and listed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter">official ESA public pages</a>, as well as on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/ESASolarOrbiter">Twitter/X account</a> . </p><p>Images taken by the spacecraft with various instruments can be found on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/esa_solarorbiter/">official Flickr account</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PHI's view of the Sun in visible light"><img alt="PHI's view of the Sun in visible light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg/300px-PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg/450px-PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg/600px-PHI%27s_view_of_the_Sun_in_visible_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9600" data-file-height="9600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PHI's view of the Sun in visible light</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="EUI's view of the Sun in UV light"><img alt="EUI's view of the Sun in UV light" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg/300px-EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg/450px-EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg/600px-EUI_s_view_of_the_Sun_in_UV_light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9600" data-file-height="9600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">EUI's view of the Sun in UV light</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PHI's map of the Sun's magnetic field"><img alt="PHI's map of the Sun's magnetic field" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg/300px-PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg/450px-PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg/600px-PHI%27s_map_of_the_Sun_s_magnetic_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9600" data-file-height="9600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PHI's map of the Sun's magnetic field</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="PHI's velocity map of the Sun's surface"><img alt="PHI's velocity map of the Sun's surface" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg/300px-PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg/450px-PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg/600px-PHI%27s_velocity_map_of_the_Sun_s_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9600" data-file-height="9600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">PHI's velocity map of the Sun's surface</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">Advanced Composition Explorer</a> – NASA satellite of the Explorer program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> – India's first solar observation mission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> – NASA robotic space probe of the outer corona of the Sun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a> – NASA mission, launched in 2010 to SE-L1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> – European space observatory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Sentinels" title="Solar Sentinels">Solar Sentinels</a> – A 2006 concept for a series of missions to the Sun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sunshade" title="Space sunshade">Space sunshade</a> – Spacecraft shield to reduce starlight and irradiation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> – Solar observation mission (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> – NASA satellite of the Explorer program</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i> spacecraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WIND_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="WIND (spacecraft)">WIND</a> spacecraft</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sci.esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+Science+%26+Technology+%E2%80%93+Spacecraft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2Fweb%2Fsolar-orbiter%2F-%2F44168-spacecraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eoPortal-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eoPortal_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/s/solar-orbiter-mission">"Solar Orbiter Mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> eoPortal<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Face112">"Coronal Heating Rate in the Slow Solar Wind"</a>. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. <b>955</b> (1): L4. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.10819">2306.10819</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ApJ...955L...4T">2023ApJ...955L...4T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Face112">10.3847/2041-8213/ace112</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=Coronal+Heating+Rate+in+the+Slow+Solar+Wind&rft.volume=955&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L4&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2306.10819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Face112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ApJ...955L...4T&rft.aulast=Telloni&rft.aufirst=Daniele&rft.au=Romoli%2C+Marco&rft.au=Velli%2C+Marco&rft.au=Zank%2C+Gary+P.&rft.au=Adhikari%2C+Laxman&rft.au=Downs%2C+Cooper&rft.au=Burtovoi%2C+Aleksandr&rft.au=Susino%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Spadaro%2C+Daniele&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Lingling&rft.au=Liberatore%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Shi%2C+Chen&rft.au=De+Leo%2C+Yara&rft.au=Abbo%2C+Lucia&rft.au=Frassati%2C+Federica&rft.au=Jerse%2C+Giovanna&rft.au=Landini%2C+Federico&rft.au=Nicolini%2C+Gianalfredo&rft.au=Pancrazzi%2C+Maurizio&rft.au=Russano%2C+Giuliana&rft.au=Sasso%2C+Clementina&rft.au=Andretta%2C+Vincenzo&rft.au=Da+Deppo%2C+Vania&rft.au=Fineschi%2C+Silvano&rft.au=Grimani%2C+Catia&rft.au=Heinzel%2C+Petr&rft.au=Moses%2C+John+D.&rft.au=Naletto%2C+Giampiero&rft.au=Stangalini%2C+Marco&rft.au=Teriaca%2C+Luca&rft.au=Uslenghi%2C+Michela&rft.au=Berlicki%2C+Arkadiusz&rft.au=Bruno%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Capobianco%2C+Gerardo&rft.au=Capuano%2C+Giuseppe+E.&rft.au=Casini%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Casti%2C+Marta&rft.au=Chioetto%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Corso%2C+Alain+J.&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Amicis%2C+Raffaella&rft.au=Fabi%2C+Michele&rft.au=Frassetto%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Giarrusso%2C+Marina&rft.au=Giordano%2C+Silvio&rft.au=Guglielmino%2C+Salvo+L.&rft.au=Magli%2C+Enrico&rft.au=Massone%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Messerotti%2C+Mauro&rft.au=Nistic%C3%B2%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Pelizzo%2C+Maria+G.&rft.au=Reale%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Romano%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Sch%C3%BChle%2C+Udo&rft.au=Solanki%2C+Sami+K.&rft.au=Straus%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ventura%2C+Rita&rft.au=Volpicelli%2C+Cosimo+A.&rft.au=Zangrilli%2C+Luca&rft.au=Zimbardo%2C+Gaetano&rft.au=Zuppella%2C+Paola&rft.au=Bale%2C+Stuart+D.