CINXE.COM

Pico hydro - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Pico hydro - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e8ba33fa-b7d1-4a4f-bc6b-84d78eadd57a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Pico_hydro","wgTitle":"Pico hydro","wgCurRevisionId":1171965829,"wgRevisionId":1171965829,"wgArticleId":10131502,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from July 2022","Appropriate technology","Power station technology","Hydroelectricity","Distributed generation"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Pico_hydro","wgRelevantArticleId":10131502,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3920230","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Pico hydro - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_hydro"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_hydro"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Pico_hydro rootpage-Pico_hydro skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Pico+hydro" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Pico+hydro" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Pico+hydro" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Pico+hydro" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Small-scale_DIY_hydroplants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small-scale_DIY_hydroplants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Small-scale DIY hydroplants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small-scale_DIY_hydroplants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Manufacturers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transmission_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transmission distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pico hydro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%AD%D0%A1" title="Піка ГЭС – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Піка ГЭС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_hidro" title="Pico hidro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pico hidro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88" title="نیروگاه برق‌آبی پیکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروگاه برق‌آبی پیکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3" title="พิโคไฮโดร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิโคไฮโดร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3920230#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pico_hydro" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pico_hydro" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pico_hydro" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;oldid=1171965829" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Pico_hydro&amp;id=1171965829&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPico_hydro"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPico_hydro"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Pico_hydro&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pico_hydro" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3920230" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hydroelectric power generation under 5 kW</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pico_hydro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg/250px-Pico_hydro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg/375px-Pico_hydro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Pico_hydro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A pico hydro system made by the <i>Sustainable Vision project</i> from <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pico hydro</b> is a term used for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> generation of under 5&#160;kW. These generators have proven to be useful in small, remote communities that require only a small amount of electricity&#160;&#8211;&#32; for example, to power one or two fluorescent light bulbs and a TV or radio in 50 or so homes.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Even smaller turbines of 200–300&#160;W may power a single home with a drop of only 1 metre (3.3&#160;ft). Pico-hydro setups typically are <a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">run-of-stream</a>, meaning that a reservoir of water is not created, only a small <a href="/wiki/Weir" title="Weir">weir</a> is common, pipes divert some of the flow, drop this down a gradient, and through the turbine before being exhausted back to the stream. </p><p>Like other hydroelectric and renewable source power generation, pollution and consumption of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> is reduced, though there is still typically an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environmental cost</a> to the manufacture of the generator and distribution methods. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Small-scale_DIY_hydroplants">Small-scale DIY hydroplants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Small-scale DIY hydroplants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With a growing <a href="/wiki/Do_it_yourself" title="Do it yourself">DIY</a>-community and an increasing interest in environmentally friendly "<a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a>", some <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbyists</a> have endeavored to build their own hydroelectric plants from old water mills, from kits, or from scratch.<sup id="cite_ref-dorset_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorset-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The DIY-community has used abandoned water mills to mount a waterwheel and electrical generating components.<sup id="cite_ref-green_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> This approach has also been popularized in the TV-series <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Being_Green" title="It&#39;s Not Easy Being Green">It's Not Easy Being Green</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-green_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These are usually smaller turbines of ~5&#160;kW or less.