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href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiracial_American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiracial_American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Multiracial American identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Multiracial_American_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Multiracial American identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Multiracial_American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_interracial_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_interracial_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Contemporary interracial marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_interracial_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiracial_families_and_identity_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiracial_families_and_identity_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Multiracial families and identity issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiracial_families_and_identity_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Native American identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Native_American_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Native American identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Native_American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_Black_and_African-Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_Black_and_African-Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Native American lineage and admixture in Black and African-Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_Black_and_African-Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_White_and_European-Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_White_and_European-Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Native American lineage and admixture in White and European-Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_White_and_European-Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Black_and_African-American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Black_and_African-American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Black and African-American identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Black_and_African-American_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Black and African-American identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Black_and_African-American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admixture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admixture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Admixture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admixture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_African-American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_African-American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Definition of African-American </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_African-American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_and_European-American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_and_European-American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 White and European-American identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-White_and_European-American_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle White and European-American identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-White_and_European-American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racial_passing_and_ambiguity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_passing_and_ambiguity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Racial passing and ambiguity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_passing_and_ambiguity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hispanic_and_Latino_American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Hispanic and Latino American identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hispanic_and_Latino_American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Islander_American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Islander_American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Pacific Islander American identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Islander_American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasian-American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasian-American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Eurasian-American identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasian-American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro-Asian-American_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Asian-American_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Afro-Asian-American identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Asian-American_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In fiction </div> 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Multiracial Americans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mixed-race (any race) <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33,848,943 (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 Census</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">[1]</a> <img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10.21% of the total U.S. population</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California"><img alt="California" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,760,235<a href="#cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas"><img alt="Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,133,738<a href="#cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida"><img alt="Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,552,072<a href="#cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)"><img alt="New York (state)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,767,463<a href="#cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois"><img alt="Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,144,984<a href="#cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino">Hispanic Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino Americans">Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis#Métis_people_in_the_United_States" title="Métis">Métis Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melungeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Melungeons">Melungeons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Multiracial Americans, also known as Mixed Americans, are <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> who have mixed ancestry of two or more <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">races</a>. The term may also include Americans of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mixed-race</a> ancestry who <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">self-identify</a> with just one group culturally and socially (cf. the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 United States census</a>, 33.8 million individuals or 10.2% of the population, self-identified as multiracial.<a href="#cite_note-2020CensusData-2">[2]</a> There is evidence that an accounting by genetic ancestry would produce a higher number. The multiracial population is the fastest growing demographic group in the United States, increasing by 276% between 2010 and 2020.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This growth was driven largely by <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino Americans</a> identifying as multiracial, with this group increasing from 3 million in 2010 to over 20 million in 2020, making up almost two thirds of the multiracial population.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Most multiracial Hispanics identified as <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Some_Other_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Other Race">some other race</a>" in combination, with this group increasing from 1.6 million to 24 million between 2010 and 2021, a trend has been attributed to changes in the Census Bureau's methodology on counting write-in ancestry responses, as well as growing racial diversity among the Hispanic population.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The impact of historical racial systems, such as that created by admixture between white <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">European colonists</a> and Native Americans, has often led people to identify or be classified by only one ethnicity, generally that of the culture in which they were raised.<a href="#cite_note-GatesHenry-6">[6]</a> Prior to the mid-20th century, many people hid their multiracial heritage because of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">racial discrimination</a> against minorities.<a href="#cite_note-GatesHenry-6">[6]</a> While many Americans may be considered multiracial, they often do not know it or do not identify so culturally, any more than they maintain all the differing traditions of a variety of national ancestries.<a href="#cite_note-GatesHenry-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obama08acceptance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Obama08acceptance.jpg/220px-Obama08acceptance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Obama08acceptance.jpg/330px-Obama08acceptance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Obama08acceptance.jpg/440px-Obama08acceptance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, the son of a black father and a white mother, was the first Mixed American to be the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> After a lengthy period of formal <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> in the former Confederacy following the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws" title="Anti-miscegenation laws">bans on interracial marriage in various parts of the country</a>, more people are openly forming interracial unions. In addition, social conditions have changed and many multiracial people do not believe it is socially advantageous to try to "<a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">pass</a>" as <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a>. Diverse immigration has brought more mixed race people into the United States, such as a significant population of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanics</a>. Since the 1980s, the United States has had a growing multiracial identity movement (cf. <a href="/wiki/Loving_Day" title="Loving Day">Loving Day</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Because more Americans have insisted on being allowed to acknowledge their mixed racial origins, the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a> for the first time allowed residents to check more than one ethno-racial identity and thereby identify as multiracial. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who is of Luo (Kenyan) and Scottish lineage, was elected as the first biracial President of the United States; he acknowledges both sides of his family and identifies as African-American.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Today, multiracial individuals are found in every corner of the country. Multiracial groups in the United States include many <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino">Hispanic Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_or_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic or Latino Americans">Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis#Métis_people_in_the_United_States" title="Métis">Métis Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeons</a> and several other communities found primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern US</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> are multiracial in ancestry while identifying fully as members of federally recognized tribes. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">Interracial marriage in the United States</a></div> The American people are mostly multi-ethnic descendants of various culturally distinct immigrant groups, many of which have now developed nations. Some consider themselves multiracial, while acknowledging race as a social construct. <a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integration</a> have been continuing processes. The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> and other social movements since the mid-twentieth century worked to achieve social justice and equal enforcement of civil rights under the constitution for all ethnicities. In the 2000s, less than 5% of the population identified as multiracial. In many instances, mixed racial ancestry is so far back in an individual's family history (for instance, before the Civil War or earlier), that it does not affect more recent ethnic and cultural identification. Interracial relationships, common-law marriages and marriages occurred since the earliest <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">colonial years</a>, especially before <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slavery</a> hardened as a racial caste associated with people of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> descent in Colonial America. Several of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> passed laws in the 17th century that gave children the social status of their mother, according to the principle of <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a>, regardless of the father's race or citizenship. This overturned the precedent in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> by which a man gave his status to his children – this had enabled communities to demand that fathers support their children, whether legitimate or not. The change increased white men's ability to use slave women sexually, as they had no responsibility for the children. As master as well as father of mixed-race children born into slavery, the men could use these people as servants or laborers or sell them as slaves. In some cases, white fathers provided for their multiracial children, paying or arranging for education or apprenticeships and freeing them, particularly during the two decades following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. (The practice of providing for the children was more common in <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish colonies</a>, where a class of free people of color developed who became educated and property owners.) Many other white fathers abandoned the mixed race children and their mothers to slavery. The researcher Paul Heinegg found that most families of free people of color in colonial times were founded from the unions of white women, whether free or indentured servants and African men, slave, indentured or free.<a href="#cite_note-heinegg-9">[9]</a> In the early years, the working-class peoples lived and worked together. Their children were free because of the status of the white women. This was in contrast to the pattern in the post-Revolutionary era, in which most mixed-race children had white fathers and Black mothers.<a href="#cite_note-heinegg-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-miscegenation">Anti-miscegenation</a> laws were passed in most states during the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, but this did not prevent white slaveholders, their sons, or other powerful white men from taking slave women as concubines and having multiracial children with them. In California and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">American West</a>, there were greater numbers of Latin American and Asian residents. These were prohibited from official relationships with whites. White legislators passed laws prohibiting marriage between <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European</a> and Asian Americans until the 1950s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_United_States_history">Early United States history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early United States history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png/170px-Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png/255px-Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png/340px-Olaudah_Equiano_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_15399.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Olaudah Equiano</figcaption></figure> Interracial relationships have had a long history in North America and the United States, beginning with the intermixing of European explorers and soldiers, who took native women as companions. After European settlement increased, traders and fur trappers often married or had unions with women of native tribes. In the 17th century, faced with a continuing, critical labor shortage, colonists primarily in the Chesapeake Bay Colony, imported Africans as laborers, sometimes as indentured servants and, increasingly, as slaves. African slaves were also imported into New York and other northern ports by European colonists. Some African slaves were freed by their masters during these early years. In the colonial years, while conditions were more fluid, white women, indentured servant or free, and African men, servant, slave or free, made unions. Because the women were free, their mixed-race children were born free; they and their descendants formed most of the families of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">colonial period in Virginia</a>. The scholar Paul Heinegg found that eighty percent of the free people of color in North Carolina in censuses from 1790 to 1810 could be traced to families free in Virginia in colonial years.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1789, <a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a>, a former slave from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> who was enslaved in North America, published his autobiography. He advocated interracial marriage between whites and blacks.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> By the late eighteenth century, visitors to the Upper South noted the high proportion of mixed-race slaves, evidence of miscegenation by white men. In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "<a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a>" if they were not living on <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian reservations">Indian reservations</a>. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, the number and proportion of free people of color increased markedly in the North and the South as slaves were freed. Most northern states abolished slavery, sometimes, like New York, in programs of gradual emancipation that took more than two decades to be completed. The last slaves in New York were not freed until 1827. In connection with the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>, Quaker and Methodist preachers in the South urged slaveholders to free their slaves. Revolutionary ideals led many men to free their slaves, some by deed and others by will, so that from 1782 to 1810, the percentage of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> rose from less than one percent to nearly 10 percent of blacks in the South.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century:_American_Civil_War,_emancipation,_Reconstruction_and_Jim_Crow">19th century: American Civil War, emancipation, Reconstruction and Jim Crow</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century: American Civil War, emancipation, Reconstruction and Jim Crow">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg/170px-Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg/255px-Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg/340px-Freedoms_Banner_Charley_a_slave_boy_from_New_Orelans_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Charley Taylor holding an American flag. Charley was the son of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Withers" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Withers">Alexander Withers</a> and one of Withers's slaves. Withers sold Charley to a slave dealer and he was sold again in New Orleans.</figcaption></figure> Of numerous relationships between male slaveholders, overseers, or master's sons and women slaves, the most notable is likely that of President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> with his slave <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>. As noted in the 2012 collaborative <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> exhibit, Slavery at Monticello: The Paradox of Liberty, Jefferson, then a widower, took Hemings as his concubine for nearly 40 years. They had six children of record; four Hemings children survived into adulthood, and he freed them all, among the very few slaves he freed. Two were allowed to "escape" to the North in 1822, and two were granted freedom by his will upon his death in 1826. Seven-eighths white by ancestry, all four of his Hemings children moved to northern states as adults; three of the four entered the white community, and all their descendants identified as white. Of the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> who continued to identify as black, some in future generations eventually identified as white and "married out," while others continued to identify as African American. It was socially advantageous for the Hemings children to identify as white, in keeping with their appearance and the majority proportion of their ancestry. Although born into slavery, the Hemings children were legally white under Virginia law of the time. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> Racial discrimination continued to be enacted in new laws in the 20th century, for instance the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a> was enacted in Virginia's 1924 <a href="/wiki/Racial_Integrity_Act_of_1924" title="Racial Integrity Act of 1924">Racial Integrity Law</a> and in other southern states, in part influenced by the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> and ideas of racial purity. People buried fading memories that many whites had multiracial ancestry. Many families were multiracial. Similar laws had been proposed but not passed in the late nineteenth century in South Carolina and Virginia, for instance. After regaining political power in Southern states by <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disenfranchising blacks</a>, white Democrats passed laws to impose <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Crow">Jim Crow</a> and racial segregation to restore <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>. They maintained these until forced to change in the 1960s and after by enforcement of federal legislation authorizing oversight of practices to protect the constitutional rights of African Americans and other minority citizens. In 1967 the United States <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> case <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> ruled that anti-miscegenation laws were unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the twentieth century up until 1989, social service organizations typically assigned multiracial children to the racial identity of the minority parent, which reflected social practices of <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beverly-14">[14]</a> Black social workers had influenced court decisions on regulations related to identity; they argued that, as the biracial child was socially considered black, it should be classified that way to identify with the group and learn to deal with discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-Nitardy1-15">[15]</a> By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The <a href="/wiki/Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Census Bureau">Census Bureau</a> changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.<a href="#cite_note-Quintana-16">[16]</a> The proportion of acknowledged multiracial children in the United States is growing. Interracial partnerships are on the rise, as are transracial adoptions. In 1990, around 14% of 18- to 19-year-olds, 12% of 20- to 21-year-olds, and 7% of 34- to 35-year-olds were involved in interracial relationships (Joyner and Kao, 2005).<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The number of <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriages</a> as a proportion of new marriages has increased from 11% in 2010 to 19% in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States</a></div>According to estimates from the 2022 American Community Survey, there are 41,782,288 people identifying as with multiple races in the US, making up 12.5% of the population. Excluding responses of "<a href="/wiki/Some_Other_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Other Race">some other race</a>" in combination with a single recognized category, this number is reduced to 13,658,099, or 4.1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Almost 90% of Americans identifying as "<a href="/wiki/Some_Other_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Other Race">some other race</a>" in combination were Hispanic/Latino in 2022, making up over 90% of the multiracial Hispanic population and over half of the total multiracial population in the US.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The largest multiracial groups in the US in 2022 are:<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Combination </th> <th>Number as of 2022 </th> <th>% Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Some_Other_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="Some Other Race">Some Other Race</a>" </td> <td>26,317,236 </td> <td>7.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td>3,831,683 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> </td> <td>3,012,849 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td>2,865,504 </td> <td>0.