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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><span><i>Mettā</i></span> meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mettā_meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buddhist texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buddhist_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buddhist texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Karaniya_Metta_Sutta_(Sn_1.8)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karaniya_Metta_Sutta_(Sn_1.8)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Karaniya Metta Sutta</i> (Sn 1.8)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karaniya_Metta_Sutta_(Sn_1.8)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vatthūpama_Sutta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatthūpama_Sutta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Vatthūpama Sutta</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatthūpama_Sutta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patisambhidamagga_Mettakatha_(Ps._2.4)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patisambhidamagga_Mettakatha_(Ps._2.4)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span><i>Patisambhidamagga Mettakatha</i> (Ps. 2.4)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patisambhidamagga_Mettakatha_(Ps._2.4)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maitrī_and_mettā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maitrī_and_mettā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><span><i>Maitrī</i></span> and <span><i>mettā</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maitrī_and_mettā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mettā_meditation_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mettā_meditation_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><span><i>Mettā</i></span> meditation research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mettā_meditation_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <span><i>Mettā</i></span> meditation research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mettā_meditation_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Therapeutic potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meta-analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meta-analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Meta-analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meta-analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caution_and_reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caution_and_reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Caution and reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caution_and_reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Maitrī</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="تأمل ميتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأمل ميتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="মৈত্রী (ধর্মীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মৈত্রী (ধর্মীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC)" title="Метта (будизъм) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метта (будизъм)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C3%A1" title="Mettá – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mettá" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metta" title="Metta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5bralikkus" title="Sõbralikkus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõbralikkus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metta" title="Metta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metao" title="Metao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Metao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maitrī" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90_(%EB%B6%88%EA%B5%90)" title="자 (불교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자 (불교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_kasih_(Buddhisme)" title="Cinta kasih (Buddhisme) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cinta kasih (Buddhisme)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81" title="Mettā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mettā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D)" title="מטא (בודהיזם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטא (בודהיזם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C3%A1_(buddhizmus)" title="Mettá (buddhizmus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mettá (buddhizmus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="မေတ္တာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မေတ္တာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metta" title="Metta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%88_(%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99)" title="慈 (仏教) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="慈 (仏教)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81" title="Mettā – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mettā" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6" title="មេត្តា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មេត្តា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metta" title="Metta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81" title="Mettā – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mettā" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Метта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="මෛත්‍රිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෛත්‍රිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mett%C4%81" title="Mettā – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mettā" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2_(%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Љубав (будизам) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љубав (будизам)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubav_(budizam)" title="Ljubav (budizam) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljubav (budizam)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="เมตตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมตตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Tâm từ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%88_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="慈 (佛教) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="慈 (佛教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1434717#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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"loving-kindness"</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mettā" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Metta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Metta (disambiguation)">Metta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#FFD068">Translations of<br />Mettā</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">English</th><td class="infobox-data">Loving-kindness, benevolence</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मैत्री</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitrī</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Pali-language text"><i lang="pi"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mettā</i></span></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Burmese-language text"><span lang="my">မေတ္တာ</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: <span title="Burmese-language text"><i lang="my-Latn">mjɪʔ tà</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">慈</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">cí</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">cinta kasih</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">慈</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">Rōmaji</a>: <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ji</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Khmer-language text"><span lang="km">មេត្តា</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Khmer#UNGEGN" title="Romanization of Khmer">UNGEGN</a>: <span title="United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration"><i lang="km-Latn">métta</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">자</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">ja</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">මෛත්‍රිය</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Maitli</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Thai-language text"><span lang="th">เมตตา</span></span> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>: <span title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription"><i lang="th-Latn">metta</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">từ</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB; font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary of Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Later Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhavacana" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavacana">Buddhavacana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_Texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Buddhist Texts">Early Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Buddhist_literature" title="Sanskrit Buddhist literature">Sanskrit literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-canonical_Buddhist_texts" title="Post-canonical Buddhist texts">Post-canon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">Nirvāṇa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Buddhism by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="697" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Buddhism" title="Portal:Buddhism">Buddhism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitrī</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: <b><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span></b>) means benevolence,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> loving-kindness,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warder_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">friendliness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Warder_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warder-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PED_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> amity,<sup id="cite_ref-PED_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> good will,<sup id="cite_ref-Gombrich_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gombrich-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and active interest in others.