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<li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necropolis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necropolis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Necropolis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Necropolis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Necropolis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Necropolis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Excavation site</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Excavation_site-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Excavation site subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Excavation_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pit_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Pit 1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Warrior_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warrior_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Warrior figures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Warrior_figures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Warrior figures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Warrior_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_and_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types and appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_and_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_warriors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_warriors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>The warriors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_warriors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_acrobats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_acrobats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>The acrobats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_acrobats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculations_on_possible_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculations_on_possible_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Speculations on possible influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculations_on_possible_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_grave_pit_of_the_Necropolis_workers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_grave_pit_of_the_Necropolis_workers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Mass grave pit of the Necropolis workers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_grave_pit_of_the_Necropolis_workers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaponry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaponry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Weaponry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaponry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precedents_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedents_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Precedents and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedents_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientific research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exhibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Terracotta Army</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracottale%C3%ABr" title="Terracottaleër – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Terracottaleër" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ضريح الإمبراطور الأول تشين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضريح الإمبراطور الأول تشين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_-" title="পোৰামাটিৰ সৈন্যবাহিনী - – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোৰামাটিৰ সৈন্যবাহিনী -" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerreros_de_terracota" title="Guerreros de terracota – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerreros de terracota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakota_ordusu" title="Terrakota ordusu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Terrakota ordusu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="পোড়ামাটির সৈন্যবাহিনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোড়ামাটির সৈন্যবাহিনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Терракотанан яһалған армия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Терракотанан яһалған армия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэракотавая армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэракотавая армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokbong_Terakota" title="Hokbong Terakota – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hokbong Terakota" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теракотена армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теракотена армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska_od_terakote" title="Vojska od terakote – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vojska od terakote" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_de_guerrers_de_terracota" title="Exèrcit de guerrers de terracota – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit de guerrers de terracota" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%C3%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%95" title="Терракота çарĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Терракота çарĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakotov%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Terakotová armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Terakotová armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Fyddin_Derracotta" title="Y Fyddin Derracotta – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Fyddin Derracotta" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakottah%C3%A6ren" title="Terrakottahæren – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Terrakottahæren" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakotta-Armee" title="Terrakotta-Armee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Terrakotta-Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakotas%C3%B5dalased" title="Terrakotasõdalased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Terrakotasõdalased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Στρατός από τερακότα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατός από τερακότα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerreros_de_terracota" title="Guerreros de terracota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerreros de terracota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakota_armeo" title="Terakota armeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Terakota armeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakotazko_armada" title="Terrakotazko armada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Terrakotazko armada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لشکر سفالین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لشکر سفالین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_terre_cuite" title="Armée de terre cuite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée de terre cuite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerreiros_de_Terracota" title="Guerreiros de Terracota – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerreiros de Terracota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%A9" title="병마용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="병마용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A5_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Տերակոտե բանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տերակոտե բանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="टेराकोटा सेना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेराकोटा सेना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakotna_vojska" title="Terakotna vojska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Terakotna vojska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasukan_terakota" title="Pasukan terakota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pasukan terakota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leirherinn" title="Leirherinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leirherinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esercito_di_terracotta" title="Esercito di terracotta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esercito di terracotta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94" title="צבא הטרקוטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא הטרקוטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadyabala_t%C3%A8rakota_Tiongkok" title="Wadyabala tèrakota Tiongkok – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wadyabala tèrakota Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტერაკოტის არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტერაკოტის არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Терракоттан жасалған әскер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Терракоттан жасалған әскер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%AA%C5%9Fa_terrakotay%C3%AE" title="Artêşa terrakotayî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Artêşa terrakotayî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakotas_armija" title="Terakotas armija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Terakotas armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta-Arm%C3%A9i" title="Terracotta-Arméi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Terracotta-Arméi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakotin%C4%97_armija" title="Terakotinė armija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Terakotinė armija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyaghadsereg" title="Agyaghadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Agyaghadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Теракотна војска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теракотна војска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="കളിമൺ യോദ്ധാക്കൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കളിമൺ യോദ്ധാക്കൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_tat-Terrakotta" title="Armata tat-Terrakotta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Armata tat-Terrakotta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტერაკოტაშ არმია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტერაკოტაშ არმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جيش تيراكوتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيش تيراكوتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="تراکوتا قاشون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تراکوتا قاشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Terracotta" title="Tentera Terracotta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Terracotta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯆꯤꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯥꯀꯣꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯤꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯥꯀꯣꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="မြေရုပ်စစ်တပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေရုပ်စစ်တပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracottaleger" title="Terracottaleger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Terracottaleger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="टेराकोटा सेना – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टेराकोटा सेना" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%91" title="兵馬俑 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="兵馬俑" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakottah%C3%A6ren" title="Terrakottahæren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Terrakottahæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakottah%C3%A6ren" title="Terrakottahæren – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Terrakottahæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armada_de_t%C3%A8rra_cuecha" title="Armada de tèrra cuecha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armada de tèrra cuecha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ଟେରାକୋଟା ସେନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟେରାକୋଟା ସେନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarakota_armiyasi" title="Tarakota armiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tarakota armiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="ٹیراکوٹا فوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹیراکوٹا فوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakotowa_Armia" title="Terakotowa Armia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Terakotowa Armia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_de_terracota" title="Exército de terracota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército de terracota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_de_Teracot%C4%83" title="Armata de Teracotă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armata de Teracotă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Терракотовая армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терракотовая армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ටෙරාකොටා හමුදාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටෙරාකොටා හමුදාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Terracotta Army" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terakotov%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Terakotová armáda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Terakotová armáda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glinena_vojska" title="Glinena vojska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glinena vojska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciidanka_Terracotta" title="Ciidanka Terracotta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciidanka Terracotta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="سوپای تێراکۆتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سوپای تێراکۆتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Ратници од теракоте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ратници од теракоте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska_od_terakote" title="Vojska od terakote – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vojska od terakote" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakotta-armeija" title="Terrakotta-armeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Terrakotta-armeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n" title="Terrakottaarmén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Terrakottaarmén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="சுடுமட்சிலைப் படை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுடுமட்சிலைப் படை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Терракота гаскәре – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Терракота гаскәре" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B2" title="กองทัพทหารดินเผา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพทหารดินเผา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лашкари Сафолин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лашкари Сафолин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toprak_Askerler" title="Toprak Askerler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toprak Askerler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Теракотова армія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теракотова армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AC" title="ٹیراکوٹا فوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیراکوٹا فوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_qu%C3%A2n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_nung" title="Đội quân đất nung – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đội quân đất nung" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_nga_kasundalohan" title="Terracotta nga kasundalohan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Terracotta nga kasundalohan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%85%B5%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%91" title="秦始皇兵马俑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="秦始皇兵马俑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terracotta_Army&params=34_23_06_N_109_16_23_E_type:landmark_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°16′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.38500°N 109.27306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.38500; 109.27306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collection of ancient Chinese military statues</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the historic complex, see <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#0177d3;font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #ffffff; text-decoration: inherit;">UNESCO World Heritage Site</span></a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:51714-Terracota-Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/51714-Terracota-Army.jpg/290px-51714-Terracota-Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/51714-Terracota-Army.jpg/435px-51714-Terracota-Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/51714-Terracota-Army.jpg/580px-51714-Terracota-Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">Location</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lintong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintong District">Lintong District</a>, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, iii, iv, vi</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/441">441</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1987 (11th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data category"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmy.com.cn">bmy.com.cn</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terracotta_Army&params=34_23_06_N_109_16_23_E_type:landmark_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°16′23″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.38500°N 109.27306°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.38500; 109.27306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terracotta Army is located in China"><img alt="Terracotta Army is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.713%;left:58.823%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Terracotta Army"><img alt="Terracotta Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Location of Terracotta Army in China</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Terracotta Army</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">兵马俑</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:兵馬俑">兵馬俑</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Soldier and horse tomb-figurines</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Bīngmǎ yǒng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Ping<sup>1</sup>-ma<sup>3</sup> yung<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[píŋmà jʊ̀ŋ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Bīng-máah yúng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Bing<sup>1</sup>-maa<sup>5</sup> jung<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Ping-bé ióng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Terracotta Army</b> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> sculptures depicting the armies of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor of China</a>. It is a form of <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funerary art</a> buried with the emperor in 210–209 BCE with the purpose of protecting him in his afterlife. </p><p>The figures, dating from approximately the late 200s BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were discovered in 1974 by local farmers in <a href="/wiki/Lintong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lintong District">Lintong County</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, Shaanxi, China. The figures vary in height according to their rank, the tallest being the generals. The figures include warriors, <a href="/wiki/Chariot_(Ancient_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot (Ancient China)">chariots</a> and horses. Estimates from 2007 were that the three pits containing the Terracotta Army hold more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses, and 150 cavalry horses, the majority of which remain <i>in situ</i> in the pits near <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007167_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007167-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other, non-military terracotta figures have since been found in other pits, including those of officials, acrobats, strongmen, and musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG/220px-%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG/330px-%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG/440px-%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E9%99%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The mound where the tomb is located</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_(Terracotta_Army).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_%28Terracotta_Army%29.png/220px-Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_%28Terracotta_Army%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_%28Terracotta_Army%29.png/330px-Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_%28Terracotta_Army%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_%28Terracotta_Army%29.png/440px-Qin_Shi_Huang_Mausoleum_%28Terracotta_Army%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum and location of the Terracotta Army (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ROCA_WO(Early_1929).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/20px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/30px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png/40px-ROCA_WO%28Early_1929%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="840" /></a></span>). The central tomb itself has yet to be excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of the tomb was described by the historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (145–90 BCE) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, the first of China's 24 dynastic histories, which was written a century after the mausoleum's completion. Work on the mausoleum began in 246 BCE, soon after Emperor Qin (then aged 13) succeeded his father as King of <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a>, and the project eventually involved 700,000 conscripted workers.<sup id="cite_ref-chinesetext_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinesetext-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geographer <a href="/wiki/Li_Daoyuan" title="Li Daoyuan">Li Daoyuan</a>, writing six centuries after the first emperor's death, recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_on_the_Water_Classic" title="Commentary on the Water Classic">Shui Jing Zhu</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Mount_Li" title="Mount Li">Mount Li</a> was a favoured location due to its auspicious geology: "famed for its jade mines, its northern side was rich in gold, and its southern side rich in beautiful jade; the first emperor, covetous of its fine reputation, therefore chose to be buried there".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2007158_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2007158-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sima Qian wrote that the first emperor was buried with palaces, towers, officials, valuable artifacts and wondrous objects. According to this famous account, 100 flowing rivers were simulated using mercury, and above them the ceiling was decorated with heavenly bodies, below which lay the features of the lands of China which the emperor had unified. Some translations of this passage refer to "models" or "imitations"; however, those words were not used in the original text, which also makes no mention of the terracotta army.<sup id="cite_ref-chinesetext_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinesetext-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal200717_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal200717-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these elements of Sima Qian's account on the structure of the mausoleum have been seen as credulous in pre-modern assessments, the detection of high levels of mercury that were found in the soil of the tomb mound following the discovery of the mausoleum site have since given credence to Sima Qian's account.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007202_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007202-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Emperor is well documented for building monumental statues in human form during his reign, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Metal_Colossi" title="Twelve Metal Colossi">Twelve Metal Colossi</a>,</i> which were a series of contemporaneous statues that are now lost but have been noted in historical records.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later historical accounts have suggested that the mausoleum complex and tomb itself had been looted by <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Yu" title="Xiang Yu">Xiang Yu</a>, a contender for the throne after the death of the first emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are indications that the tomb itself may not have been plundered.