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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ଦେଖଣା"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ଫଣ୍ଟ ଆକାର, ଓସାର ଏବଂ ରଙ୍ଗର ବଦଳାନ୍ତୁ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ଦେଖଣା" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ଦେଖଣା</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_or.wikipedia.org&uselang=or" class=""><span>ଦାନ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87&returnto=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟେ ଖାତା ଖୋଲି ଲଗ ଇନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରାଯାଉଛି, ଏମିତିବି ଏହା କରିବା ନିତାନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୁହେଁ ।" class=""><span>ଖାତାଟିଏ ଖୋଲନ୍ତୁ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8&returnto=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଲଗ-ଇନ କରିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଉଅଛି ସିନା, ବାଧ୍ୟ କରାଯାଉନାହିଁ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ଲଗ-ଇନ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ନିଜର ଟୁଲ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ନିଜର ଟୁଲ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_or.wikipedia.org&uselang=or"><span>ଦାନ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87&returnto=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଗୋଟେ ଖାତା ଖୋଲି ଲଗ ଇନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରାଯାଉଛି, ଏମିତିବି ଏହା କରିବା ନିତାନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ନୁହେଁ ।"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ଖାତାଟିଏ ଖୋଲନ୍ତୁ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8&returnto=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ଆପଣଙ୍କୁ ଲଗ-ଇନ କରିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଉଅଛି ସିନା, ବାଧ୍ୟ କରାଯାଉନାହିଁ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ଲଗ-ଇନ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ଅବଦାନ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଏହି IP ଠିକଣାରୁ କେହିଜଣେ କରିଥିବା ସମ୍ପାଦନାର ଆଲୋଚନା [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ଆଲୋଚନା</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eଖାରଜ\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"or\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cbr 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class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ବିଷୟସୂଚୀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ବିଷୟସୂଚୀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">କଡ଼କୁ ଘୁଞ୍ଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ଲୁଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ଆରମ୍ଭ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ନାମକରଣ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ନାମକରଣ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧</span> <span>ନାମକରଣ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ନାମକରଣ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଭୌଗୋଳିକ_ବିଶେଷତା" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଭୌଗୋଳିକ_ବିଶେଷତା"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୨</span> <span>ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବିଶେଷତା</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଭୌଗୋଳିକ_ବିଶେଷତା-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ_ତଥ୍ୟ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ_ତଥ୍ୟ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୩</span> <span>ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ତଥ୍ୟ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ_ତଥ୍ୟ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଜଳ_ସମ୍ପଦ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଜଳ_ସମ୍ପଦ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪</span> <span>ଜଳ ସମ୍ପଦ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ଜଳ_ସମ୍ପଦ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ଜଳ ସମ୍ପଦ subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ଜଳ_ସମ୍ପଦ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍_(ତୁଷାର_ସ୍ରୋତ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍_(ତୁଷାର_ସ୍ରୋତ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪.୧</span> <span>ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ (ତୁଷାର ସ୍ରୋତ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍_(ତୁଷାର_ସ୍ରୋତ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ହ୍ରଦ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ହ୍ରଦ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୪.୨</span> <span>ହ୍ରଦ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ହ୍ରଦ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଜଳବାୟୁ_ଓ_ପାଣିପାଗ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଜଳବାୟୁ_ଓ_ପାଣିପାଗ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୫</span> <span>ଜଳବାୟୁ ଓ ପାଣିପାଗ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଜଳବାୟୁ_ଓ_ପାଣିପାଗ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୬</span> <span>ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ସଂସ୍କୃତି" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସଂସ୍କୃତି"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୭</span> <span>ସଂସ୍କୃତି</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ସଂସ୍କୃତି-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ସଂସ୍କୃତି subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ସଂସ୍କୃତି-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ଧାର୍ମିକ_ବିଶ୍ୱାସ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଧାର୍ମିକ_ବିଶ୍ୱାସ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୭.୧</span> <span>ଧାର୍ମିକ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଧାର୍ମିକ_ବିଶ୍ୱାସ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ସମ୍ବଳ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ସମ୍ବଳ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୮</span> <span>ସମ୍ବଳ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ସମ୍ବଳ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଆହୁରି_ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଆହୁରି_ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୯</span> <span>ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଆହୁରି_ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଆଧାର" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଆଧାର"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧୦</span> <span>ଆଧାର</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଆଧାର-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ଆହୁରି_ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ଆହୁରି_ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧୧</span> <span>ଆହୁରି ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ଆହୁରି_ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ବାହ୍ୟ_ଲିଂକ୍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ବାହ୍ୟ_ଲିଂକ୍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">୧୨</span> <span>ବାହ୍ୟ ଲିଂକ୍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ବାହ୍ୟ_ଲିଂକ୍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ବିଷୟସୂଚୀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ହିମାଳୟ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ୧୮୩ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-183" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">୧୮୩ଟି ଭାଷା</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ଆଫ୍ରିକୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ସୁଇସ୍ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="ସୁଇସ୍ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%82%E1%88%9B%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AB_%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%AE%E1%89%BD" title="ሂማላያ ተራሮች – ଆମହାରକି" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሂማላያ ተራሮች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="ଆମହାରକି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଆର୍ଗୋନୀ" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ଆର୍ଗୋନୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ଅଁଗୀକା" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ଅଁଗୀକା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هملايا – ଆରବିକ୍" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هملايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ଆରବିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هيمالايا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيمالايا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ଭଲ ଲେଖା"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="হিমালয় – ଆସାମୀୟ" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিমালয়" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ଆସାମୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଆଷ୍ଟୁରିଆନ୍" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ଆଷ୍ଟୁରିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Гьималаял – ଆଭାରିକ୍" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Гьималаял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="ଆଭାରିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ଆୱାଧି" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="ଆୱାଧି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalay" title="Himalay – ଆଜେରବାଇଜାନି" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Himalay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ଆଜେରବାଇଜାନି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیمالیا داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیمالیا داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Гималай тауҙары – ବାଶକିର୍" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гималай тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ବାଶକିର୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Himalaya" title="Gunung Himalaya – ବାଲିନୀଜ୍" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gunung Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="ବାଲିନୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaj%C4%93" title="Himalajē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Himalajē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Гімалаі – ବେଲାରୁଷିଆନ୍" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гімалаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ବେଲାରୁଷିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%96" title="Гімалаі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гімалаі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хималаи – ବୁଲଗେରିଆନ୍" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хималаи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ବୁଲଗେରିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%EA%A9%BB" title="ဟိမဝန္တာႏကောင်ရွေꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဟိမဝန္တာႏကောင်ရွေꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="হিমালয় পর্বতমালা – ବଙ୍ଗଳା" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিমালয় পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ବଙ୍ଗଳା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ – ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ବ୍ରେଟନ୍" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ବ୍ରେଟନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaji" title="Himalaji – ବୋସନିଆନ୍" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Himalaji" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ବୋସନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гималайн уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Гималайн уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A0laia" title="Himàlaia – କାଟାଲାନ୍" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Himàlaia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="କାଟାଲାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_S%C4%83ng-m%C4%83h" title="Himalaya Săng-măh – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Himalaya Săng-măh" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – ଚେଚନ୍" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ଚେଚନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – ସୀବୁଆନୋ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="ସୀବୁଆନୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ھیمالایا – କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କୁରଡିସ୍" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیمالایا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ କୁରଡିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – କୋର୍ସିକାନ୍" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="କୋର୍ସିକାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayalar" title="Himalayalar – କ୍ରୀମିନ୍ ତୁର୍କୀସ୍" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himalayalar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="କ୍ରୀମିନ୍ ତୁର୍କୀସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Him%C3%A1laj" title="Himálaj – ଚେକ୍" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Himálaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ଚେକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%C4%83%D0%B2%C4%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Гималай тăвĕсем – ଚୁଭାଶ୍" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гималай тăвĕсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ଚୁଭାଶ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ୱେଲ୍ସ" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ୱେଲ୍ସ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଡାନ୍ନିସ୍" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ଡାନ୍ନିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଜର୍ମାନ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ଜର୍ମାନ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ନିମ୍ନ ସର୍ବିଆନ୍‌" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="ନିମ୍ନ ସର୍ବିଆନ୍‌" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ། – ଦଡଜୋଙ୍ଗଖା" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཧི་མ་ལ་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="ଦଡଜୋଙ୍ଗଖା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ιμαλάια – ଗ୍ରୀକ୍" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιμαλάια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ଗ୍ରୀକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – ଇଂରାଜୀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ଇଂରାଜୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajo" title="Himalajo – ଏସ୍ପାରେଣ୍ଟୋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Himalajo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ଏସ୍ପାରେଣ୍ଟୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ସ୍ପେନିୟ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ପେନିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaalaja" title="Himaalaja – ଏସ୍ତୋନିଆନ୍" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Himaalaja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ଏସ୍ତୋନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – ବାସ୍କ୍ୱି" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ବାସ୍କ୍ୱି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هیمالیا – ପର୍ସିଆନ୍" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیمالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ପର୍ସିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ଫିନ୍ନିସ୍" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ଫିନ୍ନିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaalaja" title="Himaalaja – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Himaalaja" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – ଫାରୋଏସେ" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ଫାରୋଏସେ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଫରାସୀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ଫରାସୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଉତ୍ତର ଫ୍ରିସିୟାନ୍" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ଉତ୍ତର ଫ୍ରିସିୟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ଫ୍ରିସିଆନ୍" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ପାଶ୍ଚାତ୍ୟ ଫ୍ରିସିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himil%C3%A9ithe" title="Himiléithe – ଇରିସ୍" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Himiléithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ଇରିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="喜馬拉雅山脈 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="喜馬拉雅山脈" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – ଗାଲସିଆନ୍" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ଗାଲସିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himal%C3%A1ia" title="Himaláia – ଗୁଆରାନୀ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Himaláia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ଗୁଆରାନୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="हिमालयाचो दोंगरी वाठार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिमालयाचो दोंगरी वाठार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AF" title="હિમાલય – ଗୁଜୁରାଟୀ" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિમાલય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="ଗୁଜୁରାଟୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ହୌସା" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ହୌସା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_S%C3%A2n-mak" title="Himalaya Sân-mak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Himalaya Sân-mak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="הימלאיה – ହେବ୍ର୍ୟୁ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הימלאיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ହେବ୍ର୍ୟୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ହିନ୍ଦୀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ହିନ୍ଦୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ଉପର ସର୍ବିଆନ୍" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ଉପର ସର୍ବିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himal%C3%A1ja" title="Himalája – ହଙ୍ଗେରୀୟ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Himalája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ହଙ୍ଗେରୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հիմալայներ – ଆର୍ମେନିଆନ୍" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հիմալայներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ଆର୍ମେନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଇର୍ଣ୍ଟଲିଙ୍ଗୁଆ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ଇର୍ଣ୍ଟଲିଙ୍ଗୁଆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Himalaya" title="Pegunungan Himalaya – ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସୀୟ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ଇଣ୍ଡୋନେସୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ବଛା ଲେଖା"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଇଲୋକୋ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ଇଲୋକୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଇଡୋ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ଇଡୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajafj%C3%B6ll" title="Himalajafjöll – ଆଇସଲାଣ୍ଡିକ୍" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Himalajafjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ଆଇସଲାଣ୍ଡିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଇଟାଲୀୟ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ଇଟାଲୀୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A4%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="ヒマラヤ山脈 – ଜାପାନୀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒマラヤ山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ଜାପାନୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaleyaz" title="Imaleyaz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Imaleyaz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଜାଭାନୀଜ୍" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ଜାଭାନୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმალაი – ଜର୍ଜିୟ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰიმალაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ଜର୍ଜିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimalay_tawlar%C4%B1" title="Gimalay tawları – କାରା-କଲ୍ପକ୍" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gimalay tawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="କାରା-କଲ୍ପକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idurar_n_Himalaya" title="Idurar n Himalaya – କବାଇଲ୍" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Idurar n Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="କବାଇଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Гималайхэр – କାବାର୍ଡିଆନ୍" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Гималайхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="କାବାର୍ଡିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_p%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Himalaya pʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Himalaya pʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagunungan_Himalaya" title="Pagunungan Himalaya – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pagunungan Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – କାଜାକ୍" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="କାଜାକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ – କନ୍ନଡ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="କନ୍ନଡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EB%A7%90%EB%9D%BC%EC%95%BC%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="히말라야산맥 – କୋରିଆନ୍" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히말라야산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="କୋରିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гималайла – କରାଚୟ-ବଲ୍କାର" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Гималайла" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="କରାଚୟ-ବଲ୍କାର" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%8E%DB%81" title="ہِمالیَہ – କାଶ୍ମିରୀ" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِمالیَہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="କାଶ୍ମିରୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AEmalaya" title="Hîmalaya – କୁର୍ଦ୍ଦିଶ୍" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîmalaya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="କୁର୍ଦ୍ଦିଶ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – କୋର୍ନିସ୍" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="କୋର୍ନିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – କୀରଗୀଜ୍" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="କୀରଗୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – ଲାଟିନ୍" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ଲାଟିନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଲକ୍ସେମବର୍ଗିସ୍" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ଲକ୍ସେମବର୍ଗିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Гималаяр – ଲେଜଗିୟାନ୍" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гималаяр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="ଲେଜଗିୟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଲିମ୍ବୁର୍ଗିସ୍" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ଲିମ୍ବୁର୍ଗିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaia" title="Himalaia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Himalaia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%A5" title="ເທືອກເຂົາຫິມະໄລ – ଲାଓ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທືອກເຂົາຫິມະໄລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ଲାଓ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajai" title="Himalajai – ଲିଥୁଆନିଆନ୍" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Himalajai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ଲିଥୁଆନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaji" title="Himalaji – ଲାଟଭିଆନ୍" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Himalaji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ଲାଟଭିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ମୈଥିଳୀ" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="ମୈଥିଳୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Гималаи – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гималаи" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagunungan_Himalaya" title="Pagunungan Himalaya – ମିନାଙ୍ଗାବାଉ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pagunungan Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="ମିନାଙ୍ଗାବାଉ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Хималаи – ମାସେଡୋନିଆନ୍" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хималаи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ମାସେଡୋନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഹിമാലയം – ମାଲାୟଲମ୍" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിമാലയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="ମାଲାୟଲମ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Гималай – ମଙ୍ଗୋଳିୟ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гималай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ମଙ୍ଗୋଳିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ମରାଠୀ" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ମରାଠୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Гималайвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гималайвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ମାଲୟ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ମାଲୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဟိမဝန္တာ တောင်တန်း – ବର୍ମୀଜ୍" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟိမဝန္တာ တောင်တန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ବର୍ମୀଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଲୋ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ଲୋ ଜର୍ମାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ନେପାଳୀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ନେପାଳୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="हिमालय – ନେୱାରୀ" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिमालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ନେୱାରୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଡଚ୍" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ଡଚ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ନିୟୋର୍ସ୍କ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ନିୟୋର୍ସ୍କ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ବୋକମଲ୍" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ନରୱେଜିଆନ୍ ବୋକମଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82gaiitsoh_Honeezk%CA%BCazii" title="Dziłgaiitsoh Honeezkʼazii – ନାଭାଜୋ" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłgaiitsoh Honeezkʼazii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="ନାଭାଜୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imalaia" title="Imalaia – ଓସିଟାନ୍" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imalaia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ଓସିଟାନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਹਿਮਾਲਿਆ – ପଞ୍ଜାବୀ" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿਮਾਲਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="ପଞ୍ଜାବୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imala%C3%AFa" title="Imalaïa – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Imalaïa" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaje" title="Himalaje – ପୋଲିଶ୍" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Himalaje" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ପୋଲିଶ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ہمالیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہمالیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="هېمالیا – ପାସ୍ତୋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هېمالیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ପାସ୍ତୋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaias" title="Himalaias – ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜ୍‌" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Himalaias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ପର୍ତ୍ତୁଗୀଜ୍‌" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – କ୍ୱେଚୁଆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="କ୍ୱେଚୁଆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ରୋମାନିଆନ୍" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ରୋମାନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Гималаи – ରୁଷିୟ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гималаи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ରୁଷିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Гімалаї – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гімалаї" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="हिमालयः – ସଂସ୍କୃତ" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिमालयः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="ସଂସ୍କୃତ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гималаай хайалара – ସାଖା" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гималаай хайалара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="ସାଖା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ – ସାନ୍ତାଳି" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱢᱟᱞ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="ସାନ୍ତାଳି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ସର୍ଦିନିଆନ୍" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="ସର୍ଦିନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ସିଶିଲିଆନ୍" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="ସିଶିଲିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – ସ୍କଟସ୍" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ସ୍କଟସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="هماليا – ସିନ୍ଧୀ" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هماليا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="ସିନ୍ଧୀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ସର୍ବୋ-କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="ସର୍ବୋ-କ୍ରୋଆଟିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="හිමාලය – ସିଂହଳ" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හිමාලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="ସିଂହଳ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Himalayas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himal%C3%A1je" title="Himaláje – ସ୍ଲୋଭାକ୍" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Himaláje" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ଲୋଭାକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ସ୍ଲୋଭେନିଆନ୍" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ଲୋଭେନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaja" title="Himalaja – ଇନାରୀ ସାମି" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Himalaja" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="ଇନାରୀ ସାମି" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalajet" title="Himalajet – ଆଲବାନିଆନ୍" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Himalajet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ଆଲବାନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Хималаји – ସର୍ବିୟ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хималаји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ସର୍ବିୟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ସ୍ୱେଡିସ୍" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ୱେଡିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ସ୍ୱାହିଲ୍" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="ସ୍ୱାହିଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaje" title="Himalaje – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Himalaje" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இமயமலை – ତାମିଲ୍" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இமயமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ତାମିଲ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಪರ್ವತ ಸಾಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಪರ್ವತ ಸಾಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="హిమాలయాలు – ତେଲୁଗୁ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిమాలయాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ତେଲୁଗୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Ҳимолой – ତାଜିକ୍" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳимолой" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ତାଜିକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2" title="เทือกเขาหิมาลัย – ଥାଇ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาหิมาลัย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ଥାଇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimala%C3%BDlar" title="Gimalaýlar – ତୁର୍କମେନ୍" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gimalaýlar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ତୁର୍କମେନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଟାଗାଲଗ୍" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ଟାଗାଲଗ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaj" title="Himalaj – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Himalaj" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayalar" title="Himalayalar – ତୁର୍କିସ୍" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Himalayalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ତୁର୍କିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гималайлар – ତାତାର୍" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гималайлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ତାତାର୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="ھىمالايا تاغ تىزمىسى – ୟୁଘୁର୍" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىمالايا تاغ تىزمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ୟୁଘୁର୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97" title="Гімалаї – ୟୁକ୍ରାନିଆନ୍" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гімалаї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ୟୁକ୍ରାନିଆନ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%DB%81%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81" title="سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ – ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلسلہ کوہ ہمالیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himolay" title="Himolay – ଉଜବେକ୍" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Himolay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ଉଜବେକ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimalajad" title="Gimalajad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gimalajad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ଭିଏତନାମିଜ୍" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ଭିଏତନାମିଜ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ୱାରୈ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ୱାରୈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉 – ୱୁ ଚାଇନିଜ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="喜马拉雅山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ୱୁ ଚାଇନିଜ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ჰიმალაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰიმალაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A2" title="הימאלייע – ୟିଡିସ୍" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הימאלייע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ୟିଡିସ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya" title="Himalaya – ୟୋରୁବା" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Himalaya" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ୟୋରୁବା" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megbya_Hijmajlahyajsanh" title="Megbya Hijmajlahyajsanh – ଜୁଆଙ୍ଗ" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Megbya Hijmajlahyajsanh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ଜୁଆଙ୍ଗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ – ମାନାଙ୍କ ମରୋକିୟ ତାମାଜିଘାଟ୍" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵀⵉⵎⴰⵍⴰⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="ମାନାଙ୍କ ମରୋକିୟ ତାମାଜିଘାଟ୍" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉 – ଚାଇନିଜ୍‌" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="喜马拉雅山脉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ଚାଇନିଜ୍‌" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" title="喜瑪拉雅山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="喜瑪拉雅山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalaya_Soa%E2%81%BF-l%C3%AAng" title="Himalaya Soaⁿ-lêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Himalaya Soaⁿ-lêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" title="喜馬拉雅山 – କାନଟୋନେସେ" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喜馬拉雅山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="କାନଟୋନେସେ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5451#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ଭାଷା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ଲିଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ" class="wbc-editpage">ଲିଙ୍କଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ନେମସ୍ପେସ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ସୂଚୀ ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ଦେଖାଇବେ [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ପୃଷ୍ଠା</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE:%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="ଏହି ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ଉପରେ ଆଲୋଚନା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ଆଲୋଚନା</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ଉପଭାଷାକୁ ବଦଳାନ୍ତୁ" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="ଦେଖା"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F"><span>ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit" title="ଏହି ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ସୋର୍ସ କୋଡ଼ ସମ୍ପାଦନା କରନ୍ତୁ [e]" 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ଉପକରଣ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">କଡ଼କୁ ଘୁଞ୍ଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ଲୁଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BF/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" title="ଏଠାରେ ଯୋଡ଼ାଯାଇଥିବା ପୃଷ୍ଠାସବୁର ତାଲିକା [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ଏଠାରେ ଥିବା ଲିଙ୍କ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B3/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" rel="nofollow" title="ଏହି ପୃଷ୍ଠା ସଙ୍ଗେ ଯୋଡ଼ା ଫରଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଏବେ ଏବେ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଅଦଳବଦଳ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ବଦଳ</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=or" title="ଫାଇଲ 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:CiteThisPage&page=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&id=514499&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="ଆଧାରଟିଏ ଦେବା ଉପରେ ଅଧିକ ସୂଚନା"><span>ଏ ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ଆଧାର ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2For.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25AC%25B9%25E0%25AC%25BF%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B3%25E0%25AD%259F"><span>ଛୋଟ URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2For.