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Pico hydro - Wikipedia
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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_hidro" title="Pico hidro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pico hidro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="نیروگاه برقآبی پیکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه برقآبی پیکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3" title="พิโคไฮโดร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิโคไฮโดร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hydroelectric power generation under 5 kW</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pico_hydro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg/250px-Pico_hydro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg/375px-Pico_hydro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A pico hydro system made by the <i>Sustainable Vision project</i> from <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pico hydro</b> is a term used for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> generation of under 5 kW. These generators have proven to be useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity –  for example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio in 50 or so homes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even smaller turbines of 200–300 W may power a single home with a drop of only 1 metre (3.3 ft). Pico-hydro setups typically are <a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">run-of-stream</a>, meaning that a reservoir of water is not created, only a small <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weir</a> is common, pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before being exhausted back to the stream. </p><p>Like other hydroelectric and renewable source power generation, pollution and consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> is reduced, though there is still typically an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental cost</a> to the manufacture of the generator and distribution methods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Small-scale_DIY_hydroplants">Small-scale DIY hydroplants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Small-scale DIY hydroplants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a growing <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY</a>-community and an increasing interest in environmentally friendly "<a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a>", some <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbyists</a> have endeavored to build their own hydroelectric plants from old water mills, from kits, or from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-dorset_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorset-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DIY-community has used abandoned water mills to mount a waterwheel and electrical generating components.<sup id="cite_ref-green_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach has also been popularized in the TV-series <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_Green" title="It's Not Easy Being Green">It's Not Easy Being Green</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-green_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are usually smaller turbines of ~5 kW or less.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the internet, the community is now able to obtain plans to construct DIY-water turbines,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is a growing trend toward building them for domestic requirements. The DIY-hydroelectric plants are now being used both in developed countries and in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, to power residences and small businesses. Two examples of pico hydro power can be found in the towns of Kithamba and Thimba in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Kenya)" title="Central Province (Kenya)">Central Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. These produce 1.1 kW and 2.2 kW, respectively. Local residents were trained to maintain the hydro schemes. The pico hydro sites in Kenya won <a href="/wiki/Ashden_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Awards">Ashden Awards</a> for Sustainable Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using a <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped-storage</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> and small generators, pico hydro may also be effective for "closed loop" home systems.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-homepower_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepower-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vietnam, several Chinese manufacturers have sold pico-powerplants at prices as low as $20–70 for a powerplant of 300–500 W. However, the devices sold are said to be low in quality and may damage connected equipment if connected improperly.<sup id="cite_ref-vietnam-pico_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vietnam-pico-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sam Redfield of the <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_Infrastructure_Development_Group" title="Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group">Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group</a> (AIDG) has developed a pico-hydro generator made from common <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> pipe and a modified Toyota <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> housed in a <a href="/wiki/Five_gallon_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Five gallon bucket">five gallon bucket</a>. The generator was developed to provide power to communities without access to the electricity grid in developing countries. Envisioned as an energy source to charge cell phones, provide lighting and charge batteries, the generator is designed to be made by artisans with basic skills and can be built for less than $150. The Toyota alternator used in the generator is converted to a permanent magnet alternator allowing it to generate power at low <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPMs</a>. The Five Gallon Bucket Hydroelectric Generator was the subject of a work group at the 2008 <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Design_Summit" title="International Development Design Summit">International Development Design Summit</a> (IDDS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the Summer of 2013, an energy project in <a href="/wiki/Abra_Malaga,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Abra Malaga, Peru">Abra Malaga, Peru</a> was completed using the bucket generator.<sup id="cite_ref-5gal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5gal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A website has been put together as a forum for ideas and further iterations of the generator that includes a <i>build manual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucket-Hydro_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucket-Hydro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal water pumps</a>, can be operated in reverse to act as turbines. While these machines rarely have optimum hydraulic characteristics when operated as turbines, their availability and low cost makes them attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission_distance">Transmission distance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the power will be used more than 30 metres (98 ft) from the generator, then the transmission distance may be an important consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many small systems use <a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">automotive alternators</a> producing 12 VDC, and possibly charging a battery. For example, a 12 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> system that produces 1 kW of power has a flow of 80 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a> and the wire size is 4-gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purchase cost of two strands of wire 300 metres (980 ft) long for this voltage and amperage was typically $2400(US) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid such a large wire cost a higher voltage and lower current is required.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a 240 VAC alternator is used instead the flow is only 4 A over 300 metres (980 ft) of 18 gauge wire costing $180(US).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of wire resulted in North America using 120/240 VAC after DC voltage lost the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">war of the currents</a> in the late 1800s. Another approach to reduce wire costs is to have a 12 VDC alternator with a short high <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> connection to an <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">inverter</a> outputting 120 VAC or 240 VAC at a much lower current on a long length of thinner wire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a> 1 to 20 MW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a> 5 to 100 kW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydro_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro power">Hydro power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-tied_electrical_system" title="Grid-tied electrical system">Grid-tied electrical system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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University of Nottingham, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pico+hydro+publications&rft.atitle=What+is+Pico+Hydro%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picohydro.org.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattijs_Smits" class="citation web cs1">Mattijs Smits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324052641/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.530.3183&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"Technography of pico-hydropower in the Lao PDR"</a>. The Lao Institute for Renewable Energy (LIRE). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lao-ire.org/documents/reports/0810-LIRE-report_Pico-hydropower.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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