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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Embedding into a web page</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedding_into_a_web_page-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility-related_lawsuits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility-related_lawsuits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Compatibility-related lawsuits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compatibility-related_lawsuits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compatibility-related lawsuits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compatibility-related_lawsuits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1997:_Sun_vs_Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1997:_Sun_vs_Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>1997: Sun vs Microsoft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1997:_Sun_vs_Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2002:_Sun_vs_Microsoft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2002:_Sun_vs_Microsoft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>2002: Sun vs Microsoft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2002:_Sun_vs_Microsoft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Security-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Security subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unsigned" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsigned"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Unsigned</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsigned-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Signed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-signed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-signed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Self-signed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-signed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Java applet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7" title="بريمجات جافا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريمجات جافا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="জাভা অ্যাপলেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাভা অ্যাপলেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Applet" title="Java Applet – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Java Applet" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniaplicaci%C3%B3_de_Java" title="Miniaplicació de Java – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Miniaplicació de Java" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-Applet" title="Java-Applet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Java-Applet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applet_Java" title="Applet Java – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Applet Java" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%AA" title="جاوا اپلت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاوا اپلت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applet_Java" title="Applet Java – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Applet Java" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%94_%EC%95%A0%ED%94%8C%EB%A6%BF" title="자바 애플릿 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자바 애플릿" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applet_Java" title="Applet Java – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Applet Java" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-applet" title="Java-applet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Java-applet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="Javaアプレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Javaアプレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplet_Javy" title="Aplet Javy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aplet Javy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applet_Java" title="Applet Java – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Applet Java" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Java-апплет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Java-апплет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-sovelma" title="Java-sovelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Java-sovelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Java-аплет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Java-аплет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Java applet" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q865817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Java_applet.png/220px-Java_applet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Java_applet.png/330px-Java_applet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Java_applet.png/440px-Java_applet.png 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>A Java applet that was created as supplementary demonstration material for a scientific publication</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OpenAstexViewer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/OpenAstexViewer.jpg/220px-OpenAstexViewer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/OpenAstexViewer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A Java applet that uses 3D <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a> to visualize 3D files in <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank_(file_format)" title="Protein Data Bank (file format)">.pdb format</a> downloaded from a server<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiac_cells_applet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cardiac_cells_applet.png/120px-Cardiac_cells_applet.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Cardiac_cells_applet.png 1.5x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Using applet for nontrivial animation illustrating biophysical topic (randomly moving ions pass through voltage gates)<sup id="cite_ref-heart_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heart-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandelbrot_java_applet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mandelbrot_java_applet.png/220px-Mandelbrot_java_applet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mandelbrot_java_applet.png/330px-Mandelbrot_java_applet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Mandelbrot_java_applet.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Using a Java applet for computation –  intensive visualization of the <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot set</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessApplet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ChessApplet.png/220px-ChessApplet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ChessApplet.png/330px-ChessApplet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/ChessApplet.png/440px-ChessApplet.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Applets' running speed is sufficient for making e.g. nontrivial computer games that play <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_World_Wind.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NASA_World_Wind.jpg/220px-NASA_World_Wind.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NASA_World_Wind.jpg/330px-NASA_World_Wind.