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Through the internet, the community is now able to obtain plans to construct DIY-water turbines,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and there is a growing trend toward building them for domestic requirements. The DIY-hydroelectric plants are now being used both in developed countries and in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, to power residences and small businesses. Two examples of pico hydro power can be found in the towns of Kithamba and Thimba in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Kenya)" title="Central Province (Kenya)">Central Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. These produce 1.1&#160;kW and 2.2&#160;kW, respectively. Local residents were trained to maintain the hydro schemes. The pico hydro sites in Kenya won <a href="/wiki/Ashden_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Awards">Ashden Awards</a> for Sustainable Energy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using a <a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">pumped-storage</a> system of <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cisterns</a> and small generators, pico hydro may also be effective for "closed loop" home systems.<sup id="cite_ref-sciencedaily_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciencedaily-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-homepower_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homepower-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturers">Manufacturers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacturers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Vietnam, several Chinese manufacturers have sold pico-powerplants at prices as low as $20–70 for a powerplant of 300–500&#160;W. However, the devices sold are said to be low in quality and may damage connected equipment if connected improperly.<sup id="cite_ref-vietnam-pico_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vietnam-pico-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sam Redfield of the <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_Infrastructure_Development_Group" title="Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group">Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group</a> (AIDG) has developed a pico-hydro generator made from common <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> pipe and a modified Toyota <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a> housed in a <a href="/wiki/Five_gallon_bucket" class="mw-redirect" title="Five gallon bucket">five gallon bucket</a>. The generator was developed to provide power to communities without access to the electricity grid in developing countries. Envisioned as an energy source to charge cell phones, provide lighting and charge batteries, the generator is designed to be made by artisans with basic skills and can be built for less than $150. The Toyota alternator used in the generator is converted to a permanent magnet alternator allowing it to generate power at low <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">RPMs</a>. The Five Gallon Bucket Hydroelectric Generator was the subject of a work group at the 2008 <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Design_Summit" title="International Development Design Summit">International Development Design Summit</a> (IDDS) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the Summer of 2013, an energy project in <a href="/wiki/Abra_Malaga,_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Abra Malaga, Peru">Abra Malaga, Peru</a> was completed using the bucket generator.<sup id="cite_ref-5gal_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5gal-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A website has been put together as a forum for ideas and further iterations of the generator that includes a <i>build manual</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bucket-Hydro_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bucket-Hydro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Common <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_pump" title="Centrifugal pump">centrifugal water pumps</a>, can be operated in reverse to act as turbines. While these machines rarely have optimum hydraulic characteristics when operated as turbines, their availability and low cost makes them attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission_distance">Transmission distance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Transmission distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the power will be used more than 30 metres (98&#160;ft) from the generator, then the transmission distance may be an important consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many small systems use <a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">automotive alternators</a> producing 12&#160;VDC, and possibly charging a battery. For example, a 12&#160;<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a> system that produces 1&#160;kW of power has a flow of 80&#160;<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a> and the wire size is 4-gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The purchase cost of two strands of wire 300 metres (980&#160;ft) long for this voltage and amperage was typically $2400(US) in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> To avoid such a large wire cost a higher voltage and lower current is required.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> If a 240&#160;VAC alternator is used instead the flow is only 4&#160;A over 300 metres (980&#160;ft) of 18 gauge wire costing $180(US).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The cost of wire resulted in North America using 120/240&#160;VAC after DC voltage lost the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">war of the currents</a> in the late 1800s. Another approach to reduce wire costs is to have a 12&#160;VDC alternator with a short high <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> connection to an <a href="/wiki/Power_inverter" title="Power inverter">inverter</a> outputting 120&#160;VAC or 240&#160;VAC at a much lower current on a long length of thinner wire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a> 1 to 20&#160;MW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a> 5 to 100&#160;kW</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydro_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro power">Hydro power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid-tied_electrical_system" title="Grid-tied electrical system">Grid-tied electrical system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomasJordanMcGhee2013" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Brian; Jordan, Bill; McGhee, Ryan (January 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baylor.edu/content/services/document.php/67639.pdf">"Pico-Hydropower Franchising: A Test Bed in Rural Honduras"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Inventors_and_Innovators_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance">National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Pico-Hydropower+Franchising%3A+A+Test+Bed+in+Rural+Honduras&amp;rft.pub=National+Collegiate+Inventors+and+Innovators+Alliance&amp;rft.date=2013-01-24&amp;rft.aulast=Thomas&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.au=Jordan%2C+Bill&amp;rft.au=McGhee%2C+Ryan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baylor.edu%2Fcontent%2Fservices%2Fdocument.php%2F67639.