<sup id="cite_ref-PED_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the first of the four sublime states (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmaviharas</a></i></span>) and one of the ten <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ram%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāramī">pāramīs</a></i></span> of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a> <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">school of Buddhism</a>. </p><p>The cultivation of benevolence (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā bhāvanā</i></span>) is a popular form of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 318–319">: 318–319 </span></sup> It is a part of the four immeasurables in <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Brahmavihara</i></span> (divine abidings) meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 278–279">: 278–279 </span></sup> <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Metta</i></span> as "compassion meditation" is often practiced in Asia by broadcast chanting, wherein monks chant for the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 318–319">: 318–319 </span></sup> </p><p>The compassion and universal loving-kindness concept of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span> is discussed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Metta_Sutta" title="Metta Sutta">Metta Sutta</a></i> of Buddhism, and is also found in the ancient and medieval texts of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> as <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span> or <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitri</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small sample studies on the potential of <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">loving-kindness meditation approach on patients</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what is meant by "approach"? what sort of "patients"? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest potential benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, peer reviews question the quality and sample size of these studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> is a Pali word, from <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitrī</i></span> which was itself derived from <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">mitra</i></span> which, states Monier-Williams, means "friend".<sup id="cite_ref-MWD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is found in this sense in the Vedic literature,<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p540_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p540-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a></i> and various early Upanishads, and Vedanga literature such as <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>'s <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> 5.4.36.<sup id="cite_ref-MWD_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MWD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term appears in Buddhist texts as an important concept and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p540_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p540-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buswell and Lopez, as well as Harvey, translate <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span> as "loving-kindness".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 327">: 327 </span></sup> In Buddhist belief, this is a <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a></i></span> (divine abode) or an immeasurable that leads to a meditative state by being a counter to ill-will. It removes clinging to negative states of mind, by cultivating kindness unto all beings.<sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 327">: 327 </span></sup> </p><p>The "far enemy" of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Hate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hate">hate</a> or ill-will, a mind-state in obvious opposition. The "near enemy" (quality which superficially resembles <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span> but is in fact more subtly in opposition to it), is attachment (<a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">greed</a>): here too one likes experiencing a virtue, but for the wrong reason.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mettā_meditation"><span id="Mett.C4.81_meditation"></span><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> meditation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mettā meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> meditation, or often "loving-kindness meditation", is the practice concerned with the cultivation of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span>, i.e. benevolence, kindness, and amity. The practice generally consists of silent repetitions of phrases such as "may you be happy" or "may you be free from suffering", for example directed at a person who, depending on tradition, may or may not be internally visualized.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two different methodological approaches have been discerned in recent review papers: practices that focus on compassion, and practices focusing on loving-kindness. Focusing on compassion means that meditation consists of the wish to relieve a being from suffering, whereas focusing on loving-kindness means wishing a being happiness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice gradually increases in difficulty with respect to the targets that receive the practitioner's compassion or loving-kindness. At first the practitioner is targeting "oneself, then loved ones, neutral ones, difficult ones, and finally all beings, with variations across traditions".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Martin Wiltshire, prior to the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, there existed traditions of <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Brahmaloka" title="Brahmaloka">Brahmaloka</a></i></span> and of meditation with the four virtues of loving-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248–264">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire/page/248/mode/1up">248</a>–264 </span></sup> The early Buddhist texts assert that pre-Buddha ancient Indian sages who taught these virtues were earlier incarnations of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 248–264">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire/page/248/mode/1up">248</a>–264 </span></sup> Post-Buddha, these same virtues are found in the Hindu texts such as verse 1.33 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patañjali</a></i>, wherein the word <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitri</i></span> is synonymous with <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Loving-kindness (<span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitri</i></span>), along with compassion and equanimity, are found in the early <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> of Hinduism, while loving-kindness (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span>) is found in early Sutras of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> along with compassion, empathetic joy and equanimity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 241–242">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire/page/241/mode/2up">241–242</a> </span></sup> The ancient Indian <i>Paccekabuddhas</i> who are mentioned in the early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Suttas</a>, those who lived before the Buddha, mention all "four immeasurables" and Brahmavihara, and they are claimed in the Suttas to be previous incarnations of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 248–264">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire/page/248/mode/1up">248</a>–264 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Ian Harris, the Buddhist scriptures acknowledge that the <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span>-concept containing four <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Brahmavihara</i></span> meditation practices "did not originate within the Buddhist tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha never claimed that the "four immeasurables" and related <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span>-meditation were his unique ideas, states Harvey Aronson, in <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">a manner similar to</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="ambiguous: did he never claim the 4M were HUI in a manner similar to how he never claimed CQN were HUI? or did he never claim the 4M were HUI in a manner similar to how CQN were HUI? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "cessation, quieting, nirvana".<sup id="cite_ref-Aronson1980p71_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronson1980p71-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pre-Buddha <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>, states Jayatilleke, in section 8.15 teaches metta and <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (doctrine of non-harm, esp. non-violence) to all creatures claiming that this practice leads to <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Brahmaloka</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift in Vedic ideas, from rituals to virtues, is particularly discernible in the early Upanishadic thought, and it is unclear as to what extent and how early Upanishadic traditions of Hinduism and Sramanic traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism influenced each other, on ideas such as "four immeasurables", meditation, and Brahmavihara.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 248–264">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire/page/248/mode/1up">248</a>–264 </span></sup> </p><p>In the Jain text, the <a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a> (Chapter 7, sutra 11), which is accepted by all Jain sub-traditions as authoritative, there is a mention of four right sentiments: Maitri, pramoda, karunya, and madhyastha: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Benevolence towards all living beings, joy at the sight of the virtuous, compassion and sympathy for the afflicted, and tolerance towards the insolent and ill-behaved.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_texts">Buddhist texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buddhist texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Pāramitā</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/110px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/165px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/220px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Pāramīs in <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; 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background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kṣānti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upaya" title="Upaya">Upāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Praṇidhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">Jñāna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parami" title="Template:Parami"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parami" title="Template talk:Parami"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parami" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parami"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli Canon</a>, the term <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span> appears in many texts such as the <i>Kakacupama Sutta</i> and <i>Karaniya Metta Sutta</i>. Other canonical materials, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%ADisambhid%C4%81magga" title="Paṭisambhidāmagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a></i>, elaborate on it as a practice. Yet other canonical sources, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Abhidhamma_Pitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhidhamma Pitaka">Abhidhamma</a></i>, underline the key role of benevolence in the development of wholesome <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">karma</a> for better rebirths. </p><p><span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">This basic statement of intention and verse</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which statement is this referring to? What is a "statement of intention and verse"? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> can also be found in several other canonical discourses.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karaniya_Metta_Sutta_(Sn_1.8)"><span id="Karaniya_Metta_Sutta_.28Sn_1.8.29"></span><i>Karaniya Metta Sutta</i> (Sn 1.8)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Karaniya Metta Sutta (Sn 1.8)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Metta_Sutta" title="Metta Sutta">Metta Sutta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>May all beings be happy and secure, may they be happy-minded.<br /> Whatever living beings there are—feeble or strong, long, stout or medium,<br /> short, small or large, seen or unseen (ghosts, gods and hell-beings),<br /> those dwelling far or near, those who are born or those who await rebirth<br /> may all beings, without exception be happy-minded.<br /> Let none deceive another nor despise any person whatever in any place;<br /> in anger or ill-will let them not wish any suffering to each other.<br /> Just as a mother would protect her only child at the risk of her own life,<br /> even so, let him cultivate a boundless heart towards all beings.<br /> Let her thoughts of boundless <b>lovingkindness</b> pervade the whole world:<br /> above, below and across, without obstruction, without any hatred, without any enmity.<br /> ⋮<br /> This they say is divine abiding here.<br /> She will surely not come again to any womb (rebirth in the sense-desire realm). </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Metta Sutta</i>, Khp 8-9, Translated by Peter Harvey<sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 279">: 279 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Metta</i></span> or lovingkindness here, states Harvey, is a heartfelt aspiration for the happiness of all beings. It is different from "lack of ill-will", and more an antidote to fear and hatred. It is the precept to conquer anger by kindness, conquer the liar by truth, conquer the stingy by giving, and conquer evil by good, says Harvey.<sup id="cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 279">: 279 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatthūpama_Sutta"><span id="Vatth.C5.ABpama_Sutta"></span><i>Vatthūpama Sutta</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vatthūpama Sutta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In over a dozen discourses, the following description (in English and Pāli) is provided for radiating loving-kindness in six directions:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>One abides, having suffused with a mind of benevolence <br />one direction of the world, <br />likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth, <br />and so above, below, around and <br />everywhere, and to all as to himself; <br />one abides suffusing the entire universe with benevolence, <br />with a mind grown great, lofty, boundless and <br />free from enmity and ill will.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">So mettāsahagatena cetasā <br />ekaṃ disaṃ pharitvā viharati. <br />Tathā dutiyaṃ. Tathā tatiyaṃ. Tathā catutthiṃ. <br />Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṃ <br />sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṃ <br />lokaṃ mettāsahagatena cetasā <br />vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena <br />averena abyāpajjena pharitvā viharati.</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the canon, this basic formula is expanded upon in a variety of ways. For instance, a couple of discourses<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide the following description of how to gain rebirth in the heavenly realm of Brahmā (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">brahmānaṃ sahavyatāya maggo</i></span>) : </p> <dl><dd>"What... is the path to the company of Brahmā? Here a bhikkhu abides pervading one quarter with a mind imbued with benevolence, likewise the second, likewise the third, likewise the fourth; so above, below, around, and everywhere, and to all as to himself, he abides pervading the all-encompassing world with a mind imbued with benevolence, abundant, exalted, immeasurable, without hostility, and without ill will. When the deliverance of mind by benevolence is developed in this way, no limiting action remains there, none persists there.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Just as a vigorous trumpeter could make himself (or herself) heard without difficulty in the four quarters, so too, when the deliverance of mind by benevolence is developed in this way, no limiting action remains there, none persists there. This is the path to the company of Brahmā."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patisambhidamagga_Mettakatha_(Ps._2.4)"><span id="Patisambhidamagga_Mettakatha_.28Ps._2.4.29"></span><i>Patisambhidamagga Mettakatha</i> (Ps. 2.4)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Patisambhidamagga Mettakatha (Ps. 2.4)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; font-size: 100%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>May all beings be free from <br />enmity, affliction and anxiety, <br />and live contentedly. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>Mettākathā (<a href="/wiki/Patisambhidamagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Patisambhidamagga">Ps.</a> 2.4)</i><sup id="cite_ref-VsmIX50_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VsmIX50-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Khuddaka Nikāya">Khuddaka Nikāya</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <i><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%ADisambhid%C4%81magga" title="Paṭisambhidāmagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a></i>, traditionally ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Sariputta</a>, is a section entitled <i>Mettākathā</i> (<a href="/wiki/Patisambhidamagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Patisambhidamagga">Ps</a>. 2.4, "Story on Loving-Kindness").<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this instruction, a general formula (below, in English and Pāli), essentially identical to the aforementioned <i>Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta</i> verse (especially evident in the Pāli), is provided for radiating benevolence: </p><p>In addition, this instruction categorizes twenty-two ways in which "the mind-deliverance of benevolence" (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettācetovimutti</i></span>) can be radiated with </p> <dl><dt>five ways of "unspecified pervasion" (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">anodhiso pharaṇā</i></span>)</dt> <dd>all beings (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe sattā</i></span>), all breathing things (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe pāṇā bhāvapariyāpannā</i></span>), all creatures (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe bhūtā bhāvapariyāpannā</i></span>), all persons (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe puggalā bhāvapariyāpannā</i></span>), all with a personality (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe attabhāvapariyāpannā</i></span>)</dd> <dt>seven ways of "specified pervasion" (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">anodhiso pharaṇā</i></span>)</dt> <dd>all women (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbā itthiyo</i></span>), all men (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe purisā</i></span>), all Noble Ones (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe ariyā</i></span>), all non-Noble Ones (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe anariyā</i></span>), all deities (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe devā</i></span>), all humans (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe manussā</i></span>), all born in lower realms (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">sabbe vinipātikā</i></span>),</dd> <dt>ten ways of "directional pervasion" (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">disā-pharaṇā</i></span>)</dt> <dd>of the eastern direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">puratthimāya disāya</i></span>), of the western direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">pacchimāya disāya</i></span>), of the northern direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uttarā disāya</i></span>), of the southern direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">dakkhīṇāya disāya</i></span>), of the eastern intermediate direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">puratthimāya anudisāya</i></span>), of the western intermediate direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">pacchimāya anudisāya</i></span>), of the northern intermediate direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uttarā anudisāya</i></span>), of the southern intermediate direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">dakkhīṇāya anudisāya</i></span>), of the downward direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">heṭṭhimāya disāya</i></span>), of the upward direction (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">uparimāya disāya</i></span>).</dd></dl> <p>Moreover, the directional pervasions can then be applied to each of the unspecific and specific pervasions. For instance, after radiating benevolence to all beings in the east (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Sabbe puratthimāya disāya sattā...</i></span>), one radiates it to all beings in the west and then north and then south, etc.; then, one radiates it to all breathing things in this fashion (<span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Sabbe puratthimāya disāya pāṇā...</i></span>), then all creatures, persons, and so forth until such is extended for all those born in the lower realms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pali canon says that there are a number of benefits from the practicing of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span> meditation, including: </p> <dl><dd>One sleeps easily, wakes easily, dreams no evil dreams. One is dear to human beings, dear to non-human beings. The <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">devas</a> protect one. Neither fire, poison, nor weapons can touch one. One's mind gains concentration quickly. One's complexion is bright. One dies unconfused and—if penetrating no higher—is headed for [rebirth in]<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Brahma worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The canon also upholds fully ripened <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span> development as a foremost antidote to ill will: </p> <dl><dd>"No other thing do I know, O monks, on account of which unarisen ill will does not arise and arisen ill will is abandoned so much as on account of this: the liberation of the heart by benevolence. For one who attends properly to the liberation of the heart by benevolence, unarisen ill will does not arise and arisen ill will is abandoned."