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black and "Some Other Race" </td> <td>1,194,056 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black and Native American</a> </td> <td>464,679 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native American and "Some Other Race" </td> <td>338,757 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Black and Asian</a> </td> <td>300,787 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander</a> </td> <td>247,141 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Three races </td> <td>2,298,469 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Four races </td> <td>256,913 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/220px-Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/330px-Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg/440px-Two_or_more_races_population_pyramid_in_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Two or more races population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> Multiracial people who wanted to acknowledge their full heritage won a victory of sorts in 1997, when the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB) changed the federal regulation of racial categories to permit multiple responses. This resulted in a change to the 2000 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">United States Census</a>, which allowed participants to select more than one of the six available categories, which were, in brief: "<a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a>," "<a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African-American</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian or Alaskan Native</a>," "<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands Americans">Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander</a>" and "Other." Further details are given in the article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Race and ethnicity in the United States Census</a>. The OMB made its directive mandatory for all government forms by 2003. In 2000, Cindy Rodriguez reported on reactions to the new census:<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">To many mainline civil rights groups, the new census is part of a multiracial nightmare. After decades of framing racial issues in stark black and white terms, they fear that the multiracial movement will break down longstanding alliances, weakening people of color by splintering them into new subgroups.</blockquote>Some multiracial individuals feel marginalized by U.S. society. For example, when applying to schools or for a job or when taking standardized tests, Americans are sometimes asked to check boxes corresponding to race or ethnicity. Typically, about five race choices are given, with the instruction to "check only one." While some surveys offer an "other" box, this choice groups together individuals of many different multiracial types (ex: European Americans/African-Americans are grouped with Asian/Native American Indians).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 2000 U.S. Census in the write-in response category had a code listing which standardizes the placement of various write-in responses for automatic placement within the framework of the U.S. Census's enumerated races. Whereas most responses can be distinguished as falling into one of the five enumerated races, there remains some write-in responses which fall into the "Mixture" heading which cannot be racially categorized. These include "Bi Racial, Combination, Everything, Many, Mixed, Multi National, Multiple, Several and Various".<a href="#cite_note-Umich-23">[23]</a> In 1997, Greg Mayeda, a member of the board of directors person for the <a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a> Issues Forum, attended a meeting regarding the new racial classifications for the 2000 U.S. Census. He was arguing against a multiracial category and for multiracial people being counted as all of their races. He argued that a <blockquote>separate Multiracial Box does not allow a person who identifies as mixed race the opportunity to be counted accurately. After all, we are not just mixed race. We are representatives of all racial groups and should be counted as such. A stand alone Multiracial Box reveals very little about the person's background checking it.<a href="#cite_note-Tate-24">[24]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png/330px-US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png/495px-US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png/660px-US_Census_Two_or_More_Races.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>US Census reporting of Two or Mixed Races 2010 – 2017</figcaption></figure> According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from <a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>, Northridge, who analyzed the 2000 Census, most multiracial people identified as part white. In addition, the breakdown is as follows: <ul><li>white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017,</li> <li>white/black at 737,492,</li> <li>white/Asian at 727,197, and</li> <li>white/Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander at 125,628.<a href="#cite_note-csupomona.edu-25">[25]</a></li></ul> In 2010, 1.6 million Americans checked both "black" and "white" on their census forms, a figure 134% higher than the number a decade earlier.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The number of interracial marriages and relationships, and transracial and international adoptions has increased the proportion of multiracial families.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In addition, more individuals may be identifying multiple ancestries, as the concept is more widely accepted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiracial_American_identity">Multiracial American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multiracial American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biracial_and_multiracial_identity_development" title="Biracial and multiracial identity development">Biracial and multiracial identity development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political history">edit</a>]</div> Despite a long history of miscegenation within the U.S. political territory and American continental landscape, advocacy for a unique social race classification to recognize direct, or recent, multiracial parentage did not begin until the 1970s. After the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Era">Civil Rights Era</a> and rapid integration of African-Americans into predominately European-American institutions and residential communities, it became more socially acceptable for White-identified women to date, marry and procreate children fathered by non-White men. This trend evolved a political push that offspring of interracial unions fully inherit the social race classifications of both parents, regardless of the racial classification of the maternal parent. This advocacy countered what had been practiced in the United States since the early 1800s where a newborn's racial classification defaulted to that of their mother, which was by a variety of classifications differing from state to state over the past two centuries. In some states 3/4ths African ancestry determined African identity, in some it was more qualified, or less. The hypodescent or one-drop rule, meaning one African ancestor identified as black was adopted by Virginia in 1924. This one-drop rule was not adopted as law by South Carolina, Louisiana and other states where Creole were or had been slaveowners. White supremacist in effect practicing the one-drop rule during <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slavery</a>, the rule delegated the racial classification of offspring produced by White male slave masters and female slaves to be slaves, failing to acknowledge the male parentage. Similarly laws were passed punishing free people of mixed heritage, the same as free black men and women, denying their basic rights. Voting, for example, which free blacks could and did do under French rule, were denied after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 within a few years time. About ten percent of the slave population, according to observers, looked to be white, but had known African ancestors. After the end of slavery most of these people disappeared into the white population simply by moving. Walter White, President of the NAACP in 1920 reported that passing for white from 1880 to 1920 involved about 400,000 descendents of slaves. See Helen Catterall, editor, Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro, 5 Volumes, 1935 and A Man Called White, autobiography by Walter White, first President of NAACP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_interracial_marriage">Contemporary interracial marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary interracial marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">Interracial marriage in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></div> In 2009, Keith Bardwell, a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Robert,_Louisiana" title="Robert, Louisiana">Robert, Louisiana</a>, refused to officiate a wedding for an interracial couple and was summarily sued in federal court. See <a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_interracial_marriage_in_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Refusal of interracial marriage in Louisiana">refusal of interracial marriage in Louisiana</a>. About 15% of all new marriages in the United States in 2010 were between spouses of a different race or ethnicity from one another, more than double the share in 1980 (6.7%).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiracial_families_and_identity_issues">Multiracial families and identity issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Multiracial families and identity issues">edit</a>]</div> Given the variety of the familial and general social environments in which multiracial children are raised, along with the diversity of their appearance and heritage, generalizations about multiracial children's challenges or opportunities are not very useful. A 1989 article written by Charlotte Nitary revealed that parents of mixed raced children often struggled between teaching their children to identify as only the race of their non-white parent, not identifying with social race at all, or identifying with the racial identities of both parents.<a href="#cite_note-Nitardy2-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Social_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Social identity">social identity</a> of children and of their parents in the same multiracial family may vary or be the same.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Some multiracial children feel pressure from various sources to "choose" or to identify as a single racial identity. Others may feel pressure not to abandon one or more of their ethnicities, particularly if identified with culturally. Some children grow up without race being a significant issue in their lives because they identify against the one-drop-rule construct. <a href="#cite_note-Leland-31">[31]</a> This approach to addressing plural racial heritage is something U.S. society has slowly become socialized into as the general consensus among monoracially identified individuals is plural racial identity is a choice and presents disingenuous motives against the more oppressed inherited racial identity.<a href="#cite_note-Beverly1-32">[32]</a> By the 1990s, as more multiracial identified students attended colleges and university, many were met with alienation from culturally and racially homogenous groups on campus. This common national trend saw the launch of many multi-racial campus organizations across the country. By the 2000s, these efforts for self-identification soon reached beyond educational institutions and into mainstream society.<a href="#cite_note-Chris-33">[33]</a> In her book Love's Revolution: Interracial Marriage, Maria P. P. Root suggests that when interracial parents divorce, their mixed-race children become threatening in circumstances where the custodial parent has remarried into a union where an emphasis is placed on racial identity.<a href="#cite_note-Root-34">[34]</a> Some multiracial individuals attempt to claim a new category. For instance, the athlete <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> has said that he is not only African-American but "Cablinasian," as he is of Caucasian, African-American, Native American and Asian descent.<a href="#cite_note-KevinR-35">[35]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Auli%27i_Cravalho_December_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auliʻi Cravalho is of Hawaiian, Irish, Puerto Rican, Portuguese and Chinese descent.[36][37][38]"><img alt="Auliʻi Cravalho is of Hawaiian, Irish, Puerto Rican, Portuguese and Chinese descent.[36][37][38]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Auli%27i_Cravalho_December_2016.jpg/189px-Auli%27i_Cravalho_December_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Auli%27i_Cravalho_December_2016.jpg/283px-Auli%27i_Cravalho_December_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Auli%27i_Cravalho_December_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auli%CA%BBi_Cravalho" title="Auliʻi Cravalho">Auliʻi Cravalho</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wang-38">[38]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Mingus was born to a mother of English and Chinese descent and a father of African-American and Swedish descent.[39][40]"><img alt="Charles Mingus was born to a mother of English and Chinese descent and a father of African-American and Swedish descent.[39][40]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/180px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/270px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg/360px-Charles_Mingus_1976_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mingus" title="Charles Mingus">Charles Mingus</a> was born to a mother of English and Chinese descent and a father of African-American and Swedish descent.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1991-40">[40]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barack Obama's mother was of mostly English and Irish ancestry and his father was from Kenya."><img alt="Barack Obama's mother was of mostly English and Irish ancestry and his father was from Kenya." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/216px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/324px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/President_Barack_Obama.jpg/432px-President_Barack_Obama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="3356" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dunham" title="Ann Dunham">mother</a> was of mostly English and Irish ancestry and his <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_Sr." title="Barack Obama Sr.">father</a> was from Kenya.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jennifer_Beals_at_GLAAD_Awards_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jennifer Beals was born to an Irish-American mother and an African-American father.[41]"><img alt="Jennifer Beals was born to an Irish-American mother and an African-American father.[41]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jennifer_Beals_at_GLAAD_Awards_cropped.jpg/193px-Jennifer_Beals_at_GLAAD_Awards_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jennifer_Beals_at_GLAAD_Awards_cropped.jpg/289px-Jennifer_Beals_at_GLAAD_Awards_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Jennifer_Beals_at_GLAAD_Awards_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="423" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Beals" title="Jennifer Beals">Jennifer Beals</a> was born to an Irish-American mother and an African-American father.<a href="#cite_note-afterellen1-41">[41]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamala Harris was born in Oakland, California to a Tamil Indian mother[42] and an Afro-Jamaican father.[43]"><img alt="Kamala Harris was born in Oakland, California to a Tamil Indian mother[42] and an Afro-Jamaican father.[43]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg/216px-Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg/324px-Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg/432px-Kamala_Harris_Vice_Presidential_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland, California</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> Indian mother<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Jamaicans" title="Afro-Jamaicans">Afro-Jamaican</a> father.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tiger Woods was born to an African American father with partial European and Native American ancestry and a Thai mother with partial Chinese and Dutch ancestry."><img alt="Tiger Woods was born to an African American father with partial European and Native American ancestry and a Thai mother with partial Chinese and Dutch ancestry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg/173px-Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg/260px-Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg/347px-Tiger_Woods_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1750" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Woods" title="Tiger Woods">Tiger Woods</a> was born to an African American father with partial European and Native American ancestry and a <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> mother with partial Chinese and Dutch ancestry.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rebecca_Hall_Berlinale_2010_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rebecca Hall was born to a mother of English, German, Dutch and African-American extraction and an English father.[44][45][46][47][48]"><img alt="Rebecca Hall was born to a mother of English, German, Dutch and African-American extraction and an English father.[44][45][46][47][48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rebecca_Hall_Berlinale_2010_cropped.jpg/259px-Rebecca_Hall_Berlinale_2010_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Rebecca_Hall_Berlinale_2010_cropped.jpg/388px-Rebecca_Hall_Berlinale_2010_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Rebecca_Hall_Berlinale_2010_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="516" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Hall" title="Rebecca Hall">Rebecca Hall</a> was born to a <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ewing" title="Maria Ewing">mother</a> of English, German, Dutch and African-American extraction and an English <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)" title="Peter Hall (director)">father</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbl-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref2-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref3-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-fdr1-48">[48]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_American_identity">Native American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Native American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boricua" class="mw-redirect" title="Boricua">Boricua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliwa-Saponi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliwa-Saponi">Haliwa-Saponi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma people</a></div> In the 2010 Census, nearly 3 million people indicated that their race was Native American (including Alaska Native).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Of these, more than 27% specifically indicated "Cherokee" as their <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">ethnic origin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia#Pocahontas" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia claim descent from Pocahontas</a> or some other "<a href="/wiki/Indian_princess" title="Indian princess">Indian princess</a>". This phenomenon has been dubbed the "Cherokee Syndrome".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Across the US, numerous individuals cultivate an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">opportunistic ethnic identity</a> as Native American, sometimes through <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_heritage_groups" title="Cherokee heritage groups">Cherokee heritage groups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indian_Wedding_Blessing" title="Indian Wedding Blessing">Indian Wedding Blessings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-53">[53]</a> Levels of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a> (distinct from <a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American identity">Native American identity</a>) differ. The genomes of self-reported African Americans averaged to 0.8% Native American ancestry, those of <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European Americans</a> averaged to 0.18%, and those of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latinos</a> averaged to 18.0%.<a href="#cite_note-The_Genetic-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Many tribes, especially those in the Eastern United States, are primarily made up of individuals with an unambiguous <a href="/wiki/Native_American_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American identity">Native American identity</a>, despite being predominantly of European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-auto-53">[53]</a> Point in case, more than 75% of those enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> have less than one-quarter Cherokee blood.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Principal_Chief_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation">Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a>, is 1/32 Cherokee, amounting to about 3%. Historically, non-Native governments have forced numerous Native Americans to <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">assimilate into colonial and later American society</a>, e.g. through <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praying_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying Indians">conversions to Christianity</a>. In many cases, this process occurred through <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a> of children sent off to <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">special boarding schools</a> far from their families. Those who could <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">pass</a> for white had the advantage of <a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white privilege</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-53">[53]</a> Today, after generations of <a href="/wiki/Racial_whitening" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial whitening">racial whitening</a> through <a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">hypergamy</a>, a number of Native Americans may have fair skin like <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a>. Native Americans are more likely than any other racial group to practice <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Interracial marriage in the United States">racial exogamy</a>, resulting in an ever-declining proportion of indigenous blood among those who claim a Native American identity.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some tribes <a href="/wiki/Tribal_disenrollment" title="Tribal disenrollment">disenroll tribal members</a> unable to provide proof of Native ancestry, usually through a <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Degree_of_Indian_Blood" title="Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood">Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood</a>. Disenrollment has become a contentious issue in <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation_politics" title="Native American reservation politics">Native American reservation politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bill John Baker, who is 3.13% Cherokee,[60] was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 2011 to 2019."><img alt="Bill John Baker, who is 3.13% Cherokee,[60] was the Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation from 2011 to 2019." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg/273px-ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg/409px-ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg/545px-ChiefBillJohnBakerByPhilKonstantin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bill_John_Baker" title="Bill John Baker">Bill John Baker</a>, who is 3.13% <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Chiefs_of_the_Cherokee" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee">Principal Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> from 2011 to 2019.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seminole elder Billy Bowlegs III was also of Muscogee, African-American and Scottish descent through his maternal grandfather Osceola.[61]"><img alt="Seminole elder Billy Bowlegs III was also of Muscogee, African-American and Scottish descent through his maternal grandfather Osceola.[61]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg/212px-Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg/318px-Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg/423px-Billy_Bowlegs_III_3c25031u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2586" data-file-height="3663" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> elder <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bowlegs_III" title="Billy Bowlegs III">Billy Bowlegs III</a> was also of <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a>, African-American and Scottish descent through his maternal grandfather <a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianNMAI-61">[61]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Radmilla_cody.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Radmilla Cody is an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation and of African-American descent.[62]"><img alt="Radmilla Cody is an enrolled member of the Navajo Nation and of African-American descent.[62]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Radmilla_cody.jpeg/219px-Radmilla_cody.jpeg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Radmilla_cody.jpeg/328px-Radmilla_cody.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Radmilla_cody.jpeg/438px-Radmilla_cody.