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/NASA_World_Wind.jpg/440px-NASA_World_Wind.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>NASA <a href="/wiki/World_Wind" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wind">World Wind</a> (open source) is a second generation applet<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that makes heavy use of <a href="/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a> and on-demand data downloading to provide a detailed 3D map of the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remoteconsoleapplet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bd/Remoteconsoleapplet.png/220px-Remoteconsoleapplet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bd/Remoteconsoleapplet.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Web <a href="/wiki/Out-of-band_management" title="Out-of-band management">access</a> to the server console at the hardware level with the help of a Java applet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FFT2DApplet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FFT2DApplet.png/220px-FFT2DApplet.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FFT2DApplet.png/330px-FFT2DApplet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/FFT2DApplet.png/440px-FFT2DApplet.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of image processing using two dimensional <a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Java applets</b> are <a href="/wiki/Applet" title="Applet">small applications</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language, or another <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> that <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a>, and delivered to users in the form of Java <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>, applets were deprecated by Java 9 in 2017. </p><p>At the time of their introduction, the intended use was for the user to launch the applet from a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a>, and for the applet to then execute within a <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM) in a <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> separate from the <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> itself. A Java applet could appear in a frame of the web page, a new application window, a program from <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> called appletviewer,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a stand-alone tool for testing applets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="A standalone tool like what? (December 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Java applets were introduced in the first version of the Java language, which was released in 1995. Beginning in 2013, major web browsers began to phase out support for <a href="/wiki/NPAPI#Support/deprecation" title="NPAPI">NPAPI</a>, the underlying technology applets used to run. with applets becoming completely unable to be run by 2015–2017. Java applets were <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> by Java 9 in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Java applets were usually written in Java, but other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a>, <a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetRexx" title="NetRexx">NetRexx</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a> (via <a href="/wiki/SmartEiffel" title="SmartEiffel">SmartEiffel</a>) could be used as well. </p><p>Java applets run at very fast speeds<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Java had huge overhead and slowed contemporary systems down miserably (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and until 2011, they were many times faster than <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="There's a claim being made with no evidence of its truth. Speed is also an ambiguous term here. They most certainly had massive start time overhead. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike JavaScript, Java applets had access to 3D <a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">hardware acceleration</a>, making them well-suited for non-trivial, computation-intensive visualizations. As browsers have gained support for hardware-accelerated graphics thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Canvas_element" title="Canvas element">canvas</a> technology (or specifically <a href="/wiki/WebGL" title="WebGL">WebGL</a> in the case of 3D graphics),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiled</a> JavaScript,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the speed difference has become less noticeable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="there is no evidence of the less noticeable speed difference in the previous citations especially with WebGL whereas some unverifiable sources seem to show that it's a lot slower than JOGL: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/11087520/jogl-applets-versus-webgl (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since Java bytecode is <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> (or platform independent), Java applets could be executed by <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a> for many platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. They could not be run on mobile devices, which do not support running standard Oracle JVM bytecode. <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices can run code written in Java compiled for the <a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The applets are used to provide interactive features to web applications that cannot be provided by <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> alone. They can capture <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mouse input</a> and also have controls like <a href="/wiki/Button_(computing)" title="Button (computing)">buttons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Check_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Check box">check boxes</a>. In response to user actions, an applet can change the provided graphic content. This makes applets well-suited for demonstration, visualization, and teaching. There are online applet collections for studying various subjects, from physics to heart physiology. </p><p>An applet can also be a text area only; providing, for instance, a cross-platform <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> to some remote system. If needed, an applet can leave the dedicated area and run as a separate window. However, applets have very little control over web page content outside the applet's dedicated area, so they are less useful for improving the site appearance in general, unlike other types of <a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">browser extensions</a> (while applets like <a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">news tickers</a> or <a href="/wiki/WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> editors are also known). Applets can also play media in formats that are not natively supported by the browser. </p><p>Pages coded in HTML may embed parameters within them that are passed to the applet. Because of this, the