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <p><span class="nowrap">The Terracotta Army</span> was discovered on 29 March 1974 by a group of farmers—<a href="/wiki/Yang_Zhifa" title="Yang Zhifa">Yang Zhifa</a>, his five brothers, and neighbour Wang Puzhi—who were digging a well approximately 1.5 km (0.93 mi) east of the Qin Emperor's tomb mound at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Li" title="Mount Li">Mount Li</a> (Lishan),<sup id="cite_ref-Agnew2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agnew2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a region riddled with underground springs and watercourses. For centuries, occasional reports mentioned pieces of terracotta figures and fragments of the Qin <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> – roofing tiles, bricks and chunks of masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2007155,_157,_158,_160–161,_166_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2007155,_157,_158,_160–161,_166-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery prompted Chinese archaeologists, including <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kangmin" title="Zhao Kangmin">Zhao Kangmin</a>, to investigate,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealing the largest pottery figurine group ever found. A museum complex has since been constructed over the area, the largest pit being enclosed by a roofed structure.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Necropolis">Necropolis</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg/220px-Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg/330px-Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg/440px-Terracotta_Army-China2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>View of the Terracotta Army</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee,_Grosse_Halle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee%2C_Grosse_Halle.jpg/220px-2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee%2C_Grosse_Halle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee%2C_Grosse_Halle.jpg/330px-2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee%2C_Grosse_Halle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee%2C_Grosse_Halle.jpg/440px-2015-09-22-081415_-_Terrakotta-Armee%2C_Grosse_Halle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, Hall 1</figcaption></figure> <p>The Terracotta Army is part of a much larger necropolis. Ground-penetrating radar and core sampling have measured the area to be approximately 98 square kilometers (38 square miles).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The necropolis was constructed as a microcosm of the emperor's imperial palace or compound,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and covers a large area around the tomb mound of the first emperor. The earthen tomb mound is located at the foot of Mount Li and built in a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pyramids" title="Chinese pyramids">pyramidal</a> shape,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is surrounded by two solidly built <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> walls with gateway entrances. The necropolis consists of several offices, halls, stables, other structures as well as an imperial park placed around the tomb mound.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The warriors stand guard to the east of the tomb. Up to 5 m (16 ft) of reddish, sandy soil had accumulated over the site in the two millennia following its construction, but archaeologists found evidence of earlier <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">disturbances</a> at the site. During the excavations near the Mount Li burial mound, archaeologists found several graves dating from the 18th and 19th centuries, where diggers had apparently struck terracotta fragments. These were discarded as worthless and used along with soil to backfill the excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2007160_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2007160-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tomb">Tomb</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></div> <p>The tomb appears to be a hermetically sealed space approximately 100 by 75 metres (328 ft × 246 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-channel4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-channel4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb remains unopened, possibly due to concerns over preservation of its artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-channel4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-channel4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, after the excavation of the Terracotta Army, the painted surface present on some terracotta figures began to flake and fade.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lacquer covering the paint can curl in fifteen seconds once exposed to Xi'an's dry air and can flake off in just four minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation_site">Excavation site</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG/220px-Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG/330px-Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG/440px-Terracotta_warriors_museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The museum complex containing the excavation sites</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pits">Pits</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg/220px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg/330px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg/440px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>View of Pit 1, the largest excavation pit of the Terracotta Army</figcaption></figure> <p>Four main pits approximately 7 m (23 ft) deep have since been uncovered in the site excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-lecture_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecture-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lothar_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lothar-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are located approximately 1.5 km (0.93 mi) east of the burial mound. The soldiers within were laid out as if to protect the tomb from the east, where the Qin Emperor's conquered states lay, and were discovered 7 m below the excavation level.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pit_1">Pit 1</h4></div> <p>Pit 1, which is 230 m (750 ft) long and 62 m (203 ft) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-Lothar_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lothar-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains the main army of more than 3,000 figures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the largest of the four pits and has eleven parallel corridors, most more than 3 m (10 ft) wide and paved with small bricks with a wooden ceiling supported by large beams and posts.<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This design was also used for the tombs of nobles and would have resembled palace hallways when built. The wooden ceilings were covered with reed mats and layers of clay for waterproofing, and then mounded with more soil raising them about 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) above the surrounding ground level when completed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4></div> <p>Pit 2 has cavalry and infantry units as well as <a href="/wiki/Chariot_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot (China)">war chariots</a> and is thought to represent a military guard. Pit 3 is the command post, with high-ranking officers and a war chariot. Pit 4 is empty, perhaps left unfinished by its builders. </p><p>Some of the figures in Pits 1 and 2 show fire damage, while remains of burnt ceiling rafters have also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These, together with the missing weapons, have been taken as evidence of the reported looting by Xiang Yu and the subsequent burning of the site, which is thought to have caused the roof to collapse and crush the army figures below. The terracotta figures currently on display have been restored from the fragments. </p><p>Other pits that formed the necropolis have also been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pits lie within and outside the walls surrounding the tomb mound. They variously contain bronze carriages, terracotta figures of entertainers such as acrobats and strongmen, officials, stone armour suits, burial sites of horses, rare animals and labourers, as well as bronze cranes and ducks set in an underground park.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Warrior_figures">Warrior figures</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_and_appearance">Types and appearance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_(35300697030).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_%2835300697030%29.jpg/170px-I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_%2835300697030%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_%2835300697030%29.jpg/255px-I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_%2835300697030%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_%2835300697030%29.jpg/340px-I_was_impressed_with_the_life-like_expression_%2835300697030%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>A terracotta general</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_warriors">The warriors</h4></div> <p>The terracotta figures are life-sized, typically ranging from 175 cm (5.74 ft) to about 200 cm (6.6 ft) (the officers are typically taller). They vary in height, uniform, and hairstyle in accordance with their portrayed rank. Their faces appear to be different for each individual figure, scholars have identified 10 base facial forms which were then further developed to give each figure individuality in terms of facial morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-national_geographic_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_geographic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures are of these general types: armored <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>; unarmored infantry; <a href="/wiki/Cavalrymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalrymen">cavalrymen</a> who wear a pillbox hat; helmeted drivers of chariots with more armor protection; spear-carrying charioteers; kneeling crossbowmen or archers who are armored; standing archers who are not; as well as generals and other lower-ranking officers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, many variations in the uniforms within the ranks: for example, some may wear shin pads while others not; they may wear either long or short trousers, some of which may be padded; and their body armors vary depending on rank, function, and position in formation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also terracotta horses placed among the warrior figures. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:231px;max-width:231px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg/229px-Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg/344px-Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg/458px-Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_coloured_statuettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1401" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:207px;max-width:207px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg/205px-Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg/308px-Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg/410px-Pigments_used_on_terracotta_warriors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Figures with some of their natural coloring, and the pigments used on the Terracotta warriors</div></div></div></div> <p>Originally, the figures were painted with ground precious stones, intensely fired bones (white), pigments of <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> (dark red), <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a> (green), <a href="/wiki/Azurite" title="Azurite">azurite</a> (blue), <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> (black), <a href="/wiki/Han_purple_and_Han_blue" title="Han purple and Han blue">cinnabar barium copper silicate mix</a> (Chinese purple or Han purple), tree sap from a nearby source (more than likely from the <a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_vernicifluum" title="Toxicodendron vernicifluum">Chinese lacquer tree</a>) (brown),<sup id="cite_ref-azurite_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azurite-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other colors including pink, lilac, red, white,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one unidentified color.