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25AC%25B9%25E0%25AC%25BF%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B3%25E0%25AD%259F"><span>QR କୋଡ୍ ଡାଉନଲୋଡ୍ କରନ୍ତୁ</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//or.wikipedia.org/s/1eax" title="ଏହି ଛୋଟ ଲିଙ୍କଟି ବାଣ୍ଟିବା ପାଇଁ ନକଲ କରନ୍ତୁ"><span>ଛୋଟ URL</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ପ୍ରିଣ୍ଟ/ସାଇତା </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F"><span>ବହି ତିଆରି କରିବେ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ଭାବେ ଡାଉନଲୋଡ଼ କରନ୍ତୁ</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&printable=yes" title="ଏହି ପୃଷ୍ଠାର ଛପାହୋଇପାରିବା ସଙ୍କଳନ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ଛପାହୋଇପାରିବା ପୃଷ୍ଠା</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ବାକି ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Himalayas" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5451" title="ଡାଟା ଭଣ୍ଡାରଙ୍କୁ ଯୋଡିବା ପାଇଁ ଲିଙ୍କ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ଉଇକିଡାଟା ପୃଷ୍ଠା</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ଦେଖଣା"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ଦେଖଣା</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">କଡ଼କୁ ଘୁଞ୍ଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ଲୁଚାନ୍ତୁ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r488895">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&params=27_59_N_86_55_E_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°59′N</span> <span class="longitude">86°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.983°N 86.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.983; 86.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ‌ରୁ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="or" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r488502">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="line-height: normal; font-size:95%; border-spacing: 2px; width: 23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg/280px-Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg/420px-Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg/560px-Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2971" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">ଆକାଶ ମାର୍ଗରୁ ଏଭେରେଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ ଓ ତାହାର ଚତୁଃପାର୍ଶ୍ୱର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summit_(topography)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Summit (topography) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">୮୮୫୦ ମିଟର୍</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e7dcc3;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.2em 0em; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r488895">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&params=27_59_N_86_55_E_region:IN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°59′N</span> <span class="longitude">86°55′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.983°N 86.917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.983; 86.917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ</b> ବା <b>ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତମାଳା</b> ବା କେବଳ <b>ହିମାଳୟ</b> (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ <b>Himalayas</b>) <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଏସିଆ">ଏସିଆ</a> ମହାଦେଶର ଏକ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଯାହା ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦେଶ ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ତିବ୍ବତ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ତିବ୍ବତୀ</a>ୟ ମାଳଭୂମି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80" title="ପୃଥିବୀ">ପୃଥିବୀ</a>ର ଅନେକ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଗିରିଶୃଙ୍ଗ ଏହି ପର୍ବତମାଳାର ଅଂଶବିଶେଷ । ତନ୍ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ବିଶ୍ୱର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଗିରିଶୃଙ୍ଗ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଏଭରେଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ">ଏଭେରେଷ୍ଟ୍</a> ଅନ୍ୟତମ । ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତମାଳାରେ ୫୦ରୁ ଅଧିକ ପର୍ବତ ରହିଛି ଯାହାର ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ୭୨୦୦ ମିଟର୍ ବା ତତୋଧିକ । ୮୦୦୦ ମିଟର୍‍ରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚ ୧୪ଟି ଶୃଙ୍ଗ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ୧୦ଟି ହିମାଳୟରେ ରହିଛି । ଏସିଆ ବାହାରେ ରହିଥିବା ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଗିରିଶୃଙ୍ଗ ହେଉଛି <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆଣ୍ଡିଜ୍ ପର୍ବତମାଳା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆଣ୍ଡିଜ୍ ପର୍ବତମାଳା</a>ର <i>ଆକାଙ୍କାଗୁଆ</i> (୬୯୬୧ ମିଟର୍) ।<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ସଞ୍ଚାଳିତ ହୋଇ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ୟୁରେସିଆ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ୟୁରେସିଆ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍</a> ସହିତ ଧକ୍କା ହେବା ପରେ ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ଯଥାକ୍ରମେ ନିମ୍ନ ଓ ଉର୍ଦ୍ଧ୍ୱଗାମୀ ହେଲେ ଓ ସେଥିରୁ ହିମାଳୟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିଲା । ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତମାଳା ପଶ୍ଚିମ-ଉତ୍ତରପଶ୍ଚିମ ଓ ପୂର୍ବ-ଦକ୍ଷିଣପୂର୍ବ ଦିଗରେ ୨୪୦୦ କିଲୋମିଟର୍ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ତୋରଣ ପରି ।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟର ପଶ୍ଚିମସୀମା ହେଉଛି “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନଙ୍ଗା ପର୍ବତ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନଙ୍ଗା ପର୍ବତ</a>”, ଯାହା <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀ">ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀ</a>ର ଉତ୍ତରତମ ବାଙ୍କର ଠିକ୍ ଦକ୍ଷିଣପଟକୁ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ହିମାଳୟର ପୂର୍ବ ସୀମା “ନାମ୍‍ଚା ବରୁଆ” <a href="/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ୟାର୍‍ଲୁଂ ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋ ନଦୀ">ୟାର୍‍ଲୁଂ ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋ ନଦୀ</a>ର (ନିଜର ଉପରମୁଣ୍ଡରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର ନଦୀ">ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର ନଦୀ</a> ଏହି ନାମରେ ଜଣାଶୁଣା) ବଡ଼ ବାଙ୍କର ଠିକ୍ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ପଟକୁ ରହିଛି । ହିମାଳୟର ଉତ୍ତର-ପୂର୍ବ ଦିଗକୁ କାରାକୋରମ୍ ଓ ହିନ୍ଦୁକୁଶ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ ରହିଛନ୍ତି । ୫୦-୬୦ କିଲୋମିଟର୍ ପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ “ଇଣ୍ଡସ୍-ତ୍ସାଙ୍ଗପୋ ସୁଚ୍ୟର୍” ନାମକ ଟେକ୍ଟୋନିକ୍ ଉପତ୍ୟକା ହିମାଳୟର ଉତ୍ତରାଂଶକୁ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ମାଳଭୂମିଠାରୁ ବିଚ୍ଛିନ୍ନ କରୁଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟ ବଳୟର ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ପଟକୁ ଗାଙ୍ଗେୟ ସମତଳ ଭୂମି ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ।<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପଶ୍ଚିମ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପାକିସ୍ତାନ">ପାକିସ୍ତାନ</a>ରେ ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀର ପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ୩୫୦ କି.ମି. ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ପୂର୍ବରେ (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ">ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ</a>) ଏହାର ପ୍ରସ୍ଥ ପ୍ରାୟ ୧୫୦ କି.ମି. ।<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଯଦିଓ ହିମାଳୟ ଏସିଆର ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଉଚ୍ଚ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀଙ୍କଠାରୁ ପୃଥକ୍, କିନ୍ତୁ ବ୍ୟବହାରିକ ଇଂରାଜୀ ଶବ୍ଦ “ଗ୍ରେଟର୍ ହିମାଲୟା (Greater Himalaya)” କାରାକୋରମ୍ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ କିଛି ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀକୁ ମିଳିତ ଭାବେ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ । </p><p><br /> </p><p>ହିମାଳୟରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୫୨୭ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲୋକ ବସବାସ କରନ୍ତି<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଯେଉଁମାନେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3" title="ନେପାଳ">ନେପାଳ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ଭାରତ">ଭାରତ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଭୁଟାନ">ଭୁଟାନ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚୀନ">ଚୀନ</a> ଓ ପାକିସ୍ତାନ ଆଦି ଦେଶର ନାଗରିକ । ବିଶ୍ୱର କିଛି ପ୍ରମୁଖ ନଦୀ ଯଥା – ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗଙ୍ଗା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗଙ୍ଗା</a> ନଦୀ, ୟାର୍‍ଲୁଂ-ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋ ନଦୀ (ବା ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର ନଦୀ) ହିମାଳୟରୁ ବାହାରି ତଳକୁ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ଓ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ଅବବାହିକାରେ ପାଖାପାଖି ୬୦୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ଲୋକ ବସବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଭାରତର ଜଳବାୟୁ ଉପରେ ହିମାଳୟର ଖୁବ୍ ପ୍ରଭାବ ରହିଛି । ହିମାଳୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ମୌସୁମୀ ବାୟୁ ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦେଶରୁ ଖସି ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମିକୁ ଯାଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ । ପୁଣି ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦେଶର ସଂସ୍କୃତିରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ହିମାଳୟର ଗଭୀର ଛାପ ରହିଛି ; <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମ">ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମ</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7_%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE" title="ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମ">ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମରେ</a> ହିମାଳୟର ଶୃଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କୁ ପବିତ୍ର ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଇଛି । </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ନାମକରଣ"><span id=".E0.AC.A8.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.95.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.A3"></span>ନାମକରଣ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="ନାମକରଣ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ସଂସ୍କୃତ ଶବ୍ଦ "ହିମ" (ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ତୁଷାର) ଓ "ଆଳୟ" (ଅର୍ଥାତ୍ ଘର)ର ସନ୍ଧି ଘଟି "ହିମାଳୟ" ଶବ୍ଦର ସୃଷ୍ଟି ।<sup id="cite_ref-oed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତେବେ “ହିମର ଆଳୟ : ହିମାଳୟ”କୁ ତତ୍‍ପୁରୁଷ ସମାସ ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଇପାରେ । ଏମିଲି ଡିକିନ୍‍ସନ୍ ନିଜ କବିତାରେ ଓ ହେନେରି ଡେଭିଡ୍ ଥୋରୁ ନିଜ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧରେ ଏହାକୁ “ହିମାଲେଃ” ବୋଲି କହିଛନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ନେପାଳୀ ଓ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ଭାଷାରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ପର୍ବତମାଳାକୁ “ହିମାଲୟ” ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ଉର୍ଦ୍ଦୁରେ ଏହାକୁ “ହିମାଲେଃ” ଓ ଚୀନୀ ଭାଷାରେ “ଜିମାଲୟା” ବୋଲି ଉଚ୍ଚାରଣ କରାଯାଏ । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଭୌଗୋଳିକ_ବିଶେଷତା"><span id=".E0.AC.AD.E0.AD.8C.E0.AC.97.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.B6.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B7.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BE"></span>ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବିଶେଷତା</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ବିଶେଷତା ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Himalayas_landsat_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Himalayas_landsat_7.png/200px-Himalayas_landsat_7.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Himalayas_landsat_7.png/300px-Himalayas_landsat_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Himalayas_landsat_7.png/400px-Himalayas_landsat_7.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ହିମାଳୟର ତୋରଣ ବା ବଳୟ ଦର୍ଶାଉଥିବା ଏକ ଉପଗ୍ରହ ଚିତ୍ର</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit,_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit%2C_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg/200px-Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit%2C_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit%2C_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit%2C_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit%2C_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-Marsyangdi_valley_with_Annapurna_II_-_Annapurna_Circuit%2C_Nepal_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1662" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ମର୍ସ୍ୟାଙ୍ଗଡି ଉପତ୍ୟକା ଓ ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା-୨ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ</div></div></div></div> <p>ହିମାଳୟ ବଳୟର ମଝାମଝି ନେପାଳରେ ୮୦୦୦ମି.ରୁ ଅଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଧୌଲାଗିରି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଧୌଲାଗିରି</a> ଶୃଙ୍ଗ ରହିଛନ୍ତି ଓ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କାଳୀ ଗଣ୍ଡକୀ ଗଣ୍ଡ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କାଳୀ ଗଣ୍ଡକୀ ଗଣ୍ଡ</a> ବିଭକ୍ତ କରୁଛି । ଏହି ଗଣ୍ଡ ହିମାଳୟକୁ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ (ପୂର୍ବ ଭାଗ ଓ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଭାଗ) ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିଥାଏ । କାଳୀ ଗଣ୍ଡକୀର ଉପର ପଟକୁ ଏକ ଗିରିପଥ ରହିଛି ଯାହାର ନାମ “କୋରା ଲା” ଗିରିପଥ । ଏଭେରେଷ୍ଟ୍ ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87-%E0%AD%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କେ-୨ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କେ-୨</a> (କେ-ଟୁ) ମଧ୍ୟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମିର ସର୍ବନିମ୍ନ ବିନ୍ଦୁଟି ହେଉଛି କୋରା-ଲା ଗିରିପଥ । ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣାର ପୂର୍ବକୁ ୮୦୦୦ମି.ରୁ ଅଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚତାବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ ହେଲା “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମନାସ୍ଲୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମନାସ୍ଲୁ</a>” ଓ ତିବ୍ବତର “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶୀଶାପାଙ୍ଗମା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶୀଶାପାଙ୍ଗମା</a>” । ଏହି ଦୁଇ ଶୃଙ୍ଗର ଦକ୍ଷିଣକୁ ନେପାଳର ରାଜଧାନୀ ଓ ହିମାଳୟରେ ଥିବା ନଗରମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ବୃହତ୍ତମ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A0%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%81" title="କାଠମାଣ୍ଡୁ">କାଠମାଣ୍ଡୁ</a> ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । କାଠମାଣ୍ଡୁ ଉପତ୍ୟକାର ପୂର୍ବକୁ ତିବ୍ବତରୁ ବାହାରିଥିବା ଭୋତେ ବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସୁନ୍ କୋଶୀ ନଦୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସୁନ୍ କୋଶୀ ନଦୀ</a> ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହେଉଛି ଓ ଏଠାରେ ନେପାଳ-ଚୀନକୁ ସଂଯୋଗ କରୁଥିବା ଆରାନିକୋ ରାଜପଥ (ଚୀନର ଜାତୀୟ ରାଜପଥ - ୩୧୮) ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ସେଠାରୁ ପୂର୍ବ ଦିଗକୁ ହିମାଳୟର “ମହାଲଙ୍ଗୁର ହିମାଳ” ଅଂଶ ରହିଛି ଏବଂ ବିଶ୍ୱର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ୬ଟି ଶୃଙ୍ଗରୁ ଚାରୋଟି ପର୍ବତ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%93%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଚୋ ଓୟୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଚୋ ଓୟୁ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ଏଭରେଷ୍ଟ">ଏଭରେଷ୍ଟ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଲୋତ୍ସେ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଲୋତ୍ସେ</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମକାଲୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମକାଲୁ</a> ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ଏଭେରେଷ୍ଟ୍ ଯିବାବାଟରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ପଟକୁ ଖୁମ୍ବୁ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ରହିଛି ଯାହା ଟ୍ରେକିଂ (ପାହାଡ଼ରେ ଭ୍ରମଣ ଓ ପଦଚାରଣ) ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ । ଏଠାକାର ଉତ୍ତର ପଟର ପର୍ବତର ଢାଲୁଆ ଅଂଶରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଅରୁଣ ନଦୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଅରୁଣ ନଦୀ</a> ପ୍ରବାହିତ ଯାହା ପରେ ଦକ୍ଷିଣକୁ ବୁଲି ମକାଲୁର ପୂର୍ବ ପଟର ପାହାଡ଼ ଉପତ୍ୟକାକୁ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ବହି ଯାଇଛି । </p><p>ନେପାଳର ସୁଦୂର ପୂର୍ବରେ ହିମାଳୟ ବକ୍ଷରେ ଓ ଭାରତର ସୀମାରେ ପୃଥିବୀର ତୃତୀୟ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%98%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କାଞ୍ଚନଜଙ୍ଘା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କାଞ୍ଚନଜଙ୍ଘା</a> ଦଣ୍ଡାୟମାନ । ୮୦୦୦ ମି.ରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚତର ଏହା ହିମାଳୟର ଶେଷ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ ଓ ଭାରତରେ ରହିଥିବା ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଗିରିଶୃଙ୍ଗ । କାଞ୍ଚନଜଙ୍ଘାର ପୂର୍ବ ପଟକୁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ସିକ୍କିମ">ସିକ୍କିମ</a> ରାଜ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ଭାରତରୁ ତିବ୍ବତର <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଲାସା">ଲାସା</a>କୁ ଯିବା ରାସ୍ତାଟି ସିକ୍କିମ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ଯାଇଛି । ଏହି ରାସ୍ତାଟି ହିମାଳୟକୁ “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନାଥୁ ଲା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନାଥୁ ଲା</a>” ଗିରିପଥଦ୍ୱାରା ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରିଛି । ସିକ୍କିମର ପୂର୍ବ ପଟକୁ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ରାଜ୍ୟ ଭୁଟାନ ରହିଛି । ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କେହି ବି ଆରୋହଣ କରିପାରିନଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟତମ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ ଓ ଭୁଟାନର ଉଚ୍ଚତମ ପର୍ବତଟି ହେଲା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗଂଗଖାର ପ୍ୟୁନ୍ସୁମ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗଂଗଖାର ପ୍ୟୁନ୍ସୁମ୍</a> । ଏହି ପାଖରୁ ହିମାଳୟର ଉପତ୍ୟକାରେ ଘନଜଙ୍ଗଲ ତଥା ଅଧିକ ଗଭୀର ଢଳାଣି ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ଉତ୍ତର-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଦିଗରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ିଲେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ">ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ</a> ଓ ତିବ୍ବତ ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରିବା ପରେ ପୂର୍ବ ପଟର ଶେଷ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ “ନାମଚେ ବରୁଆ” ରହିଛି । ୟାରଲୁଂ ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋ ନଦୀର ବିରାଟ ବାଙ୍କରେ ଏହି ଗିରିଶୃଙ୍ଗ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋର ଅପର ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱରେ “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କାଂଗ୍ରି ଗାର୍ପୋ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କାଂଗ୍ରି ଗାର୍ପୋ</a>” ପର୍ବତ ରହିଛି । ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋର ଉତ୍ତର ପଟକୁ ରହିଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ଉଚ୍ଚ ପର୍ବତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗ୍ୟାଲା ପେରି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗ୍ୟାଲା ପେରି</a>” ଅନ୍ୟତମ ଏବଂ କେହିକେହି ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ହିମାଳୟର ଅଂଶ ବୋଲି ଗଣନା କରିଥାନ୍ତି । </p><p>ଧୌଲାଗିରି (ଧବଳଗିରି)ର ପଶ୍ଚିମକୁ ଗଲେ ପଶ୍ଚିମ-ନେପାଳରେ କୌଣସି ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପର୍ବତ ନାହିଁ କିନ୍ତୁ ନେପାଳର ବୃହତ୍ତମ ହ୍ରଦ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ରାରା ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ରାରା ହ୍ରଦ</a> ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ରହିଛି । ତିବ୍ବତରୁ ବାହାରିଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କର୍ଣ୍ଣାଳୀ ନଦୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କର୍ଣ୍ଣାଳୀ ନଦୀ</a> ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଦେଇ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୋଇଛି । ଆଉ ପଶ୍ଚିମକୁ ଭାରତୀୟ ସୀମା ନିକଟରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସାରଦା ନଦୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସାରଦା ନଦୀ</a> ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହେଉଛି । ଏଠାରେ ଚୀନକୁ ସଂଯୋଗ କରୁଥିବା ବାଣିଜ୍ୟ ପଥ ଓ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମିର ଏକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗୁର୍ଲା ମାନ୍ଧାତା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗୁର୍ଲା ମାନ୍ଧାତା</a>” ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛି । <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମାନସରୋବର ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମାନସରୋବର ହ୍ରଦ</a>ର ଅପର ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4" title="କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତ">କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତ</a> ରହିଛି । କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତ ହିମାଳୟର ଅନେକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ନଦୀର ଉତ୍ସ । ହିନ୍ଦୁ, ବୌଦ୍ଧ, ସୁଫି, ଜୈନ ଓ ବୋନ୍ପୋ ଧର୍ମରେ କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତକୁ ଅତି ପବିତ୍ର ବୋଲି ପୂଜା କରାଯାଏ । ଭାରତର ନୂତନ ରାଜ୍ୟ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1" title="ଉତ୍ତରାଖଣ୍ଡ">ଉତ୍ତରାଖଣ୍ଡରେ</a> ଥିବା ହିମାଳୟର ଅଂଶକୁ ଗଡ଼ୱାଲ ହିମାଳୟ ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ଏହି ଅଂଶର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଶୃଙ୍ଗଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନନ୍ଦାଦେବୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନନ୍ଦାଦେବୀ</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କାମେତ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କାମେତ୍</a> । <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0" title="ବଦ୍ରୀନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର">ବଦ୍ରିନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0" title="କେଦାରନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର">କେଦାରନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ଗଙ୍ଗା ନଦୀ">ଗଙ୍ଗା</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଯମୁନା">ଯମୁନା ନଦୀ</a>ର ଉତ୍ସ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗଙ୍ଗୋତ୍ରୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗଙ୍ଗୋତ୍ରୀ</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଯମୁନୋତ୍ରୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଯମୁନୋତ୍ରୀ</a> ରହିଥିବାରୁ ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଉତ୍ତରାଖଣ୍ଡ ଏକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଆକର୍ଷଣ । </p><p>ସେଠାରୁ ପଶ୍ଚିମକୁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ହିମାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ">ହିମାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ</a> ରାଜ୍ୟ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଓ ବ୍ରିଟିଶ୍ ଶାସନ ସମୟରେ ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମକାଳର ରାଜଧାନୀ ବୋଲାଉଥିବା ଶୈଳନିବାସ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶିମଳା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶିମଳା</a> ରହିଛି । ତିବ୍ବତରୁ ନିର୍ବାସିତ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀଙ୍କ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ସ୍ଥଳ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଧର୍ମଶାଳା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଧର୍ମଶାଳା</a> ସହର ମଧ୍ୟ ଏଠାରେ ରହିଛି । ଏଠାରୁ ପଶ୍ଚିମ ଭାଗକୁ ପଞ୍ଜାବ ହିମାଳୟ କୁହନ୍ତି ଓ ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀର ଏକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପନଦୀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶତଦ୍ରୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶତଦ୍ରୁ</a> (ଶତଲେଜ୍) ଏହି ଅଂଶକୁ ବିଖଣ୍ଡିତ କରି ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହେଉଛି । ସେଠାରୁ ପଶ୍ଚିମକୁ ହିମାଳୟ ଜମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀର ରାଜ୍ୟର ଦକ୍ଷିଣାଂଶ ଦେଇ ଯାଇଛି । ଏହି ଅଂଶରେ ଥିବା ଯାଆଁଳା ଶୃଙ୍ଗ “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନୁନ୍ କୁନ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନୁନ୍ କୁନ୍</a>” ୭୦୦୦ ମିଟର୍‍ରୁ ଅଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚ । ତାହା ପରେ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କାଶ୍ମୀର ଉପତ୍ୟକା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କାଶ୍ମୀର ଉପତ୍ୟକା</a> ଏବଂ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶ୍ରୀନଗର">ଶ୍ରୀନଗରର</a> ହ୍ରଦମାନ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ଏହାପରେ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରଣ ରେଖା ଅତିକ୍ରମ କରି ହିମାଳୟ ପାକିସ୍ତାନରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିଛି । ପଶ୍ଚିମତମ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ “ନଙ୍ଗା ପର୍ବତ” ୮୦୦୦ ମି.ରୁ ଅଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଓ ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀର ଉପତ୍ୟକାରୁ ହଠାତ୍ ୭୦୦୦ମି.ରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚ ଉଠିଛି । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ_ତଥ୍ୟ"><span id=".E0.AC.AD.E0.AD.82.E0.AC.AC.E0.AD.88.E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.9E.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A8.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.A5.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F"></span>ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ତଥ୍ୟ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="ଭୂବୈଜ୍ଞାନିକ ତଥ୍ୟ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Himalaya-formation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Himalaya-formation.gif/170px-Himalaya-formation.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Himalaya-formation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>୪୦୦-୫୦୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବେ ୟୁରେସୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ସହ ଧକ୍କା ହେବା ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‍ର ୬୦୦୦ କିଲେମିଟର୍ ଲମ୍ବା ଯାତ୍ରା<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>ବୟସ ଦେଖିଲେ ହିମାଳୟ ବିଶ୍ୱର ନୂତନତମ ପର୍ବତମାଳାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପରିଗଣିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଆଧୁନିକ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ତଥ୍ୟ ଅନୁସାରେ ୟୁରେସୀୟ ଓ ଭାରତ-ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‍ର ଧକ୍କା ଫଳରେ ଉଭୟଙ୍କ ସୀମା ନିକଟରେ ଭୂପୃଷ୍ଠ ଉପରକୁ ଉଠି ହିମାଳୟ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି । <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ବ୍ରହ୍ମଦେଶ">ବ୍ରହ୍ମଦେଶ</a>ର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆରାକାନ୍ ୟୋମା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆରାକାନ୍ ୟୋମା</a> ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମି ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0" title="ବଙ୍ଗୋପସାଗର">ବଙ୍ଗୋପସାଗରରେସ୍ଥିତ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%93_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆଣ୍ଡମାନ ଓ ନିକୋବର ଦ୍ୱୀପପୁଞ୍ଜ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆଣ୍ଡାମାନ ଓ ନିକୋବର ଦ୍ୱୀପପୁଞ୍ଜ</a> ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ମହାଦେଶୀୟ ସଞ୍ଚାଳନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି । </p><p>ପ୍ରାୟ ୭୦୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0-%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପର-କ୍ରିଟେସିୟସ୍ କାଳ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପର-କ୍ରିଟେସିୟସ୍ କାଳ</a>ରେ ଉତ୍ତରକୁ ଗତି କରୁଥିବା ଭାରତ-ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ବାର୍ଷିକ ୧୫ ସେଣ୍ଟିମିଟର୍ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ୁଥିଲା ଓ ପରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ ହୋଇ ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ଓ ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ୫୦୦ ଲକ୍ଷ ବର୍ଷ ପୂର୍ବେ ଏହି ଭାରତ-ଅଷ୍ଟ୍ରେଲୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‍ର ଗତି ଯୋଗୁଁ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଟିଥାଇସ୍ ମହାସାଗର (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଟିଥାଇସ୍ ମହାସାଗର</a>ର ବିଲୋପ ଘଟିଲା । ଏହାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ମହାସାଗର ଗର୍ଭରେ ଥିବା ପ୍ରସ୍ତରରୁ ମିଳେ । ଧକ୍କା ଖାଉଥିବା ଉଭୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‍ର ଧାର ନିମ୍ନ ସାନ୍ଦ୍ରତା ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଧକ୍କା ପରେ ମହାସାଗରୀୟ ଖାଇ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେବା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ, ସେମାନେ ସ୍ତରୀଭୂତ ହୋଇ ପର୍ବତ ଆକାର ଧାରଣ କରିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏଭେରେଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗର ଗଠନରେ ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ମହାସାଗରର ସାମୁଦ୍ରିକ ଚୂନପଥର ଏକ ଉପାଦାନ ହୋଇଥିବାର ଯୁକ୍ତି ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ଘଟିଥିବାର ପ୍ରମାଣ ଦିଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସୁଦ୍ଧା ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମିକୁ ଧକ୍କା ଦେଉଛି ଏବଂ ଫଳରେ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମିର ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ବଢ଼ୁଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସମୟରେ ଭାରତୀୟ ପ୍ଲେଟ୍‍ର ବେଗ ହେଲା ବର୍ଷକୁ ୬୭ ମିଲିମିଟର୍ ଓ ଏହି ବେଗରେ ବଢ଼ିଲେ ଆଗାମୀ ୧ କୋଟି ବର୍ଷରେ ଏହା ଏସିଆ ଭୂଖଣ୍ଡର ୧୫୦୦ କି.ମି. ଭିତରକୁ ପଶିଯିବ । ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଏହି ସଞ୍ଚାଳନରୁ ୨୦ ମି.ମି. ଧକ୍କା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିନେଇଥାଏ । ଏହି କାରଣରୁ ହିମାଳୟର ଉଚ୍ଚତା ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ୫ ମି.ମି. ବଢ଼ୁଥାଏ ଓ ଭୂବିଜ୍ଞାନ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣରୁ ହିମାଳୟ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସକ୍ରିୟ । ଏହି ସଞ୍ଚାଳନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ହିମାଳୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଭୂମିକମ୍ପ ମଧ୍ୟ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । </p><p>ହିମଯୁଗରେ କାଞ୍ଚନଜଙ୍ଘା ଓ ନଙ୍ଗା ପର୍ବତ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏକ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ସଂଯୋଗ ରହିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhle2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhle2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ପଶ୍ଚିମରେ ଏହି ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ କାରାକୋରମ୍ ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ ଓ ଉତ୍ତରରେ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ବରଫାବୃତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତ ଥିଲା । ଦକ୍ଷିଣକୁ ୧୦୦୦-୨୦୦୦ମି. ଉଚ୍ଚତାରୁ ଉପରକୁ ଏହି ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ରହିଥିଲା ଓ ତଳ ପଟକୁ ଏହାର ସତ୍ତା କ୍ଷୀଣ ହୋଇ ଆସିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhle2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhle2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuhle1987_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhle1987-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏବେ ହିମାଳୟର କିଛି ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ୨୦ରୁ ୩୨ କି.ମି. ବ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଥିବା ବେଳେ ହିମଯୁଗରେ ଅନେକ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ୬୦ରୁ ୧୧୨ କି.ମି. ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ବ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhle2011_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhle2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସେତେବେଳର ହାରାହାରି ତାପମାତ୍ରା ଏବେଠାରୁ ଅତି କମରେ ୭-୮.୩° ସେଲ୍‍ସିୟସ୍ କମ୍ ଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhle2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhle2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଜଳ_ସମ୍ପଦ"><span id=".E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.B3_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.A6"></span>ଜଳ ସମ୍ପଦ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="ଜଳ ସମ୍ପଦ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg/200px-13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg/300px-13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg/400px-13-10-08_217_CONFLUENCE_OF_INDUS_RIVER_N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ହିମାଳୟର ଉପତ୍ୟକାରେ ସିନ୍ଧୁ ଓ ଜାନ୍ସକାର୍ ନଦୀର ସଙ୍ଗମ ସ୍ଥଳ</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Yumthang_valley,_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Yumthang_valley%2C_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg/200px-Yumthang_valley%2C_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Yumthang_valley%2C_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg/300px-Yumthang_valley%2C_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Yumthang_valley%2C_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg/400px-Yumthang_valley%2C_Lachung_Sikkim_India_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ସିକ୍କିମର ୟୁମତାଂଗ୍ ନଦୀ ଉପତ୍ୟକା ଓ ୟୁମସୋଂଡୋଂରେ ହିମାଳୟର ଅଂଶ</div></div></div></div> <p>ଅନେକ ନଦୀ ହିମାଳୟକୁ ସ୍ଥାନେ ସ୍ଥାନେ ବିଶେଷ କରି ପୂର୍ବ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱରେ ବିଖଣ୍ଡିତ କରି ବହି ଯାଇଛନ୍ତି । ହିମାଳୟର ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦୁଇଟି ଶ୍ରେଣୀରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିହେବ । </p> <ul><li>ପଶ୍ଚିମ ପଟର ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀ ଅବବାହିକାକୁ ଜଳ ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରନ୍ତି । ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀ ହିମାଳୟର ଉତ୍ତର-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ସୀମା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରଣ କରିଥାଏ । ଏହା ତିବ୍ବତରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇ ଭାରତ ଓ ପାକିସ୍ତାନ ମଧ୍ୟଦେଇ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହେବା ପରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0" title="ଆରବ ସାଗର">ଆରବ ସାଗରରେ</a> ପ୍ରବେଶ କରେ । ହିମାଳୟର ଦକ୍ଷିଣକୁ ପଞ୍ଜାବର ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ଉପନଦୀ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9D%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଝେଲମ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଝେଲମ୍</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଚେନାବ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଚେନାବ୍</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ରାବି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ରାବି</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବେଆସ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବେଆସ୍</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶତଲେଜ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶତଲେଜ୍</a> ସିନ୍ଧୁ ନଦୀକୁ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ।</li> <li>ପୂର୍ବ ପଟର ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଗଙ୍ଗା-ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର ଅବବାହିକାକୁ ଜଳ ନିଷ୍କାସନ କରିଥାନ୍ତି । ଗଙ୍ଗା, ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର, ଯମୁନା ଓ ଏମାନଙ୍କ ବହୁ ଉପନଦୀ ଏହି ଶ୍ରେଣୀର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ନଦୀ । ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର ତିବ୍ବତରେ ୟାରଲୁଂ-ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋ ନାମରେ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୁଏ ଓ ପରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE" title="ଆସାମ">ଆସାମ</a> ରାଜ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୁଏ । ଗଙ୍ଗା ଓ ବ୍ରହ୍ମପୁତ୍ର ନଦୀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6" title="ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶ">ବଙ୍ଗଳାଦେଶରେ</a> ମିଳିତ ହେବା ପରେ ବିଶ୍ୱର ସର୍ବବୃହତ୍ ତ୍ରିକୋଣଭୂମି (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A8" title="ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ">ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ</a>) ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରି ବଙ୍ଗୋପସାଗରରେ ନିଷ୍କାସିତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-gits4u_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gits4u-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>ଗ୍ୟାଲା ପେରି ଓ ୟାରଲୁଂ ତ୍ସାଂଗପୋର ଉତ୍ତରକୁ ରହିଥିବା ପର୍ବତମାନଙ୍କରେ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ସ୍ରୋତଗୁଡ଼ିକ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%88%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଈରାବତୀ ନଦୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଈରାବତୀ ନଦୀ</a>ରେ ମିଳିତ ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି । ଈରାବତୀ ନଦୀ ତିବ୍ବତରୁ ବାହାରି ବ୍ରହ୍ମଦେଶ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଇ ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୁଏ ଓ ଆଣ୍ଡାମାନ ସାଗରରେ ମିଳିତ ହୁଏ । ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ମାଳଭୂମିରୁ ବାହାରୁଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସାଲୱିନ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସାଲୱିନ୍</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମେକଂ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମେକଂ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ୟାଂଗଜେ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ୟାଂଗଜେ</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପୀତ ନଦୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପୀତ ନଦୀ</a> ହିମାଳୟ ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥାର ନଦୀ ରୂପେ ପରିଗଣିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ । କିଛି ଭୂବିଜ୍ଞାନବିତ୍ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରି-ହିମାଳୟ ନଦୀ (circum-Himalayan rivers) ବୋଲି କୁହନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-circum_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circum-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍_(ତୁଷାର_ସ୍ରୋତ)"><span id=".E0.AC.97.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B2.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.85.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D_.28.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.B7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0_.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8B.E0.AC.A4.29"></span>ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ (ତୁଷାର ସ୍ରୋତ)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ (ତୁଷାର ସ୍ରୋତ) ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Annapurna_I,_south_face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Annapurna_I%2C_south_face.jpg/220px-Annapurna_I%2C_south_face.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Annapurna_I%2C_south_face.jpg/330px-Annapurna_I%2C_south_face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Annapurna_I%2C_south_face.jpg/440px-Annapurna_I%2C_south_face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍</figcaption></figure> <p>ହିମାଳୟକୁ ମିଶାଇ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଏସିଆର ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀମାନଙ୍କରେ ପୃଥିବୀର ତୃତୀୟ ସର୍ବାଧିକ ବରଫ ଓ ତୁଷାର ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ଏହି ତାଲିକାରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଦୁଇଟି ସ୍ଥାନ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆଣ୍ଟାର୍କଟିକା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆଣ୍ଟାର୍କଟିକା</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କୁମେରୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କୁମେରୁ</a>) ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସୁମେରୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସୁମେରୁ</a> ଅକ୍ତିଆର କରିଛନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_nature_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs_nature-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୧୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତମାଳାରେ ୧୫୦୦୦ଟି ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ରହିଛନ୍ତି ଓ ଏହି ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍‍ମାନଙ୍କର ମଧୁର ଜଳର ଘନତା ୧୨୦୦୦ ବର୍ଗ କିଲୋମିଟର୍ ।