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Radmilla_Cody" title="Radmilla Cody">Radmilla Cody</a> is an enrolled member of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> and of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-codynet-62">[62]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States, was a Native American, born to a Kaw, Osage, a Potawatomi and French mother and an English, Scots and Welsh father.[63]"><img alt="Charles Curtis, Vice President of the United States, was a Native American, born to a Kaw, Osage, a Potawatomi and French mother and an English, Scots and Welsh father.[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/229px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/344px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg/459px-Charles_Curtis-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1494" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a>, Vice President of the United States, was a Native American, born to a <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> mother and an <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a> father.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deb Haaland is from the Laguna Pueblo people and is the first Native American Cabinet Secretary as Secretary of Interior. Her father is Norwegian-American.[64]"><img alt="Deb Haaland is from the Laguna Pueblo people and is the first Native American Cabinet Secretary as Secretary of Interior. Her father is Norwegian-American.[64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg/265px-SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg/398px-SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg/530px-SecretaryDebHaaland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5182" data-file-height="5865" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Deb_Haaland" title="Deb Haaland">Deb Haaland</a> is from the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo" title="Laguna Pueblo">Laguna Pueblo</a> people and is the first Native American Cabinet Secretary as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of Interior</a>. Her father is <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian-American</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alb-64">[64]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Buu_Nygren,_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President of the Navajo Nation Buu Nygren was born in Utah to a Navajo mother and a Vietnamese father.[65]"><img alt="President of the Navajo Nation Buu Nygren was born in Utah to a Navajo mother and a Vietnamese father.[65]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Buu_Nygren%2C_2023.jpg/225px-Buu_Nygren%2C_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Buu_Nygren%2C_2023.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="402" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">President of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> <a href="/wiki/Buu_Nygren" title="Buu Nygren">Buu Nygren</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> mother and a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> father.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Representative_Mary_Peltola,_117th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Peltola was born to a Yup'ik mother and a German American father.[66]"><img alt="Mary Peltola was born to a Yup'ik mother and a German American father.[66]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/U.S._Representative_Mary_Peltola%2C_117th_Congress.jpg/245px-U.S._Representative_Mary_Peltola%2C_117th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/U.S._Representative_Mary_Peltola%2C_117th_Congress.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Peltola" title="Mary Peltola">Mary Peltola</a> was born to a <a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik" title="Yup'ik">Yup'ik</a> mother and a <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German American</a> father.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Booboo_Stewart_in_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Booboo Stewart was born to a father of Blackfoot, Russian, and Scottish ancestry and a mother of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese ancestry.[67]"><img alt="Booboo Stewart was born to a father of Blackfoot, Russian, and Scottish ancestry and a mother of Korean, Chinese, and Japanese ancestry.[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Booboo_Stewart_in_2017.jpg/210px-Booboo_Stewart_in_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Booboo_Stewart_in_2017.jpg/314px-Booboo_Stewart_in_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Booboo_Stewart_in_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="482" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Booboo_Stewart" title="Booboo Stewart">Booboo Stewart</a> was born to a father of <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> ancestry and a mother of <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_Black_and_African-Americans">Native American lineage and admixture in Black and African-Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Native American lineage and admixture in Black and African-Americans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Freedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee Freedman">Cherokee Freedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Choctaw Freedmen">Choctaw Freedmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Indians" title="Mardi Gras Indians">Mardi Gras Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/We-Sorts" class="mw-redirect" title="We-Sorts">We-Sorts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone (ethnicity)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Redd Foxx's mother was half Seminole and his father was African-American.[68]"><img alt="Redd Foxx's mother was half Seminole and his father was African-American.[68]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG/196px-Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG" decoding="async" width="131" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG/294px-Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG/392px-Redd_Foxx_1966.JPG 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Redd_Foxx" title="Redd Foxx">Redd Foxx</a>'s mother was half <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> and his father was <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimi_Hendrix_1967.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jimi Hendrix was born to a Cherokee mother and was part English, African-American, Irish and German.[69][70][71]"><img alt="Jimi Hendrix was born to a Cherokee mother and was part English, African-American, Irish and German.[69][70][71]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jimi_Hendrix_1967.png/149px-Jimi_Hendrix_1967.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Jimi_Hendrix_1967.png/224px-Jimi_Hendrix_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Jimi_Hendrix_1967.png 2x" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="424" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a> was born to a <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> mother and was part English, African-American, Irish and German.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmonia Lewis was of Mississauga Ojibwe, African-American and Haitian descent.[72]"><img alt="Edmonia Lewis was of Mississauga Ojibwe, African-American and Haitian descent.[72]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg/150px-Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg/225px-Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg/301px-Edmonia_Lewis_by_Henry_Rocher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="4314" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis" title="Edmonia Lewis">Edmonia Lewis</a> was of <a href="/wiki/Mississaugas_of_the_New_Credit_First_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation">Mississauga Ojibwe</a>, African-American and Haitian descent.<a href="#cite_note-w12-72">[72]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 149.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 147.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia-McNeil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claudia McNeil was born to an Apache mother and an African-American father.[73]"><img alt="Claudia McNeil was born to an Apache mother and an African-American father.[73]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Claudia-McNeil.jpg/221px-Claudia-McNeil.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Claudia-McNeil.jpg/331px-Claudia-McNeil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Claudia-McNeil.jpg/442px-Claudia-McNeil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="704" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_McNeil" title="Claudia McNeil">Claudia McNeil</a> was born to an <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> mother and an African-American father.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosaparks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosa Parks was of Cherokee-Creek,[74] African-American and Scots-Irish descent.[75]"><img alt="Rosa Parks was of Cherokee-Creek,[74] African-American and Scots-Irish descent.[75]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rosaparks.jpg/223px-Rosaparks.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rosaparks.jpg/335px-Rosaparks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Rosaparks.jpg/447px-Rosaparks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="636" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a> was of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>-<a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> African-American and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-Webb-75">[75]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Della_Reese_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Della Reese was born to a mother of Cherokee descent and an African-American father.[76][77][78]"><img alt="Della Reese was born to a mother of Cherokee descent and an African-American father.[76][77][78]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Della_Reese_1998.jpg/183px-Della_Reese_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Della_Reese_1998.jpg/275px-Della_Reese_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Della_Reese_1998.jpg/367px-Della_Reese_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2294" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Della_Reese" title="Della Reese">Della Reese</a> was born to a mother of Cherokee descent and an African-American father.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyc-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-msn-78">[78]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Earl_Jones_(8516667383).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Earl Jones has said in interviews that his parents were both of mixed African-American, Irish and Native American ancestry."><img alt="James Earl Jones has said in interviews that his parents were both of mixed African-American, Irish and Native American ancestry." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/James_Earl_Jones_%288516667383%29.jpg/180px-James_Earl_Jones_%288516667383%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/James_Earl_Jones_%288516667383%29.jpg/270px-James_Earl_Jones_%288516667383%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/James_Earl_Jones_%288516667383%29.jpg/360px-James_Earl_Jones_%288516667383%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> has said in interviews that his parents were both of mixed African-American, Irish and Native American ancestry.</div> </li> </ul> Interracial relations between Native Americans and African-Americans is a part of <a href="/wiki/United_States_History" class="mw-redirect" title="United States History">American history</a> that has been neglected.<a href="#cite_note-lin-79">[79]</a> The earliest record of African and Native American relations in the Americas occurred in April 1502, when the first Africans kidnapped were brought to <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> to serve as slaves. Some escaped and somewhere inland on Santo Domingo, the first Black Indians were born.<a href="#cite_note-first-80">[80]</a> In addition, an example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Native Americans occurred as far back as 1526. In June of that year, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a> established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Pee_Dee_River" title="Pee Dee River">Pee Dee River</a> in what is now eastern <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. The Spanish settlement was named <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a>. Among the settlement were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first African slaves fled the colony and took refuge with local Native Americans.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> European colonists created treaties with Native American tribes requesting the return of any <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">runaway slaves</a>. For example, in 1726, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> exacted a promise from the Iroquois to return all runaway slaves who had joined them. This same promise was extracted from the Huron people in 1764, and from the Delaware people in 1765, though there is no record of slaves ever being returned.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Numerous advertisements requested the return of African-Americans who had married Native Americans or who spoke a Native American language. The primary exposure that Native Americans and Africans had to each other came through the institution of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-msc-83">[83]</a> Native Americans learned that Africans had what Native Americans considered 'Great Medicine' in their bodies because Africans were virtually immune to the Old-World diseases that were decimating most native populations.<a href="#cite_note-nadis-84">[84]</a> Because of this, many tribes encouraged marriage between the two groups, to create stronger, healthier children from the unions.<a href="#cite_note-nadis-84">[84]</a> For African-Americans, the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a> was a significant factor in ethnic solidarity. African-Americans generally shared a common cause in society regardless of their multiracial admixture or social/economic stratification. Additionally, African-Americans found it, near, impossible to learn about their Native American heritage as many family elders withheld pertinent genealogical information.<a href="#cite_note-lin-79">[79]</a> Tracing the genealogy of African-Americans can be a very difficult process, especially for descendants of Native Americans, because African-Americans who were slaves were forbidden to learn to read and write and a majority of Native Americans neither spoke English, nor read or wrote it.<a href="#cite_note-lin-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_lineage_and_admixture_in_White_and_European-Americans">Native American lineage and admixture in White and European-Americans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Native American lineage and admixture in White and European-Americans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boricua" class="mw-redirect" title="Boricua">Boricua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">hyperdescent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Slavery among Native Americans in the United States</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BenNCampbell.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell was born to an Azorean Portuguese mother and father of Northern Cheyenne, Apache and Pueblo Indian descent.[85]"><img alt="Ben Nighthorse Campbell was born to an Azorean Portuguese mother and father of Northern Cheyenne, Apache and Pueblo Indian descent.[85]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BenNCampbell.jpg/210px-BenNCampbell.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BenNCampbell.jpg/316px-BenNCampbell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/BenNCampbell.jpg/421px-BenNCampbell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1890" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Nighthorse_Campbell" title="Ben Nighthorse Campbell">Ben Nighthorse Campbell</a> was born to an <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Azorean Portuguese</a> mother and father of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo Indian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_(Front)_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_(Mixed_Blood)_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faunceway Baptiste was a multi-racial Native American of Choctaw and Euro-American heritage. He was a lieutenant colonel in the Civil War."><img alt="Faunceway Baptiste was a multi-racial Native American of Choctaw and Euro-American heritage. He was a lieutenant colonel in the Civil War." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Portrait_%28Front%29_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_%28Mixed_Blood%29_1868.jpg/225px-Portrait_%28Front%29_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_%28Mixed_Blood%29_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Portrait_%28Front%29_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_%28Mixed_Blood%29_1868.jpg/337px-Portrait_%28Front%29_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_%28Mixed_Blood%29_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Portrait_%28Front%29_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_%28Mixed_Blood%29_1868.jpg/450px-Portrait_%28Front%29_of_Faunceway_Baptiste_or_Battice_%28Mixed_Blood%29_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Faunceway Baptiste was a multi-racial Native American of Choctaw and Euro-American heritage. He was a lieutenant colonel in the Civil War.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 140.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 138.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Will Rogers was born in the Cherokee Nation to mixed race parents of Cherokee and English descent."><img alt="Will Rogers was born in the Cherokee Nation to mixed race parents of Cherokee and English descent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg/208px-Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg/312px-Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg/415px-Rogers-Will-LOC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="3815" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a> was born in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> to mixed race parents of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> and English descent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruth Gordon's ancestor Parthena was an African mistress of Joseph Pendarvis a member of the notable, Native American descended, Landgrave family of South Carolina.[86][87]"><img alt="Ruth Gordon's ancestor Parthena was an African mistress of Joseph Pendarvis a member of the notable, Native American descended, Landgrave family of South Carolina.[86][87]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg/203px-Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg/304px-Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg/405px-Ruth_Gordon_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="706" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Gordon" title="Ruth Gordon">Ruth Gordon</a>'s ancestor Parthena was an African mistress of Joseph Pendarvis a member of the notable, Native American descended, <a href="/wiki/Cassique#Identified_landgraves,_landgravines_and_cassiques" title="Cassique">Landgrave family</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vansalee-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-pendarvis-87">[87]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Tallchief_1961.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Maria Tallchief was a member of the Osage Nation and of Ulster-Scots descent.[88]"><img alt="Maria Tallchief was a member of the Osage Nation and of Ulster-Scots descent.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Maria_Tallchief_1961.png/217px-Maria_Tallchief_1961.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Maria_Tallchief_1961.png/325px-Maria_Tallchief_1961.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Maria_Tallchief_1961.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="431" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage Nation</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_obit-88">[88]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Heather_Locklear_(2078349596)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heather Locklear is of Lumbee descent.[89]"><img alt="Heather Locklear is of Lumbee descent.[89]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Heather_Locklear_%282078349596%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/178px-Heather_Locklear_%282078349596%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Heather_Locklear_%282078349596%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/267px-Heather_Locklear_%282078349596%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Heather_Locklear_%282078349596%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/355px-Heather_Locklear_%282078349596%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="940" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Heather_Locklear" title="Heather Locklear">Heather Locklear</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></div> </li> </ul> Interracial relations among Native Americans and Europeans occurred from the earliest years of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a>. European impact was immediate, widespread and profound—more than any other race that had contact with Native Americans during the early years of colonization and nationhood.<a href="#cite_note-nawomen-90">[90]</a> Some early male settlers married Native American women or had informal unions with them. Early contact between Native Americans and Europeans was often charged with tension, but also had moments of friendship, cooperation and intimacy.<a href="#cite_note-white_red_relations-91">[91]</a> Several marriages took place in European colonies between European men and Native women. For instance, on April 5, 1614, <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a> woman in present-day Virginia, married the Virginian colonist <a href="/wiki/John_Rolfe" title="John Rolfe">John Rolfe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a>. Their son <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rolfe" title="Thomas Rolfe">Thomas Rolfe</a> was an ancestor to many descendants in <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families of Virginia</a>. As a result, discriminatory laws (such as those against African Americans) often excluded Native Americans during this period. In the early 19th century, the Native American woman <a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a>, who would help translate for and guide the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> in the West, married the French-Canadian trapper <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Charbonneau" title="Toussaint Charbonneau">Toussaint Charbonneau</a>. Some Europeans living among Native Americans were called "White Indians". They "lived in native communities for years, learned native languages fluently, attended native councils, and often fought alongside their native companions."<a href="#cite_note-white_indians-92">[92]</a> European traders and trappers often married Native American women from tribes on the frontier and had families with them. Sometimes these marriages were done for political reasons between a Native American tribe and the European traders. Some traders, who kept bases in the cities, had what were called "country wives" among Native Americans, with legal European-American wives and children at home in the city. Not all abandoned their "natural" mixed-race children. Some arranged for sons to be sent to European-American schools for their education. Early European colonists were predominately men and Native American women were at risk for rape or sexual harassment especially if they were enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-udayu-93">[93]</a> Most marriages between Europeans and Native Americans were between European men and Native American women. The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. This determined how easy it would be for the child assimilated into the tribe. Among the <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> tribes of the Southeast, such as the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, the mixed race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man. In those years, a Native American man had to get consent of the European parents to marry a white woman. When such marriages were approved, it was with the stipulation that "he can prove to support her as a white woman in a good home".<a href="#cite_note-white_reds-94">[94]</a> In the early twentieth century in the West, "intermarried whites" were listed in a separate category on the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Rolls" title="Dawes Rolls">Dawes Rolls</a>, when members of tribes were listed and identified for allocation of lands to individual heads of households in the break-up of tribal communal lands in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. This increased intermarriage as some white men married Native Americans to gain control of land. In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Native American men they had met at <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Institute">Hampton Institute</a> during the years when it ran its Indian program.