<sup id="cite_ref-azurite_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azurite-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colored lacquer finish and individual facial features would have given the figures a realistic feel, with eyebrows and facial hair in black and the faces done in pink.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an#Climate" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>'s dry climate, much of the color coating would flake off in less than four minutes after removing the mud surrounding the army.<sup id="cite_ref-azurite_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azurite-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_acrobats">The acrobats</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:251px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_(9897907493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_%289897907493%29.jpg/147px-Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_%289897907493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_%289897907493%29.jpg/221px-Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_%289897907493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_%289897907493%29.jpg/294px-Qin_Terracotta_Acrobat_%289897907493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3035" data-file-height="5176" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:251px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_acrobat,_Pit_K9901,_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Qin_acrobat%2C_Pit_K9901%2C_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg/137px-Qin_acrobat%2C_Pit_K9901%2C_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Qin_acrobat%2C_Pit_K9901%2C_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg/206px-Qin_acrobat%2C_Pit_K9901%2C_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Qin_acrobat%2C_Pit_K9901%2C_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg/274px-Qin_acrobat%2C_Pit_K9901%2C_Qin_Mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="2588" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two of the <i>"<a href="/wiki/The_Acrobats" title="The Acrobats">Acrobats</a>"</i> from pit K9901.<sup id="cite_ref-Acrobats_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acrobats-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Excavations in Pit K9901 have uncovered in 1999 a series of associated terracotta sculptures that have been dubbed "<i><a href="/wiki/The_Acrobats" title="The Acrobats">The Acrobats</a></i>", which have been remarked to display an advanced understanding of human anatomy.<sup id="cite_ref-DQ_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DQ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original function of these statues remains unclear, but they have been described as either potentially acrobat or dancer figures. The number of these figures uncovered thus far are relatively few compared to the more noted warrior figures, with the total discovered probably numbering a dozen. The figures are bare with the exception of a loincloth as dress. These figures are very vivid and less stereotypical than the soldiers, especially through the dynamic treatment of the musculature and bone joints.<sup id="cite_ref-DQ_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DQ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the men are very lean, while others have massive bodies. Several of them are shown in the process of moving or making gestures. These terracotta statues demonstrate an advanced mastery of the depiction of the shapes and proportions of the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-Acrobats_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acrobats-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eleven of such figurines from Pit K9901 have since been subsequently unearthed with seven of them found in a degree of preservation that made them capable of being largely reconstructed from their fragment shards.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:277px;max-width:277px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrakotta_general_2010_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Terrakotta_general_2010_%282%29.jpg/141px-Terrakotta_general_2010_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Terrakotta_general_2010_%282%29.jpg/212px-Terrakotta_general_2010_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Terrakotta_general_2010_%282%29.jpg/282px-Terrakotta_general_2010_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2424" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg/128px-Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg/192px-Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg/256px-Terrakottaarm%C3%A9n-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Terracotta Army General (Left), Mid-rank officer of the Terracotta Army in <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (right)</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculations_on_possible_influences">Speculations on possible influences</h4></div> <p>Since the time of their discovery, the figures have been noted for their exceptional stylistic realism and individualism, with assessments having found that no two figures share the exact same features.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest note on this aspect was that of 20th century art historian German Hafner who, in 1986, was the first to speculate on a possible <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> link to these sculptures due to the unusual display of naturalism relative to general Qin era sculpture: "the art of the terracotta army originated from Western contact".<sup id="cite_ref-Duan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This idea was also generally supported by <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qingbo" title="Duan Qingbo">Duan Qingbo</a>, site chief archaeologist from 1998 to 2006, though noting that "the only thing" in extant archaeology which may hold a close similarity to the figures in terms of their artistic style is that of the later 1st century BCE Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan statuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duan2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duan2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li Xiuzhen, senior site archaeologist,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also acknowledged the possibility of Hellenistic influences, stating: "we now think the Terracotta Army, <a href="/wiki/The_Acrobats" title="The Acrobats">the acrobats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/File:2009_Bronze_Goose_from_Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Army_Burial.jpg" title="File:2009 Bronze Goose from Qin Shihuang Terracotta Army Burial.jpg">bronze sculptures found on site</a> were inspired by ancient Greek sculptures and art."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She later also asserted ultimate Chinese authorship: "the terracotta warriors may be inspired by Western culture, but were uniquely made by the Chinese."<sup id="cite_ref-han-sil_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-sil-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have argued that such speculations rest on flawed and old Eurocentric ideas that assumed other civilizations were incapable of sophisticated artistry and thus foreign artistry must be seen through Western traditions, with site archaeologist Zhang Weixing stating that "there is no substantial evidence at all" for any such linkage.<sup id="cite_ref-han-sil_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-han-sil-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raoul McLaughlin, an independent researcher on Roman trade, stated that there is no Greek influence on the Terracotta Army and emphasized the differences in artisanship, construction material, and symbology.<sup id="cite_ref-WHC_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHC-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darryl Wilkinson of <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> has instead argued that the Qin era display of sculptural naturalism, alongside that of the pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche culture</a> in Peru, indicate that "the Greeks did not invent naturalism" and that "sculptural naturalism is not the product of any one culture's civilizational 'genius.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg/330px-Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg/495px-Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg/660px-Terracota_Warriors_-_Guardians_of_China%27s_First_Emperor_at_the_National_Geographic_Museum_-_4116782456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the terracotta statues: a modern diorama by the Mausoleum Site Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The terracotta army figures were manufactured in workshops by government laborers and local craftsmen using local materials. Heads, arms, legs, and torsos were created separately and then assembled by <a href="/wiki/Luting" class="mw-redirect" title="Luting">luting</a> the pieces together. When completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, morphological studies have shown that there is a strong resemblance between the statues and that of the local region's modern inhabitants, which has led some scholars to theorize that the high level of stylistic realism stems from the figures being modelled on actual soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The faces were created using <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">molds</a>, and at least ten face molds may have been used.<sup id="cite_ref-national_geographic_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-national_geographic-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clay was then added after assembly to provide individual facial features to make each figure appear different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007170_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007170-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that the warriors' legs were made in much the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were manufactured at the time. This would classify the process as <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting a figure as one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times of tight imperial control, each workshop was required to inscribe its name on items produced to ensure quality control. This has aided modern historians in verifying which workshops were commandeered to make tiles and other mundane items for the terracotta army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_grave_pit_of_the_Necropolis_workers">Mass grave pit of the Necropolis workers</h4></div> <p>A grave pit was discovered and excavated in 2003 with 121 skeletons retrieved which has been identified by scholars to be attributable to the site workers. The individuals have been assessed to be predominantly from the age range of 15 to 40 years old, with an average height of around 1.7 meters. Many studies have concentrated on analyzing these workers including craniometric as well as genetic studies, which were conducted to try to understand the workers' origins. According to <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qingbo" title="Duan Qingbo">Duan Qingbo</a>, lead archaeologist and Director of Excavations at the Mausoleum from 1998 to 2006, DNA analysis work on a group of 19 skeletons, in comparison with 33 contemporary Chinese individuals, showed that the workers and laborers analyzed exhibited a diverse range of ethnicities, traceable to that of both Han and minority ethnicities, with a particular concentration of individuals from southern China.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaponry">Weaponry</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg/260px-Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg/390px-Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg/520px-Bronze_jian_of_the_Terracotta_Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>Bronze <i><a href="/wiki/Jian" title="Jian">jian</a></i> sword</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_Cotta_Warriors,_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg/220px-Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg/330px-Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg/440px-Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>A bronze helmet unearthed from the site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terra_Cotta_Warriors,_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg/220px-Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg/330px-Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg/440px-Terra_Cotta_Warriors%2C_Guardians_of_China%E2%80%99s_First_Emperor_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A suit of armor unearthed from the site</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the figures originally held real weapons, which would have increased their realism. The majority of these weapons were looted shortly after the creation of the army or have rotted away. Despite this, over 40,000 bronze items of weaponry have been recovered, including swords, daggers, spears, lances, battle-axes, scimitars, shields, crossbows, and crossbow triggers. Most of the recovered items are arrowheads, which are usually found in bundles of 100 units.