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>"Monks, whatever grounds there are for making merit productive of a future birth, all these do not equal a sixteenth part of the liberation of mind by benevolence. The liberation of mind by benevolence surpasses them and shines forth, bright and brilliant."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> meditation is regularly recommended to the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>'s followers in the Pali canon. The canon generally advises radiating <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">metta</i></span> in each of the six directions, to whatever beings there may be.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Basic_copyediting" title="Wikipedia:Basic copyediting"><span title="The text preceding this tag may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (August 2023)">needs copy edit</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different set of practical instructions, still widely used today, is found in the 5th century <span title="Common Era">CE</span> <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a>; this is also the main source for the "near and far enemies" given above. In addition, variations on this traditional practice have been popularized by modern teachers and applied in modern research settings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maitrī_and_mettā"><span id="Maitr.C4.AB_and_mett.C4.81"></span><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitrī</i></span> and <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maitrī and mettā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> is found in pre-Buddhist Vedic Sanskrit texts as <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitrī</i></span>, <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Maitra</i></span>, and <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mitra</i></span>, which are derived from the ancient root <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mid</i></span> (love).<sup id="cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p540_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidsStede1921p540-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Vedic words appear in the <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishad</a> layers of texts in the Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Speaking the truth I desire this:<br /> May I enjoy her lovingkindness as do ye,<br /> May not one of you supplant another,<br /> She hath enjoyed my lovingkindness, the all-knower. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Taittiriya Samhita 4.3.12, <i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i>, Translated by Arthur Keith<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similarly, the term appears in hymn 55 of Book 19 of the Atharvaveda,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and various Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major early Upanishad of Hinduism, named <a href="/wiki/Maitri_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitri Upanishad">Maitri Upanishad</a>, discusses universal kindness and amity. The <i>Maitri Upanishad</i>, states Martin Wiltshire, provides the philosophical underpinning, by asserting, "what one thinks, that one becomes, this is the eternal mystery". This idea, adds Wiltshire, reflects the assumption in the ancient thought that one influences one's own environment and situation, causality is equitable, and "good volitional acts conduce pleasant situations, while bad volitional acts conduce unpleasant situations".<sup id="cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 94–95">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire/page/94/mode/2up">94–95</a> </span></sup> The <i>Maitri Upanishad</i> teaches, states Juan Mascaró, that peace begins in one's own mind, in one's longing for truth, in looking within, and that "a quietness of mind overcomes good and evil works, and in quietness the soul is one: then one feels the joy of eternity."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha Upanishad</a></i> similarly discusses universal amity and loving-kindness, but without the term <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These teachings of universal <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitri</i></span> influenced Mahatma Gandhi.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jainism, <i>Yogabindu</i> – the 6th-century yoga text by <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a> – uses the Sanskrit word <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">maitri</i></span> in verses 402–404, in the sense of loving-kindness towards all living beings.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mettā_meditation_research"><span id="Mett.C4.81_meditation_research"></span><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> meditation research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mettā meditation research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some pilot research studies on the effect of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span> meditation indicate an increase in positive emotions for practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, an immediate impact on positive emotions after practice as well as a long-term effect could be shown, though these effects might not hold true for everybody.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one proof-of-concept study, uncontrolled in sample selection and benchmarking, the researchers report therapeutic potential for psychological problems like depression or social anxiety, when combined with other reliable treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_potential">Therapeutic potential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Therapeutic potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The application of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">mettā</i></span> meditation for the treatment of psychological and other healthcare-related problems is a topic of research. Hofmann <i>et al.</i> discuss the potential use for therapy and report insufficient data, with some promising studies so far. Those studies could show a positive impact on problems such as schizophrenia, depression, and anxiety. According to Hofmann <i>et al.</i>, there needs to be more rigorous research, especially with the application of Buddhist approaches to loving-kindness and compassion meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an eight-week pilot study in 2005, loving-kindness meditation led to reduced pain and anger in people with chronic lower back pain.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compassion meditation, a <i>Science Daily</i> article states, may reduce inflammatory and behavioral responses to stress that have been linked to depression and a number of medical illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Mettā</i></span> meditation is a central practice within <a href="/wiki/Mindfulness-based_pain_management" title="Mindfulness-based pain management">mindfulness-based pain management</a> (MBPM),<sup id="cite_ref-Burch_2016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burch_2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the effectiveness of which has been supported by a range of studies.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Meta-analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2015 meta-analysis, synthesizing various high-quality experiments on loving-kindness meditation, found a medium-sized[quantify] improvement to daily positive emotion, with meditation on the loving-kindness aspect of mettā having a greater effect than practices with a focus on compassion. The length of time meditating did not affect the magnitude of positive impact of the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caution_and_reviews">Caution and reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Caution and reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S. R. Bishop, in a 2002 review, suggests caution on claims of benefits, and states, "what has been published has been rife with methodological problems. At present, we know very little about the effectiveness of this [mindfulness-lovingkindness-compassion meditation] approach; however, there is some evidence that suggests that it may hold some promise."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2014 review of multiple studies, Galante <i>et al.</i> reach a similar conclusion, stating "results were inconclusive for some outcomes, in particular against active controls; the methodological quality of the reports was low to moderate; results suffered from imprecision due to wide CIs (<a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>) deriving from small studies" and that "the kindness meditation methods show evidence of individual and community benefits through its effects on their well-being and social interaction".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapanasati Sutta">Anapanasati Sutta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81van%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāvanā">Bhāvanā</a> (contemplation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayagatasati_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayagatasati Sutta">Kayagatasati Sutta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ram%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāramī">Pāramī</a> (perfection) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a> (resolute determination)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a> (generosity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanti">Khanti</a> (patience)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a> (renunciation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom in Buddhism">Pañña</a> (wisdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a> (truth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%ABla" class="mw-redirect" title="Śīla">Śīla</a> (morality)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkhā</a> (equanimity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> (diligence)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana_Sutta" title="Satipatthana Sutta">Satipatthana Sutta</a></i>, also called the Four Satipatthanas</li> <li>Similar concepts in other cultures: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a> - Latin term for love</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a> – a similar Hebrew term, given the association of kindness and love</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philautia" class="mw-redirect" title="Philautia">Philautia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storge_(familial_love)" class="mw-redirect" title="Storge (familial love)">Storge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a> - Greek terms for <a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">love</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a>. