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未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-古地理和氣候" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古地理和氣候"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>古地理和氣候</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-古地理和氣候-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关古地理和氣候子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-古地理和氣候-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-古週期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古週期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>古週期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古週期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-米蘭科維奇循環" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#米蘭科維奇循環"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>米蘭科維奇循環</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-米蘭科維奇循環-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氧同位素比循環" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氧同位素比循環"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>氧同位素比循環</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氧同位素比循環-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>生物</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生物子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-動物群" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動物群"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>動物群</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動物群-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>人類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">更新世</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。93种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अभिनूतन युग – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अभिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="العصر الحديث الأقرب – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحديث الأقرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="بليستوسين – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بليستوسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenu" title="Pleistocenu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pleistocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleystosen_epoxas%C4%B1" title="Pleystosen epoxası – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pleystosen epoxası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Плейстацэн – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плейстацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="প্লাইস্টোসিন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাইস্টোসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8" title="Plistocè – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plistocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pleistocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A6n" title="Pleistocæn – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pleistocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Πλειστόκαινο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλειστόκαινο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistotseen" title="Pleistotseen – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pleistotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistozeno" title="Pleistozeno – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pleistozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلیستوسن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیستوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseeni" title="Pleistoseeni – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pleistoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9istoc%C3%A8ne" title="Pléistocène – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pléistocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Pl%C3%A9istic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Pléisticéineach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Pléisticéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoceno" title="Plistoceno – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plistoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="פלייסטוקן – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלייסטוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अत्यंतनूतन युग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अत्यंतनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleisztoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleisztocén – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pleisztocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Պլեյստոցեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլեյստոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleist%C3%B3sent%C3%ADmabili%C3%B0" title="Pleistósentímabilið – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pleistósentímabilið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლეისტოცენი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლეისტოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B8" title="플라이스토세 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라이스토세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pley%C3%AEstosen" title="Pleyîstosen – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pleyîstosen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_an_Rew" title="Oos an Rew – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos an Rew" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocaenum" title="Pleistocaenum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pleistocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84isz%C3%A4italter" title="Äiszäitalter – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äiszäitalter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plestosene" title="Plestosene – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plestosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenas" title="Pleistocenas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pleistocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C4%93ns" title="Pleistocēns – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pleistocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плеистоцен – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плеистоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലീസ്റ്റോസീൻ കാലഘട്ടം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലീസ്റ്റോസീൻ കാലഘട്ടം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلشیستوسن – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پلشیستوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="प्रातिनूतनाश्म – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्रातिनूतनाश्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceen" title="Pleistoceen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pleistoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A8n" title="Pleistocèn – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pleistocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plejstocen" title="Plejstocen – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plejstocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceno" title="Pleistoceno – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pleistoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosena" title="Pleistosena – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Pleistosena" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්ලෛස්ටොසීන අවධිය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්ලෛස්ටොසීන අවධිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pleistocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoc%C3%A9n" title="Pleistocén – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pleistocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseen" title="Pleistoseen – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoceni" title="Pleistoceni – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pleistoceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плеистоцен – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плеистоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Pleistozän – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pleistozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பிலிசுடோசின் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிலிசுடோசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్లైస్టోసీన్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లైస్టోసీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไพลสโตซีน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไพลสโตซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistoseno" title="Pleistoseno – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pleistoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen" title="Pleistosen – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pleistosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плейстоцен – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="وسط حیاتی دور – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وسط حیاتی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleystotsen" title="Pleystotsen – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pleystotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Pleistocen" title="Thế Pleistocen – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლეისტოცენი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პლეისტოცენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keng-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Keng-sin-sè – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Keng-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="更新世 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="更新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="浏览条目正文[c]" 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href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AA_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6)" title="纪 (地质学)">紀</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3)" class="mw-redirect" title="世 (地質年代)">世</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9F_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6)" title="期 (地质学)">期</a> </th> <th>年代 (万年) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color: #FFEEBD;" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80" title="第四紀">第四紀</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color: #FBEAB9;" nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FDF4D3;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E4%BA%9A%E6%9C%9F" title="梅加拉亚期">梅加拉亚期</a> </td> <td>0--0.42 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FBEDC3;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E7%91%9E%E6%AF%94%E6%9C%9F" title="诺斯格瑞比期">诺斯格瑞比期</a> </td> <td>0.42--0.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F9E7BA;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E5%85%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="格陵兰期">格陵兰期</a> </td> <td>0.82--1.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color: #FBEAB9;" nowrap=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">更新世</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FDF4D3;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晚更新期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Late_Pleistocene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晚更新期（页面不存在）">晚更新期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" class="extiw" title="en:Late Pleistocene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Late_Pleistocene</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>1.17--12.