<sup id="cite_ref-lecture_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lecture-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of these arrowheads suggest that they were produced by self-sufficient, autonomous workshops using a process referred to as <i>cellular production</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Toyotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyotism">Toyotism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some weapons were coated with a 10–15 micrometer layer of <a href="/wiki/Chromium_dioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromium dioxide">chromium dioxide</a> before burial that was believed to have protected them from any form of decay for the last 2200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, research in 2019 indicated that the chromium was merely contamination from nearby lacquer, not a means of protecting the weapons. The slightly alkaline pH and small particle size of the burial soil most likely preserved the weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The swords contain an alloy of copper, tin, and other elements including nickel, magnesium, and cobalt.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some carry inscriptions that date their manufacture to between 245 and 228 BCE, indicating that they were used before burial.<sup id="cite_ref-bm_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bm-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precedents_and_legacy">Precedents and legacy</h3></div> <p>Only very few figurines are known from before the time of the terracotta army, so that the humanistic and animalistic style may have appeared dramatically new to their contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In extant archaeology, only rare and very small terracotta warrior figurines are known from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> in 4th-3rd century BCE, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Taerpo_horserider" class="mw-redirect" title="Taerpo horserider">Taerpo horserider</a></i>, the first known representation of a cavalryman in China, from a military tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near <a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MK_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MK-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rider wears <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Scythian</a>-style clothing,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his high pointed nose suggests he is a foreigner,<sup id="cite_ref-MK_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MK-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these early statuettes have been argued to lack the naturalistic and realistic quality of the Qin terracota army.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The terracotta army left a legacy however, as funeral terracotta armies are known from later dynasties, although in a less stern and militaristic style, and with much smaller statuettes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a> <a href="/wiki/Yangjiawan_terracotta_army" title="Yangjiawan terracotta army">Yangjiawan terracotta army</a> (195 BCE) or <a href="/wiki/Yangling_terracotta_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangling terracotta army">Yangling terracotta army</a> (141 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human-sized monumental style of the Qin emperor has thus been observed by scholars to be a relatively short-lived artistic phase which would not reappear until the 4-6th centuries CE with the onset of monumental <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist sculpture">Buddhist sculpture</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2></div> <p>In 2007, scientists at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Light_Source" title="Advanced Light Source">Advanced Light Source</a> facility in Berkeley, California, reported that <a href="/wiki/Powder_diffraction" title="Powder diffraction">powder diffraction</a> experiments combined with <a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micro-X-ray_fluorescence" title="Micro-X-ray fluorescence">micro-X-ray fluorescence</a> analysis showed that the process of producing terracotta figures colored with <a href="/wiki/Han_purple_and_Han_blue" title="Han purple and Han blue">Chinese purple</a> dye consisting of <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> was derived from the knowledge gained by <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> alchemists in their attempts to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2006, an international team of researchers at the <a href="/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Archaeology" title="UCL Institute of Archaeology">UCL Institute of Archaeology</a> have been using <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> techniques to uncover more details about the production techniques employed in the creation of the Terracotta Army. Using <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> spectrometry of 40,000 bronze <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a> bundled in groups of 100, the researchers reported that the arrowheads within a single bundle formed a relatively tight cluster that was different from other bundles. In addition, the presence or absence of metallic impurities was consistent within bundles. Based on the arrows' chemical compositions, the researchers concluded that a <a href="/wiki/Cellular_manufacturing" title="Cellular manufacturing">cellular manufacturing</a> system similar to the one used in a modern <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> factory, as opposed to a continuous <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> in the early days of the automobile industry, was employed.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grinding and polishing marks visible under a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> have provided evidence for the earliest industrial use of <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathes</a> for polishing.<sup id="cite_ref-rsc_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsc-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2022 study, there is statistically no difference between the facial features of terracotta warriors and contemporary Chinese populations, particularly northern and western Chinese populations. However, the issue of terrocotta warriors being potentially deformed and Chinese populations undergoing changes in their facial features due to climate change and dietary factors were not addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibitions">Exhibitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg/220px-Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg/330px-Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg/440px-Terracotta_Warriors_Exhibition_San_Francisco_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Terracotta Warriors exhibition in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first exhibition of the figures outside of China was held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria" title="National Gallery of Victoria">National Gallery of Victoria (NGV)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collection of 120 objects from the mausoleum and 12 terracotta warriors were displayed at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London as its special exhibition "The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army" from 13 September 2007 to April 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exhibition made 2008 the British Museum's most successful year and made the British Museum the United Kingdom's top cultural attraction between 2007 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exhibition brought the most visitors to the museum since the <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">King Tutankhamun</a> exhibition in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that the 400,000 advance tickets sold out so fast that the museum extended its opening hours until midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-greatexhibitions_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatexhibitions-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, many people had to be turned away, despite the extended hours.<sup id="cite_ref-thetimes_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetimes-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the day of events to mark the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Chinese New Year</a>, the crush was so intense that the gates to the museum had to be shut.<sup id="cite_ref-thetimes_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thetimes-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Terracotta Army has been described as the only other set of historic artifacts (along with the remnants of the wreck of the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>) that can draw a crowd by the name alone.<sup id="cite_ref-greatexhibitions_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greatexhibitions-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an,_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_The_Reagans_standing_with_the_Terra_Cotta_figures_in_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_NARA_-_198547.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> visiting the Terracotta Army in Xi'an, 1984</figcaption></figure> <p>Warriors and other artifacts were exhibited to the public at the <i>Forum de Barcelona</i> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> between 9 May and 26 September 2004. It was their most successful exhibition ever.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same exhibition was presented at the <i>Fundación Canal de Isabel II</i> in Madrid between October 2004 and January 2005, their most successful ever.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From December 2009 to May 2010, the exhibition was shown in the <i>Centro Cultural La Moneda</i> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Chile">Santiago de Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exhibition traveled to North America and visited museums such as the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Art Museum of San Francisco">Asian Art Museum of San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowers_Museum" title="Bowers Museum">Bowers Museum</a> in Santa Ana, California, <a href="/wiki/Houston_Museum_of_Natural_Science" title="Houston Museum of Natural Science">Houston Museum of Natural Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art" title="High Museum of Art">High Museum of Art</a> in Atlanta,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> Museum in Washington, D.C., and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> in Toronto.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the exhibition traveled to Sweden and was hosted in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Far_Eastern_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities">Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities</a> between 28 August 2010 and 20 January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exhibition entitled 'The First Emperor – China's Entombed Warriors', presenting 120 artifacts was hosted at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales" title="Art Gallery of New South Wales">Art Gallery of New South Wales</a>, between 2 December 2010 and 13 March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exhibition entitled "<i>L'Empereur guerrier de Chine et son armée de terre cuite</i>" ("The Warrior-Emperor of China and his terracotta army"), featuring artifacts including statues from the mausoleum, was hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts" title="Montreal Museum of Fine Arts">Montreal Museum of Fine Arts</a> from 11 February 2011 to 26 June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, from July 2008 to 16 November 2008, five of the warriors of the terracotta army were displayed in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a> at the Museum of Antiquities,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 16 April 2010 to 5 September 2010 nine statues including officials, lancers and an archer were displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Milan" title="Royal Palace of Milan">Royal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> at the exhibition entitled "The Two Empires".