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img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">1908 Leeds South by-election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)#Elections_in_the_1900s" title="Leeds South (UK Parliament constituency)">1906</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>13 February 1908</b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)#Elections_in_the_1910s" title="Leeds South (UK Parliament constituency)">Jan. 1910</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FFD700;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg/65px-William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg/98px-William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg/130px-William_Middlebrook_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #0087DC;"> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E4003B;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Fox_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Albert_Fox_crop.jpg/65px-Albert_Fox_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Albert_Fox_crop.jpg/98px-Albert_Fox_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Albert_Fox_crop.jpg/130px-Albert_Fox_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/William_Middlebrook" title="William Middlebrook">Middlebrook</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Neville" title="Reginald Neville">Neville</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Fox" title="Albert E. Fox">Fox</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>5,274</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4,915 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">2,451 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>41.7%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">38.9% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">19.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Lawson_Walton" title="John Lawson Walton">John Lawson Walton</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Subsequent MP</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Middlebrook" title="William Middlebrook">William Middlebrook</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1908 Leeds South by-election</b> was a parliamentary <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a> for the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> constituency of <a href="/wiki/Leeds_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leeds South (UK Parliament constituency)">Leeds South</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> held on 13 February 1908. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vacancy">Vacancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Vacancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lawson_Walton" title="John Lawson Walton">John Lawson Walton</a>. Lawson was <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Attorney-General">Attorney-General</a> in the Liberal government of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had been MP for Leeds South since 1892 when he himself won the seat at a <a href="/wiki/1892_Leeds_South_by-election" title="1892 Leeds South by-election">by-election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lawson_Walton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/John_Lawson_Walton.jpg/120px-John_Lawson_Walton.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/John_Lawson_Walton.jpg/180px-John_Lawson_Walton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2c/John_Lawson_Walton.jpg/240px-John_Lawson_Walton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Walton</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">General election 1906</a>: Leeds South<sup id="cite_ref-The_Liberal_Year_Book,_1907_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Liberal_Year_Book,_1907-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD700; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Lawson_Walton" title="John Lawson Walton">John Walton</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>6,200 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>50.2 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>−1.0 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #b22222; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Representation_Committee_(1900)" title="Labour Representation Committee (1900)">Labour Repr. Cmte.</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Fox" title="Albert E. Fox">Albert E. Fox</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,030 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">32.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em"><i>New</i> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy_baronets" title="Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy baronets">Henry Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,126 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">17.2 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−31.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,170 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">17.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+15.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">12,356 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">81.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+9.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Registered electors</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">15,119 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #FFD700"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">+15.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Candidates">Candidates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Candidates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberals">Liberals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Liberals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Leeds Liberals selected <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Middlebrook,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Middlebrook, 1st Baronet">William Middlebrook</a>, a 57-year-old <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a> to be their candidate. Middlebrook had been a local councillor in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morley,_West_Yorkshire" title="Morley, West Yorkshire">Morley</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it seems that one of the reasons he was selected was his ability to give financial aid to the Leeds South Liberal Association. John Lawson Walton had had paid the salary of his political agent and Middlebrook undertook to pay the constituency £100 a year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatives">Conservatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Conservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservatives</a> originally seemed to be favouring the candidacy of Sir Henry Fairfax-Lucy, scion of the well-known <a href="/wiki/Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy_baronets" title="Cameron-Ramsay-Fairfax-Lucy baronets">Lucy family</a>. Sir Henry had fought Leeds South for the Tories at the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Sir Henry was a <a href="/wiki/Free_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Trade">free-trader</a>, which was a traditional Liberal policy and the Conservatives feared that <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">tariff reform</a> would become a controversial topic in the election if they chose Sir Henry as their man.