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications. 2005. pp. 90, 131, 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1"><bdi>0-86171-491-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Buddha%27s+Words%3A+An+Anthology+of+Discourses+from+the+Pali+Canon&rft.place=Somerville%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=90%2C+131%2C+134&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-86171-491-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGethin1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Gethin, Rupert</a> (1998). <i>The Foundations of Buddhism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 26, 30, <i>passim</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1"><bdi>0-19-289223-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Buddhism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=26%2C+30%2C+%27%27passim%27%27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-289223-1&rft.aulast=Gethin&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span> [spelled as two words: "loving kindness"]</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(academic)" title="Peter Harvey (academic)">Harvey, Peter</a> (2007). <i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31333-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31333-9"><bdi>978-0-521-31333-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=247-48&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31333-9&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span> [spelled without a hyphen: "lovingkindness"]</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodhi2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a>, ed. (2001). <i>The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya</i>. Translated by Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu. Boston: Wisdom Publications. pp. 120, 374, 474, <i>passim</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X"><bdi>0-86171-072-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle-Length+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+Translation+of+the+Majjhima+Nik%C4%81ya&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=120%2C+374%2C+474%2C+%27%27passim%27%27&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-86171-072-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzberg1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Salzberg, Sharon</a> (1995). <i>Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness</i>. Boston: Shambhala Publications. pp. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-176-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-176-4"><bdi>1-57062-176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lovingkindness%3A+The+Revolutionary+Art+of+Happiness&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=passim&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-57062-176-4&rft.aulast=Salzberg&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span> [without a hyphen]</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya</i>. Translated by Walshe, Maurice. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications. 1995. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-103-3"><bdi>0-86171-103-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+A+Translation+of+the+D%C4%ABgha+Nik%C4%81ya&rft.place=Somerville%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-86171-103-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warder-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warder_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warder_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarder2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">Warder, A. K.</a> (2004) [1970]. <i>Indian Buddhism</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 63, 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1741-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1741-9"><bdi>81-208-1741-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=63%2C+94&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=81-208-1741-9&rft.aulast=Warder&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PED-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PED_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PED_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PED_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys_DavidsStede1921–25" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, T.W.</a>; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25). "Mettā". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/"><i>The Pali Text Society's Pali–English Dictionary</i></a>. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. p. 540<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mett%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Pali+Text+Society%27s+Pali%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Chipstead&rft.pages=540&rft.pub=Pali+Text+Society&rft.date=1921%2F1925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fpali%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gombrich-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gombrich_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGombrich2002" class="citation book cs1">Gombrich, Richard (2002) [1988]. <i>Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07585-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07585-8"><bdi>0-415-07585-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism%3A+A+Social+History+from+Ancient+Benares+to+Modern+Colombo&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-07585-8&rft.aulast=Gombrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarveyIntro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarveyIntro_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(academic)" title="Peter Harvey (academic)">Harvey, Peter</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC"><i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i></a>. 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Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nSrb_a-sanskrit-english-dictionary-sir-monier-monier-williams/page/816/mode/1up">816</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nSrb_a-sanskrit-english-dictionary-sir-monier-monier-williams/page/834/mode/1up">834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mitra%2C+Maitr%C4%AB&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary%3A+Etymologically+and+Philologically+Arranged+with+Special+Reference+to+Cognate+Indo-European+languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=816+%26+834&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FnSrb_a-sanskrit-english-dictionary-sir-monier-monier-williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DavidsStede1921p540-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p540_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p540_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DavidsStede1921p540_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys_DavidsStede1952" class="citation book cs1">Rhys Davids, Thomas William; Stede, William (1952) [1921]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palienglishdictionaryrhysdavidst.w.pts_342_G/page/n585/mode/2up"><i>Pali-English Dictionary</i></a>. 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Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013). "pāramitā". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863"><i>The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863/page/624/mode/1up">624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=p%C4%81ramit%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=624&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780691157863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddhagosha2010" class="citation book cs1">Buddhagosha, Bhadantācariya (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/PathofPurification2011.pdf"><i>Vishudimagga: The Path of Purification</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. II.IX.98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vishudimagga%3A+The+Path+of+Purification&rft.place=Kandy%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=II.IX.98&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Buddhagosha&rft.aufirst=Bhadant%C4%81cariya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fnanamoli%2FPathofPurification2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insightmeditationcenter.org/books-articles/dhamma-lists/">"Dhamma Lists"</a>. <i>Insight Meditation Center</i>. Redwood City, Calif.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insight+Meditation+Center&rft.atitle=Dhamma+Lists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insightmeditationcenter.org%2Fbooks-articles%2Fdhamma-lists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiltshire1990p255-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiltshire1990p255_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltshire1990" class="citation book cs1">Wiltshire, Martin G. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire"><i>Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha</i></a>. Religion and Reason. Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-009896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-009896-9"><bdi>978-3-11-009896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascetic+Figures+Before+and+in+Early+Buddhism%3A+The+Emergence+of+Gautama+as+the+Buddha&rft.series=Religion+and+Reason&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-11-009896-9&rft.aulast=Wiltshire&rft.aufirst=Martin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fascetic-figures-before-and-in-early-buddhism-wiltshire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatanjali" class="citation web cs1">Patanjali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_yoga/yogasuutra.html?lang=sa">"Yogasutra"</a>. <i>SanskritDocuments.Org</i>. १.३३. <q><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मैत्री करुणा मुदितोपेक्षाणां सुखदुःखपुण्यापुण्यविषयाणां भावनातश्चित्तप्रसादनम्</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SanskritDocuments.Org&rft.atitle=Yogasutra&rft.pages=%E0%A5%A7.%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A9&rft.au=Patanjali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanskritdocuments.org%2Fdoc_yoga%2Fyogasuutra.html%3Flang%3Dsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2001" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ian (2001). Harvey, Peter (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247"><i>Buddhism</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4726-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4726-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-4726-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4726-4&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZCvAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aronson1980p71-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aronson1980p71_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronson1980" class="citation book cs1">Aronson, Harvey B. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYn7WsDccU0C&pg=PA71"><i>Love and Sympathy in Theravāda Buddhism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1403-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1403-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+and+Sympathy+in+Therav%C4%81da+Buddhism&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1403-5&rft.aulast=Aronson&rft.aufirst=Harvey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYn7WsDccU0C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayatilleke1963" class="citation book cs1">Jayatilleke, K. N. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyearlybuddhisttheoryofknowledgejayatillekek.n._441_r/mode/2up"><i>Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge</i></a>. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyearlybuddhisttheoryofknowledgejayatillekek.n._441_r/page/478/mode/2up">478–479</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-54287-1"><bdi>978-1-134-54287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Theory+of+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pages=478-479&rft.pub=George+Allen+%26+Unwin+Ltd.&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1-134-54287-1&rft.aulast=Jayatilleke&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyearlybuddhisttheoryofknowledgejayatillekek.n._441_r%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 10.176, other discourses that contain <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">this text</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="which text? (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> include: <ul><li><i>Discourse for the Brahmans of Sala</i> (<i>Sāleyyaka Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 41) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.041.nymo.html">(Ñanamoli & Khantipalo, 1993)</a></li> <li><i>Discourse for the Brahmins of Verañja</i> (<i>Verañjaka Sutta</i>, MN 42, which is substantially a reiteration of MN 41 in a different locale)</li> <li><i>Sutta on the To Be Cultivated and Not to Be Cultivated</i> (<i>Sevitabbāsevitabba Sutta</i>, MN 114) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, p. 917)</li> <li><i>First Discourse on Hell and Heaven</i> (<i>Paṭhama-niraya-sagga Sutta</i>, AN 10.211)</li> <li><i>Second Discourse on Hell and Heaven</i> (<i>Dutiya-niraya-sagga Sutta</i>, AN 10.212)</li> <li><i>First Discourse on Intentional Actions</i> (<i>Paṭhama-sañcetanika Sutta</i>, AN 10.217)</li> <li><i>Second Discourse on Intentional Actions</i> (<i>Dutiya-sañcetanika Sutta</i>, AN 10.218)</li> <li>the <i><a href="/wiki/Patisambhidamagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Patisambhidamagga">Paṭisambhidāmagga</a></i> (see below)</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Paracanonical_texts_(Theravada_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracanonical texts (Theravada Buddhism)">paracanonical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Milinda_Panha" title="Milinda Panha">Milinda Pañha</a></i>.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for instance, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">Digha Nikāya</a></i> alone: <ul><li><i>The Great Splendor Discourse</i> (<i>Mahāsudassana Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 17), v. 2.4 (Walshe, 1995, p. 287)</li> <li><i>The Great Steward Discourse</i> (<i>Mahāgovinda Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 19), v. 59 (Walshe, 1995, p. 312)</li> <li><i>The Great Lion's Roar to the Udumbarikans Discourse</i> (<i>Udumbarika-Sīhanāda Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 19), v. 17 (Walshe, 1995, pp. 390-391)</li> <li><i>The Lion's Roar on the Turning of the Wheel Discourse</i> (<i>Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 79), v. 28 (Walshe, 1995, p. 405).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.007.nypo.html#fnt-mn-007-12">"Vatthupama Sutta: The Simile of the Cloth"</a>. Translated by Nyanaponika, Thera. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> VII.12, PTS M i 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatthupama+Sutta%3A+The+Simile+of+the+Cloth&rft.pages=Majjhima+Nikaya%7CMN+VII.12%2C+PTS+M+i+36&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fmn%2Fmn.007.nypo.html%23fnt-mn-007-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224337/http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=2987">"Majjhima Nikaya: Sutta Pitaka"</a>. <i>Bodhgaya News</i>. book 1, BJT p. 88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=2987">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bodhgaya+News&rft.atitle=Majjhima+Nikaya%3A+Sutta+Pitaka&rft.pages=book+1%2C+BJT+p.+88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodhgayanews.net%2Ftipitaka.php%3Ftitle%3D%26record%3D2987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance <ul><li>the <i>Discourse to Subha</i> (<i>Subha Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 99) (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 816–17)</li> <li><i>The Threefold Knowledge Discourse</i> (<i>Tevijja Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Digha_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Digha Nikaya">DN</a> 13), vv. 76–77 (Walshe, 1995, p. 194)</li></ul> See also the <i>Discourse to Dhānañjāni</i> (<i>Dhānañjāni Sutta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 97) (IAST|Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, p. 796), in which a similar statement about union with Brahma is made by the Ven. <a href="/wiki/Sariputta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sariputta">Sariputta</a> without the trumpeter metaphor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MN 99 (Ñāṇamoli & Bodhi, 2001, pp. 816-17). In that translation, this text was presented as one paragraph. Here, it is divided into two, thus following the Pāli text presentation, to enhance readability. Given this text's length, relatively uncomplicated translation and lesser known status (e.g., compared with the <i>Karaniya Metta Sutta</i>), the associated Pāli text is not represented in this main article but here: <dl><dd><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Katamo ca..., brahmānaṃ sahavyatāya maggo: idha..., bhikkhu mettāsahagatena cetasā ekaṃ disaṃ pharitvā viharati. Tathā dutiyaṃ, tathā tatiyaṃ, tathā catutthiṃ. Iti uddhamadho tiriyaṃ sabbadhi sabbattatāya sabbāvantaṃ lokaṃ mettā sahagatena cetasā vipulena mahaggatena appamāṇena averena abyāpajjhena pharitvā viharati. Evaṃ bhāvitāya kho..., mettāya cetovimuttiyā yaṃ pamāṇakataṃ kammaṃ, na taṃ tatrāvasissati. Na taṃ tatrāvatiṭṭhati.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">Seyyathāpi..., balavā saṅkhadhamo appakasireneva catuddisā viññāpeyya. Evameva kho..., evaṃ bhavitāya mettāya ceto vimuttiyā, yaṃ pamāṇakataṃ kammaṃ na taṃ tatrāvasissati. Na taṃ tatrāvatiṭṭhati. Ayampi kho..., brahmāṇaṃ sahavyatāya maggo.</i></span></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224357/http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=3702">"Majjhima Nikaya: Sutta Pitaka"</a>. <i>Bodhgaya News</i>. book 2, BJT p. 730 [MN 99]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=3702">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bodhgaya+News&rft.atitle=Majjhima+Nikaya%3A+Sutta+Pitaka&rft.pages=book+2%2C+BJT+p.+730+MN+99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodhgayanews.net%2Ftipitaka.php%3Ftitle%3D%26record%3D3702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span> The word that is repeatedly elided ("...") is <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">māṇava</i></span> ("student" or "young man") so that only the text that is common to all of the identified discourses is represented here. (For instance, in MN 97, instead of <span title="Pali-language romanization"><i lang="pi-Latn">māṇava</i></span>, it uses the name of the Brahmin being addressed.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VsmIX50-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VsmIX50_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Buddhaghosa & Ñāṇamoli (1999), p. 302, <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Vsm</a>.IX,50. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/wheel007.html">Ñanamoli (1987)</a>, section 11, "Methodical Practice: from the Patisambhidamagga," where this sentence is translated as: "May all beings be freed from enmity, distress and anxiety, and may they guide themselves to bliss."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In this section of this article, the primary English-language sources are: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuddhaghosa1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, Bhadantacariya (1999). <i>The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga</i>. Translated by Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu. Seattle, Wash.: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">BPS</a> Pariyatti Editions. pp. 301–304 (<a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Vsm</a>.IX.49–58). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2"><bdi>1-928706-00-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Path+of+Purification%3A+Visuddhimagga&rft.place=Seattle%2C+Wash.&rft.pages=301-304+%28Visuddhimagga%7CVsm.IX.49-58%29&rft.pub=BPS+Pariyatti+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-928706-00-2&rft.aulast=Buddhaghosa&rft.aufirst=Bhadantacariya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÑanamoli1994" class="citation book cs1">Ñanamoli, Thera, ed. (1994) [1987]. "Methodical Practice: from the Patisambhidamagga". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/wheel007.html"><i>The Practice of Loving-Kindness (Metta): As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon</i></a>. The Wheel. Vol. 7. Translated by Ñanamoli, Thera. Kandy, Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Methodical+Practice%3A+from+the+Patisambhidamagga&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Loving-Kindness+%28Metta%29%3A+As+Taught+by+the+Buddha+in+the+Pali+Canon&rft.place=Kandy%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.series=The+Wheel&rft.pub=Buddhist+Publication+Society&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fnanamoli%2Fwheel007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> The Pali is primarily based on <a href="/wiki/Patisambhidamagga" class="mw-redirect" title="Patisambhidamagga">Patisambhidamagga</a> 2, BJT pp. 64–80, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100611145457/http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=9611">"Patisambhidamaggo 2"</a>. <i>Bodhgaya News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodhgayanews.net/tipitaka.php?title=&record=9611">the original</a> on 2010-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bodhgaya+News&rft.atitle=Patisambhidamaggo+2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodhgayanews.net%2Ftipitaka.php%3Ftitle%3D%26record%3D9611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.016.piya.html">"Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta: Discourse on Advantages of Loving-kindness"</a>. <i>Access to Insight</i>. Translated by Piyadassi, Thera. 13 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Access+to+Insight&rft.atitle=Metta+%28Mettanisamsa%29+Sutta%3A+Discourse+on+Advantages+of+Loving-kindness&rft.date=2010-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fan%2Fan11%2Fan11.016.piya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.016.than.html">"Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta: Good Will"</a>. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikkhu. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 11.16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metta+%28Mettanisamsa%29+Sutta%3A+Good+Will&rft.pages=Anguttara+Nikaya%7CAN+11.16&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fan%2Fan11%2Fan11.016.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;">See also AN 8.1 (similarly entitled, <i>Mettānisaṃsa Sutta</i> [SLTP] and <i>Mettā Suttaṃ</i> [CSCD]) which omits the last three of four benefits mentioned in AN 11.16 (that is, it omits "One's mind gains concentration quickly. One's complexion is bright. One dies unconfused...").</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An anthology of Suttas from the Aṅguttara Nikāya</i>. Translated by Nyanaponika, Thera; Bodhi, Bhikkhu. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 1.ii.7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0405-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0405-0"><bdi>0-7425-0405-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numerical+Discourses+of+the+Buddha%3A+An+anthology+of+Suttas+from+the+A%E1%B9%85guttara+Nik%C4%81ya&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=Anguttara+Nikaya%7CAN+1.ii.7&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7425-0405-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikkhu2001" class="citation web cs1">Bhikkhu, Thanissaro (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/iti/iti.1.001-027.than.html#iti-027">"Itivuttaka: The Group of Ones"</a>. <i>accesstoinsight</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=accesstoinsight&rft.atitle=Itivuttaka%3A+The+Group+of+Ones&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bhikkhu&rft.aufirst=Thanissaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fkn%2Fiti%2Fiti.1.001-027.than.html%23iti-027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.007.nypo.html">"Vatthupama Sutta: The Simile of the Cloth"</a>. Translated by Nyanaponika, Thera. MN 7.12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vatthupama+Sutta%3A+The+Simile+of+the+Cloth&rft.pages=MN+7.12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fmn%2Fmn.007.nypo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.than.html">"Karaniya Metta Sutta: Good Will"</a>. Translated by Thanissaro, Bhikkhu. Snp 1.8/Khp 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karaniya+Metta+Sutta%3A+Good+Will&rft.pages=Snp+1.8%2FKhp+9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Ftipitaka%2Fkn%2Fsnp%2Fsnp.1.08.than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomfield1906" class="citation book cs1">Bloomfield, Maurice (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/1up"><i>A Vedic Concordance</i></a>. Harvard Oriental Series. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vedicconcordance00bloouoft/page/713/mode/1up?view=theater">713</a>–717.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vedic+Concordance&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.series=Harvard+Oriental+Series&rft.pages=713-717&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fvedicconcordance00bloouoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><i>The Veda of the Black Yajus School entitled Taittiriya Sanhita</i>. Vol. 2: Kandas IV–VII. Translated by Keith, Arthur Berriedale. Harvard University Press. 1914. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vedablackyajuss00keitgoog/page/n59/mode/1up">335</a> (iv,3,12,i:k).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Veda+of+the+Black+Yajus+School+entitled+Taittiriya+Sanhita&rft.pages=335+%28iv%2C3%2C12%2Ci%3Ak%29&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Griffith1896" class="citation book cs1">Ralph Griffith (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymnsatharvaved02unkngoog"><i>The Hymns of the Atharvaveda</i></a>. E. J. Lazarus. pp. 312–313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+the+Atharvaveda&rft.pages=312-313&rft.pub=E.+J.+Lazarus&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Ralph+Griffith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymnsatharvaved02unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadhakrishnan1992" class="citation book cs1">Radhakrishnan, S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9x-Peh32rw8C"><i>Rabindranath Tagore: A Centenary</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-332-5"><bdi>978-81-7201-332-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabindranath+Tagore%3A+A+Centenary&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7201-332-5&rft.aulast=Radhakrishnan&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9x-Peh32rw8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMascaró1965" class="citation book cs1">Mascaró, Juan (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upanishads00masc"><i>The Upanishads</i></a></span>. Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/upanishads00masc/page/103">103</a>–104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044163-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044163-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanishads&rft.pages=103-104&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044163-5&rft.aulast=Mascar%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fupanishads00masc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2016" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Kalyan Sen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0USgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10"><i>The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore</i></a>. Routledge. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-02143-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-02143-8"><bdi>978-1-317-02143-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Rabindranath+Tagore&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-02143-8&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Kalyan+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0USgCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2012" class="citation book cs1">Snow, Nancy (2012). Chatterjee, Deen K. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JHFdeluRJDEC&pg=PT2155"><i>Encyclopedia of Global Justice</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9160-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9160-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-9160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Justice&rft.pages=2155&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-9160-5&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJHFdeluRJDEC%26pg%3DPT2155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapple2015" class="citation book cs1">Chapple, Christopher Key (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TrbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT175"><i>Yoga in Jainism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57217-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-57217-6"><bdi>978-1-317-57217-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Jainism&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-57217-6&rft.aulast=Chapple&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TrbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2005" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, J. W. (2005). "Loving-Kindness Meditation for Chronic Low Back Pain: Results From a Pilot Trial". <i>Journal of Holistic Nursing</i>. <b>23</b> (3): 287–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0898010105277651">10.1177/0898010105277651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16049118">16049118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22556878">22556878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Holistic+Nursing&rft.atitle=Loving-Kindness+Meditation+for+Chronic+Low+Back+Pain%3A+Results+From+a+Pilot+Trial&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=287-304&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22556878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16049118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0898010105277651&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081007172902.htm">"Compassion Meditation May Improve Physical And Emotional Responses To Psychological Stress"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=Compassion+Meditation+May+Improve+Physical+And+Emotional+Responses+To+Psychological+Stress&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2008%2F10%2F081007172902.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burch_2016-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burch_2016_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurch2016" class="citation book cs1">Burch, Vidyamala (2016). "Meditation and the management of pain". <i>The Psychology of Meditation</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 153–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmed%3Apsych%2F9780199688906.003.0007">10.1093/med:psych/9780199688906.003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968890-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968890-6"><bdi>978-0-19-968890-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meditation+and+the+management+of+pain&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Meditation&rft.pages=153-176&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmed%3Apsych%2F9780199688906.003.0007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968890-6&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Vidyamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehanMorris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Mehan, Suraj; Morris, Julia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.5.235">"A literature review of Breathworks and mindfulness intervention"</a>. <i>British Journal of Healthcare Management</i>. <b>24</b> (5): 235–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12968%2Fbjhc.2018.24.5.235">10.12968/bjhc.2018.24.5.235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1358-0574">1358-0574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Healthcare+Management&rft.atitle=A+literature+review+of+Breathworks+and+mindfulness+intervention&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=235-241&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12968%2Fbjhc.2018.24.5.235&rft.issn=1358-0574&rft.aulast=Mehan&rft.aufirst=Suraj&rft.au=Morris%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magonlinelibrary.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.12968%2Fbjhc.2018.24.5.235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaitr%C4%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Acharya Buddharakkhita (trans.) (1987/2006). "Kakacupama Sutta: The Parable of the Saw (excerpt)" from <i>Positive Response: How to Meet Evil With Good</i> (Bodhi Leaves No. 109). Kandy, Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a> (1987). Retrieved from "Access to Insight" (2006) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.021x.budd.html">Kakacupama Sutta: The Parable of the Saw</a>.