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soldiers and related items were on display from 15 March 2013 to 17 November 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_Bern" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Museum of Bern">Historical Museum of Bern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DerBund_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DerBund-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Terracotta Army figures were on display, along with many other objects, in an exhibit entitled "Age of Empires: Chinese Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties" at The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> from 3 April 2017, to 16 July 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exhibition featuring ten Terracotta Army figures and other artifacts, "Terracotta Warriors of the First Emperor," was on display at the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Science_Center" title="Pacific Science Center">Pacific Science Center</a> in Seattle, Washington, from 8 April 2017 to 4 September 2017<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before traveling to <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, to be exhibited from 30 September 2017 to 4 March 2018 with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exhibition entitled "China's First Emperor and the Terracotta Warriors" was at the <a href="/wiki/World_Museum" title="World Museum">World Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> from 9 February 2018 to 28 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An exhibition tour of 120 real-size replicas of Terracotta statues was displayed in the German cities of <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oberhof,_Germany" title="Oberhof, Germany">Oberhof</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Republic,_Berlin" title="Palace of the Republic, Berlin">Palace of the Republic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> between 2003 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 258.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 256.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg/385px-Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg/577px-Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg/770px-Xi%27an_Terracotta_Army_colors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1457" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_(47471886541).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_%2847471886541%29.jpg/180px-Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_%2847471886541%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_%2847471886541%29.jpg/270px-Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_%2847471886541%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_%2847471886541%29.jpg/360px-Qin_Shihuang_Terracotta_Sitting_Figure_%2847471886541%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG/360px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG/540px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG/720px-Terracotta_Army_Pit_1_front_rank_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 326px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 324px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army_(6143564816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg/486px-Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg/729px-Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg/972px-Terracotta_Army_%286143564816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_warriors,_Xi%27an,_China_-_panoramio_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Terracotta_warriors%2C_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/405px-Terracotta_warriors%2C_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Terracotta_warriors%2C_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/608px-Terracotta_warriors%2C_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Terracotta_warriors%2C_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/810px-Terracotta_warriors%2C_Xi%27an%2C_China_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Group_of_soldiers.jpg/361px-Group_of_soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Group_of_soldiers.jpg/541px-Group_of_soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Group_of_soldiers.jpg/722px-Group_of_soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 286px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 284px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_Army_(6143540580).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terracotta_Army_%286143540580%29.jpg/426px-Terracotta_Army_%286143540580%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terracotta_Army_%286143540580%29.jpg/638px-Terracotta_Army_%286143540580%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Terracotta_Army_%286143540580%29.jpg/851px-Terracotta_Army_%286143540580%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2119" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracota_warriors_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Terracota_warriors_002.jpg/405px-Terracota_warriors_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Terracota_warriors_002.jpg/608px-Terracota_warriors_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Terracota_warriors_002.jpg/810px-Terracota_warriors_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 272px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg/405px-Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg/608px-Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg/810px-Qin_bronze_chariot_two.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 240px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 238px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg/357px-01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg/536px-01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg/715px-01_terracottawarriorsgroup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 257.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg/383px-2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg/574px-2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg/766px-2015-09-22-091227_-_Museum_der_Grabanlage_des_Qin_Shi_Huangdi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 136.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 134.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_(34).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg/202px-%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg/304px-%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg/405px-%C2%B7%CB%99%C2%B7ChinaUli2010%C2%B7.%C2%B7_Xi%27an_-_Terracotta_Army_-_panoramio_%2834%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 274px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 272px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:51900-Terracota-Army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/51900-Terracota-Army.jpg/408px-51900-Terracota-Army.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/51900-Terracota-Army.jpg/612px-51900-Terracota-Army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/51900-Terracota-Army.jpg/816px-51900-Terracota-Army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:XianHorses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/XianHorses.jpg/200px-XianHorses.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/XianHorses.jpg/300px-XianHorses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/XianHorses.jpg/399px-XianHorses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 127.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 125.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg/188px-Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg/282px-Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg/376px-Qin_Terra_Cotta_Armored_Sleeves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1020" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">List of World Heritage Sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_bronze_chariot" title="Qin bronze chariot">Qin bronze chariot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLu_YanchouZhang_JingzhaoXie_JunWang_Xueli1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lu Yanchou; Zhang Jingzhao; Xie Jun; Wang Xueli (1988). "TL dating of pottery sherds and baked soil from the Xian Terracotta Army Site, Shaanxi Province, China". <i>International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation, Part D</i>. <b>14</b> (1–2): 283–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1359-0189%2888%2990077-5">10.1016/1359-0189(88)90077-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Radiation+Applications+and+Instrumentation%2C+Part+D&rft.atitle=TL+dating+of+pottery+sherds+and+baked+soil+from+the+Xian+Terracotta+Army+Site%2C+Shaanxi+Province%2C+China&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=283-286&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F1359-0189%2888%2990077-5&rft.au=Lu+Yanchou&rft.au=Zhang+Jingzhao&rft.au=Xie+Jun&rft.au=Wang+Xueli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007167-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007167_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal2007">Portal 2007</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/daminggong/2010-05/13/content_9845517_3.htm">"Decoding the Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 13 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218091447/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/daminggong/2010-05/13/content_9845517_3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+Mausoleum+of+Emperor+Qin+Shihuang&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fm%2Fdaminggong%2F2010-05%2F13%2Fcontent_9845517_3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWILLIAMS2016" class="citation journal cs1">WILLIAMS, A. R. (12 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228210204/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/china-first-emperor-terra-cotta-warriors-tomb">"Discoveries May Rewrite History of China's Terra-Cotta Warriors"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/china-first-emperor-terra-cotta-warriors-tomb">the original</a> on 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Discoveries+May+Rewrite+History+of+China%27s+Terra-Cotta+Warriors&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft.aulast=WILLIAMS&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fchina-first-emperor-terra-cotta-warriors-tomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinesetext-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chinesetext_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chinesetext_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/pre-qin-and-han?filter=d270">Sima Qian – Shiji Volume 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004741/http://ctext.org/pre-qin-and-han?filter=d270">Archived</a> 5 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 《史記•秦始皇本紀》 <b>Original text:</b> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">始皇初即位，穿治酈山，及並天下，天下徒送詣七十餘萬人，穿三泉，下銅而致槨，宮觀百官奇器珍怪徙臧滿之。令匠作機駑矢，有所穿近者輒射之。以水銀為百川江河大海，機相灌輸，上具天文，下具地理。以人魚膏為燭，度不滅者久之。二世曰："先帝後宮非有子者，出焉不宜。" 皆令從死，死者甚眾。葬既已下，或言工匠為機，臧皆知之，臧重即泄。大事畢，已臧，閉中羨，下外羨門，盡閉工匠臧者，無複出者。樹草木以象山。</span></span> <b>Translation:</b> When the First Emperor ascended the throne, the digging and preparation at Mount Li began. After he unified his empire, 700,000 men were sent there from all over his empire. They dug down deep to underground springs, pouring copper to place the outer casing of the coffin. Palaces and viewing towers housing a hundred officials were built and filled with treasures and rare artifacts. Workmen were instructed to make automatic crossbows primed to shoot at intruders. Mercury was used to simulate the hundred rivers, the Yangtze and Yellow River, and the great sea, and set to flow mechanically. Above, the heaven is depicted, below, the geographical features of the land. Candles were made of "mermaid"'s fat which is calculated to burn and not extinguish for a long time. The Second Emperor said: "It is inappropriate for the wives of the late emperor who have no sons to be free", ordered that they should accompany the dead, and a great many died. After the burial, it was suggested that it would be a serious breach if the craftsmen who constructed the tomb and knew of its treasure were to divulge those secrets. Therefore, after the funeral ceremonies had completed, the inner passages and doorways were blocked, and the exit sealed, immediately trapping the workers and craftsmen inside. None could escape. Trees and vegetation were then planted on the tomb mound such that it resembled a hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/chinese-terra-cotta-warriors-had-real-and-very-carefully-made-weapons/2012/11/26/999b9cb4-2840-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html">"Chinese terra cotta warriors had real, and very carefully made weapons"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. 