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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&params=43.61543_N_79.382_W_type:landmark_region:CA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°36′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.61543°N 79.38200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.61543; -79.38200</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Water and air cooling project in Toronto, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the engineering process, see <a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; background-color:#CEDFF2;">Deep Lake Water Cooling System</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEDFF2;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data">Ontario</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&params=43.61543_N_79.382_W_type:landmark_region:CA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°36′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°22′55″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.61543°N 79.38200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.61543; -79.38200</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEDFF2;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Water</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enwave" title="Enwave">Enwave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partners</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Water" title="Toronto Water">Toronto Water</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractors</th><td class="infobox-data">McNally International</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned</th><td class="infobox-data">August 17, 2004</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CEDFF2;">Technical information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">5 km (3.1 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum discharge</th><td class="infobox-data">453 Million Litres Per Day (Raw Water) 440 Million Litres Per Day (Potable Water)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1,600 mm (63 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pumping stations</th><td class="infobox-data">Toronto Island Water Treatment Plant - Raw Water Pumping Station, John Street Pumping Station and Energy Transfer Station.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Deep Lake Water Cooling System</b> or <b>DLWC</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">deep water source cooling</a> project in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> project, it involves running cold water from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a> to <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air-conditioned</a> buildings located in downtown Toronto. </p><p>The DLWC was built by <a href="/wiki/Enwave" title="Enwave">Enwave</a>, and opened August 17, 2004. Notable clients include <a href="/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Centre" title="Toronto-Dominion Centre">Toronto-Dominion Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_Plaza" title="Royal Bank Plaza">Royal Bank Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/RBC_Centre" title="RBC Centre">RBC Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Toronto_Convention_Centre" title="Metro Toronto Convention Centre">Metro Toronto Convention Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Health_Network" title="University Health Network">University Health Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scotiabank_Arena" title="Scotiabank Arena">Scotiabank Arena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DLWC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Deep Lake Water Cooling Pipeline Installation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DLWC.jpg/220px-DLWC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DLWC.jpg/330px-DLWC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/DLWC.jpg/440px-DLWC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Deep Lake Water Cooling Pipeline Installation </figcaption></figure> <p>Compared to traditional air-conditioning, DLWC reduces electricity use by 75%, and may eliminate 40,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; background-color:#CCC;">Deep Lake Water Cooling Expansion (4th Intake)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CCC;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Province</th><td class="infobox-data">Ontario</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CCC;">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Raw Water</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enwave" title="Enwave">Enwave</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partners</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Water" title="Toronto Water">Toronto Water</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractors</th><td class="infobox-data">C&M McNally, Dean Construction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Construction started</th><td class="infobox-data">2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commissioned</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#CCC;">Technical information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">3.3 km (2.1 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum discharge</th><td class="infobox-data">251 Million Litres Per Day</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">1,600 mm (63 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pumping stations</th><td class="infobox-data">John Street Pumping Station Lake Water Pumps</td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An Environmental Assessment and design of the DLWC was completed by R.V. Anderson Associates Limited starting in 1997. Pre-construction was funded by the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Canadian_Municipalities" title="Federation of Canadian Municipalities">Federation of Canadian Municipalities</a>, and began in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was officially launched on August 17, 2004, at <a href="/wiki/Steam_Whistle_Brewing" title="Steam Whistle Brewing">Steam Whistle Brewing</a>, one of Enwave's customers. The launch was attended by actor <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a>, Ontario Minister of Energy <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Duncan" title="Dwight Duncan">Dwight Duncan</a>, Canadian Minister of Human