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps to enable the local Conservatives to overcome this problem, Fairfax-Lucy diplomatically announced that he was not able to stand for Parliament at this time because he was too busy with the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Force" title="Territorial Force">Territorial Force</a> Association in <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a> of which he was chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a meeting on 27 January 1908, the local Conservative organisation in Leeds South adopted <a href="/wiki/Sir_Reginald_Neville,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Reginald Neville, 1st Baronet">R J Neville</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorder (law)">Recorder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a> as their candidate. Neville was 44 years old and had unsuccessfully contested South Leeds for the Conservatives on four previous occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour">Labour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> candidate at the 1906 general election, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Fox" title="Albert E. Fox">Albert E. Fox</a>, the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Society_of_Locomotive_Engineers_and_Firemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen">Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen</a> expressed his desire to stand again at the by-election but members of a rival railway <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Railwaymen" title="National Union of Railwaymen">Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants</a> had protested against his candidacy and this caused some doubt over Labour's participation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems there had been a falling out between Fox and some railway workers over the tactics and policies to be adopted in respect of union campaigning for improved working conditions and union recognition by the employers. There was considerable discord between the two unions over strategy <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Fox's loyally to the labour cause was questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some of his labour colleagues it was clear that Fox's <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> did not go far enough.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that Fox had secured the approval of party headquarters but the local Labour Representation Committee (LRC) were required to endorse him <sup id="cite_ref-auto7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there remained a danger that if he stood, a rival Labour candidate would enter the field as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Council of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party" title="Independent Labour Party">Independent Labour Party</a> had considered standing T R Williams who had been the Labour candidate in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Huddersfield</a> in 1906 among other possibles but these men withdrew their interest due to lack of funding to fight a campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final week of January, the Labour party had officially appointed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pointer" title="Joseph Pointer">Joseph Pointer</a> as their candidate. Pointer was aged 32 and a <a href="/wiki/Labour_council" title="Labour council">trades council</a> activist from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Patternmakers%27_Association" title="United Patternmakers' Association">United Patternmakers' Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported he and his supporters had started campaigning in Leeds <sup id="cite_ref-auto3_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the end of the month Pointer had withdrawn from the field, the internal struggles in the Labour organisation having taken their toll. Fox emerged after all as Labour's candidate for the by-election <sup id="cite_ref-auto8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite the reservations of the local LRC about whether or not they should actively support his campaign. In the end the LRC voted by 89 votes to 85 not to endorse Fox's candidature but, despite this setback, he carried on as the representative of labour in the election fight.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_issues">Election issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Election issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neville issued his election address on 30 January, declaring himself a loyal supporter of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a>. He agreed with Balfour's policy to reduce unemployment by taxation reform. He spoke in favour of freedom for <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> parents to choose to have their children taught about their religion. Neville was expected to carry the 900 or so votes of the Catholic community <sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who strongly opposed national and local measures taken by the Liberal Party in respect of education and training which they claimed would destroy the character of Catholic schools.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Irish voters in the constituency were divided in their loyalties, supporting Neville's stance on Catholic education but disliking his party's opposition to <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule Movement">Irish Home Rule</a>. Neville also opposed the Licensing Bill, which proposed restoration of local control of drinking establishments, a reduction in the number of <a href="/wiki/Public_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Public houses">public houses</a> and the abolition of certain rights to compensation of suppressed licence-holders.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neville called this an attempt to confiscate without full and reasonable compensation the interests of the property of a trade which has received the sanction and encouragement of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that all sections of the licensing trade were aligning themselves with Neville.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Middlebrook's election address was a generally uncontroversial tract, pledging support for the policies of the Liberal government and avowed his support for Free Trade. However he found it necessary (possibly even on the instruction of party headquarters in London) <sup id="cite_ref-auto5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to specify his support for the granting of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">votes for women</a>, who were qualified. At this time the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a> were campaigning against all Liberal candidates in by-elections, whatever their declared opinion on votes for women, in protest at the government's unwillingness to bring in a women's suffrage Bill <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in retaliation for the government's crackdown on their growing militancy.