&rft.au=Kasper%2C+Justin+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F2041-8213%252Face112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/ESA_and_NASA_team_up_to_study_solar_wind">"ESA and NASA team up to study solar wind"</a>. <i>www.esa.int</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.esa.int&rft.atitle=ESA+and+NASA+team+up+to+study+solar+wind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FScience_Exploration%2FSpace_Science%2FSolar_Orbiter%2FESA_and_NASA_team_up_to_study_solar_wind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolar+Orbiter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Orbiter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_space_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun#Solar_space_missions" title="Sun">Solar space missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_solar_telescopes" title="List of solar telescopes">List of solar telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE (Xihe)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">Solar and Heliospheric Observatory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)"><i>Wind</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-I" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme#CORONAS-F" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koronas-Foton" title="Koronas-Foton">CORONAS-Photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">EURECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESRO_2B" title="ESRO 2B">ESRO 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_13" title="GOES 13">GOES 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_(spacecraft)" title="Helios (spacecraft)"><i>Helios</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_50" title="Explorer 50">IMP-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-1" title="ISEE-1">ISEE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE / ISEE-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_2" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 2">OSO 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/OSO_B" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO B">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_(satellite)" title="Picard (satellite)">PICARD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_5" title="Pioneer 5">Pioneer 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prognoz (satellite)">Prognoz programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Maximum_Mission" title="Solar Maximum Mission">SolarMax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-87#SPARTAN-201" title="STS-87">Spartan 201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yohkoh (Solar-A)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrojet_Zeeman_Imaging_Explorer" title="Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer">Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimeter_to_Unify_the_Corona_and_Heliosphere" title="Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere">PUNCH</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Weather_Follow_On-Lagrange_1" title="Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1">SWFO-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_Reconnection_and_Cusp_Electrodynamics_Reconnaissance_Satellites" title="Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites">TRACERS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR-C" title="SOLAR-C">SOLAR-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HelioSwarm" title="HelioSwarm">HelioSwarm</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil"><i>Vigil</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2031)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADAHELI" title="ADAHELI">ADAHELI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-Enabling_Technologies_for_Heliophysics" title="Science-Enabling Technologies for Heliophysics">SETH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundiver_(space_mission)" title="Sundiver (space mission)">Sundiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Cruiser" title="Solar Cruiser">Solar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Sentinels" title="Solar Sentinels">Solar Sentinels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer E">Pioneer E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_C" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO C">OSO C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun-Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Climate_Experiment" title="Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment">SORCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_X-ray_Imager" title="Solar X-ray Imager">SXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_the_Sun" title="Category:Missions to the Sun">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/80px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/120px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/160px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/80px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/120px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/160px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/80px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/120px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/160px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin-en</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">482</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR (spacecraft)">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a><sup>‡</sup> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Venus missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat_UV_Experiment" title="CubeSat UV Experiment">CUVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled <br /> or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">AREE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK#Mavr_(MArs_-_VeneRa)" title="TMK">TMK-Mavr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before any data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Space_telescopes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_observatories" title="Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_observatories" title="Template talk:Space observatories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_observatories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space observatories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_telescopes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescopes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">Radio and Microwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Science_payloads" title="Chang'e 4">NCLE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1994)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Infrared</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_telescope" title="Optical telescope">Optical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stars-AO" title="Stars-AO">Aoi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRITE" title="BRITE">BRITE</a> constellation <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">DSCOVR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">HiRISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1990)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(satellite)" title="Odin (satellite)">Odin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_astronomy" title="Ultraviolet astronomy">Ultraviolet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" title="Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibari_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibari (satellite)">Hibari</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinode_(satellite)" title="Hinode (satellite)">Hinode (Solar-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Region_Imaging_Spectrograph" title="Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph">IRIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">SDO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLAR_(ISS)" title="SOLAR (ISS)">SOLAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_astronomy" title="X-ray astronomy">X-ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_astronomy" title="Gamma-ray astronomy">Gamma-ray</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra (AXAF)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT (Insight)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermi_Gamma-ray_Space_Telescope" title="Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope">Fermi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXPE" title="IXPE">IXPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory">Swift</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Valier_(satellite)" title="Max Valier (satellite)">Max Valier Sat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_Experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAXI (ISS Experiment)">MAXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2009)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_Star_Interior_Composition_Explorer" title="Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer">NICER</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">LEIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission" title="X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission">XRISM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1999)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other (particle<br />or unclassified)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Composition_Explorer" title="Advanced Composition Explorer">ACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Magnetic_Spectrometer" title="Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer">AMS-02</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetric_Electron_Telescope" title="Calorimetric Electron Telescope">CALET</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Boundary_Explorer" title="Interstellar Boundary Explorer">IBEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Ray_Energetics_and_Mass_Experiment#ISS-CREAM" title="Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass Experiment">ISS-CREAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">Mini-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 1995)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(since 2006)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PETREL" title="PETREL">PETREL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">K-EUSO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Spectrometer_and_Imager" title="Compton Spectrometer and Imager">COSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26#Scientific_payload" title="Luna 26">LORD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2027)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JASMINE_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="JASMINE (satellite)">JASMINE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-C_EUVST" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar-C EUVST">Solar-C EUVST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVEX" title="UVEX">UVEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2030+)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiteBIRD" title="LiteBIRD">LiteBIRD</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2032)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiji_Program_in_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiji Program in Space">Taiji</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2033)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2035)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_observatories" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed space observatories">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_(satellite)" title="Arcus (satellite)">Arcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astro-1_Telescope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astro-1 Telescope (page does not exist)">Astro-1 Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnel_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresnel Imager">Fresnel Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOCAL_(spacecraft)" title="FOCAL (spacecraft)">FOCAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Solar_Space_Telescope" title="Galileo Solar Space Telescope">GSST-PMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Exoplanets_Observatory" title="Habitable Exoplanets Observatory">HabEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_Worlds_Observatory" title="Habitable Worlds Observatory">HWO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertelescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertelescope">Hypertelescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAXI_(ISS_experiment)#iWF-MAXI" title="MAXI (ISS experiment)">iWF-MAXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEM-EUSO" title="JEM-EUSO">JEM-EUSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ultraviolet_Cosmic_Imager" title="Lunar Ultraviolet Cosmic Imager">LUCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Ultraviolet_Optical_Infrared_Surveyor" title="Large Ultraviolet Optical Infrared Surveyor">LUVOIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_X-ray_Observatory" title="Lynx X-ray Observatory">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nano-JASMINE" title="Nano-JASMINE">Nano-JASMINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Deep_Space_Observatory" title="Nautilus Deep Space Observatory">Nautilus Deep Space Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Worlds_Mission" title="New Worlds Mission">New Worlds Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_National_Reconnaissance_Office_space_telescope_donation_to_NASA" title="2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA">NRO donation to NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Binary_Black_Hole_Investigation_Satellite" title="Orbiting Binary Black Hole Investigation Satellite">ORBIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_Space_Telescope" title="Origins Space Telescope">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXSI_Sounding_Rocket" title="FOXSI Sounding Rocket">PhoENiX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar-D (page does not exist)">Solar-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope_for_Habitable_Exoplanets_and_Interstellar/Intergalactic_Astronomy" title="Telescope for Habitable Exoplanets and Interstellar/Intergalactic Astronomy">THEIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akari_(satellite)" title="Akari (satellite)">Akari (Astro-F)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Array_of_Low_Energy_X-ray_Imaging_Sensors" title="Array of Low Energy X-ray Imaging Sensors">ALEXIS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alouette_1" title="Alouette 1">Alouette 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_1" title="Ariel 1">Ariel 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962, 1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_2" title="Ariel 2">Ariel 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_3" title="Ariel 3">Ariel 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1967–1969)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_4" title="Ariel 4">Ariel 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–1972)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_5" title="Ariel 5">Ariel 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel 6">Ariel 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTERIA_(spacecraft)" title="ASTERIA (spacecraft)">ASTERIA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">ATM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973–1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Satellite_for_Cosmology_and_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Satellite for Cosmology and Astrophysics">ASCA (Astro-D)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-35" title="STS-35">Astro-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Band_X-ray_Telescope" title="Broad Band X-ray