26 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019150519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/chinese-terra-cotta-warriors-had-real-and-very-carefully-made-weapons/2012/11/26/999b9cb4-2840-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chinese+terra+cotta+warriors+had+real%2C+and+very+carefully+made+weapons&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fchinese-terra-cotta-warriors-had-real-and-very-carefully-made-weapons%2F2012%2F11%2F26%2F999b9cb4-2840-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2007158-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2007158_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements2007">Clements 2007</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%B3%A8/19">Shui Jing Zhu Chapter 19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080845/http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%B3%A8/19">Archived</a> 17 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 《水經注•渭水》<b>Original text:</b> 秦始皇大興厚葬，營建塚壙於驪戎之山，一名藍田，其陰多金，其陽多美玉，始皇貪其美名，因而葬焉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal200717-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal200717_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal2007">Portal 2007</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007202-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007202_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal2007">Portal 2007</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qingbo" title="Duan Qingbo">Qingbo, Duan</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊</i>. <b>7</b>: 67–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">10.1017/jch.2022.25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251690411">251690411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=Sino-Western+Cultural+Exchange+as+Seen+through+the+Archaeology+of+the+First+Emperor%27s+Necropolis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251690411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2059-1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25&rft.aulast=Qingbo&rft.aufirst=Duan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjch.2022.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%B3%A8/19">Shui Jing Zhu Chapter 19</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080845/http://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B6%93%E6%B3%A8/19">Archived</a> 17 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 《水經注•渭水》 <b>Original text:</b> 項羽入關，發之，以三十萬人，三十日運物不能窮。關東盜賊，銷槨取銅。牧人尋羊，燒之，火延九十日，不能滅。<b>Translation:</b> Xiang Yu entered the gate, sent forth 300,000 men, but they could not finish carrying away his loot in 30 days. Thieves from northeast melted the coffin and took its copper. A shepherd looking for his lost sheep burned the place, the fire lasted 90 days and could not be extinguished.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=4944">Sima Qian – Shiji Volume 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506071840/http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=4944">Archived</a> 6 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 《史記•高祖本紀》 <b>Original text:</b> 項羽燒秦宮室，掘始皇帝塚，私收其財物 <b>Translation:</b> Xiang Yu burned the Qin palaces, dug up the First Emperor's tomb, and expropriated his possessions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=65351">Han Shu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208140544/http://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=65351">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>《<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">漢書</a>·楚元王傳》：<b>Original text:</b> "項籍焚其宮室營宇，往者咸見發掘，其後牧兒亡羊，羊入其鑿，牧者持火照球羊，失火燒其藏槨。" <b>Translation:</b> Xiang burned the palaces and buildings. Later observers witnessed the excavated site. Afterward, a shepherd lost his sheep which went into the dug tunnel; the shepherd held a torch to look for his sheep, and accidentally set fire to the place and burned the coffin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4359774.stm">"Royal Chinese treasure discovered"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061215145834/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4359774.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Royal+Chinese+treasure+discovered&rft.date=2005-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F4359774.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnew2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Agnew2010_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2010" class="citation book cs1">Agnew, Neville (3 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n8YAyXzJE2IC&pg=PA214"><i>Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road</i></a>. Getty Publications. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606060131" title="Special:BookSources/978-1606060131"><bdi>978-1606060131</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073020/https://books.google.com/books?id=n8YAyXzJE2IC&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+Ancient+Sites+on+the+Silk+Road&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Getty+Publications&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft.isbn=978-1606060131&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn8YAyXzJE2IC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlancey2017" class="citation news cs1">Glancey, Jonathan (12 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170411-the-army-that-conquered-the-world">"The Army that Conquered the World"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028094809/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20170411-the-army-that-conquered-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Army+that+Conquered+the+World&rft.date=2017-04-12&rft.aulast=Glancey&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20170411-the-army-that-conquered-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._Louis_Mazzatenta" class="citation magazine cs1">O. Louis Mazzatenta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225104704/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/emperor-qin/">"Emperor Qin's Terracotta Army"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/emperor-qin/">the original</a> on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Emperor+Qin%27s+Terracotta+Army&rft.au=O.+Louis+Mazzatenta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Femperor-qin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The precise coordinates are <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Terracotta_Army&params=34_23_5.71_N_109_16_23.19_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">34°23′5.71″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°16′23.19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">34.3849194°N 109.2731083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">34.3849194; 109.2731083</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2007155,_157,_158,_160–161,_166-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2007155,_157,_158,_160–161,_166_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements2007">Clements 2007</a>, pp. 155, 157, 158, 160–161, 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngber2018" class="citation web cs1">Ingber, Sasha (20 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/20/612780909/archaeologist-who-uncovered-chinas-8-000-man-terra-cotta-army-dies-at-82">"Archaeologist Who Uncovered China's 8,000-Man Terra Cotta Army Dies At 82"</a>. <i>npr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521021410/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/20/612780909/archaeologist-who-uncovered-chinas-8-000-man-terra-cotta-army-dies-at-82">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npr.org&rft.atitle=Archaeologist+Who+Uncovered+China%27s+8%2C000-Man+Terra+Cotta+Army+Dies+At+82&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft.aulast=Ingber&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2018%2F05%2F20%2F612780909%2Farchaeologist-who-uncovered-chinas-8-000-man-terra-cotta-army-dies-at-82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shaanxi-shanxi/xian/sights/historic/army-terracotta-warriors">"Army of Terracotta Warriors"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821173712/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shaanxi-shanxi/xian/sights/historic/army-terracotta-warriors">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Army+of+Terracotta+Warriors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fchina%2Fshaanxi-shanxi%2Fxian%2Fsights%2Fhistoric%2Farmy-terracotta-warriors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319125512/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/china-first-emperor-terra-cotta-warriors-tomb/?sf38672445=1">"Discoveries May Rewrite History of China's Terra-Cotta Warriors"</a>. 12 October 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/china-first-emperor-terra-cotta-warriors-tomb/?sf38672445=1">the original</a> on 19 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Discoveries+May+Rewrite+History+of+China%27s+Terra-Cotta+Warriors&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fchina-first-emperor-terra-cotta-warriors-tomb%2F%3Fsf38672445%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF73号_Qin_Ling_Bei_Lu1970" class="citation web cs1">73号 Qin Ling Bei Lu (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&source=embed&hl=en&geocode=&q=34.38130,+109.25365&aq=&sll=53.800651,-4.064941&sspn=14.588871,37.265625&ie=UTF8&t=h&ll=34.381864,109.254398&spn=0.004967,0.009098&z=16">"Google maps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140529153833/https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+maps&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.au=73%E5%8F%B7+Qin+Ling+Bei+Lu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.co.uk%2Fmaps%3Ff%3Dq%26source%3Dembed%26hl%3Den%26geocode%3D%26q%3D34.38130%2C%2B109.25365%26aq%3D%26sll%3D53.800651%2C-4.064941%26sspn%3D14.588871%2C37.265625%26ie%3DUTF8%26t%3Dh%26ll%3D34.381864%2C109.254398%26spn%3D0.004967%2C0.009098%26z%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClements2007160-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClements2007160_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClements2007">Clements 2007</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-channel4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-channel4_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-channel4_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/firstemperor4a.html">"The First Emperor"</a>. Channel4.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100930090555/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/firstemperor4a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Emperor&rft.pub=Channel4.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fhistory%2Fmicrosites%2FH%2Fhistory%2Fe-h%2Ffirstemperor4a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://124.42.15.59/ck/2011-01/165/096/062/464/On%2520the%2520Prediction%2520of%2520Heat%2520Transfer%2520Across%2520Turbulent%2520Liquid%2520Films.pdf+3d+reconstruction+of+underground+palace+of+qin+tomb&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESg0Uyt9EYlzOcxA4XPYGfq7TW0LnYcEIcuIYTgZmhVOmZ8iZAf5H9R-1IJN0SrEck4vRM60ZDAv0XbQ4dbqoASdO7bbLhZzYEGTKa607_9Sh6bCIFkEX_pirIG1BthOknVjKOe0&sig=AHIEtbQA1PhVFoMbOjCMjxcO_CUt_rYkDg">"Application of geographical methods to explore the underground palace of the Emperor Qin Shi Huang Mausoleum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+of+geographical+methods+to+explore+the+underground+palace+of+the+Emperor+Qin+Shi+Huang+Mausoleum&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2F124.42.15.59%2Fck%2F2011-01%2F165%2F096%2F062%2F464%2FOn%252520the%252520Prediction%252520of%252520Heat%252520Transfer%252520Across%252520Turbulent%252520Liquid%252520Films.pdf%2B3d%2Breconstruction%2Bof%2Bunderground%2Bpalace%2Bof%2Bqin%2Btomb%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Duk%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESg0Uyt9EYlzOcxA4XPYGfq7TW0LnYcEIcuIYTgZmhVOmZ8iZAf5H9R-1IJN0SrEck4vRM60ZDAv0XbQ4dbqoASdO7bbLhZzYEGTKa607_9Sh6bCIFkEX_pirIG1BthOknVjKOe0%26sig%3DAHIEtbQA1PhVFoMbOjCMjxcO_CUt_rYkDg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNature2003" class="citation journal cs1">Nature (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2003/031127/full/news031124-7.html">"Terracotta Army saved from crack up"</a>. <i>News@nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews031124-7">10.1038/news031124-7</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170713095826/http://www.nature.com/news/2003/031127/full/news031124-7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News%40nature&rft.atitle=Terracotta+Army+saved+from+crack+up&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews031124-7&rft.au=Nature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F031127%2Ffull%2Fnews031124-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarmer2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Larmer, Brook (June 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Necropolis+of+First+Emperor+of+Qin&rft.pub=History.