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They promised to attend all Liberal meetings during the election, to heckle and disrupt proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were apparently unable to make good the threat, as it was reported at the beginning of February that the suffragettes had confined their campaign to the handing out of leaflets,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although both <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gawthorpe" title="Mary Gawthorpe">Mary Gawthorpe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> visited the constituency before the election to campaign against Middlebrook <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one source records that one suffragette organiser arranged twenty-two meetings in one week alone.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one meeting on the eve of poll, close to the location of a pro-Middlebrook meeting being addressed by <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Barran" title="Rowland Barran">Rowland Barran</a> the Liberal MP for <a href="/wiki/Leeds_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Leeds North (UK Parliament constituency)">Leeds North</a>, the suffragettes called on electors to keep out the Liberal in retaliation for the government's having sent 54 women to prison for their part in the votes for women movement.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Liberals in Leeds were definitely divided on the issue of women's suffrage and the government's response to the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a>, the main suffragette organisation and one local suffragette recorded that some Liberal women refused to work or canvass for Middlebrook.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox's election address declared in favour of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_reform" title="Welfare reform">social reform</a>, including the immediate introduction of <a href="/wiki/Old_Age_Pensions_Act_1908" title="Old Age Pensions Act 1908">old age pensions</a>, unemployment relief and education reform free from <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">religious sectarianism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> favouritism. He supported free trade and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal adult suffrage</a>, no doubt hoping to gain the support of the suffragettes and those voters who were in favour of their campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Result">Result</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middlebrook held the seat for the Liberals with a majority of 359 votes over Neville who restored the Conservatives to second place, Fairfax-Lucy having come bottom of the poll at the 1906 general election. Fox forfeited the second place he had achieved in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the government was no doubt pleased to retain the seat, the increase of 2,700 votes for the Conservatives and the loss of 1,000 for the Liberals and 1,600 for Labour (Fox presumably suffering from the damaging split in the labour ranks over his candidature) must have been a disappointment to Middlebrook and the Liberal Party, given the turnout was much the same as at the previous general election. The Leeds South result followed the loss of <a href="/wiki/1908_Ashburton_by-election" title="1908 Ashburton by-election">Ashburton</a> on 17 January and of the <a href="/wiki/Ross_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ross (UK Parliament constituency)">Ross or Southern Division of Herefordshire</a> on 31 January, both seats falling to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Unionist_Party" title="Liberal Unionist Party">Liberal Unionists</a>. But all governments suffer mid-term reverses and the government elected in 1906 was voted in with a landslide majority. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:51_William_Middlebrook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/51_William_Middlebrook.jpg/120px-51_William_Middlebrook.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/51_William_Middlebrook.jpg/180px-51_William_Middlebrook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/51_William_Middlebrook.jpg/240px-51_William_Middlebrook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Middlebrook</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>1908 Leeds South by-election </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD700; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Middlebrook,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Middlebrook, 1st Baronet">William Middlebrook</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>5,274 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>41.7 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>−8.5 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Reginald_Neville,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Reginald Neville, 1st Baronet">Reginald Neville</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,915 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">38.9 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+21.7 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #E4003B; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Fox" title="Albert E. Fox">Albert E. Fox</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2,451 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">19.4 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−13.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">359 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">2.8 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−14.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">12,640 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">82.5 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:right;" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Registered electors</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em">15,321 </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #FFD700"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">+2.4 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government continued to lose by-elections down to the next general election in <a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">January 1910</a> but they held many seats too, an indicator that the tide of public opinion was not flowing irreversibly away from the Liberal Party. In parliament, one of the first actions Middlebrook took on 28 February was to vote in favour of granting the vote to women.