<sup id="cite_ref-IPPC2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IPPC2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଉତ୍ତରାଖଣ୍ଡର ଗଙ୍ଗୋତ୍ରୀ ଓ ଯମୁନୋତ୍ରୀ, ଏଭେରେଷ୍ଟର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଖୁମ୍ବୁ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଖୁମ୍ବୁ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍</a>, ଲାଂଗ୍‍ତାଂଗ୍‍ର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଲାଂଗ୍‍ତାଂଗ୍ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଲାଂଗ୍‍ତାଂଗ୍ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍</a> ଏବଂ ସିକ୍କିମର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଜେମୁ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍‍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଜେମୁ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍‍</a>ମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖନୀୟ । </p><p>ହିମାଳୟର <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B6" title="ଅକ୍ଷାଂଶ">ଅକ୍ଷାଂଶ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କର୍କଟ କ୍ରାନ୍ତି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କର୍କଟ କ୍ରାନ୍ତି</a>ର ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହୋଇଥିବା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏହାର ବରଫ ଓ ତୁଷାର ପରିମାଣ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଅଧିକ ।<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%89_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ନିଉ ଗିନିଆ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ନିଉ ଗିନିଆ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ରେଞ୍ଜୋରିସ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ରେଞ୍ଜୋରିସ୍</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="କଲମ୍ବିଆ">କଲୋମ୍ବିଆ</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବିଷୁବ ରେଖା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବିଷୁବ ରେଖା</a> ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏଠାରେ ଅପେକ୍ଷାକୃତ କମ୍ ତୁଷାର ଗଚ୍ଛିତ ରହିପାରେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟର ଅତ୍ୟୁଚ୍ଚ ଶିଖରଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବର୍ଷ ତମାମ ବରଫାବୃତ ରହନ୍ତି ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଚିରସ୍ରୋତା ନଦୀର ଉତ୍ସର ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିଥାନ୍ତି । </p><p>ବିଶ୍ୱତାପନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସମୟରେ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍‍ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କମିବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ ଭୁଟାନରେ ଅନେକ ତୁଷାର ସ୍ରୋତରୁ ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହ୍ରଦ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳୁଛି । ଯଦିଓ ନିକଟ ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ଏହାର କୌଣସି ପ୍ରଭାବ ଦେଖାଯିବ ନାହିଁ, ପରେ ଏହା ଶୁଷ୍କ ଋତୁରେ ପାଣିର ସମସ୍ୟା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବ ।<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ହ୍ରଦ"><span id=".E0.AC.B9.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.A6"></span>ହ୍ରଦ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="ହ୍ରଦ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg/220px-Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg/330px-Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg/440px-Gurudongmar_lake_North_Sikkim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5986" data-file-height="3978" /></a><figcaption>ସିକ୍କିମର ଗୁରୁଡୋଂଗମାର୍ ହ୍ରଦ</figcaption></figure> <p>ହିମାଳୟ ସାରା ବହୁତ ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ ହ୍ରଦ ରହିଛି । ଆକାରରେ ବଡ଼ ହ୍ରଦମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଉତ୍ତର ପଟକୁ ରହିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ହ୍ରଦମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ସବୁଠାରୁ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ହେଉଛି କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତ ନିକଟରେ ରହିଥିବା ପବିତ୍ର ମାନସରୋବର ହ୍ରଦ (କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ – ୪୧୦ ବର୍ଗ କିଲୋମିଟର୍ ଓ ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ୪୫୯୦ ମିଟର୍) । ନିକଟରେ ଥିବା ରାକ୍ଷସତାଲ୍ ହ୍ରଦକୁ (କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ୨୫୦ ବର୍ଗ କିଲୋମିଟର୍, ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ୪୫୭୫ ମିଟର୍‍ରୁ କମ୍) ମାନସରୋବରରୁ ପାଣି ପ୍ରବାହିତ ହୁଏ । <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B" title="ପାଂଗୋଂଗ୍ ତ୍ସୋ">ପାଂଗୋଂଗ୍ ତ୍ସୋ</a> ହ୍ରଦ (କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ୭୦୦ ବର୍ଗ କିଲୋମିଟର୍) ଭାରତ ଓ ଚୀନର ଅନ୍ତର୍ଜାତୀୟ ସୀମାକୁ ବ୍ୟାପି ରହିଛି । ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ତିବ୍ବତରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ୟମଦ୍ରୋକ୍ ତ୍ସୋ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ୟମଦ୍ରୋକ୍ ତ୍ସୋ</a> (କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ୬୩୮ ବର୍ଗ କିଲୋମିଟର୍) ନାମକ ହ୍ରଦ ରହିଛି । <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପୁମା ୟୁମକୋ ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପୁମା ୟୁମକୋ ହ୍ରଦ</a> ନାମକ ଆଉ ଏକ ବଡ଼ ହ୍ରଦ ୫୦୩୦ ମିଟର୍ ଉଚ୍ଚତାରେ ରହିଛି । </p><p>ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀର ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ପଟକୁ ରହିଥିବା ହ୍ରଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଆକାରରେ କ୍ଷୁଦ୍ରତର । ନେପାଳର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ପର୍ବତ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ପର୍ବତ</a> ନିକଟରେ ଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ତିଲିଚୋ ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ତିଲିଚୋ ହ୍ରଦ</a> ପୃଥିବୀର ଉଚ୍ଚତମ ହ୍ରଦମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଗଣା । ଅନ୍ୟ କିଛି ଉଲ୍ଲେଖଯୋଗ୍ୟ ହ୍ରଦ ହେଲେ – ପଶ୍ଚିମ ନେପାଳର ରାରା ହ୍ରଦ, ନେପାଳର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶେ ଫୋକ୍‍ସୁଂଦୋ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶେ ଫୋକ୍‍ସୁଂଦୋ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ</a>ରେ ରହିଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶେ ଫୋକ୍‍ସୁଂଦୋ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶେ ଫୋକ୍‍ସୁଂଦୋ</a> ହ୍ରଦ, ଉତ୍ତର ସିକ୍କିମରେ ଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗୁରୁଡୋଂଗମାର ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗୁରୁଡୋଂଗମାର ହ୍ରଦ</a>, ନେପାଳର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%96%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସୋଲୁଖୁମ୍ବୁ ଜିଲ୍ଲା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସୋଲୁଖୁମ୍ବୁ ଜିଲ୍ଲା</a>ରେ ଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗୋକ୍ୟୋ ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗୋକ୍ୟୋ ହ୍ରଦ</a>, ଭାରତ-ଚୀନ ସୀମା ନିକଟରେ ରହିଥିବା ସିକ୍କିମର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ତ୍ସୋଂଗମୋ ହ୍ରଦ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ତ୍ସୋଂଗମୋ ହ୍ରଦ</a> । </p><p>କିଛି ହ୍ରଦ ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ଯୋଗୁଁ ସୃଷ୍ଟ ହୋଇଥିବାରୁ ଏମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ବିପଦର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ରହିଛି । ନେପାଳର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%82_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ରୋୱାଲିଂ ଉପତ୍ୟକା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ରୋୱାଲିଂ ଉପତ୍ୟକା</a>ର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ତ୍ସୋ ରୋଲ୍ପା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ତ୍ସୋ ରୋଲ୍ପା</a> ଏକ ଅତି ବିପଦପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହ୍ରଦ ଯାହା ଭବିଷ୍ୟତରେ ବନ୍ୟା ସମ୍ଭାବନା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରେ । ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ତରଳୁଥିବାରୁ ୪୫୮୦ ମିଟର୍ ଉଚ୍ଚତାରେ ଥିବା ଏହି ହ୍ରଦର କ୍ଷେତ୍ରଫଳ ଗତ ୫୦ ବର୍ଷ ହେଲା କ୍ରମାଗତ ବଢ଼ିଚାଲିଛି । <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଗ୍ଲେସିଅର୍ ଯୋଗୁଁ ପାର୍ବତୀୟ ହ୍ରଦ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହେଲେ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ “ଟାର୍ଣ୍ଣ୍” ବୋଲି କୁହାଯାଏ । ହିମାଳୟର ଉଚ୍ଚ ଅଂଶରେ (ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ୫୫୦୦ ମିଟର୍‍ରୁ ଅଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚରେ) ଏହି ଟାର୍ଣ୍ଣ୍ ସବୁ ରହିଥାଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଜଳବାୟୁ_ଓ_ପାଣିପାଗ"><span id=".E0.AC.9C.E0.AC.B3.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AD.9F.E0.AD.81_.E0.AC.93_.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.A3.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.97"></span>ଜଳବାୟୁ ଓ ପାଣିପାଗ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="ଜଳବାୟୁ ଓ ପାଣିପାଗ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:View_on_Gyakar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/View_on_Gyakar.jpg/200px-View_on_Gyakar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/View_on_Gyakar.jpg/300px-View_on_Gyakar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/View_on_Gyakar.jpg/400px-View_on_Gyakar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ଉପର ମଷ୍ଟାଂଗ୍</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG/200px-Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG/300px-Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG/400px-Himalaya_sud_avion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ଅନ୍ନପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣା ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ</div></div></div></div> <p>ପରିବ୍ୟାପ୍ତ, ଉଚ୍ଚ ଓ ଜଟିଳ ଭୂଗଠନ ଯୋଗୁଁ ହିମାଳୟର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଂଶରେ ଭିନ୍ନ ଜଳବାୟୁ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ନିମ୍ନ ଦେଶରେ ଆର୍ଦ୍ର ଉପକ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଓ ତିବ୍ବତ ପଟେ ଶୁଷ୍କ ଶୀତଳ ମରୁଭୂମି ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ପଶ୍ଚିମାଂଶକୁ ଛାଡ଼ିଦେଲେ ହିମାଳୟ ପର୍ବତମାଳାର ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ପଟର ଭୂଭାଗ ମୌସୁମୀ ପ୍ରବାହର ବଳୟରେ ଆସେ । ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ପଶ୍ଚିମ ମୌସୁମୀ ପ୍ରବାହ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏଠାରେ ଜୁନ୍ ମାସରୁ ନେଇ ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର ମାସ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ପ୍ରବଳ ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇଥାଏ । ହିମାଳୟରେ ବର୍ଷ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଗମନାଗମନ ଓ ପରିବହନ ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଓ ସ୍ଥାନେ ସ୍ଥାନେ ଅତଡ଼ା ଧସିଯାଏ । ତେଣୁ ମୌସୁମୀ ସମୟରେ (ଅପ୍ରେଲ୍-ମଇରୁ ସେପ୍ଟେମ୍ବର-ଅକ୍ଟୋବର ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ) ପର୍ଯ୍ୟଟନ, ପର୍ବତାରୋହଣ, ଟ୍ରେକିଂ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ବାଧାପ୍ରାପ୍ତ ହୁଏ । ନେପାଳ ଓ ସିକ୍କିମର ଲୋକେ ୫ଟି ଋତୁ ଥିବା ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରନ୍ତି – ଗ୍ରୀଷ୍ମ, ବର୍ଷା, ଶରତ, ଶୀତ ଓ ବସନ୍ତ । </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କୋପ୍ପେନ୍ ଜଳବାୟୁ ବର୍ଗୀକରଣ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କୋପ୍ପେନ୍ ଜଳବାୟୁ ବର୍ଗୀକରଣ</a> ଅନୁସାରେ ହିମାଳୟର ନିମ୍ନ ଓ ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଶରେ ଆର୍ଦ୍ର ଉପକ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଜଳବାୟୁ ଓ ଶୀତ ଦିନରେ ଶୁଷ୍କ ଜଳବାୟୁ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୁଏ । ଉଚ୍ଚ ଦେଶରେ ଉପକ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଉଚ୍ଚଭୂମି ଜଳବାୟୁ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହୋଇଥାଏ । </p><p>ପଶ୍ଚିମ ପାର୍ଶ୍ୱର ସିନ୍ଧୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀର ଉପତ୍ୟକାରେ ମୌସୁମୀ ପ୍ରବାହ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଅଧିକ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ ହୋଇନଥାଏ ବରଂ ବସନ୍ତ ସମୟରେ ଅଧିକ ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇଥାଏ । <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶ୍ରୀନଗର">ଶ୍ରୀନଗର</a>ରେ ୭୨୩ ମି.ମି. ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ ହୁଏ, ଯାହା ଶିମଳା ଓ କାଠମାଣ୍ଡୁର ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତର ପ୍ରାୟ ଅଧା ଭାଗ ମାତ୍ର ଓ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ୍-ଅପ୍ରେଲ୍ ମାସରେ ଶ୍ରୀନଗରରେ ସର୍ବାଧିକ ବର୍ଷା ହୋଇଥାଏ । </p><p>ଉତ୍ତର ପଟର ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ହିମାଳୟ ଶୁଷ୍କ ଶୀତଳ ମରୁ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଓ ଏହାର ପଶ୍ଚିମାଂଶରେ ବାୟୁ ପ୍ରବାହର ମାତ୍ରା ଅଧିକ । ଏଠାରେ ସବୁଜିମାର ଅଭାବ ଦେଖାଯାଏ ଓ ଶୀତ ଦିନେ ଅସହ୍ୟ ଥଣ୍ଡା ହୁଏ । ଶୀତ ଋତୁର ଶେଷ ଓ ବସନ୍ତ ଋତୁରେ ଏଠାରେ ତୁଷାରପାତ ରୂପେ ବର୍ଷା ହୁଏ । </p><p>ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦେଶ ଓ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ମାଳଭୂମିର ଜଳବାୟୁ ଉପରେ ହିମାଳୟର ଗଭୀର ପ୍ରଭାବ ରହିଛି । ହିମାଳୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଦକ୍ଷିଣମୁଖୀ ଶୀତଲହରି ଭାରତୀୟ ଉପମହାଦେଶରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିପାରେ ନାହିଁ, ତେଣୁ ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ଏସିଆର ଜଳବାୟୁକୁ ଉଷ୍ମ ରଖିବାରେ ସହାୟକ ହୁଏ । ପୁଣି ହିମାଳୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଉତ୍ତରମୁଖୀ ମୌସୁମୀ ପ୍ରବାହ ଭାରତ ବାହାରକୁ ଯାଇପାରେ ନାହିଁ । ହିମାଳୟ ଯୋଗୁଁ କେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀୟ ଏସିଆରେ ତାକ୍‍ଲାମାକାନ୍ ଓ ଗୋବି ମରୁଭୂମି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଥିବା ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରାଯାଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ"><span id=".E0.AC.9C.E0.AD.80.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.A3.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A1.E0.AC.B3"></span>ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm/320px--Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="84" data-mwtitle="Snow_leopard_family,_Spiti,_Himachal_Pradesh,_India.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm/Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm/Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Snow_leopard_family%2C_Spiti%2C_Himachal_Pradesh%2C_India.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source 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class="gallerytext">ହିମାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶର ଏକ ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ବାଘ ପରିବାର</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ନେପାଳର ଏକ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ହିମାଳୟ ଥାର୍"><img alt="ନେପାଳର ଏକ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ହିମାଳୟ ଥାର୍" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg/280px-Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg/420px-Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg/560px-Hemitragus_jemlahicus_Jharal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ନେପାଳର ଏକ ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ହିମାଳୟ ଥାର୍</div> </li> <li 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ଭାଲୁ"><img alt="ହିମାଳୟ କଳା ଭାଲୁ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bhalluk.jpg/272px-Bhalluk.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bhalluk.jpg/408px-Bhalluk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bhalluk.jpg/544px-Bhalluk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ହିମାଳୟ କଳା ଭାଲୁ</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ଗୋରାଲ୍ ଛେଳି"><img alt="ଗୋରାଲ୍ ଛେଳି" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg/269px-A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg/403px-A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg/537px-A_male_goral_in_Rajaji_NP_AJTJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="1805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ଗୋରାଲ୍ ଛେଳି</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="ଭରାଲ୍ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ମେଣ୍ଢା"><img alt="ଭରାଲ୍ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ମେଣ୍ଢା" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg/180px-A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg/270px-A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg/360px-A_foraging_blue_sheep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2275" data-file-height="2276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">ଭରାଲ୍ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ମେଣ୍ଢା</div> </li> </ul> <p>ପରିବେଶ, ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ, ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ଓ ମୃତ୍ତିକା ଅନୁସାରେ ହିମାଳୟର ଜୀବମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ବିଭିନ୍ନତା ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ହିମାଳୟର ପାଦଦେଶର ଜଳବାୟୁ କ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ହୋଇଥିବା ବେଳେ ଉଚ୍ଚ ପର୍ବତମାନ ବର୍ଷସାରା ବରଫାବୃତ । ଦକ୍ଷିଣ-ହିମାଳୟର ପଶ୍ଚିମ ପଟ ତୁଳନାରେ ପୂର୍ବ ପଟକୁ ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତର ମାତ୍ରା ଅଧିକ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ବୃଷ୍ଟିପାତ, ଉଚ୍ଚତା ଓ ମୃତ୍ତିକାର ପ୍ରକାରରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନତା ତଥା ତୁଷାରାଚ୍ଛନ୍ନ ପର୍ବତ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏଠାକାର ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁ ବାସ କରିବା ଦେଖାଯାଏ । ସମୁଦ୍ରପତନରୁ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ଓ ନିମ୍ନ ବାୟୁମଣ୍ଡଳୀୟ ଚାପ ପରି କଠୋର ଜଳବାୟୁ ସହନ କରିବାର କ୍ଷମତା ଏହି ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୨୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚତାରେ ହିମାଳୟର ଲୁପ୍ତପ୍ରାୟ ଓ ମାୟାବୀ ଜନ୍ତୁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%98_(%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D)" title="ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ବାଘ (ସ୍ନୋ ଲେପର୍ଡ୍)">ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ବାଘ</a> ବସବାସ କରେ ଓ ସେ ଏଠାକାର ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଶୃଙ୍ଖଳର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଜୀବ । ତୁଷାର ଓ ପଥୁରିଆ ଶିଖରରେ ରହୁଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଭରାଲ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଭରାଲ୍</a> (ବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B3_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ହିମାଳୟ ନୀଳ ମେଣ୍ଢା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ହିମାଳୟ ନୀଳ ମେଣ୍ଢା</a>) ପରି ଜୀବ ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ବାଘର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଆହାର । ଅଧିକ ଉଚ୍ଚତାରେ ହିମାଳୟ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କସ୍ତୁରୀ ମୃଗ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କସ୍ତୁରୀ ମୃଗ</a> ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖାଯାଏ । କସ୍ତୁରୀ ପାଇଁ ଏମାନଙ୍କୁ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ ଶିକାର କରାଯାଇ ଆସୁଥିବାରୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏମାନେ ବିରଳ ଓ ଲୁପ୍ତପ୍ରାୟ । ହିମାଳୟ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଥାର୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଥାର୍</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ତେକିନ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ତେକିନ୍</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8C_%E0%AC%9B%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ସିରୌ ଛେଳି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ସିରୌ ଛେଳି</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%9B%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗୋରାଲ୍ ଛେଳି (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗୋରାଲ୍ ଛେଳି</a> ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ତୃଣଭୋଜୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀ । ହିମାଳୟରେ ଅଧିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ହିମାଳୟ କଳା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଭାଲୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଭାଲୁ</a> ଓ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଅତି ବିରଳ ହିମାଳୟ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମାଟିଆ ଭାଲୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମାଟିଆ ଭାଲୁ</a> ଅଳ୍ପ କିଛି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ପୂର୍ବ ହିମାଳୟର ମିଶ୍ରିତ ପର୍ଣ୍ଣମୋଚୀ ଓ ଆଲପୀୟ ଜଙ୍ଗଲରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଲାଲ୍ ପାଣ୍ଡା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଲାଲ୍ ପାଣ୍ଡା</a> ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । ନିମ୍ନ ଦେଶର ଜଙ୍ଗଲମାନଙ୍କରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗିସ୍ ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହନୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗିସ୍ ସୁବର୍ଣ୍ଣ ହନୁ</a>, କାଶ୍ମୀର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%81%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପାଉଁଶିଆ ହନୁ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପାଉଁଶିଆ ହନୁ</a> ଓ ଅନ୍ୟ ବହୁ ପ୍ରଜାତିର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆଦିବାନର (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆଦିବାନର</a> ବସବାସ କରନ୍ତି । </p><p>ପୃଥିବୀର ଜଳବାୟୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A8" title="ବିଶ୍ୱତାପନ">ବିଶ୍ୱତାପନ</a> ଯୋଗୁଁ ହିମାଳୟର ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ କ୍ରମଶଃ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତିତ ହେବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି । <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ହାଇଡ୍ରାଞ୍ଜିଆ ହିର୍ଟା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ହାଇଡ୍ରାଞ୍ଜିଆ ହିର୍ଟା</a> ନାମକ ଏକ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ହିମାଳୟର ଜଳବାୟୁରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ତାପମାତ୍ରା ବୃଦ୍ଧି ଯୋଗୁଁ ବହୁ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କେବଳ ଉପରି ଭାଗରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳିବେ ଯାହା ଏକଦା ତଳ ଦେଶରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବଢ଼ୁଥିଲେ । ଗଡ଼ୱାଲ୍-ହିମାଳୟରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପାଇନ୍ ଗଛ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପାଇନ୍ ଗଛ</a> ଲଗାଯିବା ଫଳରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଓକ୍ ଗଛ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଓକ୍ ଗଛ</a> ସଂଖ୍ୟା କମିବାକୁ ବସିଛି । ରୋଡୋଡେନ୍‍ଡ୍ରନ୍, ସେଓ ଓ ବକ୍ସ ମାର୍ଟେଲ୍ ପରି ଗଛରେ ଶୀଘ୍ର ଫୁଲ ଓ ଫଳ ଲାଗିବା ପରି ଘଟଣା ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ଜଳବାୟୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନର ଏକ ସଙ୍କେତ । “ଜୁନିପରସ୍ ତିବେଟିକା” ଦକ୍ଷିଣ ତିବ୍ବତର ଏକ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ପ୍ରଜାତି ଯାହା ୪୯୦୦ ମିଟର୍ ଉଚ୍ଚତା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ବଢ଼ିପାରେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ସଂସ୍କୃତି"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.B8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.83.E0.AC.A4.E0.AC.BF"></span>ସଂସ୍କୃତି</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="ସଂସ୍କୃତି ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Jains_at_Kailash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jains_at_Kailash.jpg/220px-Jains_at_Kailash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jains_at_Kailash.jpg/330px-Jains_at_Kailash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jains_at_Kailash.jpg/440px-Jains_at_Kailash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>ଜୈନ ତୀର୍ଥଯାତ୍ରୀମାନେ କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତରେ ତୀର୍ଥଙ୍କର ଋଷଭନାଥଙ୍କୁ ପୂଜା କରୁଛନ୍ତି</figcaption></figure> <p>ହିମାଳୟ ନିବାସୀ ଜନ ସମୁଦାୟକୁ ୪ଟି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରିହେବ । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଦେଶରୁ ଆସିଥିବା ଓ ହିମାଳୟରେ ସ୍ଥାୟୀ ଭାବେ ରହିଯାଇଥିବା ହିନ୍ଦୁ (ଭାରତ), ବୌଦ୍ଧ (ତିବ୍ବତ), ଇସଲାମୀୟ (ଆଫଗାନିସ୍ତାନ-ଇରାନ) ଓ ପ୍ରକୃତି ଉପାସକ (ବ୍ରହ୍ମଦେଶ) ସଂସ୍କୃତିର ଛାପ ଏଠାରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.pl_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.pl-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ସମୟରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ବ୍ୟତିକ୍ରମ ସହିତ ଏହି ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀମାନେ ନିଜର ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ରହୁଥିବାର ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । </p><p>ହିମାଳୟରେ ଅନେକ ସାଂସ୍କୃତିକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । ଜୈନ ଧର୍ମାନୁଯାୟୀ ହିମାଳୟରେ ରହିଥିବା ଅଷ୍ଟପଦ ପର୍ବତରେ ପ୍ରଥମ ଜୈନ ତୀର୍ଥଙ୍କର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଋଷଭନାଥ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଋଷଭନାଥ</a> ମୋକ୍ଷ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତ କରିଥିଲେ । ଋଷଭନାଥଙ୍କ ନିର୍ବାଣ ପ୍ରାପ୍ତି ପରେ ତାଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଚକ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଚକ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ</a> ଭରତ ୩ଟି ସ୍ତୁପ ଓ ୨୪ ଜଣ ତୀର୍ଥଙ୍କରଙ୍କ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟରେ ୨୪ଟି ପୂଜାସ୍ଥଳ ନିର୍ମାଣ କରାଇଥିଲେ । ତୀର୍ଥଙ୍କରମାନଙ୍କ ମୂର୍ତ୍ତି ବହୁ ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ ପଥରରୁ ନିର୍ମିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମାବଲମ୍ବୀମାନେ ହିମାଳୟଙ୍କୁ “ହିମାବତ” ବୋଲି ସମ୍ବୋଧିତ କରିଥାନ୍ତି ଓ ସେ ଦେବୀ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80" title="ପାର୍ବତୀ">ପାର୍ବତୀ</a>ଙ୍କର ପିତା ବୋଲି ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ ରହିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟକୁ ଗଙ୍ଗାଙ୍କ ଜନକ ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଇଥାଏ । ହିମାଳୟରେ ହିନ୍ଦୁମାନଙ୍କର ଆଉ ଦୁଇଟି ପ୍ରମୁଖ ତୀର୍ଥସ୍ଥଳୀ ହେଲା <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0" title="ପଶୁପତିନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର">ପଶୁପତିନାଥ</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ମୁକ୍ତିନାଥ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ମୁକ୍ତିନାଥ</a> । ମୁକ୍ତିନାଥଙ୍କୁ ଶାଳିଗ୍ରାମ ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ କାରଣ ଏଠାରେ ବହୁମାତ୍ରାରେ “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶାଳଗ୍ରାମ ଶିଳା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶାଳଗ୍ରାମ ଶିଳା</a>” ରହିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-JEE_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମାବଲମ୍ବୀମାନେ ମଧ୍ୟ ହିମାଳୟକୁ ଖୁବ୍ ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଦେଇଆସିଛନ୍ତି । <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପାରୋ ତକତ୍ସଂଗ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପାରୋ ତକତ୍ସଂଗ</a> ନାମକ ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଭୁଟାନରେ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମ ପ୍ରଚାରିତ ଓ ପ୍ରସାରିତ ହୋଇଥିଲା ; ତେଣୁ ଏହାକୁ ଏକ ପବିତ୍ର ସ୍ଥଳର ମାନ୍ୟତା ଦିଆଯାଇଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୬<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ବୌଦ୍ଧମାନଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ମୁକ୍ତିନାଥ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ତୀର୍ଥସ୍ଥଳୀ । ୮୪ ଜଣ ମହାସିଦ୍ଧଙ୍କ (ପ୍ରାଚୀନ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଜାଦୁଗର) ଆଶାବାଡ଼ିରୁ ଏଠାକାର ଏକ ଉଦ୍ୟାନର ଗଛ ସମସ୍ତ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛନ୍ତି ବୋଲି ଉପାସକମାନେ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଶାଳଗ୍ରାମ ଶିଳା ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ସର୍ପ ଦେବତା “<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଗାୱୋ ଜାଗ୍‍ପା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଗାୱୋ ଜାଗ୍‍ପା</a>”ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତିନିଧି ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ରହିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg/170px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg/255px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg/340px-Shravanabelagola2007_-_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>ଜୈନ ପୁରାଣ କଥା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଋଷଭନାଥଙ୍କ ପୁତ୍ର ଚକ୍ରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଭରତ (ଯାହାଙ୍କ ନାମରୁ “ଭାରତବର୍ଷ” ନାମର ସୃଷ୍ଟି) କୈଳାସ ପର୍ବତରେ ନିର୍ବାଣ ଲାଭ କରିଥିଲେ<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୮<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>ହିମାଳୟ ନିବାସୀଙ୍କ ବିବିଧତା ଅନ୍ୟ ସବୁ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରିଲକ୍ଷିତ ହୁଏ । ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟ, ଭାଷା, କଥିତ ଭାଷା, ବିଶ୍ୱାସ, ବେଶଭୂଷା ଓ ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ବିଧିରେ ଏହା ପ୍ରସ୍ଫୁଟିତ ହୋଇଥାଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଗୃହ ନିର୍ମାଣରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ କଞ୍ଚାମାଲ ଓ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଲୋକଙ୍କ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଓ ବିଶ୍ୱାସର ପ୍ରତିଫଳନ । ହାତବୁଣା ଲୁଗାରେ ଅନେକ ରଙ୍ଗର ପ୍ରୟୋଗ ଓ ସେଥିରେ ରହିଥିବା ଚିତ୍ରଶୈଳୀରେ ଏହି ବିବିଧତାର କିଛି ଝଲକ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳେ । କିଛି ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାୟ ଅଳଙ୍କାରକୁ ବହୁତ ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଦିଅନ୍ତି । ରାଏ ଓ ଲିମ୍ବୁ ମହିଳାମାନେ ସୁନାର ବଡ଼ ବଡ଼ କାନଫୁଲ ଓ ନାକଗୁଣା ପିନ୍ଧି ନିଜ ସମ୍ପତ୍ତି ବିଷୟରେ ଜଣାଇଥାନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-:4_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୭<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ଧାର୍ମିକ_ବିଶ୍ୱାସ"><span id=".E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AE.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.95_.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.B6.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.B1.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B8"></span>ଧାର୍ମିକ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="ଧାର୍ମିକ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:Taktshang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taktshang.jpg/200px-Taktshang.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taktshang.jpg/300px-Taktshang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taktshang.jpg/400px-Taktshang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ଭୁଟାନର ପାରୋ ତକତ୍ସଂଗ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ମନ୍ଦିରକୁ “ବାଘର ବସା (Tiger's Nest)” ବୋଲି ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2:View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG/200px-View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG/300px-View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG/400px-View_of_the_Lakir_Monastery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">ଲଦାଖ୍‍ର ଲିକିର୍ ବୌଦ୍ଧମଠ</div></div></div></div> <p>ସ୍ଥାନ ଅନୁସାରେ ହିମାଳୟରେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ, ବୌଦ୍ଧ, ଜୈନ ଓ ଶିଖ ମତବାଦର ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଏହାର ଏକ ଉଦାହରଣ ହେଲା ପାରୋ ତକତ୍ସଙ୍ଗ, ଯେଉଁଠାରୁ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ପଦ୍ମସମ୍ଭବ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ପଦ୍ମସମ୍ଭବ</a> ଭୁଟାନରେ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଧର୍ମର ପ୍ରଚାର ଆରମ୍ଭ କରିଥିଲେ ।<sup id="cite_ref-Pommaret_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pommaret-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୯<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ସିକ୍କିମ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପଦ୍ମସମ୍ଭବ ଜଣେ ମହାନ ସନ୍ଥ ଭାବେ ପୂଜିତ ଓ ସମ୍ମାନିତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି । କାଶ୍ମୀରରେ ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମର ଶୈବ ପରମ୍ପରାର ଅନୁସରଣ କରୁଥିବା କାଶ୍ମୀରୀ ପଣ୍ଡିତ ଓ ମୁସଲମାନ ଧର୍ମର ଲୋକେ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । </p><p>ପୁଣି ହିନ୍ଦୁ ଧର୍ମରେ ହିମାଳୟକୁ ଗିରିରାଜ ହିମାବତ ବୋଲି ସମ୍ବୋଧନ କରାଯାଏ । ହିମାଳୟକୁ ମାନବ ତୁଲ୍ୟ ମନେ କରାଯାଏ । ସେ ଗଙ୍ଗା ଓ ପାର୍ବତୀଙ୍କ ଜନକ ବୋଲି ହିନ୍ଦୁ ପୁରାଣ ଓ କିମ୍ବଦନ୍ତୀରେ ଉଲ୍ଲିଖିତ ଅଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ହିମାଳୟ ବକ୍ଷରେ ତିବ୍ବତ, ଭୁଟାନ, ଭାରତର ସିକ୍କିମ, ଲଦାଖ୍, ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ, ସ୍ପିଟି ଉପତ୍ୟକା, ଦାର୍ଜିଲିଂ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ବହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ବଜ୍ରଯାନ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ସ୍ଥଳ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ । ତିବ୍ବତରେ ଦଲାଇ ଲାମାଙ୍କ ବିହାରକୁ ମିଶାଇ ୬୦୦୦ରୁ ଅଧିକ ମଠ ଓ ବିହାର ରହିଥିଲା ।<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୧<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଭୁଟାନ, ସିକ୍କିମ ଓ ଲଦାଖରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ବୌଦ୍ଧ ମଠ ଓ ବିହାର ରହିଛି । ଲାସା ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଶିଗାତ୍ସେ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଶିଗାତ୍ସେ</a>ରେ ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ମୁସଲମାନମାନଙ୍କର ମସ୍‍ଜିଦ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୨<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ସମ୍ବଳ"><span id=".E0.AC.B8.E0.AC.AE.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.B3"></span>ସମ୍ବଳ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="ସମ୍ବଳ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ହିମାଳୟରେ ଅନେକ ଔଷଧୀୟ ବୃକ୍ଷଲତା ଓ ଜଡ଼ିବୁଟି ରହିଛି । ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଥଣ୍ଡା କାଶରୁ ନେଇ ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବ୍ୟାଧିର ଉପଚାର ପାଇଁ ହିମାଳୟର ଔଷଧି ବୃକ୍ଷ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇ ଆସିଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-JEE_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହି ସବୁ ଔଷଧୀୟ ଗଛର ମୂଳ, ଫୁଲ, ଡାଙ୍ଗ, ପତ୍ର, ବକ୍କଳ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ଔଷଧ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଏ । <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଏବିସ୍ ପିଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଏବିସ୍ ପିଣ୍ଡ୍ରୋ</a> (abies pindrow)</i> ନାମକ ଗଛର <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ବକ୍କଳ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ବକ୍କଳ</a>ରୁ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6" title="କାଶ">କାଶ</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B9" title="ଶ୍ୱାସନଳୀ ପ୍ରଦାହ">ଶ୍ୱାସନଳୀ ପ୍ରଦାହ</a> (ବ୍ରୋଂକାଇଟିସ୍) ପରି ରୋଗର ଔଷଧ ତିଆରି ହୁଏ । <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଆରାକ୍ନେ କୋର୍ଡିଓଫୋଲିଆ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଆରାକ୍ନେ କୋର୍ଡିଓଫୋଲିଆ</a> (arachne cordifolia)</i> ଗଛର ପତ୍ର ଓ ନାଡ଼କୁ ବାଟି ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ରସକୁ ଘା’ରେ ପ୍ରୟୋଗ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BE" title="ସାପକାମୁଡ଼ା">ସାପ କାମୁଡ଼ା</a>ର ଉପଚାର ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ । <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କେଲିକେର୍ପା ଆର୍ବୋରିଆ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କେଲିକେର୍ପା ଆର୍ବୋରିଆ</a> (callicarpa arborea)</i> ଗଛର ବକ୍କଳ ଚର୍ମ ରୋଗର ଉପଚାର ପାଇଁ ଉପଯୋଗୀ ।<sup id="cite_ref-JEE_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଜିମ୍ନୋସ୍ପର୍ମ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଜିମ୍ନୋସ୍ପର୍ମ୍</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଏଞ୍ଜିଓସ୍ପର୍ମ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଏଞ୍ଜିଓସ୍ପର୍ମ୍</a> ଓ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଟେରିଡୋଫାଇଟ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଟେରିଡୋଫାଇଟ୍</a> ପ୍ରଜାତିର ଏକ-ପଞ୍ଚମାଂଶ (୨୦%) ଗଛରେ ଔଷଧୀୟ ଗୁଣ ରହିଛି ଓ ଆହୁରି ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରଜାତିର ଔଷଧୀୟ ବୃକ୍ଷଲତା ଆବିଷ୍କାର ହୋଇପାରେ ବୋଲି ଆଶା କରାଯାଉଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-JEE_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JEE-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୫<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଏସିଆ">ଏସିଆ</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE" title="ଆଫ୍ରିକା">ଆଫ୍ରିକାର</a> ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟାର ଏକ ବଡ଼ ଭାଗ ଆଧୁନିକ ଔଷଧ ଅପେକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଜଡ଼ିବୁଟି ଔଷଧକୁ ଅଧିକ ମାନନ୍ତି ।<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ହିମାଳୟର ବହୁ ଲୋକ ଏହି ଔଷଧୀ ବୃକ୍ଷ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରୁଥିବାରୁ କିଛି ଲୋକଙ୍କ ପାଇଁ ଏହା ଆମଦାନୀର ଏକ ମାଧ୍ୟମ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଏହି ଔଷଧୀୟ ଗଛର ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ହିମାଳୟରେ ଓ ଅନ୍ୟତ୍ର ଅର୍ଥନୈତିକ ଓ ଔଷଧୋଦ୍ୟୋଗ ବିକାଶରେ ସହାୟକ ହୁଏ ।<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୩୪<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> କିନ୍ତୁ ଜାଳେଣୀ ଓ ବ୍ୟବହାର ପାଇଁ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଲୋକେ ବେଆଇନ୍ ଭାବେ ଜଙ୍ଗଲ ସଫା କରୁଥିବାରୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଏହି ଔଷଧ ସମ୍ବଳ ପାଇଁ ଏକ ବିପତ୍ତି ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇଛି ।<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>୪୩<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଲା ଔଷଧୀ ବୃକ୍ଷଲତା କ୍ରମଶଃ କମି ଆସୁଛି ଏବଂ କିଛି ଦିନ ପରେ କିଛି ପ୍ରଜାତିର ଔଷଧି ବୃକ୍ଷ ବିରଳ ବା ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରୂପେ ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ହୋଇଯିବେ । </p><p>ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଲୋକେ ହିମାଳୟର କିଛି ଅଂଶର ବଣ ସଫା କରିସାରିଥିବା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ, ଏଠାରେ ଏବେ ବି କ୍ରାନ୍ତୀୟ ଓ ପାଇନ୍ ବଣର ଏକ ବଡ଼ ଭାଗ ଜୀବିତ ରହିଛି । ଏହି ବଣରୁ ଜାଳେଣୀ କାଠ ଓ ଶିଳ୍ପୋଦ୍ୟୋଗ ପାଇଁ କଞ୍ଚାମାଲ ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଗୋରୁ ଓ ବଣର ତୃଣଭୋଜୀଙ୍କ ଚରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନେକ ଢାଲୁଆ ତୃଣଭୂମି ରହିଛି । ତେବେ ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କ ଚରିବା ସ୍ଥାନର ଉଚ୍ଚତା ଅଲଗା ଅଲଗା ହୋଇଥାଏ । <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE" title="ଗଣ୍ଡା">ଗଣ୍ଡା</a> ଓ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80" title="ହାତୀ">ହାତୀ</a> ପରି ଜୀବ ହିମାଳୟର ତଳ ଦେଶରେ (ତେରାଇ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ) ଚରାବୁଲା କରନ୍ତି । ଏହାଛଡ଼ା ହିମାଳୟରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କାଶ୍ମୀରୀ ହରିଣ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କାଶ୍ମୀରୀ ହରିଣ</a>, କଳା ଭାଲୁ, କସ୍ତୁରୀ ମୃଗ, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC" title="ହନୁ ମାଙ୍କଡ଼">ହନୁ ମାଙ୍କଡ଼</a> ଓ ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ପରି ଜୀବ ମଧ୍ୟ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ହିମାଳୟରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ୟାକ୍ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ତିବ୍ବତୀୟ ୟାକ୍</a> ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛନ୍ତି ଯାହାଙ୍କୁ ଲୋକେ ଦୈନନ୍ଦିନ ଜୀବନରେ ପରିବହନ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରନ୍ତି । କିନ୍ତୁ ବହୁ ଜୀବଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା କ୍ରମାଗତ ଭାବେ କମି ଚାଲିଛି ଓ କିଛି ଜୀବ ଲୁପ୍ତ ପ୍ରାୟ ହେବା ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି । </p><p>ହିମାଳୟ ବିଭିନ୍ନ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଖଣିଜ ପଦାର୍ଥ (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଖଣିଜ ପଦାର୍ଥ</a> ଓ ମୂଲ୍ୟବାନ୍ ପଥରର ଉତ୍ସ । ଏହାର ପ୍ରସ୍ତର ଶଯ୍ୟା ତଳେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ତୈଳ ଗଚ୍ଛିତ ଥିବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନା ମଧ୍ୟ ରହିଛି । କାଶ୍ମୀରରେ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="କୋଇଲା (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">କୋଇଲା</a> ରହିଥିବାର ଠାବ ହୋଇଛି । ୧୦୦ରୁ ଅଧିକ ସ୍ଥାନରେ <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ସୁନା">ସୁନା</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE" title="ରୁପା">ରୂପା</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="ତମ୍ବା">ତମ୍ବା</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ଅଭ୍ର (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">ଅଭ୍ର</a> ପରି ବହୁ ଧାତବ ପଦାର୍ଥ ଗଚ୍ଛିତ ଥିବାର ମଧ୍ୟ ଜଣାପଡ଼ିଛି । </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଆହୁରି_ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ"><span id=".E0.AC.86.E0.AC.B9.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BF_.E0.AC.A6.E0.AD.87.E0.AC.96.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.81"></span>ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="ଆହୁରି ଦେଖନ୍ତୁ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r522979">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%98_(%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B_%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A1%E0%AD%8D)" title="ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ବାଘ (ସ୍ନୋ ଲେପର୍ଡ୍)">ହିମ କଲରାପତ୍ରିଆ ବାଘ (ସ୍ନୋ ଲେପର୍ଡ୍)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ହେମିସ୍ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ">ହେମିସ୍ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4-%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A6" title="ଭାରତ-ଚୀନ ସୀମା ବିବାଦ">ଭାରତ-ଚୀନ ସୀମା ବିବାଦ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F_%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" title="ଏଭରେଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ">ଏଭରେଷ୍ଟ ଶୃଙ୍ଗ</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଆଧାର"><span id=".E0.AC.86.E0.AC.A7.