Telescope">BBXRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-67" title="STS-67">Astro-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hopkins_Ultraviolet_Telescope" title="Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope">HUT</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Netherlands_Satellite" title="Astronomical Netherlands Satellite">ANS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeppoSAX" title="BeppoSAX">BeppoSAX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2003)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHIPSat" class="mw-redirect" title="CHIPSat">CHIPSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Gamma_Ray_Observatory" title="Compton Gamma Ray Observatory">Compton (CGRO)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN-2" title="CXBN-2">CXBN-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS-54#Mission_highlights" title="STS-54">DXS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI#EPOCh" title="EPOXI">EPOCh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_11" title="Explorer 11">Explorer 11</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer">EUVE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Ultraviolet_Spectroscopic_Explorer" title="Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer">FUSE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–2007)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvant-1" title="Kvant-1">Kvant-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1992)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginga_(satellite)" title="Ginga (satellite)">Ginga (Astro-C)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakucho" title="Hakucho">Hakucho (CORSA-b)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HALCA" title="HALCA">HALCA (MUSES-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_1" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1">HEAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinotori_(satellite)" title="Hinotori (satellite)">Hinotori (Astro-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisaki_(satellite)" title="Hisaki (satellite)">Hisaki (SPRINT-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2023)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Observatory" title="Einstein Observatory">HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1982)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Astronomy_Observatory_3" title="High Energy Astronomy Observatory 3">HEAO-3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000–2008)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989–1993)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Observatory" title="International Lunar Observatory">ILO-X</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">IRTS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1998)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978–1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IXAE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–2001)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEGRI" title="LEGRI">LEGRI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997–2002)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_X-ray_Solar_Spectrometer_CubeSat" title="Miniature X-ray Solar Spectrometer CubeSat">MinXSS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOST_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="MOST (satellite)">MOST</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midcourse_Space_Experiment" title="Midcourse Space Experiment">MSX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996–1997)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhailo_Lomonosov_(satellite)" title="Mikhailo Lomonosov (satellite)">Mikhailo Lomonosov</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019?)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory_2" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2">OAO-2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-3_(Copernicus)" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-3 (Copernicus)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1981)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">Orbiting Solar Observatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSO_1" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 1">OSO 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_3" title="OSO 3">OSO 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 4">OSO 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_5" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 5">OSO 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_6" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 6">OSO 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_7" title="OSO 7">OSO 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_8" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO 8">OSO 8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(space_telescope)" title="Orion (space telescope)">Orion 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAMELA_detector" title="PAMELA detector">PAMELA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicSat" title="PicSat">PicSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELIKT-1" title="RELIKT-1">RELIKT-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1984)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuven_Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" title="Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">R/HESSI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROSAT" title="ROSAT">ROSAT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990–1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossi_X-ray_Timing_Explorer" title="Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer">RXTE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995–2012)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Anomalous_and_Magnetospheric_Particle_Explorer" title="Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer">SAMPEX</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992–2004)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_2" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 2">SAS-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1972–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Astronomy_Satellite_3" title="Small Astronomy Satellite 3">SAS-C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1979)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solwind" title="Solwind">Solwind</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1979–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Suzaku (Astro-EII)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Radiation_and_Thermospheric_Satellite" title="Solar Radiation and Thermospheric Satellite">Taiyo (SRATS)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1980)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenma" title="Tenma">Tenma (Astro-B)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983–1985)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhuru_(satellite)" title="Uhuru (satellite)">Uhuru</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970–1973)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_3" title="Vanguard 3">Vanguard 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1959)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001–2010)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–2024)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohkoh" title="Yohkoh">Yokoh (Solar-A)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991–2001)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hibernating <br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Mission completed)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submillimeter_Wave_Astronomy_Satellite" title="Submillimeter Wave Astronomy