<a href="#cite_note-white_red_marriages-95">[95]</a> In the late nineteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eastman" title="Charles Eastman">Charles Eastman</a>, a physician of Sioux and European ancestry who trained at <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Goodale" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaine Goodale">Elaine Goodale</a>, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was <a href="/wiki/Seth_Eastman" title="Seth Eastman">Seth Eastman</a>, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> in Minnesota. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_and_African-American_identity">Black and African-American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Black and African-American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_Ankles" title="Brass Ankles">Brass Ankles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Ridge_people" title="Chestnut Ridge people">Chestnut Ridge people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_yellow" title="High yellow">High yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">Hypodescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone (ethnicity)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/We-Sorts" class="mw-redirect" title="We-Sorts">We-Sorts</a></div> Americans with <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan African</a> ancestry for historical reasons: <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a>, <a href="/wiki/One-eighth_law" class="mw-redirect" title="One-eighth law">one-eighth law</a>, the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a> of 20th-century legislation, have frequently been classified as black (historically) or <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a>, even if they have significant <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European-American</a> or Native American ancestry. As slavery became a racial caste, those who were enslaved and others of any African ancestry were classified by what is termed "<a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a>" according to the lower status ethnic group. Many of majority European ancestry and appearance "married white" and assimilated into white society for its social and economic advantages, such as generations of families identified as <a href="/wiki/Melungeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Melungeons">Melungeons</a>, now generally classified as white but demonstrated genetically to be of European and sub-Saharan African ancestry. Sometimes people of mixed Native American and African-American descent report having had elder family members withholding pertinent genealogical information.<a href="#cite_note-lin-79">[79]</a> Tracing the genealogy of African-Americans can be a very difficult process, as censuses did not identify slaves by name before the American Civil War, meaning that most African Americans did not appear by name in those records. In addition, many white fathers who used slave women sexually, even those in long-term relationships like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s with <a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a>, did not acknowledge their mixed race slave children in records, so paternity was lost. Colonial records of French and Spanish slave ships and sales and plantation records in all the former colonies, often have much more information about slaves, from which researchers are reconstructing slave family histories. Genealogists have begun to find plantation records, court records, land deeds and other sources to trace African-American families and individuals before 1870. As slaves were generally forbidden to learn to read and write, black families passed along oral histories, which have had great persistence. Similarly, Native Americans did not generally learn to read and write English, although some did in the nineteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-lin-79">[79]</a> Until 1930, census enumerators used the terms <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> and mulatto to classify people of apparent mixed race. When those terms were dropped, as a result of the lobbying by the Southern Congressional bloc, the Census Bureau used only the binary classifications of black or white, as was typical in segregated southern states. In the 1980s, parents of mixed race children began to organize and lobby for the addition of a more inclusive term of racial designation that would reflect the heritage of their children. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "biracial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and African-American political leaders, such as Congresswoman <a href="/wiki/Diane_Watson" title="Diane Watson">Diane Watson</a> and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Hawkins" title="Augustus Hawkins">Augustus Hawkins</a>, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category, as they feared the loss of political and economic power if African-Americans reduced their numbers by self-identification.<a href="#cite_note-sad-96">[96]</a> Since the 1990s and 2000s, the terms mixed race, multiracial and biracial have been used more frequently in society. It is still most common in the United States (unlike some other countries with a history of slavery) for people seen as "African" in appearance to identify as or be classified solely as "Black" or "African-Americans", for cultural, social and familial reasons. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> is of <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European-American</a> and East African ancestry; he identifies as African-American.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> A 2007 poll, when Obama was a presidential candidate, found that Americans differed in their responses as to how they classified him: a majority of White and Hispanics classified him as biracial, but a majority of African-Americans classified him as black.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> A 2003 study found an average of 18.6% (±1.5%) European admixture in a population sample of 416 African-Americans from Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Studies of other populations in other areas have found differing percentages of ethnicity. Twenty percent of African-Americans have more than 25% European ancestry, reflecting the long history of unions between the groups. The "mostly African" group is substantially African, as 70% of African-Americans in this group have less than 15% European ancestry. The 20% of African Americans in the "mostly mixed" group (2.7% of US population) have between 25% and 50% European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The writer Sherrel W. Stewart's assertion that "most" African-Americans have significant Native American heritage,<a href="#cite_note-dstu-101">[101]</a> is not supported by genetic researchers who have done extensive population mapping studies. The TV series on African-American ancestry, hosted by the scholar <a href="/wiki/Henry_Louis_Gates_Jr." title="Henry Louis Gates Jr.">Henry Louis Gates Jr.</a>, had genetics scholars who discussed in detail the variety of ancestries among African-Americans. They noted there is popular belief in a high rate of Native American admixture that is not supported by the data that has been collected.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a> of direct male and female lines evaluates only direct male and female descent without accounting for many ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-true2-102">[102]</a> For this reason, individuals on the Gates show had fuller DNA testing. The critic Troy Duster, writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a>, thought Gates' series <a href="/wiki/African_American_Lives" title="African American Lives">African American Lives</a> should have told people more about the limitations of genetic SNP testing. He says that not all ancestry may show up in the tests, especially for those who claim part-Native American descent.<a href="#cite_note-true2-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-hur-103">[103]</a> Other experts also agree.<a href="#cite_note-sj-104">[104]</a> Population testing is still being done. Some Native American groups that have been sampled may not have shared the pattern of markers being searched for. Geneticists acknowledge that DNA testing cannot yet distinguish among members of differing cultural Native American nations. There is genetic evidence for three major migrations into North America, but not for more recent historic differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-hur-103">[103]</a> In addition, not all Native Americans have been tested, so scientists do not know for sure that Native Americans have only the genetic markers they have identified.<a href="#cite_note-true2-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-hur-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admixture">Admixture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Admixture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Admixture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Admixture in the United States">Admixture in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a>, <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div> On census forms, the government depends on individuals' self-identification. Contemporary African-Americans possess varying degrees of admixture with European (and other) ancestry. They also have various degrees of Native American ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In addition to being found to have 8% Asian and 19.6% European ancestry, African-Americans, who were sampled in 2010, were found to be 72.5% African; the Asian ancestry serving as a proxy for Native-American.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-107">[107]</a> Many free African-American families descended from unions between white women and African men in colonial Virginia. Their free descendants migrated to the frontier of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina in the 18th and 19th centuries. There were also similar free families in Delaware and Maryland, as documented by Paul Heinegg.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In addition, many Native American women turned to African-American men due to the decline in the number of Native American men due to disease and warfare.<a href="#cite_note-nawomen-90">[90]</a> Some Native American women bought African slaves but, unknown to European sellers, the women freed the African men and married them into their respective tribes.<a href="#cite_note-nawomen-90">[90]</a> If an African-American man had children by a Native American woman, their children were free because of the status of the mother.<a href="#cite_note-nawomen-90">[90]</a> In their attempt to ensure <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> decades after <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">emancipation</a>, in the early 20th century, most southern states created laws based on the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>, defining as black persons with any known African ancestry. This was a stricter interpretation than what had prevailed in the 19th century; it ignored the many mixed families in the state and went against commonly accepted social rules of judging a person by appearance and association. Some courts called it "the traceable amount rule." Anthropologists called it an example of a <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a> rule, meaning that racially mixed persons were assigned the status of the socially subordinate group. Prior to the one-drop rule, different states had different laws regarding color. More importantly, social acceptance often played a bigger role in how a person was perceived and how identity was construed than any law. In frontier areas, there were fewer questions about origins. The community looked at how people performed, whether they served in the militia and voted, which were the responsibilities and signs of free citizens. When questions about racial identity arose because of inheritance issues, for instance, litigation outcomes often were based on how people were accepted by neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The first year in which the U.S. Census dropped the mulatto category was 1920; that year enumerators were instructed to classify people in a binary way as white or black. This was a result of the Southern-dominated Congress convincing the Census Bureau to change its rules.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> After the Civil War, racial segregation forced African Americans to share more of a common lot in society than they might have given widely varying ancestry, educational and economic levels. The binary division altered the separate status of the traditionally <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> in Louisiana, for instance, although they maintained a strong Louisiana Créole culture related to French culture and language, and practice of Catholicism. African Americans began to create common cause—regardless of their <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multiracial</a> admixture or social and economic stratification. In 20th-century changes, during the rise of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, the African-American community increased its own pressure for people of any portion of African descent to be claimed by the black community to add to its power. By the 1980s, parents of mixed race children (and adults of mixed race ancestry) began to organize and lobby for the ability to show more than one ethnic category on Census and other legal forms. They refused to be put into just one category. When the U.S. government proposed the addition of the category of "biracial" or "multiracial" in 1988, the response from the general public was mostly negative. Some African-American organizations and political leaders, such as Senator <a href="/wiki/Diane_Watson" title="Diane Watson">Diane Watson</a> and Representative <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Hawkins" title="Augustus Hawkins">Augustus Hawkins</a>, were particularly vocal in their rejection of the category. They feared a loss in political and economic power if African-Americans abandoned their one category. This reaction is characterized as "historical irony" by Reginald Daniel (2002). The African-American self-designation had been a response to the one-drop rule, but then people resisted the chance to claim their multiple heritages. At the bottom was a desire not to lose political power of the larger group. Whereas before people resisted being characterized as one group regardless of ranges of ancestry, now some of their own were trying to keep them in the same group.<a href="#cite_note-sad-96">[96]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Brown_(1977).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Brown was of Apache, African-American and Asian descent.[112][113]"><img alt="James Brown was of Apache, African-American and Asian descent.[112][113]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/James_Brown_%281977%29.jpg/157px-James_Brown_%281977%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/James_Brown_%281977%29.jpg/236px-James_Brown_%281977%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/James_Brown_%281977%29.jpg/315px-James_Brown_%281977%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1684" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a> was of <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-roll-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-newh-113">[113]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muhammad Ali was of English, African-American and Irish descent.[114]"><img alt="Muhammad Ali was of English, African-American and Irish descent.[114]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/168px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/252px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg/336px-Muhammad_Ali_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="3669" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> was of English, African-American and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 143.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 141.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Whitney Houston was part Native American, African-American and Dutch.[115]"><img alt="Whitney Houston was part Native American, African-American and Dutch.[115]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg/212px-Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg/318px-Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg/424px-Whitney_Houston_Welcome_Home_Heroes_1_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="683" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Houston" title="Whitney Houston">Whitney Houston</a> was part Native American, <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ancestry-115">[115]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martin Luther King Jr. was of Irish and African descent.[116][117]"><img alt="Martin Luther King Jr. was of Irish and African descent.[116][117]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/173px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/260px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg/346px-Martin_Luther_King_Jr_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> was of Irish and African descent.<a href="#cite_note-thegrio.com-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-africanancestry.com-117">[117]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 105.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 103.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Mercer Langston was of English, Native American and African descent.[118]"><img alt="John Mercer Langston was of English, Native American and African descent.[118]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/155px-John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/232px-John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/310px-John_Mercer_Langston_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2002" data-file-height="2712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Langston" title="John Mercer Langston">John Mercer Langston</a> was of English, Native American and African descent.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 111.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 109.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oprah_Winfrey_(2004).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oprah Winfrey is 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American and 3% East Asian.[119]"><img alt="Oprah Winfrey is 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American and 3% East Asian.[119]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Oprah_Winfrey_%282004%29.jpg/164px-Oprah_Winfrey_%282004%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Oprah_Winfrey_%282004%29.jpg/246px-Oprah_Winfrey_%282004%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Oprah_Winfrey_%282004%29.jpg/328px-Oprah_Winfrey_%282004%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="955" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> is 89% Sub-Saharan African, 8% Native American and 3% East Asian.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_African-American">Definition of African-American</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Definition of African-American">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Multiracial_Americans#African_American_definition_section" title="Talk:Multiracial Americans">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (November 2014) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Since the late twentieth century, the number of African and Caribbean ethnic African immigrants have increased in the United States. Together with publicity about the ancestry of President Barack Obama, whose father was from Kenya, some black writers have argued that new terms are needed for recent immigrants. There is a consensus that suggests that the term African-American should refer strictly to the descendants of American Colonial Era <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slave</a> descendants which includes various, subsequent, Free People of Color ethnic groups who survived the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Chattel Slavery Era in the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dickerson-120">[120]</a> It's been recognized that grouping together all Afrodescent ethnicities, regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances, would deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American Colonial Era <a href="/wiki/Chattel_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattel slavery">chattel slave</a> descended community.<a href="#cite_note-Dickerson-120">[120]</a> A growing sentiment within the Descendants of American Colonial Era Chattel Slaves (DOS) population insists that ethnic African immigrants as well as all other Afro-descent and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade</a> descendants and those relegated, or self-designated, to the Black race social identity or classification recognize their own unique familial, genealogical, ancestral, social, political and cultural backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-Dickerson-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Crouch" title="Stanley Crouch">Stanley Crouch</a> wrote in a New York Daily News piece "Obama's mother is of white U.S. stock. His father is a black Kenyan," in a column entitled "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me." During the 2008 campaign, the mixed-race columnist <a href="/wiki/David_Ehrenstein" title="David Ehrenstein">David Ehrenstein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">LA Times</a> accused white liberals of flocking to Obama because he was a "<a href="/wiki/Magic_Negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Negro">Magic Negro</a>", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda.<a href="#cite_note-Obama_the_'Magic_Negro'-121">[121]</a> Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."<a href="#cite_note-Obama_the_'Magic_Negro'-121">[121]</a> Reacting to media criticism of Michelle Obama during the 2008 presidential election, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Steele_Jr." title="Charles Steele Jr.">Charles Steele Jr.</a>, CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference</a> said, "Why are they attacking Michelle Obama and not really attacking, to that degree, her husband? Because he has no slave blood in him."<a href="#cite_note-ajc.com-122">[122]</a> He later claimed his comment was intended to be "provocative" but declined to expand on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-ajc.com-122">[122]</a> Former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (who was famously mistaken for a "recent American immigrant" by French President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>), said "descendants of slaves did not get much of a head start, and I think you continue to see some of the effects of that." She has also rejected an immigrant designation for African-Americans and instead prefers the terms black or white.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="White_and_European-American_identity">White and European-American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: White and European-American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Admixture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Admixture in the United States">Admixture in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">hyperdescent</a></div> Some of the most notable[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] families include the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Janszoon_van_Salee" title="Anthony Janszoon van Salee">Van Salees</a>,<a href="#cite_note-vansalee-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_family" title="Vanderbilt family">Vanderbilts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitney_family" title="Whitney family">Whitneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Blacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-blacks-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Cheswell" title="Wentworth Cheswell">Cheswells</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cheswells-126">[126]</a> Newells,<a href="#cite_note-newells-127">[127]</a> Battises,<a href="#cite_note-battises-128">[128]</a> Bostons,<a href="#cite_note-bostons-129">[129]</a> Eldings<a href="#cite_note-eldings-130">[130]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stafford" title="Robert Stafford">Staffords</a>,<a href="#cite_note-staffords-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randall_L._Gibson" title="Randall L. Gibson">Gibsons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gibsons-132">[132]</a> Locklears, Pendarvises,<a href="#cite_note-pendarvis-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Driggers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-driggers01-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-driggers02-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Galphin" title="George Galphin">Galphins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-galphins-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_William_Fairfax" title="George William Fairfax">Fairfaxes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fairfaxes-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Grinsteads</a> (Greenstead, Grinsted and Grimsted),<a href="#cite_note-grinstead-137">[137]</a> Johnsons, Timrods, Darnalls of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pico_family_of_California" title="Pico family of California">Picos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-picos-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stillman#M_Kenedy_and_Co." title="Charles Stillman">Yturrias</a><a href="#cite_note-yturrias-139">[139]</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Bush">Bushes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bushes-140">[140]</a> DNA analysis shows varied results regarding non-European ancestry in self-identified White Americans. A 2003 DNA analysis found that about 30% of self-identified <a href="/wiki/White_Americans#Admixture" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> have less than 90% European ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> A 2014 study performed on data obtained from <a href="/wiki/23andme" class="mw-redirect" title="23andme">23andme</a> customers found that the percentage of African or American Indian ancestry among White Americans varies significantly by region, with about 5% of White Americans living in Louisiana and South Carolina having 2% or more African ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-The_Genetic-54">[54]</a> Some biographical accounts include the autobiography Life on the Color Line: The True Story of a White Boy Who Discovered He Was Black by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Howard_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Howard Williams">Gregory Howard Williams</a>; One Drop: My Father's Hidden Life—A Story of Race and Family Secrets written by Bliss Broyard about her father <a href="/wiki/Anatole_Broyard" title="Anatole Broyard">Anatole Broyard</a>; the documentary Colored White Boy<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> about a white man in North Carolina who discovers that he is the descendant of a white plantation owner and a raped African slave and the documentary on The Sanders Women<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, Louisiana</a>. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Herriman, who was born into a mixed-race Creole family, wore a hat to conceal his hair texture, and sometimes self-identified as Greek, Turkish, or Irish. His death certificate identified him as Caucasian.[144]"><img alt="George Herriman, who was born into a mixed-race Creole family, wore a hat to conceal his hair texture, and sometimes self-identified as Greek, Turkish, or Irish. His death certificate identified him as Caucasian.[144]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg/167px-George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg/250px-George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg/333px-George_Herriman_and_fans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="580" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Herriman" title="George Herriman">George Herriman</a>, who was born into a mixed-race <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a> family, wore a hat to conceal his <a href="/wiki/Afro-textured_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-textured hair">hair texture</a>, and sometimes self-identified as <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a>. His death certificate identified him as <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-144">[144]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patrick Francis Healy was born to an Irish-American plantation owner and his biracial slave. He and his siblings identified as white in their formative years and most made careers in the Catholic Church in the North.[145]"><img alt="Patrick Francis Healy was born to an Irish-American plantation owner and his biracial slave. He and his siblings identified as white in their formative years and most made careers in the Catholic Church in the North.[145]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg/168px-Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg/252px-Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg/336px-Patrick_Francis_Healy_solitaire.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="734" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Francis_Healy" title="Patrick Francis Healy">Patrick Francis Healy</a> was born to an Irish-American plantation owner and his biracial slave. He and his siblings identified as white in their formative years and most made careers in the Catholic Church in the North.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carolchanning.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carol Channing was born to a white mother and a half African-American and German father. She passed for white during the height of her career and later publicly acknowledged her mixed race origins.[146][147]"><img alt="Carol Channing was born to a white mother and a half African-American and German father. She passed for white during the height of her career and later publicly acknowledged her mixed race origins.[146][147]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Carolchanning.jpg/163px-Carolchanning.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Carolchanning.jpg/245px-Carolchanning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Carolchanning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="420" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carol_Channing" title="Carol Channing">Carol Channing</a> was born to a white mother and a half African-American and German father. She passed for white during the height of her career and later publicly acknowledged her mixed race origins.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Ellen_Pleasant.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Ellen Pleasant, born to a slave and the youngest son of James Pleasants, contributed to advancing the abolitionist movement."><img alt="Mary Ellen Pleasant, born to a slave and the youngest son of James Pleasants, contributed to advancing the abolitionist movement." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant.gif/169px-Mary_Ellen_Pleasant.gif" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="280" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant" title="Mary Ellen Pleasant">Mary Ellen Pleasant</a>, born to a slave and the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">James Pleasants</a>, contributed to advancing the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> movement.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_passing_and_ambiguity">Racial passing and ambiguity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Racial passing and ambiguity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing (racial identity)</a></div> Passing is a phenomenon most widely noted in the United States, which occurs when a person who may be literally classified as a member of one racial group (by law or frequent social convention applied to others with similar ancestry) is accepted or perceived ("passes") as a member of another. The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white or nearly all white and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites and therefore are less threatening to whites... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-148">[148]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:G._K._Butterfield,_Official_Portrait,_112th_Congress.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="G. K. Butterfield was born to two mixed race black identified parents of Portuguese(white) and African(black) descent from the Azores.[149]"><img alt="G. K. Butterfield was born to two mixed race black identified parents of Portuguese(white) and African(black) descent from the Azores.[149]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/G._K._Butterfield%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/150px-G._K._Butterfield%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/G._K._Butterfield%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/225px-G._K._Butterfield%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/G._K._Butterfield%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg/299px-G._K._Butterfield%2C_Official_Portrait%2C_112th_Congress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a> was born to two mixed race black identified parents of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese(white)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African(black)</a> descent from the <a href="/wiki/Azores#Population" title="Azores">Azores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 120px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 118px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Purvis was born to a part Moorish, German Jewish and Sephardic Jewish free woman of color and an English father. He identified as black and worked to serve his community.[150][151][152]"><img alt="Robert Purvis was born to a part Moorish, German Jewish and Sephardic Jewish free woman of color and an English father. He identified as black and worked to serve his community.[150][151][152]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg/177px-Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg/266px-Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg/354px-Robert_Purvis_daguerreotype_BPL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Purvis" title="Robert Purvis">Robert Purvis</a> was born to a part Moorish, German Jewish and Sephardic Jewish <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free woman of color</a> and an English father. He identified as black and worked to serve his community.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-152">[152]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imitation_of_Life_(1934)_trailer_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imitation of Life star Fredi Washington portrayed a woman who passed in the famous film, but was against passing in her own life.[153]"><img alt="Imitation of Life star Fredi Washington portrayed a woman who passed in the famous film, but was against passing in her own life.[153]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Imitation_of_Life_%281934%29_trailer_8.jpg/279px-Imitation_of_Life_%281934%29_trailer_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Imitation_of_Life_%281934%29_trailer_8.jpg/419px-Imitation_of_Life_%281934%29_trailer_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Imitation_of_Life_%281934%29_trailer_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="358" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Life_(1934_film)" title="Imitation of Life (1934 film)">Imitation of Life</a> star <a href="/wiki/Fredi_Washington" title="Fredi Washington">Fredi Washington</a> portrayed a woman who <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">passed</a> in the famous film, but was against passing in her own life.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter_Francis_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walter Francis White belonged to a middle-class hyperdescent African-American chattel slave descended family who remained black-identified."><img alt="Walter Francis White belonged to a middle-class hyperdescent African-American chattel slave descended family who remained black-identified." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Walter_Francis_White.jpg/174px-Walter_Francis_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Walter_Francis_White.jpg/261px-Walter_Francis_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Walter_Francis_White.jpg/348px-Walter_Francis_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11676" data-file-height="15092" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a> belonged to a middle-class <a href="/wiki/Hyperdescent" title="Hyperdescent">hyperdescent</a> African-American chattel slave descended family who remained black-identified.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel Hale Williams was of African-American and Scots-Irish ancestry. Although members of his family passed as white, he exclusively served and identified with African-Americans."><img alt="Daniel Hale Williams was of African-American and Scots-Irish ancestry. Although members of his family passed as white, he exclusively served and identified with African-Americans." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg/169px-Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg/254px-Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg/338px-Daniel_Hale_Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="550" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hale_Williams" title="Daniel Hale Williams">Daniel Hale Williams</a> was of African-American and Scots-Irish ancestry. Although members of his family passed as white, he exclusively served and identified with African-Americans.</div> </li> </ul> Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under <a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a>. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> formed in Virginia before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anita_Florence_Hemmings" title="Anita Florence Hemmings">Anita Florence Hemmings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-manchini-155">[155]</a> Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>, with one black grandparent and three white as <a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">quadroon</a>, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as <a href="/wiki/Octoroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Octoroon">octoroon</a>. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-156">[156]</a> Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white. After whites regained power in the South following <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, they established <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> to reassert <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, followed by laws defining people with any apparent or known African ancestry as black, under the principle of <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jordan-156">[156]</a> However, since several thousand blacks have been crossing the color line each year, millions of white Americans have relatively recent African ancestors (of the last 250 years). A statistical analysis done in 1958 estimated that 21 percent of the white population had some African ancestors. The study concluded that the majority of Americans of African descent were today classified as white and not black.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hispanic_and_Latino_American_identity">Hispanic and Latino American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hispanic and Latino American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_Americans" title="Garifuna Americans">Garifuna Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></div> A typical Latino American family may have members with a wide range of racial phenotypes, meaning a Latino couple may have children who look white and black and/or Native American and/or Asian.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Latino Americans have several self-identifications; most Latinos identify as "<a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Some other race</a>", while others identify as <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">white</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">black</a> and/or Native American and/or <a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.census.gov/data/developers/data-sets/acs-1year.2021.html#form-dropdown-1471773036">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1037352177/2020-census-results-by-race-some-other-latino-ethnicity-hispanic">[2]</a> Latinos of darker skin tones are noted as having limited media appearance; critics and Latinos of color have accused Latin American media of overlooking dark-skinned individuals in favor of those that are of lighter complexion, blonde-haired and blue/green-eyed – especially in regards to actors and actresses on <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovelas</a> – rather than the typical nonwhite Latin Americans.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harry Shum Jr. was born in Limón, Costa Rica, the son of Chinese immigrants. His mother is a native of Hong Kong and his father is from Guangzhou, China."><img alt="Harry Shum Jr. was born in Limón, Costa Rica, the son of Chinese immigrants. His mother is a native of Hong Kong and his father is from Guangzhou, China." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg/160px-Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg/240px-Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg/320px-Harry_Shum_Jr._podczas_San_Diego_ComicCon_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Shum_Jr." title="Harry Shum Jr.">Harry Shum Jr.</a> was born in Limón, Costa Rica, the son of Chinese immigrants. His mother is a native of Hong Kong and his father is from Guangzhou, China.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stacey_Dash.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stacey Dash is the daughter of a Mexican-American mother Linda Dash (née Lopez;[168][169] d. 2017)[170] and Dennis Dash, an African-American.[169]"><img alt="Stacey Dash is the daughter of a Mexican-American mother Linda Dash (née Lopez;[168][169] d. 2017)[170] and Dennis Dash, an African-American.[169]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stacey_Dash.jpg/189px-Stacey_Dash.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stacey_Dash.jpg/283px-Stacey_Dash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Stacey_Dash.jpg/377px-Stacey_Dash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1176" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stacey_Dash" title="Stacey Dash">Stacey Dash</a> is the daughter of a Mexican-American mother Linda Dash (née Lopez;<a href="#cite_note-tvg-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-DAS-169">[169]</a> d. 2017)<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> and Dennis Dash, an African-American.<a href="#cite_note-DAS-169">[169]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geraldo Rivera is half Puerto Rican and Ashkenazi Russian Jew.[171][172][173]"><img alt="Geraldo Rivera is half Puerto Rican and Ashkenazi Russian Jew.[171][172][173]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg/202px-GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg/304px-GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg/405px-GeraldoRiveraSept2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="857" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Rivera" title="Geraldo Rivera">Geraldo Rivera</a> is half Puerto Rican and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adrian Grenier mother is Mexican (Spanish, Indigenous) and some French.[174] His father is of English, Scottish, Irish and German ancestry.[174]"><img alt="Adrian Grenier mother is Mexican (Spanish, Indigenous) and some French.[174] His father is of English, Scottish, Irish and German ancestry.[174]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg/157px-Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg/236px-Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg/314px-Adrian_Grenier_June_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="3109" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Grenier" title="Adrian Grenier">Adrian Grenier</a> mother is Mexican (Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous</a>) and some French.<a href="#cite_note-hgatesbookref1-174">[174]</a> His father is of English, Scottish, Irish and German ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-hgatesbookref1-174">[174]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chita_Rivera_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chita Rivera's mother was of Scottish and Italian descent and her father was Puerto Rican.[175]"><img alt="Chita Rivera's mother was of Scottish and Italian descent and her father was Puerto Rican.[175]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chita_Rivera_1.jpg/176px-Chita_Rivera_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chita_Rivera_1.jpg/265px-Chita_Rivera_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chita_Rivera_1.jpg/353px-Chita_Rivera_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1961" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chita_Rivera" title="Chita Rivera">Chita Rivera</a>'s mother was of Scottish and Italian descent and her father was <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-N-175">[175]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rosa Salazar is of French and Peruvian descent.[176]"><img alt="Rosa Salazar is of French and Peruvian descent.[176]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/156px-Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/233px-Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/311px-Rosa_Salazar_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2096" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Salazar" title="Rosa Salazar">Rosa Salazar</a> is of French and <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Sununu_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John H. Sununu was born to a Salvadoran mother of Lebanese descent and an American father of Palestinian and Lebanese descent."><img alt="John H. Sununu was born to a Salvadoran mother of Lebanese descent and an American father of Palestinian and Lebanese descent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_Sununu_2015.jpg/160px-John_Sununu_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_Sununu_2015.jpg/240px-John_Sununu_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/John_Sununu_2015.jpg/320px-John_Sununu_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1093" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">John H. Sununu</a> was born to a <a href="/wiki/Salvadorans" title="Salvadorans">Salvadoran</a> mother of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> descent and an American father of <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> descent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="According to DNA testing, Eva Longoria's Mexican-American ancestry consists of 70% European, 27% Asian and Indigenous and 3% African origin.[177]"><img alt="According to DNA testing, Eva Longoria's Mexican-American ancestry consists of 70% European, 27% Asian and Indigenous and 3% African origin.[177]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg/170px-Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg/255px-Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg/339px-Eva_Longoria_Cannes_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">According to <a href="/wiki/DNA_test" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA test">DNA testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Longoria" title="Eva Longoria">Eva Longoria</a>'s Mexican-American ancestry consists of 70% European, 27% Asian and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a> and 3% <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-LM-177">[177]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 145.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 143.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Comedian Sal Vulcano is of Italian, Puerto Rican, and Cuban ancestry.[178]"><img alt="Comedian Sal Vulcano is of Italian, Puerto Rican, and Cuban ancestry.[178]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png/215px-Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png/323px-Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png/431px-Sal_Vulcano_in_2017.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="687" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Comedian <a href="/wiki/Sal_Vulcano" title="Sal Vulcano">Sal Vulcano</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Mars_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bruno Mars was born in Hawaii to a father of Puerto Rican and Hungarian and Ukrainian Jewish ancestry and a mother of Filipino and Spanish ancestry.[179]"><img alt="Bruno Mars was born in Hawaii to a father of Puerto Rican and Hungarian and Ukrainian Jewish ancestry and a mother of Filipino and Spanish ancestry.[179]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bruno_Mars_portrait.jpg/189px-Bruno_Mars_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bruno_Mars_portrait.jpg/284px-Bruno_Mars_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Bruno_Mars_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="368" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to a father of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> and Hungarian and Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> ancestry and a mother of <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_Islander_American_identity">Pacific Islander American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pacific Islander American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_American_Samoa" title="Demographics of American Samoa">Demographics of American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">History of Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a></div> During the 19th century, Christian missionaries from Europe and the United States followed Western traders to the Hawaiian Islands, leading to a wave of Western migration to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>. Westerners in the Hawaiian Islands often intermarried with Native Hawaiian women, including Hawaiian royalty. These developments eventually led to a gradual change in the beauty standards of Native Hawaiian women to a more <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernized</a> standard, which was reinforced by the refusal of Westerners to marry dark-skinned Hawaiians.<a href="#cite_note-Colonialism's_Daughters-180">[180]</a> While some American Pacific Islanders continue traditional cultural <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>, many within this population now have mixed racial ancestry, sometimes combining European, Native American, as well as <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">East Asian</a> ancestry. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiians</a> originally described the mixed race descendants as <a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">hapa</a>. The term has evolved to encompass all people of mixed Asian and/or <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a> ancestry. Subsequently, many <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> also settled on the islands and married into the Pacific Islander populations. There are many other Pacific Islanders outside of Hawaii that do not share this common history with Hawaii and Asian populations are not the only race that Pacific Islanders mix with. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco,_1897,_photograph_by_I._W._Taber,_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams,_Library_of_Congress_(restored).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princess Kaʻiulani was of Indigenous Hawaiian and Scots-American descent.[181]"><img alt="Princess Kaʻiulani was of Indigenous Hawaiian and Scots-American descent.[181]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco%2C_1897%2C_photograph_by_I._W._Taber%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams%2C_Library_of_Congress_%28restored%29.jpg/196px-Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco%2C_1897%2C_photograph_by_I._W._Taber%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams%2C_Library_of_Congress_%28restored%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco%2C_1897%2C_photograph_by_I._W._Taber%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams%2C_Library_of_Congress_%28restored%29.jpg/295px-Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco%2C_1897%2C_photograph_by_I._W._Taber%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams%2C_Library_of_Congress_%28restored%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco%2C_1897%2C_photograph_by_I._W._Taber%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams%2C_Library_of_Congress_%28restored%29.jpg/393px-Kaiulani_in_San_Francisco%2C_1897%2C_photograph_by_I._W._Taber%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams%2C_Library_of_Congress_%28restored%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3907" data-file-height="4473" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBiulani" title="Kaʻiulani">Princess Kaʻiulani</a> was of Indigenous Hawaiian and Scots-American descent.<a href="#cite_note-Hawaiian_Kingdom_1874-1893-181">[181]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii,_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii was of Hawaiian Nobility and Scottish ancestry.[182]"><img alt="Queen Emma of Hawaii was of Hawaiian Nobility and Scottish ancestry.[182]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg/167px-Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg/252px-Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg/335px-Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii%2C_retouched_photo_by_J._J._Williams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Emma_of_Hawaii" title="Queen Emma of Hawaii">Queen Emma of Hawaii</a> was of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Kamehameha" title="House of Kamehameha">Hawaiian Nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Young (Hawaii)">Scottish</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dwayne_Johnson_2,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Actor Dwayne Johnson's mother is Samoan and his father is Black Nova Scotian.[183][184][185][186]"><img alt="Actor Dwayne Johnson's mother is Samoan and his father is Black Nova Scotian.[183][184][185][186]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dwayne_Johnson_2%2C_2013.jpg/174px-Dwayne_Johnson_2%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dwayne_Johnson_2%2C_2013.jpg/262px-Dwayne_Johnson_2%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dwayne_Johnson_2%2C_2013.jpg/349px-Dwayne_Johnson_2%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1289" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Actor <a href="/wiki/Dwayne_Johnson" title="Dwayne Johnson">Dwayne Johnson</a>'s mother is <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Johnson" title="Rocky Johnson">father</a> is <a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Black Nova Scotian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mh-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-yahoo-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsom-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-islandconnections-186">[186]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jason Momoa was born to a mother of Native American, Irish and German ancestry and a father of Indigenous Hawaiian ancestry.[187]"><img alt="Jason Momoa was born to a mother of Native American, Irish and German ancestry and a father of Indigenous Hawaiian ancestry.[187]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg/226px-Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg/340px-Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg/452px-Jason_Momoa_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Momoa" title="Jason Momoa">Jason Momoa</a> was born to a mother of Native American, Irish and German ancestry and a father of <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Indigenous Hawaiian</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LouDiamondPhillipsByPhilKonstantinPublicDomain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lou Diamond Phillips is of Cherokee, Hawaiian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino and Scotch-Irish American ancestry.[188][189][190]"><img alt="Lou Diamond Phillips is of Cherokee, Hawaiian, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Filipino and Scotch-Irish American ancestry.[188][189][190]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LouDiamondPhillipsByPhilKonstantinPublicDomain.jpg/174px-LouDiamondPhillipsByPhilKonstantinPublicDomain.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LouDiamondPhillipsByPhilKonstantinPublicDomain.jpg/262px-LouDiamondPhillipsByPhilKonstantinPublicDomain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/LouDiamondPhillipsByPhilKonstantinPublicDomain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="418" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lou_Diamond_Phillips" title="Lou Diamond Phillips">Lou Diamond Phillips</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a>, Spanish, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish American</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-newsref2-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-newsref3-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eurasian-American_identity">Eurasian-American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eurasian-American identity">edit</a>]</div> In its original meaning, an Amerasian is a person born in Asia to an <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> mother and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. military</a> father. Colloquially, the term has sometimes been considered <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonymous</a> with <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian-American</a>, to describe any person of mixed American and Asian parentage, regardless of the circumstances. The term "wasian" is also common slang to describe the individuals. "Wasian" has gained popularity on online platforms like TikTok among younger audiences, where trends in the 2020s have increased the proliferation of the term.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, concerning multiracial families in 1990, the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one-half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge" title="California State University, Northridge">California State University, Northridge</a>, by some calculations the largest part white biracial population is white/<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaskan Native</a>, at 7,015,017; followed by white/black at 737,492; then white/Asian at 727,197; and finally white/<a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islander</a> at 125,628.<a href="#cite_note-csupomona.edu-25">[25]</a> The U.S. Census categorizes <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> responses in the "some other race" section as part of the Asian race.<a href="#cite_note-Umich-23">[23]</a> The Eurasian responses which the U.S. Census officially recognizes are <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a>, and Eurasian.<a href="#cite_note-Umich-23">[23]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chloe Bennet; mother is Caucasian and her father is Chinese.[193]"><img alt="Chloe Bennet; mother is Caucasian and her father is Chinese.[193]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/192px-Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/289px-Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/385px-Chloe_Bennet_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3552" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Bennet" title="Chloe Bennet">Chloe Bennet</a>; mother is <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a> and her father is Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-wong2014-193">[193]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moon Bloodgood is part Irish, Dutch, and Korean.[194][195]"><img alt="Moon Bloodgood is part Irish, Dutch, and Korean.[194][195]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_%28cropped%29.jpg/148px-Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_%28cropped%29.jpg/222px-Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_%28cropped%29.jpg/295px-Moon_Bloodgood_2012_Dark_Horse_Comics_booth_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1625" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moon_Bloodgood" title="Moon Bloodgood">Moon Bloodgood</a> is part Irish, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a>, and Korean.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tia Carrere is part Spanish, Chinese, and Filipino.[196]"><img alt="Tia Carrere is part Spanish, Chinese, and Filipino.[196]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg/160px-Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg/240px-Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg/320px-Tia_Carrere_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tia_Carrere" title="Tia Carrere">Tia Carrere</a> is part Spanish, Chinese, and <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Norah Jones was born in Brooklyn, New York to an English-American mother and Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar of Bengali descent."><img alt="Norah Jones was born in Brooklyn, New York to an English-American mother and Indian sitar player Ravi Shankar of Bengali descent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/229px-Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_%28cropped%29.jpg/305px-Norah_Jones_at_Bright_Eyes_1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1528" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Norah_Jones" title="Norah Jones">Norah Jones</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York to an <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English-American</a> mother and Indian <a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a> player <a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali</a> descent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sean Lennon is the son of Japanese multimedia artist Yoko Ono, and English and Irish descended John Lennon.[197]"><img alt="Sean Lennon is the son of Japanese multimedia artist Yoko Ono, and English and Irish descended John Lennon.[197]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg/187px-Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg/280px-Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg/373px-Sean_Lennon_Saint_Asbury_Park_NJ_09272013_LHCollins_400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="514" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Lennon" title="Sean Lennon">Sean Lennon</a> is the son of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Yoko_Ono" title="Yoko Ono">Yoko Ono</a>, and English and Irish descended <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 109.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 107.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olivia Munn; father is of English, Irish, and German ancestry,[198] while her mother is from Vietnam.[199]"><img alt="Olivia Munn; father is of English, Irish, and German ancestry,[198] while her mother is from Vietnam.[199]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg/161px-Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg/241px-Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg/322px-Olivia_Munn_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="654" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Munn" title="Olivia Munn">Olivia Munn</a>; father is of English, Irish, and German ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> while her mother is from <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moviefone-199">[199]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jennifer_Tilly,_2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jennifer Tilly is part Native American, Irish, Finnish, and Chinese.[200][201][202][203]"><img alt="Jennifer Tilly is part Native American, Irish, Finnish, and Chinese.[200][201][202][203]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Jennifer_Tilly%2C_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/173px-Jennifer_Tilly%2C_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Jennifer_Tilly%2C_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="353" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Tilly" title="Jennifer Tilly">Jennifer Tilly</a> is part Native American, Irish, <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finnish</a>, and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Danny Pudi was born to a Polish American mother and a Telugu Indian father.[204]"><img alt="Danny Pudi was born to a Polish American mother and a Telugu Indian father.[204]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/191px-Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/286px-Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/381px-Danny_Pudi_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="2849" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Danny_Pudi" title="Danny Pudi">Danny Pudi</a> was born to a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish American</a> mother and a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> father.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitksi_(46927277872)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mitski was born in Mie Prefecture, Japan to a Japanese mother and an American father.[205]"><img alt="Mitski was born in Mie Prefecture, Japan to a Japanese mother and an American father.[205]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mitksi_%2846927277872%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/188px-Mitksi_%2846927277872%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mitksi_%2846927277872%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/282px-Mitksi_%2846927277872%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mitksi_%2846927277872%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Mitksi_%2846927277872%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1277" data-file-height="1632" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mitski" title="Mitski">Mitski</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Mie_Prefecture" title="Mie Prefecture">Mie Prefecture</a>, Japan to a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> mother and an American father.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OlivaRO2150524_(30)_(53727521364)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olivia Rodrigo; father is Filipino and her mother is German and Irish.[206]"><img alt="Olivia Rodrigo; father is Filipino and her mother is German and Irish.[206]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/OlivaRO2150524_%2830%29_%2853727521364%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-OlivaRO2150524_%2830%29_%2853727521364%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/OlivaRO2150524_%2830%29_%2853727521364%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-OlivaRO2150524_%2830%29_%2853727521364%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/OlivaRO2150524_%2830%29_%2853727521364%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-OlivaRO2150524_%2830%29_%2853727521364%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1402" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Olivia_Rodrigo" title="Olivia Rodrigo">Olivia Rodrigo</a>; father is <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Filipino</a> and her mother is <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abscbn-206">[206]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afro-Asian-American_identity">Afro-Asian-American identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Afro-Asian-American identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asians</a></div> Chinese men entered the United States as laborers, primarily on the West Coast and in western territories. Following the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a>, as blacks set up independent farms, white planters imported Chinese laborers to satisfy their need for labor. In 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Exclusion_Act" title="Chinese Exclusion Act">Chinese Exclusion Act</a> was passed and Chinese workers who chose to stay in the U.S. were unable to have their wives join them. In the South, some Chinese married into the black and mulatto communities, as generally, discrimination meant they did not take white spouses. They rapidly left working as laborers and set up groceries in small towns throughout the South. They worked to get their children educated and socially mobile.<a href="#cite_note-ChineseBlacks-207">[207]</a> The Afro-Asian population drastically increased by the 1950s, with a number of Afro-Asians born to African American fathers and Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, or Filipino mothers due to the large number of African Americans who enrolled in the military and developed relationships with Asian women abroad. Other groups of Afro-Asians are those who are of Caribbean American descent and are considered <a href="/wiki/Dougla" class="mw-redirect" title="Dougla">Dougla</a>, or of Indian or Indo-Caribbean and African or Afro-Caribbean descent. As of the census of 2000, there were 106,782 Afro-Asian individuals in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-nation-208">[208]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicki_Minaj_3,_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicki Minaj is part Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian.[209][210]"><img alt="Nicki Minaj is part Afro-Trinidadian and Indo-Trinidadian.[209][210]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nicki_Minaj_3%2C_2012.jpg/150px-Nicki_Minaj_3%2C_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nicki_Minaj_3%2C_2012.jpg/225px-Nicki_Minaj_3%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Nicki_Minaj_3%2C_2012.jpg/300px-Nicki_Minaj_3%2C_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicki_Minaj" title="Nicki Minaj">Nicki Minaj</a> is part <a href="/wiki/Afro-Trinidadians_and_Tobagonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Trinidadians and Tobagonians">Afro-Trinidadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indo-Trinidadian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McGarry-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ne-Yo_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ne-Yo is part African-American and Chinese.[211]"><img alt="Ne-Yo is part African-American and Chinese.[211]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ne-Yo_2013.jpg/143px-Ne-Yo_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ne-Yo_2013.jpg/216px-Ne-Yo_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ne-Yo_2013.jpg/287px-Ne-Yo_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="451" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ne-Yo" title="Ne-Yo">Ne-Yo</a> is part African-American and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 101.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 99.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BobbyScott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bobby Scott is of African-American and Filipino (maternal grandfather) descent.[212]"><img alt="Bobby Scott is of African-American and Filipino (maternal grandfather) descent.[212]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BobbyScott.jpg/149px-BobbyScott.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BobbyScott.jpg/224px-BobbyScott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/BobbyScott.jpg/299px-BobbyScott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Scott_(politician)" title="Bobby Scott (politician)">Bobby Scott</a> is of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a> (maternal grandfather) descent.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sonja Sohn is part African-American and Korean.[213]"><img alt="Sonja Sohn is part African-American and Korean.[213]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg/201px-Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg/302px-Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg/402px-Sonja_Sohn_at_Harvard_Law_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="1087" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Sohn" title="Sonja Sohn">Sonja Sohn</a> is part African-American and Korean.<a href="#cite_note-sonjasohn01-213">[213]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JERO_@_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jero is part African-American and Japanese.[214]"><img alt="Jero is part African-American and Japanese.[214]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JERO_%40_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg/150px-JERO_%40_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JERO_%40_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg/225px-JERO_%40_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/JERO_%40_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg/300px-JERO_%40_Japan_Society_-_6-8-2012_-_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jero" title="Jero">Jero</a> is part African-American and Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-jero-ap-214">[214]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TommyPham752017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tommy Pham is an American baseball player whose mother is black and whose father is of Vietnamese and African-American descent."><img alt="Tommy Pham is an American baseball player whose mother is black and whose father is of Vietnamese and African-American descent." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TommyPham752017.jpg/166px-TommyPham752017.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TommyPham752017.jpg/249px-TommyPham752017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/TommyPham752017.jpg/331px-TommyPham752017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Pham" title="Tommy Pham">Tommy Pham</a> is an American baseball player whose mother is black and whose father is of Vietnamese and African-American descent.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruce_Harrell_(52457507483)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seattle mayor Bruce Harrell was born to an African-American father and a Japanese mother.[215]"><img alt="Seattle mayor Bruce Harrell was born to an African-American father and a Japanese mother.[215]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Harrell_%2852457507483%29_%282%29.jpg/169px-Bruce_Harrell_%2852457507483%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Harrell_%2852457507483%29_%282%29.jpg/254px-Bruce_Harrell_%2852457507483%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bruce_Harrell_%2852457507483%29_%282%29.jpg/338px-Bruce_Harrell_%2852457507483%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="1122" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> mayor <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Harrell" title="Bruce Harrell">Bruce Harrell</a> was born to an African-American father and a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a> mother.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Steve Lacy was born to an African-American mother and a Filipino father.[216]"><img alt="Steve Lacy was born to an African-American mother and a Filipino father.[216]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg/250px-Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg/376px-Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg/500px-Steve_Lacy_at_Icebox_in_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lacy" title="Steve Lacy">Steve Lacy</a> was born to an African-American mother and a Filipino father.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tatyana Ali was born in New York to a Indo-Trinidadian father and an Afro-Panamanian mother."><img alt="Tatyana Ali was born in New York to a Indo-Trinidadian father and an Afro-Panamanian mother." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG/139px-Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="93" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG/209px-Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG/278px-Tatyana_Ali_in_Zuhair_Murad_and_Swarovski_Inauguration_Night_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="1054" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tatyana_Ali" title="Tatyana Ali">Tatyana Ali</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indo-Trinidadian</a> father and an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Panamanians" title="Afro-Panamanians">Afro-Panamanian</a> mother.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marilyn Strickland was born in Seoul to a Korean mother and an African-American father.[217]"><img alt="Marilyn Strickland was born in Seoul to a Korean mother and an African-American father.[217]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/192px-Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg/383px-Marilyn_Strickland_117th_U.S_Congress_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2237" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strickland" title="Marilyn Strickland">Marilyn Strickland</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> to a Korean mother and an African-American father.