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Leeds South, Middlebrook went on to increase his majority substantially in January 1910, albeit in a straight fight with the Conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in a three-cornered contest in <a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">December 1910</a> he managed a majority of 2,260.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">General election January 1910</a>: Leeds South<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 130px">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change in percentage value since previous election">±%</span> </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#FFD700; width:5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a></b> </td> <td class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/William_Middlebrook" title="William Middlebrook">William Middlebrook</a> </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>8,969 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>67.3 </b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; margin-right:0.5em"><b>+25.6 </b> </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="background-color: #0087DC; width: 5px;"> </td> <td class="org" style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> </td> <td class="fn">William Nicholson </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,366 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">32.7 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">−6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">Majority </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">4,603 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">34.6 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+31.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Turnout</a> </th> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">13,335 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">84.8 </td> <td style="text-align: right; margin-right: 0.5em">+2.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background-color: #FFD700"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> <b>hold</b> </td> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Swing_(politics)" title="Swing (politics)">Swing</a> </th> <td style="text-align:right;">+15.9 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1892_Leeds_South_by-election" title="1892 Leeds South by-election">1892 Leeds South by-election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections">List of United Kingdom by-elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_by-election_records" title="United Kingdom by-election records">United Kingdom by-election records</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1908_Leeds_South_by-election&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 20 January 1908 p8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">F W S Craig, <i>British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918</i>; Macmillan Press, 1974 p134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Liberal_Year_Book,_1907-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Liberal_Year_Book,_1907_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Liberal Year Book, 1907</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Times, 14 February 1908 p14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neal Blewett, <i>The Peers, the Parties and the People: The General Elections of 1910</i>; University of Toronto Press, 1972 p280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 22 January 1908 p12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 23 January 1908 p10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 21 January 1908 p4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J R Raynes, <i>Engines and Men: the history of the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen. A survey of organisation of railways and railway locomotive men</i>; Goodall & Suddick, 1921, pp134-136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 3 February 1908 p6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 5 February 1908 p14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 27 January 1908 p6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 28 January 1908 p10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 29 January 1908 p9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 31 January 1908 p12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 1 February 1908 p10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George L Bernstein, <i>Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England</i>; Allen and Unwin, 1986 p92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandra Stanley Holton, <i>Feminism and Democracy:Women’s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain</i>; Cambridge University Press, 2003 pp38-39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George L Bernstein, <i>Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England</i>; Allen and Unwin, 1986 p152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 13 February 1908 p7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandra Stanley Holton, <i>Suffrage days: stories from the women’s suffrage movement</i>; Routledge, 1996 p132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krista Cowman, <i>Women of the right spirit:paid organisers of the women’s social and political union, 1904-1918</i>; Manchester University Press, 2007 p56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, 13 February 1908 p8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/feb/28/womens-enfranchisement-bill-1#S4V0185P0_19080228_HOC_82">"WOMEN'S ENFRANCHISEMENT BILL"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. 28 February 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.atitle=WOMEN%27S+ENFRANCHISEMENT+BILL.&rft.date=1908-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1908%2Ffeb%2F28%2Fwomens-enfranchisement-bill-1%23S4V0185P0_19080228_HOC_82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1908+Leeds+South+by-election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times House of Commons, 1910</i>; Politico’s Publishing, 2004 p41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times House of Commons, 1911</i>; Politico’s Publishing, 2004 p44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Parliament">29th Parliament</a></i> »</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1906</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>February: <a href="/wiki/1906_Westbury_by-election" title="1906 Westbury by-election">Westbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1906_City_of_London_by-election" title="February 1906 City of London by-election">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_East_Aberdeenshire_by-election" title="1906 East Aberdeenshire by-election">East Aberdeenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_North_Galway_by-election" title="1906 North Galway by-election">North Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_North_Leitrim_by-election" title="1906 North Leitrim by-election">North Leitrim</a></li> <li>March: <a href="/wiki/1906_North_Kilkenny_by-election" title="1906 North