Satellite">SWAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2005)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRACE" title="TRACE">TRACE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2010)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost/Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-1" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Astronomical_Observatory#OAO-B" title="Orbiting Astronomical Observatory">OAO-B</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Radiation_Satellite" title="Cosmic Radiation Satellite">CORSA</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXBN" title="CXBN">CXBN</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012–2013)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbiting_Solar_Observatory" title="Orbiting Solar Observatory">OSO C</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1965)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABRIXAS" title="ABRIXAS">ABRIXAS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Energy_Transient_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="High Energy Transient Explorer">HETE-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">WIRE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzaku_(satellite)#ASTRO-E" title="Suzaku (satellite)">Astro-E</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSUBAME_(satellite)" title="TSUBAME (satellite)">Tsubame</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–2015)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitomi_(satellite)" title="Hitomi (satellite)">Hitomi (Astro-H)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelita_(spacecraft)" title="Aelita (spacecraft)">Aelita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOSO" class="mw-redirect" title="AOSO">AOSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astro-G" title="Astro-G">Astro-G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation-X_Observatory" title="Constellation-X Observatory">Constellation-X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Energy_Space_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Energy Space Telescope">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-sky_Astrometric_Mapping_Explorer" title="Full-sky Astrometric Mapping Explorer">FAME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_and_Extreme_Magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity and Extreme Magnetism">GEMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Origins_Probe" title="Hubble Origins Probe">HOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_X-ray_Observatory" title="International X-ray Observatory">IXO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Dark_Energy_Mission" title="Joint Dark Energy Mission">JDEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_J" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO J">OSO J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSO_K" class="mw-redirect" title="OSO K">OSO K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Interferometry_Mission" title="Space Interferometry Mission">SIM & SIMlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova/Acceleration_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova/Acceleration Probe">SNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Polarization_Observatory" title="Sky Polarization Observatory">SPOrt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAUVEX" title="TAUVEX">TAUVEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">TPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XEUS" title="XEUS">XEUS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIPE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XIPE (page does not exist)">XIPE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_space_telescopes" title="List of proposed space telescopes">List of proposed space telescopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_telescope" title="X-ray telescope">X-ray telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heliophysics_missions" title="List of heliophysics missions">List of heliophysics missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetariums" title="List of planetariums">List of planetariums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Space_telescopes" title="Category:Space telescopes">Category:Space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Space_Agency" title="Template talk:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Space_Agency" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Space Agency"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Space_Agency" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">Vega C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Service_Module" title="European Service Module">ESM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">FLPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISEE-2" title="ISEE-2">ISEE-2</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars <i>Trace Gas Orbiter</i></a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></i> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a> (1975–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ultraviolet_Explorer" title="International Ultraviolet Explorer">IUE</a> (1978–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–93)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Space_Observatory" title="Infrared Space Observatory">ISO</a> (1995–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></i> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a></i> (2030s)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a></i> (2035)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></i> (2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus</a> (1988–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-1</a> (1991–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS-2</a> (1995–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOCE" title="GOCE">GOCE</a> (2009–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></i>) (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FLEX_(satellite)" title="FLEX (satellite)">FLEX</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a></i> (2027)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 2</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Reentry_Demonstrator" title="Atmospheric Reentry Demonstrator">ARD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">IXV</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPS-SAT" title="OPS-SAT">OPS-SAT</a> (2019–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled<br />and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTS" title="CSTS">CSTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EChO" title="EChO">EChO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOFT" title="LOFT">LOFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THESEUS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="THESEUS (satellite)">THESEUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation#GEOS" title="European Space Research Organisation">GEOS 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in <i>italics</i> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" title="Category:European Space Agency">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Europe/ESA" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Europe/ESA">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2019Orbital_launches_in_20202021_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2020" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2020"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2020" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2020"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2020" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2020"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2019Orbital_launches_in_20202021_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2019_in_spaceflight" title="2019 