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090731064419/http://www.t4cd.org/Resources/ICT_Resources/Projects/Pages/ICTProject_287.aspx">"Micro Hydro Project"</a>. Technologies for Conservation &amp; Development project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t4cd.org/Resources/ICT_Resources/Projects/Pages/ICTProject_287.aspx">the original</a> on July 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Micro+Hydro+Project&amp;rft.pub=Technologies+for+Conservation+%26+Development+project&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t4cd.org%2FResources%2FICT_Resources%2FProjects%2FPages%2FICTProject_287.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dorset-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dorset_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501154300/http://archive.thisisdorset.net/2004/11/18/61215.html">"OLD WATER MILLS IDEA FOR 'GREEN' ELECTRICITY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thisisdorset.net/2004/11/18/61215.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=OLD+WATER+MILLS+IDEA+FOR+%27GREEN%27+ELECTRICITY&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thisisdorset.net%2F2004%2F11%2F18%2F61215.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-green-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-green_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-green_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617083444/http://essentialspark.com/its_not_easy_being_green.aspx">"Its not easy being green?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://essentialspark.com/its_not_easy_being_green.aspx">the original</a> on June 17, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Its+not+easy+being+green%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fessentialspark.com%2Fits_not_easy_being_green.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130507125414/http://www2.vlaanderen.be/economie/energiesparen/doc/brochure_kleine_waterkracht.pdf">"Watermills poweramounts depending on streams/rivers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.vlaanderen.be/economie/energiesparen/doc/brochure_kleine_waterkracht.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 7, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Watermills+poweramounts+depending+on+streams%2Frivers&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.vlaanderen.be%2Feconomie%2Fenergiesparen%2Fdoc%2Fbrochure_kleine_waterkracht.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navitron.org.uk/page.php?58">"Navitron's hydroelectric plants information page"</a>. Navitron.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Navitron%27s+hydroelectric+plants+information+page&amp;rft.pub=Navitron.org.uk&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navitron.org.uk%2Fpage.php%3F58&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.green-trust.org/hydro.htm">"Hydroelectric plants DIY plans"</a>. Green-trust.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Hydroelectric+plants+DIY+plans&amp;rft.pub=Green-trust.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.green-trust.org%2Fhydro.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamWoofenden" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Paul; Woofenden, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419095759/http://homepower.com/view/?file=HP117_pg40_Cunningham">"Simplified overview of diy hydroplants installation"</a>. Homepower.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homepower.com/view/?file=HP117_pg40_Cunningham">the original</a> on April 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Simplified+overview+of+diy+hydroplants+installation&amp;rft.pub=Homepower.com&amp;rft.aulast=Cunningham&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Woofenden%2C+Ian&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homepower.com%2Fview%2F%3Ffile%3DHP117_pg40_Cunningham&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914160956/http://www.villageearth.org/pages/Appropriate_Technology/ATSourcebook/">"Appropriate Technology Sourcebook"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villageearth.org/pages/Appropriate_Technology/ATSourcebook">the original</a> on September 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Appropriate+Technology+Sourcebook&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.villageearth.org%2Fpages%2FAppropriate_Technology%2FATSourcebook&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227063428/http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/itdg">"Ashden Award for Pico hydro power in Kenya"</a>. Ashden Awards. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/itdg">the original</a> on December 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ashden+Award+for+Pico+hydro+power+in+Kenya&amp;rft.pub=Ashden+Awards&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashdenawards.org%2Fwinners%2Fitdg&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedaily-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciencedaily_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510054924/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161024090454.htm">"Is energy storage via pumped hydro systems is possible on a very small scale?"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i>. October 24, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161024090454.htm">the original</a> on May 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&amp;rft.atitle=Is+energy+storage+via+pumped+hydro+systems+is+possible+on+a+very+small+scale%3F&amp;rft.date=2016-10-24&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2016%2F10%2F161024090454.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-homepower-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-homepower_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot2011–2012" class="citation news cs1">Root, Ben (December 2011 – January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homepower.com/articles/microhydro-power/design-installation/microhydro-myths-misconceptions">"Microhydro Myths &amp; Misconceptions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Home_Power" title="Home Power">Home Power</a></i>. Vol.