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B0"></span>ଆଧାର</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="ଆଧାର ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r485312">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFYangZheng2004" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Qinye; Zheng, Du (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4q_XoMACOxkC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA23&dq=%22South+Tibet+Valley%22"><i>Himalayan Mountain System</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-7-5085-0665-4" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-7-5085-0665-4"><bdi>978-7-5085-0665-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Mountain+System&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0665-4&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Qinye&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Du&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4q_XoMACOxkC%26pg%3DPA25%26lpg%3DPA23%26dq%3D%2522South%2BTibet%2BValley%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFWadia1931" class="citation cs2">Wadia, D. N. (1931), "The syntaxis of the northwest Himalaya: its rocks, tectonics and orogeny", <i>Record Geol. Survey of India</i>, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 189–220</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Record+Geol.+Survey+of+India&rft.atitle=The+syntaxis+of+the+northwest+Himalaya%3A+its+rocks%2C+tectonics+and+orogeny&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-220&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Wadia&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFValdiya1998" class="citation cs2">Valdiya, K. S. (1998), <i>Dynamic Himalaya</i>, Hyderabad: Universities Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Himalaya&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Valdiya&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Fort1975" class="citation cs2">Le Fort, P. (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1975/ajs_275A_1.pdf/1.pdf"><i>Himalayas: The collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Journal_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Journal of Science (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">American Journal of Science</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123142128/http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1975/ajs_275A_1.pdf/1.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2018-11-23<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-29</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayas%3A+The+collided+range.+Present+knowledge+of+the+continental+arc&rft.pub=American+Journal+of+Science&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Le+Fort&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth.geology.yale.edu%2F~ajs%2F1975%2Fajs_275A_1.pdf%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span> 275A: 1–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.pl-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_5-0">୫.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_5-1">୫.୧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.pl_5-2">୫.୨</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Apollo, M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313849476_The_population_of_Himalayan_regions_-_by_the_numbers_Past_present_and_future">The population of Himalayan regions – by the numbers: Past, present and future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328173721/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313849476_The_population_of_Himalayan_regions_-_by_the_numbers_Past_present_and_future">Archived</a> 2019-03-28 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Wayback Machine</a>.. [In:] R. Efe, M. Öztürk (eds.), Contemporary Studies in Environment and Tourism, Chapter: 9 (pp.143–159). Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-oed_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212174328/http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0378930#m_en_gb0378930">"Definition of Himalayas"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0378930#m_en_gb0378930">the original</a> on 12 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+Online&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Himalayas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxforddictionaries.com%2Fview%2Fentry%2Fm_en_gb0378930%23m_en_gb0378930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Dickinson">Dickinson, Emily</a>, <a href="https://or.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Himmaleh_was_known_to_stoop" class="extiw" title="s:The Himmaleh was known to stoop"><i><span></span></i>"The Himmaleh was known to stoop"<i><span></span></i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Himmaleh+was+known+to+stoop%22&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Emily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1849" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_David_Thoreau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry David Thoreau (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Thoreau, Henry David</a> (1849), <i>A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Week+on+the+Concord+and+Merrimack+Rivers&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_9-0">୯.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_9-1">୯.୧</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/himalaya.html">"The Himalayas: Two continents collide"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Geological_Survey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Geological Survey (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">USGS</a>. 5 May 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510204755/https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/himalaya.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Himalayas%3A+Two+continents+collide&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=1999-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fgip%2Fdynamic%2Fhimalaya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/95/18688.html">"(1995) Geologists Find: An Earth Plate Is Breaking in Two"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518041545/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/pr/95/18688.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%281995%29+Geologists+Find%3A+An+Earth+Plate+Is+Breaking+in+Two&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fcu%2Fpr%2F95%2F18688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mount-everest-overview-1435553">Mount Everest – Overview and Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329184923/https://www.thoughtco.com/mount-everest-overview-1435553">Archived</a> 2019-03-29 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Wayback Machine</a>. by Matt Rosenberg. ThoughtCo Updated 17 March 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap3-Plate-Margins/Convergent/Continental-Collision">"Plate Tectonics -The Himalayas"</a>. The Geological Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914171014/http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap3-Plate-Margins/Convergent/Continental-Collision">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plate+Tectonics+-The+Himalayas&rft.pub=The+Geological+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geolsoc.org.uk%2FPlate-Tectonics%2FChap3-Plate-Margins%2FConvergent%2FContinental-Collision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhle2011-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhle2011_13-0">୧୩.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhle2011_13-1">୧୩.୧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhle2011_13-2">୧୩.୨</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle,_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Kuhle, M. (2011). "The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and Last Glacial Maximum) Ice Cover of High and Central Asia, with a Critical Review of Some Recent OSL and TCN Dates". In Ehlers, J.; Gibbard, P.L.; Hughes, P.D. (eds.). <i>Quaternary Glaciation – Extent and Chronology, A Closer Look</i>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elsevier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elsevier (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Elsevier</a> BV. pp. 943–965.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+High+Glacial+%28Last+Ice+Age+and+Last+Glacial+Maximum%29+Ice+Cover+of+High+and+Central+Asia%2C+with+a+Critical+Review+of+Some+Recent+OSL+and+TCN+Dates&rft.btitle=Quaternary+Glaciation+%E2%80%93+Extent+and+Chronology%2C+A+Closer+Look&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=943-965&rft.pub=Elsevier+BV&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Kuhle%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">glacier maps <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444534477/">downloadable</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606133044/http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780444534477/">Archived</a> 2013-06-06 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhle1987-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhle1987_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle,_M.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhle, M. (1987). "Subtropical mountain- and highland-glaciation as ice age triggers and the waning of the glacial periods in the Pleistocene". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=GeoJournal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GeoJournal (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">GeoJournal</a></i>. <b>14</b> (4): 393–421. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02602717">10.1007/BF02602717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Subtropical+mountain-+and+highland-glaciation+as+ice+age+triggers+and+the+waning+of+the+glacial+periods+in+the+Pleistocene&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=393-421&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02602717&rft.au=Kuhle%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhle2005-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhle2005_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFKuhle2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhle, M. (2005). "The maximum Ice Age (Würmian, Last Ice Age, LGM) glaciation of the Himalaya – a glaciogeomorphological investigation of glacier trim-lines, ice thicknesses and lowest former ice margin positions in the Mt. Everest-Makalu-Cho Oyu massifs (Khumbu- and Khumbakarna Himal) including information on late-glacial-, neoglacial-, and historical glacier stages, their snow-line depressions and ages". <i>GeoJournal</i>. <b>62</b> (3–4): 193–650. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10708-005-2338-6">10.1007/s10708-005-2338-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=The+maximum+Ice+Age+%28W%C3%BCrmian%2C+Last+Ice+Age%2C+LGM%29+glaciation+of+the+Himalaya+%E2%80%93+a+glaciogeomorphological+investigation+of+glacier+trim-lines%2C+ice+thicknesses+and+lowest+former+ice+margin+positions+in+the+Mt.+Everest-Makalu-Cho+Oyu+massifs+%28Khumbu-+and+Khumbakarna+Himal%29+including+information+on+late-glacial-%2C+neoglacial-%2C+and+historical+glacier+stages%2C+their+snow-line+depressions+and+ages&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=193-650&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10708-005-2338-6&rft.aulast=Kuhle&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gits4u-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gits4u_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103191637/http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm">"Sunderbans the world's largest delta"</a>. gits4u.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gits4u.com/wb/wb6a.htm">the original</a> on 3 ଜାନୁଆରୀ 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 3 ଜାନୁଆରୀ 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunderbans+the+world%27s+largest+delta&rft.pub=gits4u.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gits4u.com%2Fwb%2Fwb6a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-circum-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-circum_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFGaillardetMétivierLemarchandDupré2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gaillardet, J.; Métivier, F.; Lemarchand, D.; Dupré, B.; Allègre, C.J.; Li, W.; Zhao, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13617/EAE03-J-13617.pdf">"Geochemistry of the Suspended Sediments of Circum-Himalayan Rivers and Weathering Budgets over the Last 50 Myrs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geophysical Research Abstracts</i>. <b>5</b>: 13,617. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EAEJA....13617G">2003EAEJA....13617G</a>. Abstract 13617. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225162444/https://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EAE03/13617/EAE03-J-13617.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Abstracts&rft.atitle=Geochemistry+of+the+Suspended+Sediments+of+Circum-Himalayan+Rivers+and+Weathering+Budgets+over+the+Last+50+Myrs&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=13%2C617&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003EAEJA....13617G&rft.aulast=Gaillardet&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=M%C3%A9tivier%2C+F.&rft.au=Lemarchand%2C+D.&rft.au=Dupr%C3%A9%2C+B.&rft.au=All%C3%A8gre%2C+C.J.&rft.au=Li%2C+W.&rft.au=Zhao%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosis.net%2Fabstracts%2FEAE03%2F13617%2FEAE03-J-13617.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs_nature-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pbs_nature_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-himalayas-himalayas-facts/6341/">"The Himalayas – Himalayas Facts"</a>. <i>Nature on PBS</i>. 2011-02-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130184733/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/the-himalayas-himalayas-facts/6341/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+on+PBS&rft.atitle=The+Himalayas+%E2%80%93+Himalayas+Facts&rft.date=2011-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Fnature%2Fthe-himalayas-himalayas-facts%2F6341%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPPC2007-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IPPC2007_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch10s10-6-2.html">"the Himalayan Glaciers"</a>. <i>Fourth assessment report on climate change</i>. IPPC. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120081043/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/ch10s10-6-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fourth+assessment+report+on+climate+change&rft.atitle=the+Himalayan+Glaciers&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpublications_and_data%2Far4%2Fwg2%2Fen%2Fch10s10-6-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFShiXieZhengLi1978" class="citation journal cs1">Shi, Yafeng; Xie, Zizhu; Zheng, Benxing; Li, Qichun (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6CwdX03t7?url=https://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/126/iahs_126_0111.pdf">"Distribution, Feature and Variations of Glaciers in China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Glacier Inventory</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itia.ntua.gr/hsj/redbooks/126/iahs_126_0111.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 ଡିସେମ୍ବର 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Glacier+Inventory&rft.atitle=Distribution%2C+Feature+and+Variations+of+Glaciers+in+China&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=Yafeng&rft.au=Xie%2C+Zizhu&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Benxing&rft.au=Li%2C+Qichun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitia.ntua.gr%2Fhsj%2Fredbooks%2F126%2Fiahs_126_0111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson-SellersMcGuffie2012" class="citation book cs1">Henderson-Sellers, Ann; McGuffie, Kendal (2012). <i>The Future of the World's Climate: A Modelling Perspective</i>. pp. 199–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0-12-386917-3" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0-12-386917-3"><bdi>978-0-12-386917-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+World%27s+Climate%3A+A+Modelling+Perspective&rft.pages=199-201&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-12-386917-3&rft.aulast=Henderson-Sellers&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=McGuffie%2C+Kendal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-nepal-climate-glaciers-dc/vanishing-himalayan-glaciers-threaten-a-billion-idUSDEL18761020070604">"Vanishing Himalayan Glaciers Threaten a Billion"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 4 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092459/https://www.reuters.com/article/environment-nepal-climate-glaciers-dc/vanishing-himalayan-glaciers-threaten-a-billion-idUSDEL18761020070604">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Vanishing+Himalayan+Glaciers+Threaten+a+Billion&rft.date=2007-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fenvironment-nepal-climate-glaciers-dc%2Fvanishing-himalayan-glaciers-threaten-a-billion-idUSDEL18761020070604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923011323/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html">"Glaciers melting at alarming speed"</a>. People's Daily Online. 