</li> <li>Amaravati Sangha (trans.) (1994, 2004). "Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Buddha's Words on Loving-Kindness" from <i>Chanting Book: Morning and Evening Puja and Reflections</i> (1994). Hemel Hempstead: Amaravati Publications. Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" (2004) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.08.amar.html">Karaniya Metta Sutta: The Buddha's Words on Loving-Kindness</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu_Bodhi" title="Bhikkhu Bodhi">Bodhi, Bhikkhu</a> (2005). <i>In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon</i>. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-491-1">0-86171-491-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a>, Bhadantacariya & Bhikkhu <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span> (trans.) (1999). <i>The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga</i>. Seattle, WA: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">BPS</a> Pariyatti Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-928706-00-2">1-928706-00-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gethin" title="Rupert Gethin">Gethin, Rupert</a> (1998). <i>The Foundations of Buddhism</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-289223-1">0-19-289223-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gombrich" title="Richard Gombrich">Gombrich, Richard</a> (1988; reprinted 2002). <i>Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo</i>. Routledge: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07585-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-07585-8">0-415-07585-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Harvey_(academic)" title="Peter Harvey (academic)">Harvey, Peter</a> (2007). <i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31333-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31333-3">0-521-31333-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier-Williams, Monier</a> (1899, 1964). <i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864308-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864308-X">0-19-864308-X</a>. Retrieved 2008-04-29 from "Cologne University" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf">MW Scan</a>.</li> <li>Ñanamoli Thera (ed., trans.) (1987/1994). <i>The Practice of Loving-Kindness (Metta): As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon</i> (The Wheel No. 7). Kandy, Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a> (1987). Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" (1994 transcription) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/nanamoli/wheel007.html">The Practice of Loving-Kindness (Metta): As Taught by the Buddha in the Pali Canon</a>.</li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Ñāṇamoli</i></span>, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bhikkhu Bodhi (ed.) (2001). <i>The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya</i>. Boston: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-072-X">0-86171-072-X</a>.</li> <li>Ñanamoli Thera (trans.) & Bhikkhu Khantipalo (ed.) (1993/1994). <i>Saleyyaka Sutta: The Brahmans of Sala</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 41). Retrieved 2007-12-23 from "Access to Insight" (1994 transcription) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.041.nymo.html">Saleyyaka Sutta: The Brahmans of Sala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a> (trans.) (1988/1998). "Vatthupama Sutta: The Simile of the Cloth" (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 7) from <i>The Simile of the Cloth & the Discourse on Effacement</i> (Wheel No. 61). Kandy, Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a> (1988). Retrieved 2007-12-03 from "Access to Insight" (1998) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.007.nypo.html">Vatthupama Sutta: The Simile of the Cloth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a> & Bhikkhu Bodhi (trans.) (1999). <i>Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An anthology of Suttas from the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Aṅguttara</i></span> Nikāya</i>. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-0405-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-0405-0">0-7425-0405-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Augusta_Foley_Rhys_Davids" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F.</a> ([1900], 2003). <i>Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original Pāli, of the First Book of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Abhidhamma-Piṭaka</i></span>, entitled Dhamma-<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sangaṇi</i></span> (Compendium of States or Phenomena)</i>. Kessinger Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7661-4702-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7661-4702-9">0-7661-4702-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhys_Davids" title="Thomas William Rhys Davids">Rhys Davids</a>, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). <i>The Pali Text Society's Pali–English Dictionary</i>. Chipstead: <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>. Retrieved 2008-04-29 from "U. Chicago" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/">http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Salzberg, Sharon</a> (1995). <i>Lovingkindness: The Revolutionary Art of Happiness</i>. Boston: Shambhala Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-176-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-176-4">1-57062-176-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a> (trans.) (1994). <i>Raja Sutta: The King</i> (<a href="/wiki/Udana" class="mw-redirect" title="Udana">Ud</a>. 5.1). Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.5.01.than.html">Rājan Sutta: The King</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997a). <i>Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta: To Cunda the Silversmith</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 10.176). Retrieved 2007-11-25 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an10/an10.176.than.html">Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta: To Cunda the Silversmith</a>.</li> <li>Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1997b). <i>Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta: Good Will</i> (<a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">AN</a> 11.16). Retrieved 2010-07-07 from "Access to Insight" at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.016.than.html">Metta (Mettanisamsa) Sutta: Good Will</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Trungpa, Chögyam</a> (1993). <i>Training the Mind & Cultivating Loving-Kindness</i>. Boston: Shambhala. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-954-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-954-4">0-87773-954-4</a>.</li> <li>Upatissa, Arahant, N.R.M. Ehara (trans.), Soma Thera (trans.) and Kheminda Thera (trans.) (1995). <i>The Path of Freedom (Vimuttimagga)</i>. Kandy, Sri Lanka: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Publication_Society" title="Buddhist Publication Society">Buddhist Publication Society</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/955-24-0054-6" title="Special:BookSources/955-24-0054-6">955-24-0054-6</a>.</li> <li>Walshe, Maurice (1995). <i>The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya</i>. Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-103-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-103-3">0-86171-103-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Warder" title="A. K. Warder">Warder, A. K.</a> (1970; reprinted 2004). <i>Indian Buddhism</i>. Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1741-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1741-9">81-208-1741-9</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maitr%C4%AB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/brahmaviharas/index.htm">Brahmavihara Dhamma</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mahasi_Sayadaw" title="Mahasi Sayadaw">Mahasi Sayadaw</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/bps/wheels/wheel365.html">An essay on metta</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Buddharakkhita" title="Acharya Buddharakkhita">Acharya Buddharakkhita</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=bp225s">The Four Sublime States and the Practice of Loving Kindness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%91%C4%81%E1%B9%87amoli_Bhikkhu" title="Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu">Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abhayagiri.org/books/584-abundant-exalted-immeasurable">Abundant, Exalted, Immeasurable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Pasanno" title="Ajahn Pasanno">Ajahn Pasanno</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amaravati.org/dhamma-books/im-right-youre-wrong/">I'm Right, You're Wrong</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Amaro" title="Ajahn Amaro">Ajahn Amaro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423074825/http://dharma.ncf.ca/introduction/sutras/metta-sutra.html">The Metta Sutta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rywiki.tsadra.org/index.php/byams_pa">Dharma Dictionary - RangjungYesheWiki - Byams Pa / Maitri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/facets_of_metta.php">Facets of Metta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201102547/http://www.vipassana.com/meditation/facets_of_metta.php">Archived</a> 2019-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.lk/library-search-select.php?id=bp513s">Curbing Anger, Spreading Love by Visuddhacara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccare.stanford.edu/videos/conversations-on-compassion-with-matthieu-ricard/">Matthieu Ricard talks about his lifelong practice of Compassion Meditation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virtues" title="Template:Virtues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virtues" title="Template talk:Virtues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virtues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virtues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emi_Omo_Eso" title="Emi Omo Eso">Emi Omo Eso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_(virtue)" title="Hope (virtue)">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jing_(philosophy)" title="Jing (philosophy)">Jing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Confucianism)" title="Li (Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(philosophy)" title="Ren (philosophy)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(philosophy)" title="Yi (philosophy)">Yi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hr%C4%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Hrī (Buddhism)">Hrī</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mettā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giri_(Japanese)" title="Giri (Japanese)">Giri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li> <li><span title="Catalan-language text"><i lang="ca"><a href="/wiki/Seny" title="Seny">Seny</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisu" title="Sisu">Sisu</a></i></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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