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> The figure of the "<a href="/wiki/Tragic_octoroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragic octoroon">tragic octoroon</a>" was a <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> literature: a mixed-race woman raised as if a white woman in her white father's household, until his bankruptcy or death has her reduced to a menial position<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> She may even be unaware of her status before being reduced to victimization.<a href="#cite_note-davis-219">[219]</a> The first character of this type was the heroine of <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a>'s "The Quadroons" (1842), a short story.<a href="#cite_note-davis-219">[219]</a> This character allowed abolitionists to draw attention to the sexual exploitation in slavery and, unlike portrayals of the suffering of the field hands, did not allow slaveholders to retort that the sufferings of Northern mill hands were no easier. The Northern mill owner would not sell his own children into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Abolitionists sometimes featured attractive, escaped <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a> slaves in their public lectures to arouse sentiments against slavery. They showed Northerners those slaves who looked like them rather than an "Other"; this technique, which is labeled <a href="/wiki/White_slave_propaganda" title="White slave propaganda">White slave propaganda</a>, collapsed the separation between peoples and made it impossible for the public to ignore the brutality of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a>, an author of the post-Civil War era, explored stereotypes in his portrayal of multiracial characters in southern society in the postwar years. Even characters who had been free and possibly educated before the war had trouble making a place for themselves in the postwar years. His stories feature mixed-race characters with complex lives. <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> also portrayed the lives of mixed-race people and complex interracial families in the postwar South. Comic book writer and filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Greg_Pak" title="Greg Pak">Greg Pak</a> wrote that while white filmmakers have used multiracial characters explore themes about race and racism, many of these characters created stereotypes that Pak described were: "Wild Half-Castes", "sexually destructive antagonists explicitly or implicitly perceived as unable to control the instinctive urges of their non-white heritage" who exhibited the same racial stereotypes of their "full blood" counterparts, symbolically used by filmmakers to "[perpetuate] the association of multiraciality with sexual aberration and violence"; the "<a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a>", "a typically female character who tries to <a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">pass for white</a> but finds disaster when her non-white heritage is revealed" whose plight used by filmmakers to "to critique racism by inspiring pity"; and the "<a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half Breed Hero</a>", an "empowering" stereotype whose objective of "[inspiring] identification as he actively resists white racism" is contradicted by the character being <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_in_film" title="Whitewashing in film">played by a white actor</a>, reinforcing a "white liberal's dream of inclusion and authenticity than an honest depiction of a multiracial character's experiences." Pak noted that "Wild Half Caste" and "Tragic Mulatto" characters possess little to no character development and that while many multiracial characters have appeared more frequently in films without reinforcing stereotypes, white filmmakers have mostly avoided addressing their ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-Pak-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">Racial and ethnic demographics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored" title="Colored">Colored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Race of the Future">Race of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mixed_Population_2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mixed_Population_2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixed_Population_2020_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixed_Population_2020_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixed_Population_2020_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixed_Population_2020_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mixed_Population_2020_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html">"Race and Ethnicity in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d34N68eY-3QC">Handbook of Race, Racism, and the Developing Child</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470189801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470189801"><bdi>978-0470189801</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved July 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chronicle+Online&rft.atitle=Interracial+relationships+are+on+the+increase+in+U.S.%2C+but+decline+with+age%2C+Cornell+study+finds&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Susan+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.cornell.edu%2Fstories%2FNov05%2Finterracial.couples.ssl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/interracial-marriages-now-more-common-but-not-without-challenges/">"Interracial marriages now more common, but not without challenges"</a>. CBS News. June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Interracial+marriages+now+more+common%2C+but+not+without+challenges&rft.date=2021-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Finterracial-marriages-now-more-common-but-not-without-challenges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02001&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType%7Cpercentage">"Grid View: Table B02001 - Census Reporter"</a>. censusreporter.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusreporter.org&rft.atitle=Grid+View%3A+Table+B02001+-+Census+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fdata%2Ftable%2F%3Ftable%3DB02001%26geo_ids%3D01000US%26primary_geo_id%3D01000US%23valueType%257Cpercentage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B03002&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType%7Cestimate">"Grid View: Table B03002 - Census Reporter"</a>. censusreporter.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusreporter.org&rft.atitle=Grid+View%3A+Table+B03002+-+Census+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fdata%2Ftable%2F%3Ftable%3DB03002%26geo_ids%3D01000US%26primary_geo_id%3D01000US%23valueType%257Cestimate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B02003&geo_ids=01000US&primary_geo_id=01000US#valueType%7Cpercentage">"Grid View: Table B02003 - Census Reporter"</a>. censusreporter.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusreporter.org&rft.atitle=Grid+View%3A+Table+B02003+-+Census+Reporter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusreporter.org%2Fdata%2Ftable%2F%3Ftable%3DB02003%26geo_ids%3D01000US%26primary_geo_id%3D01000US%23valueType%257Cpercentage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2000" class="citation news cs1">Rodriguez, Cindy (December 8, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/442438657/">"Civil rights groups wary of Census data on race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. Retrieved April 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+groups+wary+of+Census+data+on+race&rft.date=2000-12-08&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Cindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F442438657%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Umich-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Umich_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umich_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Umich_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502183239/http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/cicdoc/cen90app/ancestry.htm">"Census 1990: Ancestry Codes"</a>. University of Michigan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/cicdoc/cen90app/ancestry.htm">the original</a> on May 2, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+1990%3A+Ancestry+Codes&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umich.edu%2Fgovdocs%2Fcicdoc%2Fcen90app%2Fancestry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tate-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Tate_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate1997" class="citation web cs1">Tate, Eric (1997-07-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multiracial.com/index.php/1997/07/08/multiracial-group-views-change-to-census-as-a-victory/">"Multiracial Group Views Change to Census as a Victory"</a>. The Multiracial Activist. Retrieved 2008-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiracial+Group+Views+Change+to+Census+as+a+Victory&rft.pub=The+Multiracial+Activist&rft.date=1997-07-08&rft.aulast=Tate&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultiracial.com%2Findex.php%2F1997%2F07%2F08%2Fmultiracial-group-views-change-to-census-as-a-victory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csupomona.edu-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csupomona.edu_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-csupomona.edu_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002234040/http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc">the original</a> on October 2, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csupomona.edu%2F~mreibel%2F2000_Census_Files%2FAllen-Turner.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn2011" class="citation web cs1">Cohn, D'Vera (April 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pewresearch.org/pubs/1953/multi-race-2010-census-obama">"Multi-Race and the 2010 Census"</a>. Retrieved April 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multi-Race+and+the+2010+Census&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=D%27Vera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpewresearch.org%2Fpubs%2F1953%2Fmulti-race-2010-census-obama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/multiracial_children">"Multiracial Children"</a>. aacap.org. Retrieved October 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aacap.org&rft.atitle=Multiracial+Children&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacap.org%2Fcs%2Froot%2Ffacts_for_families%2Fmultiracial_children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2012/02/16/the-rise-of-intermarriage/">"The Rise of Intermarriage"</a>. Pew Research Center's Social & Demographic Trends Project. February 16, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Social+%26+Demographic+Trends+Project&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Intermarriage&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewsocialtrends.org%2F2012%2F02%2F16%2Fthe-rise-of-intermarriage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nitardy2-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Nitardy2_29-0">^</a> {{quote="Wardle (1989) says that today, parents assume one of three positions as to the identity of their interracial children. Some insist that their child is 'human above all else' and that race or ethnicity is irrelevant, while others choose to raise their children with the identity of the parent of color. Another growing group of parents is insisting that the child have the ethnic, racial, cultural and genetic heritage of both parents."}} </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intermix.org.uk/word_up/word_up_07_thandie.asp">"Thandie Newton – Actress"</a>. Mixed-Race Celebrities. Intermix. Retrieved July 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mixed-Race+Celebrities&rft.atitle=Thandie+Newton+%E2%80%93+Actress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intermix.org.uk%2Fword_up%2Fword_up_07_thandie.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leland-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Leland_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelandBeals,_Gregory2008" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_(journalist)" title="John Leland (journalist)">Leland, John</a>; Beals, Gregory (February 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/107055/output/print">"In Living Colors"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved 2008-07-18. <q>Being multiracial can still be problematic. Most constructions of race in America revolve around a peculiar institution known as the 'one-drop rule' ... The one-drop conceit shapes both racism—creating an arbitrary 'caste'—and the collective response against it. To identify as multiracial is to challenge this logic, and consequently, to fall outside both camps.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=In+Living+Colors&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft.aulast=Leland&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Beals%2C+Gregory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F107055%2Foutput%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beverly1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Beverly1_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Many monoracials do view a multiracial identity as a choice that denies loyalty to the oppressed racial group. We can see this issue enacted currently over the debate of the U.S. census to include a multiracial category— some oppressed monoracial groups believe this category would decrease their numbers and 'benefits."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chris-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Chris_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiphavong" class="citation web cs1">Thiphavong, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905111842/http://www.studentgroups.ucla.edu/hapa/paper.html">"Recognizing the Legitimacy of Multiracial Individuals Through Hapa Issues Forum and the UCLA Hapa Club"</a>. UCLA Hapa Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studentgroups.ucla.edu/hapa/paper.html">the original</a> on September 5, 2006. Retrieved 2008-07-26. <q>Many students who called themselves 'half black/Asian/etc.' came to college in search of cultural knowledge but found themselves unwelcome in groups of peers that were 'whole' ethnicities.' (Renn, 1998) She found that as a result of this exclusion, many multiracial students expressed the need to create and maintain a self-identified multiracial community on campus. Multiracial people may identify more with each other, because "they share the experience of navigating campus life as multiracial people," (Renn, 1998) than with their component ethnic groups. Multiracial students of different ancestries have their own experiences in common.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recognizing+the+Legitimacy+of+Multiracial+Individuals+Through+Hapa+Issues+Forum+and+the+UCLA+Hapa+Club&rft.pub=UCLA+Hapa+Club&rft.aulast=Thiphavong&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studentgroups.ucla.edu%2Fhapa%2Fpaper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Root-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Root_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoot2001" class="citation book cs1">Root, Maria P. P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-im2X0hbpv8C&pg=PA138">Love's Revolution: Interracial Marriage</a>. Temple University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-826-8"><bdi>978-1-56639-826-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2018-06-20. <q>Women with children, especially biracial children, have fewer chances for remarriage than childless women. And because the children of divorce tend to remain with mothers, becoming incorporated into new families when their mothers remarry, interracial children are more threatening markers of race and racial authenticity for families in which race matters.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%27s+Revolution%3A+Interracial+Marriage&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-826-8&rft.aulast=Root&rft.aufirst=Maria+P.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-im2X0hbpv8C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KevinR-35"><a href="#cite_ref-KevinR_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2000" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Kevin R. (August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multiracial.com/index.php/2000/08/01/multiracialism-the-final-piece-of-the-puzzle/">"Multiracialism: The Final Piece of the Puzzle"</a>. How Did You Get to Be Mexican, A White/Brown Man's Search for Identity. 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Retrieved October 21, 2018. <q>The researchers found that European-Americans had genomes that were on average 98.6 percent European, .19 percent African, and .18 Native American.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=White%3F+Black%3F+A+Murky+Distinction+Grows+Still+Murkier&rft.date=2014-12-24&rft.au=Carl+Zimmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F12%2F25%2Fscience%2F23andme-genetic-ethnicity-study.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNieves2007" class="citation news cs1">Nieves, Evelyn (March 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/03/us/03cherokee.html">"Putting to a Vote the Question 'Who Is Cherokee?'"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/native-news/what-percentage-indian-do-you-have-to-be-in-order-to-be-a-member-of-a-tribe-or-nation/">the original</a> on October 21, 2017. 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Billy Bowlegs III (1862–1965) This Seminole Indian elder and historian, said to be a descendant of African American intermarriage with the Seminole, adopted the name of the legendary resistance fighter Billy Bowlegs II (1810–64). The "patchwork" pattern covering his turban expresses the influence of African ovpispisi (bits and pieces)—sewing typical of the Suriname Maroons and Ashanti who married into the tribe. Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of the American Indian. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nmai.si.edu/exhibitions/indivisible/shared_spirits.html">the original</a> on January 23, 2012. 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U of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/takingassimilati0000elli/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1829-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1829-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-1829-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+assimilation+to+heart&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1829-1&rft.au=Ellinghaus%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakingassimilati0000elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-white_red_marriages-95"><a href="#cite_ref-white_red_marriages_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081018202023/http://www.vahistorical.org/publications/Abstract_1083_ellinghaus.htm">"Virginia Magazine of History and Biography"</a>. Virginia Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vahistorical.org/publications/Abstract_1083_ellinghaus.htm">the original</a> on October 18, 2008. Retrieved May 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.pub=Virginia+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vahistorical.org%2Fpublications%2FAbstract_1083_ellinghaus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sad-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sad_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sad_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Reginald_Daniel2002" class="citation book cs1">G. Reginald Daniel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9tP7_3j3WrkC&pg=PA129">More Than Black?:Multiracial</a>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-909-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-909-8"><bdi>978-1-56639-909-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 19, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+Black%3F%3AMultiracial&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-909-8&rft.au=G.+Reginald+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9tP7_3j3WrkC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> p. 128f. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> writing in <a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Father" title="Dreams from My Father">Dreams from My Father</a> that he had resolved to<blockquote>"never emulate white men and brown men whose fates didn't speak to my own. It was into my father's image, the black man, son of Africa, that I'd packed all the attributes I sought in myself, the attributes of Martin and Malcolm, DuBois and Mandela."</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> 61% of Hispanics and 55% of White Americans classify Obama as biracial when they are told that he has a white mother, while 66% of African-Americans consider him black. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403062350/http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231">"Williams/Zogby Poll: Americans' Attitudes Changing Towards Multiracial Candidates"</a>. BBSNews.com. December 22, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231">the original</a> on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Williams%2FZogby+Poll%3A+Americans%27+Attitudes+Changing+Towards+Multiracial+Candidates&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbsnews.net%2Farticle.php%2F20061222014017231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988">) Obama describes himself as "black" or "African American", using both terms interchangeably (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml">"Transcript excerpt: Senator Barack Obama on Sixty Minutes"</a>. CBS News. February 11, 2007. 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Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Black&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fblack.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cheswells-126"><a href="#cite_ref-cheswells_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/cheswell.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Cheswell"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Cheswell&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fcheswell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newells-127"><a href="#cite_ref-newells_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/newell.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Newell"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Newell&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fnewell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-battises-128"><a href="#cite_ref-battises_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/battis.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Battis"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. 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Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Boston&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fboston.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eldings-130"><a href="#cite_ref-eldings_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/elding.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Elding"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Elding&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Felding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-staffords-131"><a href="#cite_ref-staffords_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/stafford.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Stafford"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Stafford&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fstafford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibsons-132"><a href="#cite_ref-gibsons_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/gibsonfamily.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Gibson"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. 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Educational Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Slavery+and+the+Making+of+America+%E2%80%93+Emmanuel+Driggus&rft.pub=Educational+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fslavery%2Fexperience%2Ffamily%2Fspotlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-driggers02-134"><a href="#cite_ref-driggers02_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/drigger.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Drigger"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Drigger&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fdrigger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-galphins-135"><a href="#cite_ref-galphins_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/galphin.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Galphin"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. 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Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Fairfax&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Ffairfax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grinstead-137"><a href="#cite_ref-grinstead_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/greenstead.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Greenstead"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. Retrieved September 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frontline%3A+The+Blurred+Racial+Lines+of+Famous+Families+%E2%80%93+Greenstead&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.au=Valdes+y+Cocom&rft.au=Mario+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fsecret%2Ffamous%2Fgreenstead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-picos-138"><a href="#cite_ref-picos_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdes_y_CocomMario_de" class="citation web cs1">Valdes y Cocom; Mario de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/pico.html">"Frontline: The Blurred Racial Lines of Famous Families – Pico"</a>. WGBH Educational Foundation. 