&#160;146<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Home+Power&amp;rft.atitle=Microhydro+Myths+%26+Misconceptions&amp;rft.volume=146&amp;rft.date=2011-12%2F2012-01&amp;rft.aulast=Root&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homepower.com%2Farticles%2Fmicrohydro-power%2Fdesign-installation%2Fmicrohydro-myths-misconceptions&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vietnam-pico-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vietnam-pico_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahidur_R._KhandkerDouglas_F._BarnesHussain_SamadNguyen_Huu_Minh2008" class="citation web cs1">Shahidur R. Khandker; Douglas F. Barnes; Hussain Samad; Nguyen Huu Minh (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEAPASTAE/Resources/ASTAE-Benefits-of-Rural-Electrification-Vietnam.pdf">"Welfare Impacts of Rural Electrification: Evidence from Vietnam"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Bank<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Welfare+Impacts+of+Rural+Electrification%3A+Evidence+from+Vietnam&amp;rft.pub=World+Bank&amp;rft.date=2008-09&amp;rft.au=Shahidur+R.+Khandker&amp;rft.au=Douglas+F.+Barnes&amp;rft.au=Hussain+Samad&amp;rft.au=Nguyen+Huu+Minh&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FEXTEAPASTAE%2FResources%2FASTAE-Benefits-of-Rural-Electrification-Vietnam.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5gal-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5gal_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.five-gallon-bucket-hydroelectric.org">"Five Gallon Bucket Hydroelectric Generator"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Five+Gallon+Bucket+Hydroelectric+Generator&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.five-gallon-bucket-hydroelectric.org&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bucket-Hydro-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bucket-Hydro_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Redfield" class="citation web cs1">Sam Redfield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217103101/https://www.engineeringforchange.org/static/content/Energy/S00070/5%20Gallon%20Bucket%20Build%20Manual.pdf">"Five Gallon Bucket Hydroelectric Generator Build Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Appropriate Infrastructure Development Group</i>. Engineering for Change. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringforchange.org/static/content/Energy/S00070/5%20Gallon%20Bucket%20Build%20Manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Appropriate+Infrastructure+Development+Group&amp;rft.atitle=Five+Gallon+Bucket+Hydroelectric+Generator+Build+Manual&amp;rft.au=Sam+Redfield&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringforchange.org%2Fstatic%2Fcontent%2FEnergy%2FS00070%2F5%2520Gallon%2520Bucket%2520Build%2520Manual.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Williams" class="citation web cs1">Arthur Williams. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esha.be/fileadmin/esha_files/documents/workshops/hidroenergia_2008/HE08_Presentations/day_2/3._Arthur_Williams_-_The_performance_of_centrifugal_pumps_as_turbines_and_influence_of_pump_geometry.pdf">"The Performance of Centrifugal Pumps as Turbines and Influence of Pump Geometry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Esha.be<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Performance+of+Centrifugal+Pumps+as+Turbines+and+Influence+of+Pump+Geometry&amp;rft.pub=Esha.be&amp;rft.au=Arthur+Williams&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esha.be%2Ffileadmin%2Fesha_files%2Fdocuments%2Fworkshops%2Fhidroenergia_2008%2FHE08_Presentations%2Fday_2%2F3._Arthur_Williams_-_The_performance_of_centrifugal_pumps_as_turbines_and_influence_of_pump_geometry.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homepower.com/articles/microhydro-power/design-installation/electric-side-hydro-power">"The Electric Side of Hydro Power"</a>. <i>homepower.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=homepower.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+Electric+Side+of+Hydro+Power&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homepower.com%2Farticles%2Fmicrohydro-power%2Fdesign-installation%2Felectric-side-hydro-power&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Thiele" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Thiele. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electrical.about.com/od/wiringcircuitry/a/electwiresizes.htm">"Determining Proper Electrical Wiring Size"</a>. <i>About.com Home</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=About.com+Home&amp;rft.atitle=Determining+Proper+Electrical+Wiring+Size&amp;rft.au=Timothy+Thiele&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectrical.about.com%2Fod%2Fwiringcircuitry%2Fa%2Felectwiresizes.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnie2015" class="citation web cs1">Donnie (May 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homedepot.com/p/Southwire-4-Stranded-THHN-Black-By-the-Foot-20499099/204632882">"Southwire 4 Stranded THHN Black (By-the-Foot)-20499099 - The Home Depot"</a>. <i>The Home Depot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Home+Depot&amp;rft.atitle=Southwire+4+Stranded+THHN+Black+%28By-the-Foot%29-20499099+-+The+Home+Depot&amp;rft.date=2015-05-29&amp;rft.au=Donnie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homedepot.com%2Fp%2FSouthwire-4-Stranded-THHN-Black-By-the-Foot-20499099%2F204632882&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031201/http://www.homepower.com/articles/microhydro-power/design-installation/electric-side-hydro-power/page/0/1">"The Electric Side of Hydro Power: Page 2 of 3"</a>. <i>homepower.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homepower.com/articles/microhydro-power/design-installation/electric-side-hydro-power/page/0/1">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=homepower.com&amp;rft.atitle=The+Electric+Side+of+Hydro+Power%3A+Page+2+of+3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homepower.com%2Farticles%2Fmicrohydro-power%2Fdesign-installation%2Felectric-side-hydro-power%2Fpage%2F0%2F1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraiginPA2015" class="citation web cs1">CraiginPA (February 19, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homedepot.com/p/Cerrowire-50-ft-18-Gauge-2-Conductor-Thermostat-Wire-210-1002B/202206424#specifications">"Cerrowire 50 ft. 18-Gauge 2 Conductor Thermostat Wire-210-1002B - The Home Depot"</a>. <i>The Home Depot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Home+Depot&amp;rft.atitle=Cerrowire+50+ft.