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FBEDC3;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="千葉期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chibanian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E8%91%89%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千葉期（页面不存在）">千葉期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibanian" class="extiw" title="en:Chibanian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chibanian</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>12.6--77.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F9E7BA;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡拉布里亞期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Calabrian_(stage)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡拉布里亞期（页面不存在）">卡拉布里亞期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" class="extiw" title="en:Calabrian (stage)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Calabrian_(stage)</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>77.3--180 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #F7E4B0;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格拉斯期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gelasian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格拉斯期（页面不存在）">格拉斯期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelasian" class="extiw" title="en:Gelasian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gelasian</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td>180--258 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFDE00;"><small><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="新近紀">新近紀</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFFAAC;"><small><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上新世</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFF6B8;"><small><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9A%E7%90%B4%E6%9C%9F" title="皮亚琴期">皮亚琴期</a></small> </td> <td align="center"><small><b>以前</b></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>更</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">ɡènɡ</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby>新世</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（英語：<span lang="en">Pleistocene</span>，<span class="nowrap"><small>發音： </small><span class="IPA nopopups" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:英語國際音標">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/：後面為主重音">ˈ</span><span title="「pie」的「p」音">p</span><span title="「lie」的「l」音">l</span><span title="/aɪ/：「tide」的「i」音">aɪ</span><span title="「sigh」的「s」音">s</span><span title="/./：音節斷裂">.</span><span title="「tie」的「t」音">t</span><span title="/ə/：「about」的「a」音">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/：後面為次重音">ˌ</span><span title="「sigh」的「s」音">s</span><span title="/iː/：「fleece」的「ee」音">iː</span><span title="「nigh」的「n」音">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="「tie」的「t」音">t</span><span title="/oʊ/：「code」的「o」音">oʊ</span></span>-/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），亦称<b>洪积世</b>，時間跨度约为258.8万年前至1.17万年前（约公元前9700年）<sup id="cite_ref-ICS_majordiv_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS_majordiv-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a>上<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="第四纪">第四纪</a>的早期阶段<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbard_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，显著特征是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="气候">气候</a>变冷，<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="冰期">冰期</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B4%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="间冰期">间冰期</a>交替。更新世俗称为<b>冰河时代（Ice Age）</b>。 </p><p>1839年，英国地质学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·萊爾">查尔斯·莱尔</a>首次提出“更新世”一词，描述西西里岛的地层，其中至少70%的软体动物仍然存活，有别于更古老的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上新世</a>。莱尔起初认为上新世是最年轻的化石岩层，后来改称更新世，意为“最新”。“更新世”（Pleistocene）一词源自希腊语“πλεῖστος”（pleîstos，意为“最多”）和“καινός”（kainós，意为“新”）。这一名称与“上新世”（Pliocene，意为“较新”）和“<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世</a>”（Holocene，意为“完全新”）形成对比。 </p><p>2009年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="国际地质科学联合会">国际地质科学联合会</a>（IUGS）正式将更新世与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上新世</a>的分界调整为距今258.8万年（BP），并确立格拉斯期为更新世的起点。此前，更新世的起点被认为是距今180.6万年（BP），因此早期文献中可能存在不同的定义。更新世的结束标志着最后一个冰期的终结，同时也意味着<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A7%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="旧石器时代">旧石器时代</a>的结束。 </p><p>更新世的时间跨度为距今约258万年（±0.005）至约1.17年（BP）。更新世经历了多次冰川期，直到<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E6%9C%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="新仙女木期">新仙女木冷期</a>在公元前9640年（约11,654个日历年BP）结束，标志着<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世</a>的开始。尽管全新世是一个新的地质年代，但其气候特征与更新世的间冰期相似。国际地层年代表将更新世划分为四个阶段：格拉斯期、卡拉布里亚期、千叶期（曾称“中更新世”）和晚更新世。某些地区还采用地方性划分。在此期间，欧洲经历了七次主要冰期：拜伯冰期、多瑙冰期、群智冰期、哈斯拉赫冰期、民德冰期、里斯冰期和玉木冰期（Würm冰期）。 </p><p>上新世末期，北美洲和南美洲通过<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%B3%BD" title="巴拿馬地峽">巴拿马地峡</a>相连，促使两大洲动物交换并改变海洋环流模式，导致约270万年前北半球开始形成冰川。更新世的生物群与现代相似，许多现存生物属，如松柏科植物、被子植物、昆虫、软体动物、鸟类和哺乳动物，均在这一时期出现。<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E" title="人類">人类</a>也首次在此期间出现。</b>早更新世（258万年至80万年前），非洲的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">古人类</a>（Homo属）开始向亚非欧大陆扩散。