in spaceflight">← 2019</a></div><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2020</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2021_in_spaceflight" title="2021 in spaceflight">2021 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L2</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongxin_Jishu_Shiyan" title="Tongxin Jishu Shiyan">TJS-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#Wideband_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_Konnect" title="Eutelsat Konnect">Eutelsat Konnect</a>, <a href="/wiki/GSAT-30" title="GSAT-30">GSAT-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L3</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-294</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L2</a> (34 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Gathering_Satellite" title="Information Gathering Satellite">IGS-Optical 7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/TechEdSat#TechEdSat-10" title="TechEdSat">TechEdSat-10</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-13" title="Cygnus NG-13">Cygnus NG-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L4</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-17" title="JCSAT-17">JCSAT-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(satellite)" title="Meridian (satellite)">Meridian-M 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-20" title="SpaceX CRS-20">SpaceX CRS-20</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lynk_Global#Satellites_launched" title="Lynk Global">Lynk 04</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-3</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">G2Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2545</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L5</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L3</a> (34 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-06</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-298" title="USA-298">USA-298</a> / <a href="/wiki/AEHF" class="mw-redirect" title="AEHF">AEHF</a>-6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-16" title="Soyuz MS-16">Soyuz MS-16</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_(satellite)" title="Noor (satellite)">Noor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L6</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-14" title="Progress MS-14">Progress MS-14</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_crewed_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Next-generation crewed spacecraft">Chinese next-generation crewed spacecraft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flexible_Inflatable_Cargo_Return_Module&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flexible Inflatable Cargo Return Module (page does not exist)">Flexible Inflatable Cargo Return Module</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xingyun-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xingyun-2 (page does not exist)">Xingyun-2</a> 01, 02</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-299" class="mw-redirect" title="USA-299">X-37B OTV-6</a> / <a href="/wiki/FalconSAT" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT</a>-8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kounotori_9" title="Kounotori 9">HTV-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EKS_(satellite_system)" title="EKS (satellite system)">EKS-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a>†, <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STARSHINE_(satellite)" title="STARSHINE (satellite)">Starshine 4</a>†</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XJS-G&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XJS-G (page does not exist)">XJS-G</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=XJS-H&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XJS-H (page does not exist)">XJS-H</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> 7 (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a> 8 (58 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen DUOMO</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-4e</a> × 5†</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan 6-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-16" title="Ofek-16">Ofek-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings#List_of_satellites" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar 6D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02E</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-305</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-306</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-307</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANASIS-II" title="ANASIS-II">ANASIS-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_MS-15" title="Progress MS-15">Progress MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan III-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)">Perseverance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)">Ingenuity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekspress-80" title="Ekspress-80">Ekspress-80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekspress-103" title="Ekspress-103">Ekspress-103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 9-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L9</a> (57 satellites), <a href="/wiki/BlackSky" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackSky">BlackSky Global 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlackSky" class="mw-redirect" title="BlackSky">BlackSky Global 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAT-4b" title="BSAT-4b">BSAT-4b</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_30" title="Galaxy 30">Galaxy 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Extension_Vehicle" title="Mission Extension Vehicle">MEV-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L10</a> (58 satellites), <a href="/wiki/SkySat" title="SkySat">SkySat</a> × 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 9-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAOCOM" title="SAOCOM">SAOCOM 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capella_Space#Satellites" title="Capella Space">Capella 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Photon" title="Rocket Lab Photon">Photon <i>First Light</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ION_Satellite_Carrier" title="ION Satellite Carrier">ION-SCV 001</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-4v</a> × 12</span>), <a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/UPM-Sat#UPM-Sat_2" title="UPM-Sat">UPM-Sat 2</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs#Flock" title="Planet Labs">Flock-4v</a> × 14</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 8</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Napa-1" title="Napa-1">NAPA-1</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 12</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L11</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft">Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 11-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-02C</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-03B</a> × 6, <a href="/wiki/Jilin-1#High-resolution_satellites" title="Jilin-1">Jilin-1 Gaofen-03C</a> × 3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiyang" title="Haiyang">HaiYang 2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanjing_(satellite)" title="Huanjing (satellite)">Huanjing 2A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huanjing_(satellite)" title="Huanjing (satellite)">Huanjing 2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonets-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonets-M">Gonets-M</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICEYE" title="ICEYE">ICEYE X7</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 4</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kepler_Communications" title="Kepler Communications">Kepler 5</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/NanoAvionics#Implemented_missions" title="NanoAvionics">LacunaSat-3</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_NG-14" title="Cygnus NG-14">Cygnus NG-14</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 2</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Research_Laboratory#The_Spectral_Ocean_Color_(SPOC)_Satellite" title="Small Satellite Research Laboratory">SPOC</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L12</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen-13</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">Soyuz MS-17</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L13</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0-L14</a> (60 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2547</a> / <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K" title="GLONASS-K">GLONASS-K</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">15L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 30-07</a> (3 satellites)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Flock_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flock (satellite)">Flock-4e'</a> × 9</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA-309" title="USA-309">USA-309</a> / <a href="/wiki/GPS_Block_III" title="GPS Block III">GPS IIIA</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_GPS_satellites#Block_III" title="List of GPS satellites">04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat</a> × 10</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">EOS-01</a> / <a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT-2BR2</a>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kleos_Space#Satellite_constellation" title="Kleos Space">KSM</a> × 4</span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lemur-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemur-2">Lemur-2</a> × 4</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_(Satellite)" title="Tiantong (Satellite)">Tiantong-1 02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-310</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_NRO_launches" title="List of NRO launches">NROL-101</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Crew-1" title="SpaceX Crew-1">SpaceX Crew-1</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEOSat-Ingenio" title="SEOSat-Ingenio">SEOSat-Ingenio</a>†, <a href="/wiki/TARANIS" title="TARANIS">TARANIS</a>†</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Landmapper" title="Landmapper">Landmapper-BC 5</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/SpaceBEE" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceBEE">SpaceBEE</a> × 18</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich" title="Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich">Sentinel-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink V1.0 L15</a> (60 satellites)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonets" title="Gonets">Gonets-M</a> × 3, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosmos_satellites_(2501%E2%80%932750)" title="List of Kosmos satellites (2501–2750)">Kosmos 2548</a> / ERA-1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_CRS-21" title="SpaceX CRS-21">SpaceX CRS-21</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nanoracks_Bishop_Airlock" title="Nanoracks Bishop Airlock">Nanoracks Bishop Airlock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-311</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orion_(satellite)" title="Orion (satellite)">Orion 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM#Satellites" title="Sirius XM">SXM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">CMS-01</a> / <a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAR-12R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneWeb" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWeb">OneWeb L4</a> (36 satellites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-312</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_USA_satellites" title="List of USA satellites">USA-313</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composante_Spatiale_Optique" title="Composante Spatiale Optique">CSO-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2020_in_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_in_space" title="Template:2020 in space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020_in_space" title="Template talk:2020 in space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020_in_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020 in space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2020_in_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020 in space</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Template:2019_in_space" title="Template:2019 in space">2019</a></div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_in_space" title="Template:2021 in space">2021</a> »</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/2020_in_spaceflight" title="2020 in spaceflight">Space probe <br />launches</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_probes_launched_in_2020" title="Category:Space probes launched in 2020"><img alt="Space probes launched in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solar Orbiter</a> (Feb 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a> (Jul 2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i> (Jul 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> (Jul 2020) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Helicopter_Ingenuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Helicopter Ingenuity">Mars Helicopter <i>Ingenuity</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> (lunar sample return mission; Nov 2020)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg/150px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg/225px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg/300px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg/150px-OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg/225px-OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg/300px-OSIRIS-REx_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comet_2020_F3_(NEOWISE)_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg/150px-Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg/225px-Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg/300px-Comet_2020_F3_%28NEOWISE%29_on_Jul_14_2020_aligned_to_stars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_China_bolide" title="2020 China bolide">2020 China bolide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected <br /><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2020" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2020">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/594913_%EA%9E%8CAyl%C3%B3%EA%9E%8Cchaxnim" title="594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim">594913 ꞌAylóꞌchaxnim</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_BX12" title="2020 BX12">2020 BX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_CW" title="2020 CW">2020 CW</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_CD3" title="2020 CD3">2020 CD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Temporary_satellite" title="Temporary satellite">temporary satellite</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(52768)_1998_OR2" title="(52768) 