+18-Gauge+2+Conductor+Thermostat+Wire-210-1002B+-+The+Home+Depot&amp;rft.date=2015-02-19&amp;rft.au=CraiginPA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homedepot.com%2Fp%2FCerrowire-50-ft-18-Gauge-2-Conductor-Thermostat-Wire-210-1002B%2F202206424%23specifications&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.picohydro.org.uk">"What is Pico Hydro?"</a>. <i>Pico hydro publications</i>. University of Nottingham, UK<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Pico+hydro+publications&amp;rft.atitle=What+is+Pico+Hydro%3F&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.picohydro.org.uk&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattijs_Smits" class="citation web cs1">Mattijs Smits. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180324052641/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.530.3183&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf">"Technography of pico-hydropower in the Lao PDR"</a>. The Lao Institute for Renewable Energy (LIRE). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lao-ire.org/documents/reports/0810-LIRE-report_Pico-hydropower.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 24, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Technography+of+pico-hydropower+in+the+Lao+PDR&amp;rft.pub=The+Lao+Institute+for+Renewable+Energy+%28LIRE%29&amp;rft.au=Mattijs+Smits&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lao-ire.org%2Fdocuments%2Freports%2F0810-LIRE-report_Pico-hydropower.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APico+hydro" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydropower" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydropower" title="Template:Hydropower"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydropower" title="Template talk:Hydropower"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydropower" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydropower"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydropower" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conventional_hydroelectric_power_stations" title="List of conventional hydroelectric power stations">List of conventional hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped-storage hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/100px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/150px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg/200px-ThreeGorgesDam-China2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2847" data-file-height="1768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a> equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_turbine" title="Francis turbine">Francis turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaplan_turbine" title="Kaplan turbine">Kaplan turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyson_turbine" title="Tyson turbine">Tyson turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlov_helical_turbine" title="Gorlov helical turbine">Gorlov helical turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelton_wheel" title="Pelton wheel">Pelton wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgo_turbine" title="Turgo turbine">Turgo turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_turbine" title="Cross-flow turbine">Cross-flow turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐nz4sh Cached time: 20241122143425 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.435 seconds Real time usage: 0.990 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1381/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 46564/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 739/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 3/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 86908/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.282/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7218975/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 654.028 1 -total 45.26% 296.021 1 Template:Reflist 39.96% 261.361 22 Template:Cite_web 20.13% 131.675 1 Template:Short_description 14.49% 94.799 1 Template:Hydropower 13.89% 90.840 1 Template:Navbox 11.83% 77.342 2 Template:Pagetype 5.51% 36.011 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates 5.44% 35.565 4 Template:Convert 5.41% 35.386 4 Template:Main_other --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:10131502-0!canonical and timestamp 20241122143425 and revision id 1171965829. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;oldid=1171965829">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;oldid=1171965829</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Appropriate_technology" title="Category:Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Power station technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity" title="Category:Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distributed_generation" title="Category:Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2022">Use mdy dates from July 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 August 2023, at 05:32<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pico_hydro&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-g2ggh","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.435","walltime":"0.990","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1381,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":46564,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":739,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":86908,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 654.028 1 -total"," 45.26% 296.021 1 Template:Reflist"," 39.96% 261.361 22 Template:Cite_web"," 20.13% 131.675 1 Template:Short_description"," 14.49% 94.799 1 Template:Hydropower"," 13.89% 90.840 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.83% 77.342 2 Template:Pagetype"," 5.51% 36.011 1 Template:Use_mdy_dates"," 5.44% 35.565 4 Template:Convert"," 5.41% 35.386 4 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.282","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7218975,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-nz4sh","timestamp":"20241122143425","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pico hydro","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pico_hydro","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3920230","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3920230","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-18T23:39:20Z","dateModified":"2023-08-24T05:32:29Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/9b\/Pico_hydro.jpg","headline":"term used for hydroelectric power generation of under 5 kW"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10