随着早更新世的结束，冰期循环从41,000年一周期转变为不对称的100,000年周期，气候变化更加剧烈。更新世期间，早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">新近纪</a>的干燥化和降温趋势持续，气候因冰期循环而出现显著波动。<b>冰期顶峰时，海平面比现今低约120米</b>（390英尺），亚洲和北美洲通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E9%99%B8%E6%A9%8B" title="白令陸橋">白令陆桥</a>相连，北美洲北部的大部分地区被劳伦泰德冰盖（Laurentide Ice Sheet）覆盖。<b>晚更新世</b>见证了<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8D%95%E5%9C%B0%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%B4" title="人类单地起源说">现代人类</a>走出非洲、其他人类物种的灭绝，以及人类首次扩展到澳大利亚和美洲，伴随着这些地区大型动物的灭绝。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古地理和氣候"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86.E5.92.8C.E6.B0.A3.E5.80.99"></span>古地理和氣候</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：古地理和氣候"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰河時期時間線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of glaciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E6%B2%B3%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰河時期時間線（页面不存在）">冰河時期時間線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of glaciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of glaciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></div><p>现代大陆在更新世期间基本处于现有位置，自该时期开始以来，其所处的板块相对移动的距离不超过100公里（62英里）。在冰川期，海平面下降至比今天低120米（390英尺），暴露出大片现今大陆架的干燥土地。 </p><p>根据英国作家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="马克·莱纳斯">马克·莱纳斯</a>（Mark Lynas）在其著作《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%846%E2%84%83" title="改變世界的6℃">改变世界的6℃</a>》中的研究数据，更新世的气候可视为持续的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%AC%B0%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="聖嬰現象">厄尔尼诺现象</a>。此期间，南太平洋信风减弱或转向东，秘鲁附近暖空气上升，温暖水流从西太平洋和印度洋向东扩散，呈现出其他厄尔尼诺特征。 </p><p>更新世气候的主要特点是反复的冰川循环，部分地区的大陆冰川扩展至第40纬度。估计在冰川达到最大扩展时，地球表面约30%被冰覆盖。此外，永久冻土带从冰盖边缘向南延伸，在北美洲和欧亚大陆各有数百公里。冰缘地区的年均气温约为−6°C（21°F），而永久冻土边缘的年均气温则为0°C（32°F）。 </p><p>每次冰川推进都将大量水储存于厚达1,500至3,000米（4,900至9,800英尺）的大陆冰盖中，导致全球海平面暂时下降超过100米（300英尺）。在间冰期（如现今）时，淹没的海岸线很常见，部分地区因等静压或其他上升运动而减轻影响。 </p><p>冰川化的影响是全球性的。南极洲在更新世及前一个上新世期间一直被冰覆盖，安第斯山脉南部则覆盖着巴塔哥尼亚冰盖。新西兰和塔斯马尼亚同样有冰川，现在正在退化的肯尼亚山、基利曼杰罗山和鲁文佐里山脉的冰川规模更大，埃塞俄比亚山脉和阿特拉斯山脉西部也存在冰川。 </p><p>在北半球，许多冰川融合成一个整体。科迪勒拉冰盖覆盖北美西北部，劳伦泰德冰盖覆盖东部，芬诺-斯堪的那维亚冰盖位于北欧，包括大部分英国，阿尔卑斯山则覆盖着阿尔卑斯冰盖。散布在西伯利亚和北极大陆架上的穹顶冰川，北海则被冰层覆盖。 </p><p>在冰盖南部，因排水口被堵塞而积聚了大量湖泊，冷空气减缓了蒸发。当劳伦泰德冰盖退却时，北中美洲被阿加西湖完全覆盖。现今干涸或几乎干涸的超过一百个盆地，曾是北美西部溢出的湖泊，例如，博内维尔湖曾位于现今的大盐湖所在位置。欧亚大陆因冰川的径流形成了大湖，河流变得更大，流量丰沛，呈现出支流交错的特征。非洲的湖泊更加充盈，显然是由于蒸发减少，而沙漠则更为干燥且面积更大。降雨量较低，主要因为海洋和其他地方的蒸发减少。 </p><p> 估计在更新世期间，东南极冰盖厚度至少减薄了500米，自最后一次冰川最大值以来的减薄量则不足50米，并可能在约14,000年前开始。</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg/220px-Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Pleistocene_north_ice_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>更新世時期北極地區<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%86%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="大冰期">冰河時期</a>的最大範圍</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/220px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/330px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png/440px-Co2_glacial_cycles_800k.png 2x" data-file-width="818" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>冰河時代反映在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="地球大氣中的二氧化碳">地球大氣中的二氧化碳</a>中，儲存在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%9E%81%E6%B4%B2" title="南极洲">南極洲</a>冰川的氣泡中</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/220px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/330px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg/440px-Evolution_of_temperature_in_the_Post-Glacial_period_according_to_Greenland_ice_cores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>根據格陵蘭冰芯，更新世末期的後冰期溫度演變</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古週期"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E9.80.B1.E6.9C.9F"></span>古週期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：古週期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="米蘭科維奇循環"><span id=".E7.B1.B3.E8.98.AD.E7.A7.91.E7.B6.AD.E5.A5.87.E5.BE.AA.E7.92.B0"></span>米蘭科維奇循環</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：米蘭科維奇循環"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%98%AD%E7%A7%91%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%87%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="米蘭科維奇循環">米蘭科維奇循環</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="氧同位素比循環"><span id=".E6.B0.A7.E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0.E6.AF.94.E5.BE.AA.E7.92.B0"></span>氧同位素比循環</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：氧同位素比循環"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氧同位素比循環" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oxygen isotope ratio cycle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧同位素比循環（页面不存在）">氧同位素比循環</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle" class="extiw" title="en:Oxygen isotope ratio cycle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oxygen isotope ratio cycle</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9"></span>生物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：生物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動物群"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9.E7.BE.A4"></span>動物群</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：動物群"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第四紀滅絕事件">第四紀滅絕事件</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E5%B7%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4" title="更新世巨型動物群">更新世巨型動物群</a></div><p>海洋和大陆的动物群大体上与现代相似，但出现了更多大型陆地哺乳动物，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%9B%E7%8A%B8%E8%B1%A1" title="猛犸象">猛犸象</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%BD%BF%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E" title="乳齿象属">乳齿象</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E9%96%80%E9%BD%92%E7%8D%B8%E5%B1%AC" title="雙門齒獸屬">双门齿兽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E9%BD%BF%E8%99%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="剑齿虎">剑齿虎</a>、老虎、狮子、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%89%9B" title="原牛">原牛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E9%9D%A2%E7%86%8A" title="短面熊">短面熊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%87%B6" title="地懶">地懒</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%8C%BF" title="巨猿">巨猿</a>。