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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atre_et_avoir" title="Être et avoir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Être et avoir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atre_et_avoir" title="Être et avoir – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Être et avoir" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atre_Et_Avoir" title="Être Et Avoir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Être Et Avoir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein_und_Haben" title="Sein und Haben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sein und Haben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_y_tener" title="Ser y tener – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ser y tener" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atre_et_avoir" title="Être et avoir – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Être et avoir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%86" title="بودن و داشتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودن و داشتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atre_et_avoir" title="Être et avoir – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Être et avoir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Atre_et_avoir" title="Être et avoir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Être et avoir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%A7%80%EB%A7%89_%EC%88%98%EC%97%85_(%EC%98%81%ED%99%94)" title="마지막 수업 (영화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마지막 수업 (영화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;">To Be and to Have<br /><small>(Être et avoir)</small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Etre_et_Avoir_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Etre_et_Avoir_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Theatrical release poster</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Directed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Philibert" title="Nicolas Philibert">Nicolas Philibert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolas Philibert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Produced by</th><td class="infobox-data">Gilles Sandoz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Cinematography</th><td class="infobox-data">Laurent Didier<br />Katell Djian<br />Hugues Gemignani<br />Nicolas Philibert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Edited by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolas Philibert</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Music by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hersant" title="Philippe Hersant">Philippe Hersant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Distributed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Les_Films_du_Losange" title="Les Films du Losange">Les Films du Losange</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Release dates</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist film-date"> <ul><li>19 May 2002<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2002-05-19</span>)</span> (<a href="/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2002 Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>)</li> <li>28 August 2002<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2002-08-28</span>)</span> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Running time</div></th><td class="infobox-data">104 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">French</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">€1 million<sup id="cite_ref-JP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;">Box office</th><td class="infobox-data">$16.1 million<sup id="cite_ref-JP_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>To Be and To Have</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr"><b>Être et avoir</b></i>; also the UK title) is a 2002 French <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Philibert" title="Nicolas Philibert">Nicolas Philibert</a> about a small rural school. It was screened as an "Out of Competition" film at the <a href="/wiki/2002_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="2002 Cannes Film Festival">2002 Cannes Film Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and achieved commercial success.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_04-10-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film became the subject of an unsuccessful legal action by the school's teacher, who said that he and the children's parents had been misled about the film's intended audience, and that he and the children had been exploited. </p><p>The documentary's title translates as "to be and to have", the two <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>. It is about a <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Commune_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Commune in France">commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89tienne-sur-Usson" title="Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson">Saint-Étienne-sur-Usson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puy-de-D%C3%B4me" title="Puy-de-Dôme">Puy-de-Dôme</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the population of which is just over 200. The school has one small class of mixed ages (from four to twelve years), with a dedicated teacher, Mr Lopez, who shows patience and respect for the children as we follow their story through a single school year. </p><p>The film won several awards, including the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_French_Film_Festival" title="Sacramento French Film Festival">Sacramento French Film Festival</a> Audience Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_response">Critical response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Be_and_to_Have&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Critical response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, the film holds an approval rating of 97%, based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A small, sensitive, and moving portrait of a teacher and his students."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a> the film has a score of 87 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lawsuit">Lawsuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Be_and_to_Have&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the film's popularity in cinemas, Lopez, the principal personality in the documentary, made an unsuccessful attempt to sue the documentary's makers for a share of the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">€</a>2 million profit. One of his main claims was that the film-makers had exploited his image without authorisation.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_03-10-13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_03-10-13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French film unions warned that if Lopez had been successful it would have spelt "the death of the documentary, undermining the crucial principle that subjects should not be paid to participate".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Speaking after the court case, Lopez said that he, the children and their families had been misled by the film's production company about the purpose and intended audience of the film: </p> <blockquote> <p>"We were misled. The production company told me and the children's families that they were making a small documentary about the phenomenon of the one-teacher village school and that the film would be used primarily for educational purposes. They said it would have a restricted screening, and never discussed marketing the film to make it such a commercial venture....We had no idea that it would be in cinemas all over the country, released on DVD or distributed abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_04-10-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The court ruled that Lopez's attendance at the Cannes film festival, which he attended with some of the students,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_03-10-13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_03-10-13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his repeated public expressions of satisfaction at its success, constituted his tacit acceptance of the use of his image.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_04-10-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French media had been critical of Lopez, with one newspaper carrying the headline: "To be and to have: the teacher would rather have." However Lopez said money was never his motivation: "I'm simply trying to make the film company recognise my rights." Lopez was supported in his action by the families of most of his former pupils, some of whom stated that they themselves would also sue the film company.