Kilkenny by-election">North Kilkenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Basingstoke_by-election" title="1906 Basingstoke by-election">Basingstoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Leicester_by-election" title="1906 Leicester by-election">Leicester</a></li> <li>April: <a href="/wiki/1906_Eye_by-election" title="1906 Eye by-election">Eye</a></li> <li>May: <a href="/wiki/1906_Dulwich_by-election" title="1906 Dulwich by-election">Dulwich</a></li> <li>June: <a href="/wiki/1906_Eifion_by-election" title="1906 Eifion by-election">Eifion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1906_City_of_London_by-election" title="June 1906 City of London by-election">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square_by-election" title="1906 St George's, Hanover Square by-election">St George's, Hanover Square</a></li> <li>July: <a href="/wiki/1906_Bodmin_by-election" title="1906 Bodmin by-election">Bodmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_East_Tyrone_by-election" title="1906 East Tyrone by-election">East Tyrone</a></li> <li>August: <a href="/wiki/1906_Cockermouth_by-election" title="1906 Cockermouth by-election">Cockermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_East_Denbighshire_by-election" title="1906 East Denbighshire by-election">East Denbighshire</a></li> <li>October: <a href="/wiki/1906_Mid_Glamorganshire_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="1906 Mid Glamorganshire by-election">Mid Glamorganshire</a></li> <li>November: <a href="/wiki/1906_Galway_Borough_by-election" title="1906 Galway Borough by-election">Galway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_North_Armagh_by-election" title="1906 North Armagh by-election">North Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Huddersfield_by-election" title="1906 Huddersfield by-election">Huddersfield</a></li> <li>December: <a href="/wiki/1906_Mid_Cork_by-election" title="1906 Mid Cork by-election">Mid Cork</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1907</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>January: <a href="/wiki/1907_North_East_Derbyshire_by-election" title="1907 North East Derbyshire by-election">North East Derbyshire</a></li> <li>February: <a href="/wiki/1907_Perth_by-election" title="1907 Perth by-election">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Banffshire_by-election" title="1907 Banffshire by-election">Banffshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_North_Monmouthshire_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="1907 North Monmouthshire by-election">North Monmouthshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Aberdeen_South_by-election" title="1907 Aberdeen South by-election">Aberdeen South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Brigg_by-election" title="1907 Brigg by-election">Brigg</a></li> <li>March: <a href="/wiki/1907_Halifax_by-election" title="1907 Halifax by-election">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_North_Tyrone_by-election" title="1907 North Tyrone by-election">North Tyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Hexham_by-election" title="1907 Hexham by-election">Hexham</a></li> <li>April: <a href="/wiki/1907_South_Westmeath_by-election" title="1907 South Westmeath by-election">South Westmeath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Belfast_North_by-election" title="1907 Belfast North by-election">Belfast North</a></li> <li>May: <a href="/wiki/1907_Stepney_by-election" title="1907 Stepney by-election">Stepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Wimbledon_by-election" title="1907 Wimbledon by-election">Wimbledon</a></li> <li>June: <a href="/wiki/1907_Hornsey_by-election" title="1907 Hornsey by-election">Hornsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Rutlandshire_by-election" title="1907 Rutlandshire by-election">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_North_Monaghan_by-election" title="1907 North Monaghan by-election">North Monaghan</a></li> <li>July: <a href="/wiki/1907_Jarrow_by-election" title="1907 Jarrow by-election">Jarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Colne_Valley_by-election" title="1907 Colne Valley by-election">Colne Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_South_Kilkenny_by-election" title="1907 South Kilkenny by-election">South Kilkenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_East_Wicklow_by-election" title="1907 East Wicklow by-election">East Wicklow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_North_West_Staffordshire_by-election" title="1907 North West Staffordshire by-election">North West Staffordshire</a></li> <li>August: <a href="/wiki/1907_Anglesey_by-election" title="1907 Anglesey by-election">Anglesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Bury_St_Edmunds_by-election" title="1907 Bury St Edmunds by-election">Bury St Edmunds</a></li> <li>September: <a href="/wiki/1907_West_Down_by-election" title="1907 West Down by-election">West Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_South_Longford_by-election" title="1907 South Longford by-election">South Longford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Liverpool_Kirkdale_by-election" title="1907 Liverpool Kirkdale by-election">Liverpool Kirkdale</a></li> <li>November: <a href="/wiki/1907_Kingston_upon_Hull_West_by-election" title="1907 Kingston upon Hull West by-election">Kingston upon Hull West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1908</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>January: <a href="/wiki/1908_Ashburton_by-election" title="1908 Ashburton by-election">Ashburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Ross_by-election" title="1908 Ross by-election">Ross</a></li> <li>February: <a href="/wiki/1908_County_Carlow_by-election" title="1908 County Carlow by-election">Carlow County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_St_Austell_by-election" title="1908 St Austell by-election">St Austell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Mid_Glamorganshire_by-election" class="mw-redirect" title="1908 Mid Glamorganshire by-election">Mid Glamorganshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Worcester_by-election" title="1908 Worcester by-election">Worcester</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leeds South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_North_Leitrim_by-election" title="1908 North Leitrim by-election">North Leitrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_West_Carmarthenshire_by-election" title="1908 West Carmarthenshire by-election">West Carmarthenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Bewdley_by-election" title="1908 Bewdley by-election">Bewdley</a></li> <li>March: <a href="/wiki/1908_Hastings_by-election" title="1908 Hastings by-election">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_West_Down_by-election" title="1908 West Down by-election">West Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Peckham_by-election" title="1908 Peckham by-election">Peckham</a></li> <li>April: <a href="/wiki/1908_West_Derbyshire_by-election" title="1908 West Derbyshire