在孤立的地区，如澳大利亚、马达加斯加、新西兰和太平洋岛屿，也出现了大型鸟类和一些爬行动物，如象鸟、恐鸟、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%B7%B9" title="哈斯特鷹">哈斯特鹰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%9D%8E%E9%B1%B7%E5%B1%AC" title="昆坎鱷屬">昆坎鳄</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%A8%E8%9C%A5" title="古巨蜥">古巨蜥</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%A7%92%E9%BE%9C%E5%B1%AC" title="卷角龜屬">卷角龟</a>。 </p><p>冰河时代剧烈的气候变化对动植物群产生了重大影响。随着冰川的推进，大陆大片地区变得无人居住，植物和动物不得不向南退避，面临生存压力。这些压力主要来源于剧烈的气候变化、栖息地减少和食物短缺。到了更新世晚期，许多大型哺乳动物（如猛犸象、乳齿象、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E9%BD%92%E8%99%8E%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91" title="劍齒虎亞科">剑齿虎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E9%BD%92%E7%8D%B8" title="雕齒獸">雕齿兽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%AB%E6%AF%9B%E7%8A%80" title="披毛犀">披毛犀</a>、各种<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E9%A2%88%E9%B9%BF%E7%A7%91" title="长颈鹿科">长颈鹿科</a>动物、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E9%B9%BF" title="西瓦鹿">西瓦鹿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%87%B6" title="地懶">地懒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%92%E9%B9%BF" title="大角鹿">大角鹿</a>、穴狮（cave lions）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E7%86%8A" title="洞熊">洞熊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E9%BD%BF%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%9E" title="嵌齿象属">嵌齿象</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E6%93%AC%E7%8D%85" title="美洲擬獅">美洲拟狮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E7%8B%BC" title="恐狼">恐狼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E9%9D%A2%E7%86%8A" title="短面熊">短面熊</a>）相继灭绝。这一<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第四紀滅絕事件">灭绝事件</a>从更新世晚期开始，持续到全新世，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="尼安德特人">尼安德特人</a>也在此期间消失。 </p><p>随着最后一个冰期结束，冷血动物、小型哺乳动物（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A7%AC%E9%BC%A0" title="小林姬鼠">小林姬鼠</a>）、迁徙鸟类以及更为迅速的动物（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B0%BE%E9%B9%BF" title="白尾鹿">白尾鹿</a>）逐渐取代了巨型动物并向北迁移。晚更新世的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%92%E7%BE%8A" title="大角羊">大角羊</a>相较于今天的后代更为瘦长，腿部更长。科学家认为，晚更新世的灭绝事件改变了捕食者的动物群，促使这些物种为了增强力量而非速度进行适应。 </p><p>这次灭绝事件对非洲的影响微乎其微，但对北美尤为严重，本土的马和骆驼都被消灭。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人類"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E9.A1.9E"></span>人類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：人類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="舊石器時代">舊石器時代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B7%E5%BE%99%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="遷徙新大陸模型">遷徙新大陸模型</a></div><p>现代人类的演化发生在更新世<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在更新世早期，<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="傍人">傍人</a>（<i>Paranthropus</i>）仍然存在，早期人类祖先也出现，但在更新世的大部分时间内，化石记录中仅发现<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%AB%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="直立人">直立人</a>。 </p><p>约180万年前，随着直立人的出现，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9" title="阿舍利">阿舍利</a>石器文化取代了较为原始的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%83%BD%E8%90%AC" title="奧都萬">奥都万</a>文化，后者曾被<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%9A%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%A4%E7%8C%BF" title="驚奇南方古猿">南方古猿</a>和最早的智人所使用。 </p><p>约30万年前，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E4%BA%BA" title="智人">智人</a>开始出现<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>4万至5万年前，明确出现与现代人类行为相关的文物<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根据线粒体计时技术，现代人类在中更新世的Riss冰期后从非洲迁徙，并在晚更新世时遍布全球的无冰地区<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2005年的一项研究提出，在迁徙过程中，人类与已在非洲之外的古人类形式进行了杂交，古人类的基因物质被融入现代人类的基因库中<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">全球变暖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%BD%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C" title="与古兽同行">与古兽同行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="第四紀滅絕事件">第四紀滅絕事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E5%B7%A8%E5%9E%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4" title="更新世巨型動物群">更新世巨型動物群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="更新世公園" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pleistocene Park"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="更新世公園（页面不存在）">更新世公園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" class="extiw" title="en:Pleistocene Park"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pleistocene Park</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冰河時期時間線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of glaciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E6%B2%B3%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰河時期時間線（页面不存在）">冰河時期時間線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of glaciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of glaciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E4%BB%99%E5%A5%B3%E6%9C%A8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="新仙女木事件">新仙女木事件</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%87%B3%E7%AB%8B" title="陈至立">陈至立</a> (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&docId=5369567&docLibId=72">更新世</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="辞海">辞海</a>. 