same applet may have a different appearance depending on the parameters that were passed. </p><p>As applets were available before <a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</a> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> interface <a href="/wiki/Document_Object_Model" title="Document Object Model">DOM</a> were standard, they were also widely used for trivial effects such as <a href="/wiki/Mouseover" title="Mouseover">mouseover</a> and navigation buttons. This approach, which posed major problems for accessibility and misused system resources, is no longer in use and was strongly discouraged even at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_information">Technical information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technical information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most browsers executed Java applets in a <i><a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandbox (security)">sandbox</a></i>, preventing applets from accessing local data like the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code of the applet was downloaded from a <a href="/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">web server</a>, after which the browser either <a href="/wiki/Compound_document" title="Compound document">embedded</a> the applet into a web page or opened a new window showing the applet's <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>. </p><p>The first implementations involved downloading an applet class by class. While classes are small files, there are often many of them, so applets got a reputation as slow-loading components. However, since <code><a href="/wiki/JAR_(file_format)" title="JAR (file format)">.jar</a></code> files were introduced, an applet is usually delivered as a single file that has a size similar to an image file (hundreds of kilobytes to several megabytes). </p><p>Java <a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">system libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtimes</a> are backwards-compatible, allowing one to write code that runs both on current and on future versions of the Java virtual machine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_technologies">Similar technologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similar technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Java developers, blogs and magazines recommended that the <a href="/wiki/Java_Web_Start" title="Java Web Start">Java Web Start</a> technology be used in place of applets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java Web Start allowed the launching of unmodified applet code, which then ran in a separate window (not inside the invoking browser). </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Java_Servlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Servlet">Java Servlet</a> is sometimes informally compared to be "like" a server-side applet, but it is different in its language, functions, and in each of the characteristics described here about applets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embedding_into_a_web_page">Embedding into a web page</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Embedding into a web page"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The applet would be displayed on the web page by making use of the deprecated <code><a href="/wiki/Img_(HTML_element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Img (HTML element)">applet</a></code> HTML element,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the recommended <code>object</code> element.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <code>embed</code> element can be used<sup id="cite_ref-java_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-java-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Mozilla family browsers (<code>embed</code> was deprecated in HTML 4 but is included in HTML 5). This specifies the applet's source and location. Both <code>object</code> and <code>embed</code> tags can also download and install Java virtual machine (if required) or at least lead to the plugin page. <code>applet</code> and <code>object</code> tags also support loading of the serialized applets that start in some particular (rather than initial) state. Tags also specify the message that shows up in place of the applet if the browser cannot run it due to any reason. </p><p>However, despite <code>object</code> being officially a recommended tag in 2010, the support of the <code>object</code> tag was not yet consistent among browsers and Sun kept recommending the older <code>applet</code> tag for deploying in multibrowser environments,<sup id="cite_ref-ja_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it remained the only tag consistently supported by the most popular browsers. To support multiple browsers, using the <code>object</code> tag to embed an applet would require JavaScript (that recognizes the browser and adjusts the tag), usage of additional browser-specific tags or delivering adapted output from the server side. </p><p>The Java browser plug-in relied on <a href="/wiki/NPAPI" title="NPAPI">NPAPI</a>, which nearly all web browser vendors have removed support for, or do not implement, due to its age and security issues. In January 2016, Oracle announced that Java runtime environments based on JDK 9 will discontinue the browser plug-in.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-nopluginjdk9_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-nopluginjdk9-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Java applet could have any or all of the following advantages:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It was simple to make it work on FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows and macOS –  that is, to make it cross-platform. Applets were supported by most <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> through the first decade of the 21st century; since then, however, most browsers have dropped applet support for security reasons.</li> <li>The same applet would work on "all" installed versions of Java at the same time, rather than just the latest <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-in</a> version only. However, if an applet requires a later version of the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Runtime Environment</a> (JRE) the client would be forced to wait during the large download.</li> <li>Most web browsers <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cached</a> applets so they were quick to load when returning to a web page. Applets also improved with use: after a first applet is run, the JVM was already running and subsequent applets started quickly (the JVM will need to restart each time the browser starts afresh). JRE versions 1.5 and greater restarted the JVM when the browser navigates between pages, as a security measure which removed that performance gain.</li> <li>It moved work from the <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a>, making a web solution more scalable with the number of users/clients.</li> <li>If a standalone program (like <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a>) talks to a web server, that server normally needs to support all prior versions for users who have not kept their client software updated. In contrast, a browser loaded (and cached) the latest applet version, so there is no need to support legacy versions.