Resources and Skills Development <a href="/wiki/Joe_Volpe" title="Joe Volpe">Joe Volpe</a>, and Toronto Deputy Mayor <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bussin" title="Sandra Bussin">Sandra Bussin</a>. The launch coincided with the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Blackout_of_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Blackout of 2003">2003 blackout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DLWC involves three large <a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">HDPE pipes</a> running 5 kilometres into Lake Ontario at a depth of 83 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expansion to the system will add a fourth intake pipe that extends 3.3 kilometres into Lake Ontario to a depth of 70 metres. </p><p>Lake Ontario is a thermally stratified lake which contains a <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a>. The bottommost layer, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hypolimnion" title="Hypolimnion">hypolimnion</a>, is composed of cold, dense water, which remains at a constant 4 °C (39 °F). The water is piped to the Toronto Island Water Treatment Plant for potable water treatment, then to the <a href="/wiki/John_Street_Pumping_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="John Street Pumping Station">John Street Pumping Station</a>, where an Energy Transfer Station is located, which contains a series of <a href="/wiki/Plate_heat_exchanger" title="Plate heat exchanger">plate and frame</a> <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchangers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat exchangers">heat exchangers</a>. These are used to transfer heat between the potable water and a closed chilled water loop. This chilled water is then circulated within a district energy distribution system to supply buildings with cooling, then returned to the Energy Transfer Station. The potable water is supplied to the municipal drinking water system. Built at a cost of C$230m ($200m) over four years, the system is run by the Enwave Energy Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist07_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist07-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cold lake water is pumped through the source side of heat exchangers situated at Toronto's John Street Pumping Station while a chilled water mixture is circulated through the load circuit of the heat exchanger, allowing for a net energy transfer from the lake water/chilled water mixture to the lake water. The chilled water mixture is then circulated using pumps throughout fan-coil units installed in high-rise properties throughout the region served by Enwave in Downtown Toronto where it absorbs energy and repeats the cycle to provide cooling and dehumidification. This system is advantageous since it reduces, or even completely eradicates chiller usage during summer months and shoulder seasons, reducing energy usage, as well as minimizing the number of evaporative <a href="/wiki/Cooling_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooling towers">cooling towers</a> from operating, which are susceptible to becoming breeding grounds for <i><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expansion">Expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, a Deep Lake Water Cooling Expansion program was initiated to increase the system capacity. An Environmental Assessment and design of the DLWC was completed by R.V. Anderson Associates Limited starting in 2020. Construction commenced in 2021 and is scheduled to be complete by 2024. The expansion consists of an additional fourth intake pipeline that is 3.3 km long, and will go to a depth of 70 m, a new tunnel and shaft conveyance system from Toronto Island to the John Street Pumping Station that is 3 km long and is located 90 m below ground surface, new pumps and heat exchangers at the John Street Pumping Station, as well as conveyance and system upgrades to other downstream systems. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_intake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="4th Intake Installation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/4th_intake.jpg/220px-4th_intake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/4th_intake.jpg/330px-4th_intake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/4th_intake.jpg/440px-4th_intake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>4th Intake Installation</figcaption></figure> <p>The expansion will increase the system capacity by 251 million litres per day for a total deep lake water cooling raw water capacity of 704 million litres per day. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashbridges_Bay_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant" title="Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant">Ashbridges Bay Wastewater Treatment Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Water" title="Toronto Water">Toronto Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enwave" title="Enwave">Enwave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deep_Lake_Water_Cooling_System&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+answer+for+the+heat%3F+Cool+clear+water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Freport-on-business%2Fan-answer-for-the-heat-cool-clear-water%2Farticle18167644%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+Lake+Water+Cooling+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist07-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economist07_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2007/04/24/a-cool-concept">"A cool concept"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. April 24, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+cool+concept&rft.date=2007-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Ftechnology-quarterly%2F2007%2F04%2F24%2Fa-cool-concept&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADeep+Lake+Water+Cooling+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.V._Anderson_Associates_Limited" class="citation web cs1">R.V. Anderson Associates Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toronto.ca/community-people/get-involved/public-consultations/infrastructure-projects/deep-lake-water-cooling-expansion-study/">"Deep Lake Water Cooling Supply Expansion"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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