上海: <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海辞书出版社">上海辞书出版社</a>. 2019 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5326-5325-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5326-5325-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-5326-5325-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403071401/https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&docId=5369567&docLibId=72">存档</a>于2024-04-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.atitle=%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E8%87%B3%E7%AB%8B&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-7-5326-5325-6&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihai.com.cn%2Fdetail%3Fq%3D%25E6%259B%25B4%25E6%2596%25B0%25E4%25B8%2596%26docId%3D5369567%26docLibId%3D72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" 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International Commission on Stratigraphy. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2019]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119024013/http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/major-divisions/">存档</a>于2020-01-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.atitle=Major+Divisions&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Subcommission+on+Quaternary+Stratigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaternary.stratigraphy.org%2Fmajor-divisions%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbard-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbard_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811043316/http://www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/people/gibbard/GTS2004Quat.pdf">Gibbard, P. and van Kolfschoten, T. (2004) "The Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs" Chapter 22</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-01-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk/people/gibbard/GTS2004Quat.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2007-08-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.btitle=Gibbard%2C+P.+and+van+Kolfschoten%2C+T.+%282004%29+%22The+Pleistocene+and+Holocene+Epochs%22+Chapter+22&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-qpg.geog.cam.ac.uk%2Fpeople%2Fgibbard%2FGTS2004Quat.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <small>(3.1 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Megabyte">MB</a>)</small> <i>In</i> Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, James G., and Smith, A. Gilbert (eds.), <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, Cambridge, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-78142-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-78142-6">0-521-78142-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rogers, A R; Jorde, L B. Genetic evidence on modern human origins. Human Biology. 1995: 1-36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+on+modern+human+origins&rft.au=Jorde%2C+L+B&rft.aufirst=A+R&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.pages=1-36&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wall, J D; Przeworski, M. When did the human population size start increasing?. Genetics. 2000, <b>155</b> (4): 1865-1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96&rft.atitle=When+did+the+human+population+size+start+increasing%3F&rft.au=Przeworski%2C+M&rft.aufirst=J+D&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.pages=1865-1874&rft.volume=155&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hublin J J, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey S E, et al. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens[J]. Nature, 2017, 546(7657): 289-292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein R G. Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins[J]. Journal of world prehistory, 1995, 9: 167-198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cann R L, Stoneking M, Wilson A C. Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution[J]. Nature, 1987, 325(6099): 31-36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Templeton A R. Out of Africa again and again[M]//Human Evolution Source Book. Routledge, 2016: 637-645.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eswaran V, Harpending H, Rogers A R. Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans[J]. Journal of Human Evolution, 2005, 49(1): 1-18.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:1%;background:rgb(247,67,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="前寒武纪"><div style="line-height:1.2em; color:#fff;">前<br />寒<br />武<br />纪</div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(174,2,126)"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="冥古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">冥古宙<span style="font-weight:normal;">（46亿至40亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">（未有任何年代分段被<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%A4%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="國際地層委員會">國際地層委員會</a>承认）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(240,4,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="太古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">太古宙<span