</li> <li>Applet naturally supported changing user state, such as figure positions on the chessboard.</li> <li>Developers could develop and debug an applet directly simply by creating a main routine (either in the applet's class or in a separate class) and calling init() and start() on the applet, thus allowing for development in their favorite <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java SE</a> development environment. All one had to do was to re-test the applet in the AppletViewer program or a web browser to ensure it conforms to security restrictions.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Browser_security" title="Browser security">untrusted</a> applet had no access to the local machine and can only access the server it came from. This makes applets much safer to run than the native executables that they would replace. However, a signed applet could have full access to the machine it is running on, if the user agreed.</li> <li>Java applets were fast, with <a href="/wiki/Java_performance" title="Java performance">similar performance</a> to natively installed software.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Java_applet" title="Special:EditPage/Java applet">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Java applets had the following disadvantages compared to other client-side web technologies: </p> <ul><li>Java applets would depend on a Java Runtime Environment (JRE), a complex and heavy-weight software package. They also normally required a <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">plug-in</a> for the web browser. Some organizations only allow software installed by an administrator. As a result, users were unable to view applets unless one was important enough to justify contacting the administrator to request installation of the JRE and plug-in.</li> <li>If an applet requires a newer JRE than available on the system, the user running it the first time will need to wait for the large JRE download to complete.</li> <li>Mobile browsers on <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, never run Java applets at all.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before the deprecation of applets on all platforms, desktop browsers phased out Java applet support concurrently with the rise of mobile operating systems.</li> <li>There was no standard to make the content of applets available to screen readers. Therefore, applets harmed the accessibility of a web site to users with special needs.</li> <li>As with any client-side scripting, security restrictions made it difficult or even impossible for some untrusted applets to achieve their desired goals. Only by editing the java.policy file in the JAVA JRE installation could one grant access to the local filesystem or system clipboard, or to network sources other than the one that served the applet to the browser.</li> <li>Most users did not care about the difference between untrusted and trusted applets, so this distinction did not help much with security. The ability to run untrusted applets was eventually removed entirely to fix this, before all applets were removed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility-related_lawsuits">Compatibility-related lawsuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compatibility-related lawsuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> made considerable efforts to ensure compatibility is maintained between Java versions as they evolve, enforcing Java portability by law if required. Oracle seems to be continuing the same strategy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1997:_Sun_vs_Microsoft">1997: Sun vs Microsoft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1997: Sun vs Microsoft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1997 lawsuit,<sup id="cite_ref-s1997_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was filed after Microsoft created a modified <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Java_Virtual_Machine" title="Microsoft Java Virtual Machine">Java Virtual Machine of their own</a>, which shipped with Internet Explorer. Microsoft added about 50 methods and 50 fields<sup id="cite_ref-s1997_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into the classes within the <i>java.awt, java.lang</i>, and <i>java.io</i> packages. Other modifications included removal of <a href="/wiki/Java_remote_method_invocation" title="Java remote method invocation">RMI</a> capability and replacement of <a href="/wiki/Java_Native_Interface" title="Java Native Interface">Java Native Interface</a> from JNI to <a href="/wiki/Java_Native_Interface#Alternatives" title="Java Native Interface">RNI</a>, a different standard. RMI was removed because it only easily supports Java to Java communications and competes with Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a> technology. Applets that relied on these changes or just inadvertently used them worked only within Microsoft's Java system. Sun sued for breach of <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a>, as the point of Java was that there should be no proprietary extensions and that code should work everywhere. Microsoft agreed to pay Sun $20 million, and Sun agreed to grant Microsoft limited license to use Java without modifications only and for a limited time.<sup id="cite_ref-sun_suits_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_suits-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2002:_Sun_vs_Microsoft">2002: Sun vs Microsoft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2002: Sun vs Microsoft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Microsoft continued to ship its own unmodified Java virtual machine. Over the years it became extremely outdated yet still default for Internet Explorer. A later study revealed that applets of this time often contain their own classes that mirror <a href="/wiki/Swing_(Java)" title="Swing (Java)">Swing</a> and other newer features in a limited way.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Sun filed an <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> lawsuit, claiming that Microsoft's attempts at illegal monopolization had harmed the Java platform. Sun demanded Microsoft distribute Sun's current, binary implementation of Java technology as part of Windows, distribute it as a recommended update for older Microsoft desktop operating systems and stop the distribution of Microsoft's Virtual Machine (as its licensing time, agreed in the prior lawsuit, had expired).<sup id="cite_ref-sun_suits_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_suits-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft paid $700 million for pending antitrust issues, another $900 million for patent issues and a $350 million royalty fee to use Sun's software in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2018)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security">Security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Java_applet##" title="Talk:Java applet">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were two applet types with very different security models: signed applets and unsigned applets.