1998 OR2">(52768) 1998 OR<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">2</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_HS7" title="2020 HS7">2020 HS<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">7</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_JJ" title="2020 JJ">2020 JJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_LD" title="2020 LD">2020 LD</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(163348)_2002_NN4" title="(163348) 2002 NN4">(163348) 2002 NN<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_OY4" title="2020 OY4">2020 OY<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_QG" title="2020 QG">2020 QG</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_ES4" title="2011 ES4">2011 ES<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_VP1" title="2018 VP1">2018 VP<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_SO" title="2020 SO">2020 SO</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">space debris</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_SW" title="2020 SW">2020 SW</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_SL1" title="2020 SL1">2020 SL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_UA" title="2020 UA">2020 UA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_VV" title="2020 VV">2020 VV</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_VT4" title="2020 VT4">2020 VT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(153201)_2000_WO107" title="(153201) 2000 WO107">(153201) 2000 WO<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">107</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(501647)_2014_SD224" title="(501647) 2014 SD224">(501647) 2014 SD<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">224</span></span></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_XL5" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 XL5">2020 XL<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="List of exoplanets discovered in 2020">Exoplanets</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Exoplanets_discovered_in_2020" title="Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2020"><img alt="Exoplanets discovered in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AU_Microscopii" title="AU Microscopii">AU Mic</a> b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_229" title="Gliese 229">Gliese 229</a> Ac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_414" title="Gliese 414">Gliese 414</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_414_Ab" title="Gliese 414 Ab">Ab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_414_Ac" title="Gliese 414 Ac">Ac</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliese_433" title="Gliese 433">Gliese 433</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJ_1151" title="GJ 1151">GJ 1151</a> b radio emissions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K2-315b" title="K2-315b">K2-315b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler-1649c" title="Kepler-1649c">Kepler-1649c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOI-456.04" class="mw-redirect" title="KOI-456.04">KOI-456.04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacaille_9352#Planetary_system" title="Lacaille 9352">Lacaille 9352</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacaille_9352_c" title="Lacaille 9352 c">c</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M51-ULS-1b" class="mw-redirect" title="M51-ULS-1b">M51-ULS-1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGLE-2016-BLG-1928" class="mw-redirect" title="OGLE-2016-BLG-1928">OGLE-2016-BLG-1928</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(rogue planet)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a> j <span style="font-size:85%;">(predicted)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-561" title="TOI-561">TOI-561</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOI-561_b" title="TOI-561 b">b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-561#TOI-561_c" title="TOI-561">c</a></li> <li>d</li> <li>e</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-700#Planetary_system" title="TOI-700">TOI-700</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-700_d" title="TOI-700 d">d</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI_732#Planetary_system" class="mw-redirect" title="TOI 732">TOI-732</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOI-1338_b" class="mw-redirect" title="TOI-1338 b">TOI-1338 b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_191939#Planetary_system" title="HD 191939">TOI-1339</a> <ul><li>b</li> <li>c</li> <li>d</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TYC_8998-760-1#Planetary_system" title="TYC 8998-760-1">TYC 8998-760-1 c</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WD_1856%2B534" title="WD 1856+534">WD 1856+534 b</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> dimming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FRB_180916.J0158%2B65" title="FRB 180916.J0158+65">FRB 180916</a> location and periodicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_wave" title="Radcliffe wave">Radcliffe wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus_Supercluster_explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion">Ophiuchus Supercluster explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSO_J030947.49%2B271757.31" title="PSO J030947.49+271757.31">PSO J03094+27</a> (distant blazar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2MASS_J10475385%2B2124234" title="2MASS J10475385+2124234">2MASS J1047+21</a> wind speed measurements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGR_1935%2B2154" title="SGR 1935+2154">SGR 1935+2154</a> (soft gamma ray repeater)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HR_6819" title="HR 6819">HR 6819</a> black hole hypothesis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHL_293B" title="PHL 293B">PHL 293B</a> ending of P Cygni profile hydrogen emission lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_J1818.0%E2%80%931607" title="Swift J1818.0–1607">Swift J1818.0–1607</a> (young magnetar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190814" title="GW190814">GW190814</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pole_Wall" title="South Pole Wall">South Pole Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW190521" title="GW190521">GW190521</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(announced)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a> detection in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">atmosphere of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_water" title="Lunar water">Water</a> detection on the sunlit surface of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comets <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comets_in_2020" title="Category:Comets in 2020"><img alt="Comets in 2020" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/15px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/30px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2019_LD2_(ATLAS)" title="P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)">P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_T2_(PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)">C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(LEMMON)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2019 U6 (LEMMON)">C/2019 U6 (LEMMON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">2P/Encke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/156P/Russell%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="156P/Russell–LINEAR">156P/Russell–LINEAR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space <br 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