by-election">West Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Sheffield_Central_by-election" title="1908 Sheffield Central by-election">Sheffield Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Dewsbury_by-election" title="1908 Dewsbury by-election">Dewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Manchester_North_West_by-election" title="1908 Manchester North West by-election">Manchester North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Kincardineshire_by-election" title="1908 Kincardineshire by-election">Kincardineshire</a></li> <li>May: <a href="/wiki/1908_Wolverhampton_East_by-election" title="1908 Wolverhampton East by-election">Wolverhampton East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Dundee_by-election" title="1908 Dundee by-election">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Montrose_Burghs_by-election" title="1908 Montrose Burghs by-election">Montrose Burghs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Newport_by-election" title="1908 Newport by-election">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Stirling_Burghs_by-election" title="1908 Stirling Burghs by-election">Stirling Burghs</a></li> <li>June: <a href="/wiki/1908_Pudsey_by-election" title="1908 Pudsey by-election">Pudsey</a></li> <li>July: <a href="/wiki/1908_Pembrokeshire_by-election" title="1908 Pembrokeshire by-election">Pembrokeshire</a></li> <li>August: <a href="/wiki/1908_Haggerston_by-election" title="1908 Haggerston by-election">Haggerston</a></li> <li>September: <a href="/wiki/1908_Newcastle-upon-Tyne_by-election" title="1908 Newcastle-upon-Tyne by-election">Newcastle-upon-Tyne</a></li> <li>December: <a href="/wiki/1908_Chelmsford_by-election" title="1908 Chelmsford by-election">Chelmsford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1909</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>January: <a href="/wiki/1909_Tamworth_by-election" title="1909 Tamworth by-election">Tamworth</a></li> <li>February: <a href="/wiki/1909_Taunton_by-election" title="1909 Taunton by-election">Taunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Forfarshire_by-election" title="1909 Forfarshire by-election">Forfarshire</a></li> <li>March: <a href="/wiki/1909_Glasgow_Central_by-election" title="1909 Glasgow Central by-election">Glasgow Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Edinburgh_South_by-election" title="1909 Edinburgh South by-election">Edinburgh South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Hawick_Burghs_by-election" title="1909 Hawick Burghs by-election">Hawick Burghs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Croydon_by-election" title="1909 Croydon by-election">Croydon</a></li> <li>April: <a href="/wiki/1909_East_Denbighshire_by-election" title="1909 East Denbighshire by-election">East Denbighshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Edinburgh_East_by-election" title="1909 Edinburgh East by-election">Edinburgh East</a></li> <li>May: <a href="/wiki/1909_Cork_City_by-election" title="1909 Cork City by-election">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Sheffield_Attercliffe_by-election" title="1909 Sheffield Attercliffe by-election">Sheffield Attercliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Stratford-on-Avon_by-election" title="1909 Stratford-on-Avon by-election">Stratford-on-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Edinburgh_West_by-election" title="1909 Edinburgh West by-election">Edinburgh West</a></li> <li>June: <a href="/wiki/1909_East_Limerick_by-election" title="1909 East Limerick by-election">East Limerick</a></li> <li>July: <a href="/wiki/1909_Cleveland_by-election" title="1909 Cleveland by-election">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Mid_Derbyshire_by-election" title="1909 Mid Derbyshire by-election">Mid Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Dumfries_Burghs_by-election" title="1909 Dumfries Burghs by-election">Dumfries Burghs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_High_Peak_by-election" title="1909 High Peak by-election">High Peak</a></li> <li>August: <a href="/wiki/1909_North_Sligo_by-election" title="1909 North Sligo by-election">North Sligo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_South_Kilkenny_by-election" title="1909 South Kilkenny by-election">South Kilkenny</a></li> <li>September: <a href="/wiki/1909_West_Clare_by-election" title="1909 West Clare by-election">West Clare</a></li> <li>October: <a href="/wiki/1909_Bermondsey_by-election" title="1909 Bermondsey by-election">Bermondsey</a></li> <li>November: <a href="/wiki/1909_South_Armagh_by-election" title="1909 South Armagh by-election">South Armagh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Lists of UK by-elections</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1801%E2%80%931806)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1801–1806)">1801–1806</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1806%E2%80%931818)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1806–1818)">1806–1818</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1818%E2%80%931832)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1818–1832)">1818–1832</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1832%E2%80%931847)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1832–1847)">1832–1847</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1847%E2%80%931857)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1847–1857)">1847–1857</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1857%E2%80%931868)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1857–1868)">1857–1868</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1868%E2%80%931885)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1868–1885)">1868–1885</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1885%E2%80%931900)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1885–1900)">1885–1900</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1900%E2%80%931918)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1900–1918)">1900–1918</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1918%E2%80%931931)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1918–1931)">1918–1931</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1931%E2%80%931950)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1931–1950)">1931–1950</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1950%E2%80%931979)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1950–1979)">1950–1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1979%E2%80%932010)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (1979–2010)">1979–2010</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(2010%E2%80%93present)" title="List of United Kingdom by-elections (2010–present)">2010–present</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Northern_Ireland#Westminster_by-elections" title="Elections in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/By-elections_to_the_House_of_Lords" title="By-elections to the House of Lords">Hereditary peers</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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