style="font-weight:normal;">（40亿至25亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="始太古代">始太古代（40亿至36亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古太古代">古太古代（36亿至32亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中太古代">中太古代（32亿至28亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A4%AA%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="新太古代">新太古代（28亿至25亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(247,53,99); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%99" title="元古宙"><span style="color:#fff;">元古宙<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（25亿至5.41亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(247,67,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="古元古代"><span style="color:#fff;">古元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（25亿至16亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%93%81%E7%BA%AA" title="成铁纪">成铁纪（25亿至23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%82%E4%BE%B5%E7%BA%AA" title="层侵纪">层侵纪（23亿至20.5亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%B1%B1%E7%BA%AA" title="造山纪">造山纪（20.5亿至18亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E7%BB%93%E7%BA%AA" title="固结纪">固结纪（18亿至16亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(253,180,98); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="中元古代">中元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（16亿至10亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E5%B1%82%E7%BA%AA" title="盖层纪">盖层纪（16亿至14亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%B1%95%E7%BA%AA" title="延展纪">延展纪（14亿至12亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E5%B8%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="狭带纪">狭带纪（12亿至10亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(254,179,66); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3" title="新元古代">新元古代<span style="font-weight:normal;">（10亿至5.41亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%B8%E7%BA%AA" title="拉伸纪">拉伸纪（10亿至7.2亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E5%86%B0%E7%BA%AA" title="成冰纪">成冰纪（7.2亿至6.35亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%AA" title="埃迪卡拉纪">埃迪卡拉纪（6.35亿至5.41亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(154,217,221); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E7%94%9F%E5%AE%99" title="显生宙"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">显<br />生<br />宙<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">︵<br />5.41<br />亿<br />年<br />前<br />至<br />今<br />︶</span></div></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(153,192,141); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="古生代"><span style="color:#fff;">古生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（5.41亿至2.52亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(127,160,86); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪"><span style="color:#fff;">寒武纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（5.41亿至4.85亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%96" title="纽芬兰世">紐芬蘭世（5.41亿至5.21亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="寒武纪第二世">第二世（5.21亿至5.09亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%97%E5%B2%AD%E4%B8%96" title="苗岭世">苗岭世（5.09亿至4.97亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%99%E8%93%89%E4%B8%96" title="芙蓉世">芙蓉世（4.97亿至4.85亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(0,146,112); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪"><span style="color:#fff;">奥陶纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.85亿至4.44亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">早奥陶世（4.85亿至4.70亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">中奥陶世（4.70亿至4.58亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%99%B6%E7%BA%AA" title="奥陶纪">晚奥陶世（4.58亿至4.44亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(179,225,182); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%97%E7%95%99%E7%B4%80" title="志留紀">志留紀<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.44亿至4.19亿年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%97%E4%B8%96" title="兰多维列世">兰多维列世（4.44亿至4.33亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%96" title="文洛克世">文洛克世（4.33亿至4.27亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%B8%96" title="羅德洛世">羅德洛世（4.27亿至4.23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%81%93%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%96" title="普里道利世">普里道利世（4.23亿至4.19亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(203,140,55); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪"><span style="color:#fff;">泥盆纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（4.19亿至3.59亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">早泥盆世（4.19亿至3.93亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">中泥盆世（3.93亿至3.83亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9B%86%E7%BA%AA" title="泥盆纪">晚泥盆世（3.83亿至3.59亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(103,165,153); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E7%BA%AA" title="石炭纪"><span style="color:#fff;">石炭纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（3.59亿至2.99亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%96" title="密西西比世">密西西比世（3.59亿至3.23亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%96" title="賓夕法尼亞世">賓夕法尼亞世（3.23亿至2.99亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(240,64,40); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="二叠纪"><span