24 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glaciers+melting+at+alarming+speed&rft.pub=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F90001%2F90781%2F90879%2F6222327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rolwaling.tripod.com/glof/">"Photograph of Tsho Rolpa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620072027/http://rolwaling.tripod.com/glof/">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-06-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Photograph+of+Tsho+Rolpa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frolwaling.tripod.com%2Fglof%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glacial_lake_outburst_flood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glacial lake outburst flood (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Tsho Rolpa</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDrews" class="citation web cs1">Drews, Carl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html">"Highest Lake in the World"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120818141925/http://www.highestlake.com/highest-lake-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Highest+Lake+in+the+World&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highestlake.com%2Fhighest-lake-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDevitt2001" class="citation news cs1">Devitt, Terry (3 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/climate-shift-linked-to-rise-of-himalayas-tibetan-plateau/">"Climate shift linked to rise of Himalayas, Tibetan Plateau"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin–Madison News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160210141009/http://news.wisc.edu/climate-shift-linked-to-rise-of-himalayas-tibetan-plateau/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison+News&rft.atitle=Climate+shift+linked+to+rise+of+Himalayas%2C+Tibetan+Plateau&rft.date=2001-05-03&rft.aulast=Devitt&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wisc.edu%2Fclimate-shift-linked-to-rise-of-himalayas-tibetan-plateau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2010" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, C. Michael (2010). Monosson, E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Extremophiles">"Extremophile"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of Earth (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Encyclopedia of Earth</a></i>. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329184923/https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Extremophiles">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft.atitle=Extremophile&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=C.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feditors.eol.org%2Feoearth%2Fwiki%2FExtremophiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFMieheMieheVogelCo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Miehe, Georg; Miehe, Sabine; Vogel, Jonas; Co, Sonam; Duo, La (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606103046/http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf">"Highest Treeline in the Northern Hemisphere Found in Southern Tibet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mountain Research and Development</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 169–173. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1659%2Fmrd.0792">10.1659/mrd.0792</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-marburg.de/fb19/personal/professoren/miehe/pdfs/20074.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mountain+Research+and+Development&rft.atitle=Highest+Treeline+in+the+Northern+Hemisphere+Found+in+Southern+Tibet&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-173&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1659%2Fmrd.0792&rft.aulast=Miehe&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Miehe%2C+Sabine&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Jonas&rft.au=Co%2C+Sonam&rft.au=Duo%2C+La&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-marburg.de%2Ffb19%2Fpersonal%2Fprofessoren%2Fmiehe%2Fpdfs%2F20074.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFJain2009" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Arun Kumar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&pg=RA1-PA273&dq=mount+Kailash+jainism#v=onepage&q=mount%20Kailash%20jainism&f=false"><i>Faith & Philosophy of Jainism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-81-7835-723-2" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-81-7835-723-2"><bdi>978-81-7835-723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Jainism&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-723-2&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dy4aVRLGhf-8C%26pg%3DRA1-PA273%26dq%3Dmount%2BKailash%2Bjainism%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dmount%2520Kailash%2520jainism%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707034645/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon">"To heaven and back"</a>. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2012-01-11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-21/spiritual-destinations/29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon">the original</a> on 2012-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+heaven+and+back&rft.pub=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com&rft.date=2012-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2011-09-21%2Fspiritual-destinations%2F29739255_1_manasarovar-water-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFJain2009" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Arun Kumar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&pg=PA20&dq=ashtapad+jainism#v=onepage&q=ashtapad%20jainism&f=false"><i>Faith & Philosophy of Jainism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-81-7835-723-2" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-81-7835-723-2"><bdi>978-81-7835-723-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+%26+Philosophy+of+Jainism&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-723-2&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dy4aVRLGhf-8C%26pg%3DPA20%26dq%3Dashtapad%2Bjainism%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dashtapad%2520jainism%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-0">୩୪.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-1">୩୪.୧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_34-2">୩୪.୨</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaSharma2014" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Pankaj; Sharma, Vijay Kumar (2014). <i>Healing Traditions of the Northwestern Himalayas</i>. Springer Briefs in Environmental Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-81-322-1925-5" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-81-322-1925-5"><bdi>978-81-322-1925-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Traditions+of+the+Northwestern+Himalayas&rft.pub=Springer+Briefs+in+Environmental+Science&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-322-1925-5&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Pankaj&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Vijay+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JEE-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JEE_35-0">୩୫.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JEE_35-1">୩୫.୧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JEE_35-2">୩୫.୨</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-JEE_35-3">୩୫.୩</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFJahangeer_A._BhatMunesh_KumarRainer_W._Bussmann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jahangeer A. Bhat; Munesh Kumar; Rainer W. Bussmann (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560114">"Ecological status and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary of Garhwal Himalaya, India"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine</i>. <b>9</b>: 1. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-4269-9-1">10.1186/1746-4269-9-1</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3560114">3560114</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23281594">23281594</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology+and+Ethnomedicine&rft.atitle=Ecological+status+and+traditional+knowledge+of+medicinal+plants+in+Kedarnath+Wildlife+Sanctuary+of+Garhwal+Himalaya%2C+India&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3560114%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23281594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1746-4269-9-1&rft.au=Jahangeer+A.+Bhat&rft.au=Munesh+Kumar&rft.au=Rainer+W.+Bussmann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3560114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%9B%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9A:Cite_journal" title="ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (<a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%80:CS1_maint:_unflagged_free_DOI" title="ଶ୍ରେଣୀ:CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFCantor2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cantor, Kimberly (2016-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/kimberly-cantor/paro-bhutan-the-tigers-ne_b_10982104.html">"Paro, Bhutan: The Tiger's Nest"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i> (in ଆମେରିକୀୟ ଇଂରାଜୀ). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715155110/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kimberly-cantor/paro-bhutan-the-tigers-ne_b_10982104.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Paro%2C+Bhutan%3A+The+Tiger%27s+Nest&rft.date=2016-07-14&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fkimberly-cantor%2Fparo-bhutan-the-tigers-ne_b_10982104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-0">୩୭.୦</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-1">୩୭.୧</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:4_37-2">୩୭.୨</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFZurickJulsunBasantaBirendra2006" class="citation book cs1">Zurick, David; Julsun, Pacheco; Basanta, Raj Shrestha; Birendra, Bajracharya (2006). <i>Illustrated Atlas of the Himalaya</i>. Lexington: U of Kentucky.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Atlas+of+the+Himalaya&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=U+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Zurick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Julsun%2C+Pacheco&rft.au=Basanta%2C+Raj+Shrestha&rft.au=Birendra%2C+Bajracharya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=Kn0N0DDhTOEC&pg=PA279&dq=Bharata+Chakravartin+Kailash#v=onepage&q=Bharata%20Chakravartin%20Kailash&f=false"><i>Jain Pooja-Kavya: Ek Chintan</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-81-263-0818-7" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-81-263-0818-7"><bdi>978-81-263-0818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jain+Pooja-Kavya%3A+Ek+Chintan&rft.isbn=978-81-263-0818-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DKn0N0DDhTOEC%26pg%3DPA279%26dq%3DBharata%2BChakravartin%2BKailash%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBharata%2520Chakravartin%2520Kailash%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pommaret-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Pommaret_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFPommaret,_Francoise2006" class="citation book cs1">Pommaret, Francoise (2006). <i>Bhutan Himalayan Mountains Kingdom</i> (5th ed.). Odyssey Books and Guides. pp. 136–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-962-217-810-6" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-962-217-810-6"><bdi>978-962-217-810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhutan+Himalayan+Mountains+Kingdom&rft.pages=136-137&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Odyssey+Books+and+Guides&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-962-217-810-6&rft.au=Pommaret%2C+Francoise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite id="CITEREFDallapiccola2002" class="citation book cs1">Dallapiccola, Anna (2002). <i>Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0-500-51088-9" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0-500-51088-9"><bdi>978-0-500-51088-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Hindu+Lore+and+Legend&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-500-51088-9&rft.aulast=Dallapiccola&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307495.stm">"Tibetan monks: A controlled life"</a>. BBC News. 20 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218083955/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7307495.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tibetan+monks%3A+A+controlled+life&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F7307495.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319142129/http://en.people.cn/200510/27/eng20051027_217176.html">"Mosques in Lhasa, Tibet"</a>. <i>People's Daily Online</i>. 27 October 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/200510/27/eng20051027_217176.html">the original</a> on 19 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People%27s+Daily+Online&rft.atitle=Mosques+in+Lhasa%2C+Tibet&rft.date=2005-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.people.cn%2F200510%2F27%2Feng20051027_217176.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Himalayan Forests Disappearing". <i>Earth Island Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 7–8. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+Island+Journal&rft.atitle=Himalayan+Forests+Disappearing&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2For.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ଆହୁରି_ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ"><span id=".E0.AC.86.E0.AC.B9.E0.AD.81.E0.AC.B0.E0.AC.BF_.E0.AC.AA.E0.AC.A2.E0.AC.BC.E0.AC.A8.E0.AD.8D.E0.AC.A4.E0.AD.81"></span>ଆହୁରି ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=14" title="ଆହୁରି ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_McKay_Aitken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William McKay Aitken (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Aitken, Bill</a>, <i>Footloose in the Himalaya</i>, Delhi, Permanent Black, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/81-7824-052-1" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/81-7824-052-1">81-7824-052-1</a></li> <li>Berreman, Gerald Duane, <i>Hindus of the Himalayas: Ethnography and Change</i>, 2nd rev. ed., Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997.</li> <li>Bisht, Ramesh Chandra, <i>Encyclopedia of the Himalayas</i>, New Delhi, Mittal Publications, c2008.</li> <li><i>Everest</i>, the IMAX movie (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-7888-1493-1" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-7888-1493-1">0-7888-1493-1</a></li> <li>Fisher, James F., <i>Sherpas: Reflections on Change in Himalayan Nepal</i>, 1990. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-520-06941-2" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-520-06941-2">0-520-06941-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Gansser-Biaggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Augusto Gansser-Biaggi (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Gansser, Augusto</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Gruschke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Gruschke (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Gruschke, Andreas</a>, Olschak, Blanche C., <i>Himalayas. Growing Mountains, Living Myths, Migrating Peoples</i>, New York, Oxford: Facts On File, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-8160-1994-0" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-8160-1994-0">0-8160-1994-0</a> and New Delhi: Bookwise, 1987.</li> <li>Gupta, Raj Kumar, <i>Bibliography of the Himalayas</i>, Gurgaon, Indian Documentation Service, 1981</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Hunt, John</a>, <i>Ascent of Everest</i>, London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1956. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-89886-361-9" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-89886-361-9">0-89886-361-9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Isserman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Isserman (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Isserman, Maurice</a> and Weaver, Stewart, <i>Fallen Giants: The History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes</i>. Yale University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/978-0-300-11501-7" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/978-0-300-11501-7">978-0-300-11501-7</a></li> <li>Ives, Jack D. and Messerli, Bruno, <i>The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation</i>. London / New York, Routledge, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-415-01157-4" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-415-01157-4">0-415-01157-4</a></li> <li>Lall, J.S. (ed.) in association with Moddie, A.D., <i>The Himalaya, Aspects of Change</i>. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-19-561254-X" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-19-561254-X">0-19-561254-X</a></li> <li>Nandy, S.N., Dhyani, P.P. and Samal, P.K., <i>Resource Information Database of the Indian Himalaya</i>, Almora, GBPIHED, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Palin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Palin (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Palin, Michael</a>, <i>Himalaya</i>, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson Illustrated, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/0-297-84371-0" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/0-297-84371-0">0-297-84371-0</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swami_Sundaranand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swami Sundaranand (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Swami Sundaranand</a>, <i>Himalaya: Through the Lens of a Sadhu</i>. Published by Tapovan Kuti Prakashan (2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r485312"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7:%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A4/81-901326-0-1" title="ବିଶେଷ:ବହିସ୍ରୋତ/81-901326-0-1">81-901326-0-1</a></li> <li>Swami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapovan_Maharaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapovan Maharaj (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Tapovan Maharaj</a>, <i>Wanderings in the Himalayas</i>, English Edition, Madras, Chinmaya Publication Trust, 1960. Translated by T.N. Kesava Pillai.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Tilman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Tilman (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">Tilman, H. W.</a>, <i>Mount Everest, 1938</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1948.</li> <li>'The Mighty Himalaya: A Fragile Heritage,’ <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Geographic_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Geographic Magazine (ପୃଷ୍ଠାଟି ନାହିଁ)">National Geographic</a>, 174:624–631 (November 1988).</li> <li>Turner, Bethan, et al. <i>Seismicity of the Earth 1900–2010: Himalaya and Vicinity</i>. Denver, United States Geological Survey, 2013.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ବାହ୍ୟ_ଲିଂକ୍"><span id=".E0.AC.AC.E0.AC.BE.E0.AC.B9.E0.AD.8D.E0.AD.9F_.E0.AC.B2.E0.AC.BF.E0.AC.82.E0.AC.95.E0.AD.8D"></span>ବାହ୍ୟ ଲିଂକ୍</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%9F&action=edit&section=15" title="ବାହ୍ୟ ଲିଂକ୍ ଭାଗଟିକୁ ବଦଳାଇବେ"><span>ସମ୍ପାଦନା</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r489511">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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