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_04-10-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lopez said the unexpected attention the film had brought the young students had traumatised some of them: </p> <blockquote> <p>"One child, who had been very stable and happy until the film's release, was so distressed by his unexpected fame, that he started wetting the bed, and became afraid of the dark...Other children have been teased at their new secondary schools because of their involvement. All have been subjected to a great deal of stress as a direct consequence of the film."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_04-10-03-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades">Accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Be_and_to_Have&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"> <th scope="col">Award / Film Festival </th> <th scope="col">Category </th> <th scope="col">Recipients and nominees </th> <th scope="col">Result </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_Four_World_Cinema_Awards" title="BBC Four World Cinema Awards">BBC Four World Cinema Awards</a> </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/57th_British_Academy_Film_Awards" title="57th British Academy Film Awards">British Academy Film Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BAFTA_Award_for_Best_Film_Not_in_the_English_Language" title="BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language">Best Film Not in the English Language</a> </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/28th_C%C3%A9sar_Awards" title="28th César Awards">César Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Film" title="César Award for Best Film">Best Film</a> </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Director" title="César Award for Best Director">Best Director</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Philibert" title="Nicolas Philibert">Nicolas Philibert</a> </td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Award_for_Best_Editing" title="César Award for Best Editing">Best Editing</a> </td> <td>Nicolas Philibert </td> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Directors_Guild_of_Great_Britain" title="Directors Guild of Great Britain">Directors Guild of Great Britain</a> </td> <td>Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Foreign Language Film </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_European_Film_Awards" title="15th European Film Awards">European Film Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Film_Award_for_Best_Documentary" title="European Film Award for Best Documentary">Best Documentary</a> </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Syndicate_of_Cinema_Critics" title="French Syndicate of Cinema Critics">French Syndicate of Cinema Critics</a> </td> <td>Best French Film </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Full_Frame_Documentary_Film_Festival" title="Full Frame Documentary Film Festival">Full Frame Documentary Film Festival</a> </td> <td>Jury Award </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Critics_Circle_Awards_2003" title="London Film Critics Circle Awards 2003">London Film Critics Circle Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Film_Critics%27_Circle_Award_for_Foreign_Language_Film_of_the_Year" title="London Film Critics' Circle Award for Foreign Language Film of the Year">Foreign Language Film of the Year</a> </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Delluc_Prize" title="Louis Delluc Prize">Louis Delluc Prize</a> </td> <td>Best Film </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2003_National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Awards" title="2003 National Society of Film Critics Awards">National Society of Film Critics Awards</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Society_of_Film_Critics_Award_for_Best_Non-Fiction_Film" title="National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Non-Fiction Film">Best Non-Fiction Film</a> </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr> <tr> <td>Online Film & Television Association Award </td> <td>Best Documentary Picture </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="no table-no2 notheme">Nominated </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valladolid_International_Film_Festival" title="Valladolid International Film Festival">Valladolid International Film Festival</a> </td> <td>Best Documentary </td> <th> </th> <td style="background: #9EFF9E; color: #000; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes table-yes2 notheme">Won </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Be_and_to_Have&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JP_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JP_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=1762">"Etre et avoir"</a>. <i>JP's Box-Office</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JP%27s+Box-Office&rft.atitle=Etre+et+avoir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpbox-office.com%2Ffichfilm.php%3Fid%3D1762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-festival-cannes.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-festival-cannes.com_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/3158545/year/2002.html">"Festival de Cannes: To Be and to Have"</a>. <i>festival-cannes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=festival-cannes.com&rft.atitle=Festival+de+Cannes%3A+To+Be+and+to+Have&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festival-cannes.com%2Fen%2Farchives%2FficheFilm%2Fid%2F3158545%2Fyear%2F2002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_04-10-03-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian_04-10-03_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmelia_Gentleman2004" class="citation news cs1">Amelia Gentleman (3 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/03/film.france">"Film's fallen hero fights on for his class"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Film%27s+fallen+hero+fights+on+for+his+class&rft.date=2004-10-03&rft.au=Amelia+Gentleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2004%2Foct%2F03%2Ffilm.france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318202/awards">"Être et avoir – IMDb"</a>. IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%8Atre+et+avoir+%E2%80%93+IMDb&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0318202%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_be_and_to_have">"To Be and to Have (Etre et Avoir) (2003)"</a>. Rotten Tomatoes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Be+and+to+Have+%28Etre+et+Avoir%29+%282003%29&rft.pub=Rotten+Tomatoes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fto_be_and_to_have&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/to-be-and-to-have">"To Be and to Have"</a>. Metacritic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+Be+and+to+Have&rft.pub=Metacritic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacritic.com%2Fmovie%2Fto-be-and-to-have&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_03-10-13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_03-10-13_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_03-10-13_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3187656.stm">"French film star teacher sues"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 13 October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=French+film+star+teacher+sues&rft.date=2003-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F3187656.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmelia_Gentleman2004" class="citation news cs1">Amelia Gentleman (29 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,12589,1315116,00.html">"Defeat for teacher who sued over film profits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Defeat+for+teacher+who+sued+over+film+profits&rft.date=2004-09-29&rft.au=Amelia+Gentleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilm.guardian.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F0%2C12589%2C1315116%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATo+Be+and+to+Have" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=To_Be_and_to_Have&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0318202/"><i>To Be and to Have</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/to_be_and_to_have"><i>To Be and to Have</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metacritic.com/movie/to-be-and-to-have">To Be and to Have</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Metacritic" title="Metacritic">Metacritic</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593573#P1712" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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