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Bill Jenkins (epidemiologist) - Wikipedia

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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American public health researcher (1945–2019)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Bill Jenkins</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">William Carter Jenkins</div><br />July 26, 1945<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant, South Carolina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 17, 2019<span style="display:none">(2019-02-17)</span> (aged&#160;73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>William Carter Jenkins</b> (July 26, 1945 – February 17, 2019) was an American <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> researcher and academic. </p><p>Jenkins worked as a statistician at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">United States Public Health Service</a> in the 1960s, and is best known for trying to halt the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_syphilis_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee syphilis experiment">Tuskegee syphilis experiment</a> in 1969. He spent the rest of his career fighting racism in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._healthcare_system" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. healthcare system">U.S. healthcare system</a>, working for the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) during the early days of the <a href="/wiki/AIDS_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS crisis">AIDS crisis</a>, and overseeing the government benefits program for survivors of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Jenkins_(epidemiologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jenkins graduated from <a href="/wiki/Historically_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black">historically black</a> <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> with a degree in mathematics in 1967, and he earned a master's in biostatistics from <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> in 1974, a master's in public health from <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">the university of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> (UNC) in 1977, and a PhD in epidemiology from UNC in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-amstat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amstat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was one of the first cadre of African Americans recruited to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps</a> in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-choice_less_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choice_less-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1980 he joined the Division of Sexually Transmitted Diseases at the CDC, where he was a Supervisory Epidemiologist and manager of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/tuskegee/">Tuskegee Health Benefit Program</a>. </p><p>He later taught in the Epidemiology department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Morehouse_College" title="Morehouse College">Morehouse College</a> in Atlanta Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-choice_less_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choice_less-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He served as co-director of the UNC Minority Health Project.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Jenkins_(epidemiologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jenkins received the <a href="/wiki/Hildrus_Poindexter" title="Hildrus Poindexter">Hildrus Augustus Poindexter</a> Award from the National Black Caucus of Health Workers of the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Health_Association" title="American Public Health Association">American Public Health Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lancet_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancet-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Jenkins_(epidemiologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReverby2019" class="citation journal cs1">Reverby, Susan M. (March 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00900-9">"Bill Carter Jenkins (1945–2019)"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>567</b> (7749): 462. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.567..462R">2019Natur.567..462R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00900-9">10.1038/d41586-019-00900-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.atitle=Bill+Carter+Jenkins+%281945%E2%80%932019%29&amp;rft.volume=567&amp;rft.issue=7749&amp;rft.pages=462&amp;rft.date=2019-03-18&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00900-9&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.567..462R&amp;rft.aulast=Reverby&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-00900-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Jenkins_(epidemiologist)&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye2019" class="citation web cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (February 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/obituaries/bill-jenkins-dead.html">"Bill Jenkins, Who Tried to Halt Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Dies at 73"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Bill+Jenkins%2C+Who+Tried+to+Halt+Tuskegee+Syphilis+Study%2C+Dies+at+73&amp;rft.date=2019-02-25&amp;rft.aulast=Seelye&amp;rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F02%2F25%2Fobituaries%2Fbill-jenkins-dead.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaesuk_Yoonmay1997" class="citation web cs1">Kaesuk Yoonmay, Carol (May 12, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1997/05/12/us/families-emerge-as-silent-victims-of-tuskegee-syphilis-experiment.html">"Families Emerge as Silent Victims Of Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Families+Emerge+as+Silent+Victims+Of+Tuskegee+Syphilis+Experiment&amp;rft.date=1997-05-12&amp;rft.aulast=Kaesuk+Yoonmay&amp;rft.aufirst=Carol&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1997%2F05%2F12%2Fus%2Ffamilies-emerge-as-silent-victims-of-tuskegee-syphilis-experiment.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amstat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amstat_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2020" class="citation web cs1">Rowley, Diana (February 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2020/02/01/bill-william-carter-jenkins/">"Bill William Carter Jenkins"</a>. AMSTAT NEWS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Bill+William+Carter+Jenkins&amp;rft.pub=AMSTAT+NEWS&amp;rft.date=2020-02-01&amp;rft.aulast=Rowley&amp;rft.aufirst=Diana&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.amstat.org%2Fblog%2F2020%2F02%2F01%2Fbill-william-carter-jenkins%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-choice_less-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choice_less_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-choice_less_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2017" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Jenn (June 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rewire.news/multimedia/podcast/choiceless-backstory-episode-4-tuskegee-tip-iceberg/">"CHOICE/LESS: The Backstory, Episode 4: Tuskegee Was the 'Tip of the Iceberg'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Rewire.News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CHOICE%2FLESS%3A+The+Backstory%2C+Episode+4%3A+Tuskegee+Was+the+%27Tip+of+the+Iceberg%27&amp;rft.pub=Rewire.News&amp;rft.date=2017-06-21&amp;rft.aulast=Stanley&amp;rft.aufirst=Jenn&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frewire.news%2Fmultimedia%2Fpodcast%2Fchoiceless-backstory-episode-4-tuskegee-tip-iceberg%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epidemiolog.net/mhp/">"Minority Health Project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Minority+Health+Project+at+the+University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epidemiolog.net%2Fmhp%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lancet-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lancet_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus2019" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus, Adam (April 13, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2930804-9">"William Carter Jenkins"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>393</b> (10180): 1948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2930804-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30804-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&amp;rft.atitle=William+Carter+Jenkins&amp;rft.volume=393&amp;rft.issue=10180&amp;rft.pages=1948&amp;rft.date=2019-04-13&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2930804-9&amp;rft.aulast=Marcus&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0140-6736%252819%252930804-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABill+Jenkins+%28epidemiologist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="vertical-align:middle; background:transparent; color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><span style="margin-left:-30px; margin-right:0px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientist.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Scientist icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Scientist.svg/30px-Scientist.svg.png" decoding="async" 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