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OUP Oxford. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920745-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920745-9"><bdi>978-0-19-920745-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+in+Health+and+Disease&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920745-9&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft.au=Koella%2C+Jacob+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_-0LsF3OBsC%26dq%3Dshriver%2Bgenetics%2Bself-identified%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> "Thus, while the West African contribution to an African American's ancestry averages about 80%, its range is wide (i.e., ~20–100%) (Shriver, et al. 2003). The genetic composition of self-identified European Americans also varies, with ~30% of self-identified European Americans estimated to have < 90% European ancestry." </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9evkxEdfocY">"Colored White Boy"</a>. Door Knob Films. March 17, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colored+White+Boy&rft.pub=Door+Knob+Films&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9evkxEdfocY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9evkxEdfocY">"The Sanders Women"</a>. Lianig. March 17, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sanders+Women&rft.pub=Lianig&rft.date=2009-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D9evkxEdfocY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-telegraph-144"><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxer2007" class="citation news cs1">Boxer, Sarah (July 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666365/Herriman-Cartoonist-who-equalled-Cervantes.html">"Herriman: Cartoonist who equalled Cervantes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/3666365/Herriman-Cartoonist-who-equalled-Cervantes.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2009. <q>In 1971, however, the Krazy world changed. While researching an article on Herriman for the Dictionary of American Biography, the sociologist Arthur Asa Berger got a copy of Herriman's birth certificate. Although Herriman died listed as Caucasian in 1944 in Los Angeles, he was classified as "colored" when born to two mixed race or Creole parents in New Orleans in 1880, which had legal segregation. In 1880 Herriman would have been considered a <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>. By the turn of the century, when he was a fledgling cartoonist, the newspaper bullpens "were open to immigrants but not to blacks".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Herriman%3A+Cartoonist+who+equalled+Cervantes&rft.date=2007-07-07&rft.aulast=Boxer&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F3666365%2FHerriman-Cartoonist-who-equalled-Cervantes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> A summary of the ethnic self-identity of the Healys, taken from various sources, is available in A.D. Powell, Passing for Who You Really Are (Palm Coast FL, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939479-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-939479-22-2">0-939479-22-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=88IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA38">"Carol Channing reveals her father was Black"</a>. Jet. November 4, 2002. Retrieved April 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jet&rft.atitle=Carol+Channing+reveals+her+father+was+Black&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D88IDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0211/27/lkl.00.html">"CNN"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0211%2F27%2Flkl.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation news cs1">Davis, F. James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html">"Who is Black? One Nation's Definition"</a>. Frontline. PBS. Retrieved July 18, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=Who+is+Black%3F+One+Nation%27s+Definition&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=F.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Fjefferson%2Fmixed%2Fonedrop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Wayne_Miller2008" class="citation web cs1">G. Wayne Miller (December 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28216005">"Obama's true colors: Black, white ... or neither?"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+true+colors%3A+Black%2C+white+...+or+neither%3F&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2008-12-24&rft.au=G.+Wayne+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna28216005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacon2007" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Margaret Hope (2007). But One Race: The Life of Robert Purvis. Albany: State University of New York. pp. 7–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7007-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-7007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=But+One+Race%3A+The+Life+of+Robert+Purvis&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7007-7&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Bob Bankard, "The Passage to Freedom: The Underground Railroad", March 3, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705184847/http://www.phillyburbs.com/undergroundrailroad/purvis.shtml">"The Underground Railroad"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phillyburbs.com/undergroundrailroad/purvis.shtml">the original</a> on July 5, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Underground+Railroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phillyburbs.com%2Fundergroundrailroad%2Fpurvis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988">, accessed May 3, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-query.nytimes.com-152"><a href="#cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02EEDF1139E433A25755C1A9629C94699ED7CF">"Robert Purvis Dead; Anti-Slavery Leader Expires in Philadelphia, Aged 87 —His Work for the Black Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. April 16, 1898. Retrieved May 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Purvis+Dead%3B+Anti-Slavery+Leader+Expires+in+Philadelphia%2C+Aged+87+%E2%80%94His+Work+for+the+Black+Race&rft.date=1898-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9B02EEDF1139E433A25755C1A9629C94699ED7CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Fay M. Jackson, "I don't want to pass because I can't stand insincerities and shams. I am just as much Negro as any of the others identified with the race.", (1911–1950), Pittsburgh, Pa.: April 14, 1934 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freeafricanamericans.com">Paul Heinegg, Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware</a>, 1995–2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-manchini-155"><a href="#cite_ref-manchini_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMancini,_Olivia2001" class="citation web cs1">Mancini, Olivia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vq.vassar.edu/issues/2002/01/features/passing-as-white.html">"Passing as White: Anita Hemmings 1897"</a>. "There were large numbers of African Americans at that time and into the turn of the century [for whom passing] was a means to gain opportunities in education," said Bickerstaff, who is now working on a book about the Hemmings family, tentatively titled Dark Beauty. "The country was under laws of segregation, and those families who had risen to that level of educational aspiration or economics were still excluded from most of the elite institutions.". Vassar College. Retrieved September 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22There+were+large+numbers+of+African+Americans+at+that+time+and+into+the+turn+of+the+century+%5Bfor+whom+passing%5D+was+a+means+to+gain+opportunities+in+education%2C%22+said+Bickerstaff%2C+who+is+now+working+on+a+book+about+the+Hemmings+family%2C+tentatively+titled+Dark+Beauty.+%22The+country+was+under+laws+of+segregation%2C+and+those+families+who+had+risen+to+that+level+of+educational+aspiration+or+economics+were+still+excluded+from+most+of+the+elite+institutions.%22&rft.atitle=Passing+as+White%3A+Anita+Hemmings+1897&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Mancini%2C+Olivia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvq.vassar.edu%2Fissues%2F2002%2F01%2Ffeatures%2Fpassing-as-white.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordan_156-1">b</a> Winthrop Jordan, Black Over White, ch. IV, "The Fruits of Passion." </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/4532/1/V58N03_155.pdf">AFRICAN ANCESTRY OF THE WHITE AMERICAN POPULATION</a>, Ohio State University </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politicsincolor.com/node/96">"For Latinos "being white" is more of a state of mind than skin tone"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511155202/http://www.politicsincolor.com/node/96">Archived</a> May 11, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Politics in Color </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinonez2003" class="citation web cs1">Quinonez, Ernesto (June 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/58525?tid=relatedcl">"Y Tu Black Mama Tambien"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. Retrieved May 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Y+Tu+Black+Mama+Tambien&rft.date=2003-06-19&rft.aulast=Quinonez&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F58525%3Ftid%3Drelatedcl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A19009-2000Aug1¬Found=true">"The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170902161618/http://latinola.com/story.php?story=9009">"LatinoLA – Forum :: Blonde, Blue-Eyed, Euro-Cute Latinos on Spanish TV"</a>. LatinoLA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinola.com/story.php?story=9009">the original</a> on September 2, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LatinoLA&rft.atitle=LatinoLA+%E2%80%93+Forum+%3A%3A+Blonde%2C+Blue-Eyed%2C+Euro-Cute+Latinos+on+Spanish+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinola.com%2Fstory.php%3Fstory%3D9009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vidadeoro.com/2010/10/latinos-not-reflected-on-spanish-tv.html">"Vida de Oro: Latinos not reflected on Spanish TV"</a>. Retrieved March 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vida+de+Oro%3A+Latinos+not+reflected+on+Spanish+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vidadeoro.com%2F2010%2F10%2Flatinos-not-reflected-on-spanish-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art40221.asp">"What are Telenovelas?"</a>. 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Retrieved October 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.blackelectorate.com&rft.atitle=BlackElectorate.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackelectorate.com%2Farticles.asp%3FID%3D281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/08/19/pride_or_prejudice/">"Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations"</a>, Boston Globe </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/film_description.php">"Corpus: A Home Movie For Selena"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151037/http://www.pbs.org/pov/corpus/film_description.php">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PBS </li> <li id="cite_note-tvg-168"><a href="#cite_ref-tvg_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001034719/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/stacey-dash/bio/175079/">"Stacey Dash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a>. 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Asian and Black/African American ... 106,782 ... 0.64% (percentage of total multiracial Asians)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multiracial%2FHapa+Asian+Americans&rft.pub=Asian-Nation%3A+The+Landscape+of+Asian+America&rft.aulast=Le&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asian-nation.org%2Fmultiracial.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGarry-209"><a href="#cite_ref-McGarry_209-0">^</a> McGarry, Kevin (2009) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themoment.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/the-new-queen-bee-meet-nicki-minaj/?scp=1&sq=nicki%20minaj&st=cse">The New Queen Bee|Meet Nicki Minaj</a>", New York Times, June 4, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140506055119/http://www.complex.com/girls/2009/08/worlwide-wednesday-the-10-hottest-multiracial-women/page/3">"Girls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Complex_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex Magazine">Complex Magazine</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complex.com/girls/2009/08/worlwide-wednesday-the-10-hottest-multiracial-women/page/3">the original</a> on May 6, 2014. Retrieved July 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Girls&rft.pub=Complex+Magazine&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fgirls%2F2009%2F08%2Fworlwide-wednesday-the-10-hottest-multiracial-women%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216123639/http://www.stcloudstate.edu/news/pressreleases/default.asp?storyID=26749">"Ne-Yo: Grammy-winning singer to perform at Halenbeck Hall"</a>. St. Cloud State University. September 25, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stcloudstate.edu/news/pressreleases/default.asp?storyID=26749">the original</a> on December 16, 2008. Retrieved October 14, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ne-Yo%3A+Grammy-winning+singer+to+perform+at+Halenbeck+Hall&rft.date=2008-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stcloudstate.edu%2Fnews%2Fpressreleases%2Fdefault.asp%3FstoryID%3D26749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvestre2008" class="citation news cs1">Silvestre, Edmund (November 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081110035515/http://www.philstar.com/index.php?Headlines&p=49&type=2&sec=24&aid=20081107124">"Fil-Am elected to US Congress"</a>. The Philippine Star. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/index.php?Headlines&p=49&type=2&sec=24&aid=20081107124">the original</a> on November 10, 2008. Retrieved November 8, 2008. <q>Another US congressman who has Filipino roots is Rep. Robert Scott, an African-American representing Virginia's third District. The Harvard-educated Democrat's maternal grandfather, Valentin Cortez Hamlin, is from the Philippine." (sic., final word should read "Philippines")</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Fil-Am+elected+to+US+Congress&rft.date=2008-11-08&rft.aulast=Silvestre&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Findex.php%3FHeadlines%26p%3D49%26type%3D2%26sec%3D24%26aid%3D20081107124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sonjasohn01-213"><a href="#cite_ref-sonjasohn01_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Wah-Ming Chang. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013184415/http://www.racialicious.com/2006/12/05/interview-with-the-wires-sonja-sohn-not-%E2%80%98your-typical-black-girl%E2%80%99/">"Interview with 'The Wire's' Sonja Sohn: Not 'Your Typical Black Girl'"</a>. Racialicious. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racialicious.com/2006/12/05/interview-with-the-wires-sonja-sohn-not-%E2%80%98your-typical-black-girl%E2%80%99/">the original</a> on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2012. <q>A husky-voiced woman of African American and Korean parentage, Sohn (who's straight, in case you're wondering) got her start in the New York slam-poetry circuit (including the Def Poetry Jam) before moving on to the TV and movie game (check her out in Shaft).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+%27The+Wire%27s%27+Sonja+Sohn%3A+Not+%27Your+Typical+Black+Girl%27&rft.pub=Racialicious&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Wah-Ming+Chang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racialicious.com%2F2006%2F12%2F05%2Finterview-with-the-wires-sonja-sohn-not-%25E2%2580%2598your-typical-black-girl%25E2%2580%2599%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jero-ap-214"><a href="#cite_ref-jero-ap_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054347/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D9778SJG0.html">"Japanese enka star to perform at DC festival"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. March 28, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D9778SJG0.html">the original</a> on February 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+enka+star+to+perform+at+DC+festival&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2009-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1A1-D9778SJG0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324051306/http://www.nwasianweekly.com/20072606/harrell20072606.htm">"Northwest Asian Weekly: Harrell makes run for City Council"</a>. 2007-03-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwasianweekly.com/20072606/harrell20072606.htm">the original</a> on March 24, 2007. Retrieved 2024-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northwest+Asian+Weekly%3A+Harrell+makes+run+for+City+Council&rft.date=2007-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwasianweekly.com%2F20072606%2Fharrell20072606.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075435/http://www.fantasticman.com/men/steve-lacy">"Men: Steve Lacy — FANTASTIC MAN"</a>. 2018-08-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasticman.com/men/steve-lacy">the original</a> on August 27, 2018. Retrieved 2024-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Men%3A+Steve+Lacy+%E2%80%94+FANTASTIC+MAN&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasticman.com%2Fmen%2Fsteve-lacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/marilyn-strickland-s-black-korean-american-roots-are-historic-1st-n1246705">"Marilyn Strickland's Black, Korean American roots are 1st for Congress"</a>. NBC News. 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2024-02-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Marilyn+Strickland%27s+Black%2C+Korean+American+roots+are+1st+for+Congress&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fasian-america%2Fmarilyn-strickland-s-black-korean-american-roots-are-historic-1st-n1246705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Ariela J. Gross, What Blood Won't Tell: A History of Race on Trial in America, p 61 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03130-2">978-0-674-03130-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davis_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-davis_219-1">b</a> Kathy Davis. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cusww/lb/HNQSPH.html">Headnote to Lydia Maria Child's 'The Quadroons' and 'Slavery's Pleasant Homes'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629201837/http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/LB/HNQSPH.html">Archived</a> June 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Bucknell University, Summer 1997, accessed June 4, 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> Werner Sollors, Interracialism, p. 285 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512856-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512856-7">0-19-512856-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Lawrence R. Tenzer,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multiracial.com/index.php/2001/10/01/white-slaves/">"White Slaves"</a>, Multiracial.com </li> <li id="cite_note-Pak-222"><a href="#cite_ref-Pak_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPak2003" class="citation news cs1">Pak, Greg (September 23, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/mattersofrace/pdf/4Mulattoes.pdf">"Mulattoes, Half-Breeds, and Hapas: Multiracial Representation in the Movies"</a> (PDF). Matters of Race. PBS. Retrieved June 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Matters+of+Race&rft.atitle=Mulattoes%2C+Half-Breeds%2C+and+Hapas%3A+Multiracial+Representation+in+the+Movies&rft.date=2003-09-23&rft.aulast=Pak&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fmattersofrace%2Fpdf%2F4Mulattoes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Susan Graham, "Born Biracial: How One Mother Took on Race in America" (2020) Memories Press.</li> <li>G. Reginald Daniel, More Than Black?: Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order, Temple University Press (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-909-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-909-8">978-1-56639-909-8</a>.</li> <li>Teja Arboleda, In the Shadow of Race: Growing Up As a Multiethnic, Multicultural, and Multiracial American (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-11477-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-11477-4">978-0-585-11477-4</a>.</li> <li>Yo Jackson, Yolanda Kaye Jackson, Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0948-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0948-8">978-1-4129-0948-8</a>.</li> <li>Joel Perlmann, Mary C. Waters, The New Race Question: How the Census Counts Multiracial Individuals (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-658-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-658-6">978-0-87154-658-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Multiracial_Americans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multiracial.com/">The Multiracial Activist</a>, an online activist publication</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813110446/http://www.ameasite.org/">The Association of MultiEthnic Americans, Inc.</a>, founded 1988</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820164737/http://www.multiethniceducation.org/">Multiethnic Education Program</a>, offering resources and strategies (including videos, publications & trainings) to support mixed-race children in educational settings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mavinfoundation.org">MAVIN Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309155746/http://www.mavinfoundation.org/">Archived</a> March 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, an organization advocating for mixed heritage people and families</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018061510/http://www.neamf.org/">"NEAMF: The New England Alliance of Multiracial Families"</a>, an organization uniting interracial families in the Boston area, founded 1992</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swirlinc.org">"Swirl"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811054229/http://www.swirlinc.org/">Archived</a> August 11, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US-based mixed community, founded in 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectrace.com">ProjectRACE</a>, an organization supporting multiracial classification</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kitoba.com/pedia/Notable+Multiracial+People.html">Notable Multiracial People</a>, Kitoba</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asian-nation.org/multiracial.shtml">"Hapa/Multiracial Asian Americans"</a>, Asian-Nation</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123092604/http://www2.jsonline.com/news/editorials/mar01/rodriguez25032401.asp?format=print">Gregory Rodriguez (2001), "Multiracial identity, a shared destiny"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403062350/http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231">"Williams/Zogby Poll: Americans' Attitudes Changing Towards Multiracial Candidates"</a>. BBS News. December 22, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231">the original</a> on April 3, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Williams%2FZogby+Poll%3A+Americans%27+Attitudes+Changing+Towards+Multiracial+Candidates&rft.date=2006-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbsnews.net%2Farticle.php%2F20061222014017231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMultiracial+Americans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infography.com/content/451691075438.html">"Interracial Marriage in the United States"</a>, Infography</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template talk:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Index of articles related to Hispanic and Latino Americans">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_(ethnic_categories)" title="Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)">Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles of Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridanos" title="Floridanos">Floridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejano</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South American<a href="#cite_note-D-223">[a]</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Christianity among Hispanic and Latino Americans">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Arizona" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_San_Diego" title="Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Florida" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Maryland" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Massachusetts" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Nevada" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Mexico" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York">New York</a></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Utah" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States">Stereotypes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_politics" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics">In politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">In the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_journalism" title="Hispanic and Latino American women in journalism">Women in journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-D-223"><a href="#cite_ref-D_223-0">^</a> The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category. </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_society" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" 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