style="color:#fff;">二叠纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.99亿至2.52亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%96" title="乌拉尔世">乌拉尔世（2.99亿至2.72亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E8%BE%BE%E6%B4%9B%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96" title="瓜达洛普世">瓜达洛普世（2.72亿至2.6亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%90%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%96" title="乐平世">乐平世（2.6亿至2.52亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(103,197,202); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="中生代">中生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.52亿至6600万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(129,43,146); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E7%BA%AA" title="三叠纪"><span style="color:#fff;">三叠纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.52亿至2.01亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" title="早三叠世">早三叠世（2.52亿至2.47亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" title="中三叠世">中三叠世（2.47亿至2.37亿年前）</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="晚三疊世" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Late Triassic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%A0%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="晚三叠世">晚三疊世（2.37亿至2.01亿年前）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Triassic" class="extiw" title="en:Late Triassic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Late Triassic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(52,178,201); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪"><span style="color:#fff;">侏罗纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2.01亿至1.45亿年前）</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">早侏罗世（2.01亿至1.74亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%AA" title="侏罗纪">中侏罗世（1.74亿至1.64亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E4%BE%8F%E7%BD%97%E4%B8%96" title="晚侏罗世">晚侏罗世（1.64亿至1.45亿年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(127,198,78); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">白垩纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（1.45亿至6600万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="早白垩世">早白垩世（1.45亿至1亿年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%9E%A9%E7%BA%AA" title="白垩纪">晚白垩世（1亿至6600万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:rgb(242,249,29); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E4%BB%A3" title="新生代">新生代<br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">（6600万年前至今）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(253,154,82); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="古近纪">古近纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（6600万至2303万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="古新世">古新世（6600万至5600万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%8B%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="始新世">始新世（5600万至3390万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="漸新世">漸新世（3390万至2303万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(255,230,25); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%BF%91%E7%BA%AA" title="新近纪">新近纪<span style="font-weight:normal;">（2303万至258万年前）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="中新世">中新世（2303万至533万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世">上新世（533万至258万年前）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;background:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80" title="第四紀">第四紀<span style="font-weight:normal;">（258万年前至今）</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">更新世（258万至1.17万年前）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世">全新世（1.17万年前至今）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自然地理學主要子域" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#00CC66; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template:自然地理學主題"><abbr title="查看该模板" style="color:white">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:自然地理學主題（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板" style="color:white">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自然地理學主題"><abbr title="编辑该模板" style="color:white">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然地理學主要子域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="自然地理學"><span style="color:white;">自然地理學</span></a>主要子域</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%AD%A6" title="气候学">气候学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E5%AD%B8" title="古氣候學">古氣候學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沿海地理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coastal geography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沿海地理學（页面不存在）">沿海地理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_geography" class="extiw" title="en:Coastal geography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coastal geography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地形學">地形學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D%E5%AD%A6" title="冰川学">冰河學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="水文地理学">水文地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋学">海洋学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="古地理学">古地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="土壤学">土壤学</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="土壤科學">土壤科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第四紀地質學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quaternary Geology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%B4%80%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第四紀地質學（页面不存在）">第四紀地質學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_Geology" class="extiw" title="en:Quaternary Geology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quaternary Geology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" 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