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with Java SE 7 Update 21 (April 2013) applets and Web-Start Apps are encouraged to be signed with a trusted certificate, and warning messages appear when running unsigned applets.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, starting with Java 7 Update 51 unsigned applets were blocked by default; they could be run by creating an exception in the Java Control Panel.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsigned">Unsigned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unsigned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Limits on unsigned applets were understood as "draconian": they have no access to the local filesystem and web access limited to the applet download site; there are also many other important restrictions. For instance, they cannot access all system properties, use their own <a href="/wiki/Class_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Class loader">class loader</a>, call <a href="/wiki/Native_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Native code">native code</a>, execute external commands on a local system or redefine classes belonging to core packages included as part of a Java release. While they can run in a standalone frame, such frame contains a header, indicating that this is an untrusted applet. Successful initial call of the forbidden method does not automatically create a security hole as an access controller checks the entire <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack</a> of the calling code to be sure the call is not coming from an improper location. </p><p>As with any complex system, many security problems have been discovered and fixed since Java was first released. Some of these (like the Calendar serialization security bug) persisted for many years with nobody being aware. Others have been discovered in use by malware in the wild.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some studies mention applets crashing the browser or overusing <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> resources but these are classified as nuisances and not as true security flaws. However, unsigned applets may be involved in combined attacks that exploit a combination of multiple severe configuration errors in other parts of the system. An unsigned applet can also be more dangerous to run directly on the server where it is hosted because while code base allows it to talk with the server, running inside it can bypass the firewall. An applet may also try <a href="/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack" title="Denial-of-service attack">DoS attacks</a> on the server where it is hosted, but usually people who manage the web site also manage the applet, making this unreasonable. Communities may solve this problem via <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">source code review</a> or running applets on a dedicated domain. </p><p>The unsigned applet can also try to download malware hosted on originating server. However it could only store such file into a temporary folder (as it is transient data) and has no means to complete the attack by executing it. There were attempts to use applets for spreading Phoenix and Siberia exploits this way,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but these exploits do not use Java internally and were also distributed in several other ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signed">Signed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Signed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A signed applet<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains a signature that the browser should verify through a remotely running, independent <a href="/wiki/Certificate_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate server">certificate authority server</a>. Producing this signature involves specialized tools and interaction with the authority server maintainers. Once the signature is verified, and the user of the current machine also approves, a signed applet can get more rights, becoming equivalent to an ordinary standalone program. The rationale is that the author of the applet is now known and will be responsible for any deliberate damage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (October 2010)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> This approach allows applets to be used for many tasks that are otherwise not possible by client-side scripting. However, this approach requires more responsibility from the user, deciding whom he or she trusts. The related concerns include a non-responsive authority server, wrong evaluation of the signer identity when issuing certificates, and known applet publishers still doing something that the user would not approve of. Hence signed applets that appeared from Java 1.1 may actually have more security concerns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-signed">Self-signed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Self-signed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Self-signed applets, which are applets signed by the developer themselves, may potentially pose a security risk; java plugins provide a warning when requesting authorization for a self-signed applet, as the function and safety of the applet is guaranteed only by the developer itself, and has not been independently confirmed. Such self-signed certificates are usually only used during development prior to release where third-party confirmation of security is unimportant, but most applet developers will seek third-party signing to ensure that users trust the applet's safety. </p><p>Java security problems are not fundamentally different from similar problems of any client-side scripting platform<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In particular, all issues related to signed applets also apply to Microsoft <a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a> components. </p><p>As of 2014, self-signed and unsigned applets are no longer accepted by the commonly available Java plugins or Java Web Start. Consequently, developers who wish to deploy Java applets have no alternative but to acquire trusted certificates from commercial sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alternative technologies exist (for example, <a href="/wiki/WebAssembly" title="WebAssembly">WebAssembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>) that satisfy all or more of the scope of what was possible with an applet. JavaScript could coexist with applets in the same page, assist in launching applets (for instance, in a separate frame or providing platform workarounds) and later be called from the applet code. As JavaScript gained in features and performance, the support for and use of applets declined, until their eventual removal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_applet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Excitable media. movies excitable media Fitzhug nagumo beeler reuter luo rudy model mathematical cell modeling"</a>. <i>Thevirtualheart.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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