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fbarbierilow%2FCourses%2Ffall%2520of%2520qin%2520and%2520tomb%2Fplayer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lothar-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lothar_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLothar_Ledderose" class="citation book cs1">Lothar Ledderose. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/6694321/LedderoseA-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor"><i>A Magic Army for the Emperor</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110144637/http://www.scribd.com/doc/6694321/LedderoseA-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Magic+Army+for+the+Emperor&rft.au=Lothar+Ledderose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F6694321%2FLedderoseA-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/articles/terracotta-warriors-age-of-empires">"Making the Warrior: The Qin Terracotta Soldiers in *Age of Empires* - The Metropolitan Museum of Art"</a>. <i>www.metmuseum.org</i>. 10 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Making+the+Warrior%3A+The+Qin+Terracotta+Soldiers+in+%2AAge+of+Empires%2A+-+The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Farticles%2Fterracotta-warriors-age-of-empires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lothar-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lothar_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/6694321/Ledderose-A-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"A Magic Army for the Emperor" Lothar Ledderose, Ten Thousand Things. Moduleand Mass Production in Chinese Art, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp.51 - 73"</a>. <i>Scribd</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911135328/https://www.scribd.com/document/6694321/Ledderose-A-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=%22A+Magic+Army+for+the+Emperor%22+Lothar+Ledderose%2C+Ten+Thousand+Things.+Moduleand+Mass+Production+in+Chinese+Art%2C+Princeton%2C+Princeton+University+Press%2C+1998%2C+pp.51+-+73&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F6694321%2FLedderose-A-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74862.htm">"The Mausoleum of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty and Terracotta Warriors and Horses"</a>. China.org.cn. 12 September 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131207141448/http://china.org.cn/english/kuaixun/74862.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mausoleum+of+the+First+Emperor+of+the+Qin+Dynasty+and+Terracotta+Warriors+and+Horses&rft.pub=China.org.cn&rft.date=2003-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Fkuaixun%2F74862.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPortal2007-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPortal2007_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPortal2007">Portal 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8676886.stm">"China unearths 114 new Terracotta Warriors"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073021/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8676886.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=China+unearths+114+new+Terracotta+Warriors&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F8676886.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/xian/terracotta/pits.htm">"Terracotta Accessory Pits"</a>. Travelchinaguide.com. 10 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044003/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/xian/terracotta/pits.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terracotta+Accessory+Pits&rft.pub=Travelchinaguide.com&rft.date=2009-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fcityguides%2Fxian%2Fterracotta%2Fpits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-national_geographic-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-national_geographic_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-national_geographic_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrPmZXt-wIEC&pg=PA27"><i>The Terra Cotta Warriors</i></a>. p. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073020/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrPmZXt-wIEC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terra+Cotta+Warriors&rft.pages=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrPmZXt-wIEC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterell2004" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Maurice (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbtrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army</i></a>. Inner Traditions Bear and Company. pp. 105–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591430339" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591430339"><bdi>978-1591430339</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073020/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbtrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terracotta+Warriors%3A+The+Secret+Codes+of+the+Emperor%27s+Army&rft.pages=105-112&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+Bear+and+Company&rft.date=2004-06&rft.isbn=978-1591430339&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbtrAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotterell2004" class="citation book cs1">Cotterell, Maurice (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DbtrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103"><i>The Terracotta Warriors: The Secret Codes of the Emperor's Army</i></a>. Inner Traditions Bear and Company. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591430339" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591430339"><bdi>978-1591430339</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073027/https://books.google.com/books?id=DbtrAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terracotta+Warriors%3A+The+Secret+Codes+of+the+Emperor%27s+Army&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+Bear+and+Company&rft.date=2004-06&rft.isbn=978-1591430339&rft.aulast=Cotterell&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbtrAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-azurite-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azurite_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azurite_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-azurite_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarmer2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Larmer, Brook (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191210122059/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2012/06/terra-cotta-warriors/">"Terra-Cotta Warriors in Color"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. pp. 74–87. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2012/06/terra-cotta-warriors/">the original</a></span> on 10 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Terra-Cotta+Warriors+in+Color&rft.pages=74-87&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Larmer&rft.aufirst=Brook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F06%2Fterra-cotta-warriors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFlie2010" class="citation web cs1">lie, Ma (9 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/09/content_11278335.htm">"Terracotta army emerges in its true colors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Daily" title="China Daily">China Daily</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124003247/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-09/09/content_11278335.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Terracotta+army+emerges+in+its+true+colors&rft.date=2010-09-09&rft.aulast=lie&rft.aufirst=Ma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fchina%2F2010-09%2F09%2Fcontent_11278335.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Imperial Tombs of China</i>. Lithograph Publishing Company. 1995. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Tombs+of+China&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Lithograph+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Acrobats-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Acrobats_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Acrobats_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X13000487">"The First Emperor and sculpture in China"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 422–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487">10.1017/S0041977X13000487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Emperor+and+sculpture+in+China&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=422-427&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DQ-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DQ_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DQ_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese History</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">10.1017/jch.2022.25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251690411">251690411</a>. <q>Stimulated by his discovery of the terracotta entertainers at the necropolis, which display a style of sculpture unprecedented in East Asia, as well as by the internal steplike architecture embedded within the emperor's tomb mound, Duan began to explore the influence of West Asian cultures on the Qin. He published some preliminary ideas on this topic in his 2011 monograph on the necropolis, but it was most fully explored in three articles published in successive issues of his university journal, Xibei daxue xuebao, in 2015 (translated here in their entirety).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Sino-Western+Cultural+Exchange+as+Seen+through+the+Archaeology+of+the+First+Emperor%27s+Necropolis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251690411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2059-1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25&rft.aulast=Qingbo&rft.aufirst=Duan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjch.2022.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yumin (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470357213498175">"Reflections on China's First Collection of Terracotta Acrobats (an exhibition review)"</a>. <i>Visual Communication</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 497–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470357213498175">10.1177/1470357213498175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-3572">1470-3572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Communication&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+China%27s+First+Collection+of+Terracotta+Acrobats+%28an+exhibition+review%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-502&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1470357213498175&rft.issn=1470-3572&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yumin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1470357213498175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Falkenhausen2008" class="citation journal cs1">von Falkenhausen, Lothar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44171471">"Action and Image in Early Chinese Art"</a>. <i>Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie</i>. <b>17</b>: 51–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fasie.2008.1272">10.3406/asie.2008.1272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0766-1177">0766-1177</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44171471">44171471</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130043011/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44171471">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27Extr%C3%AAme-Asie&rft.atitle=Action+and+Image+in+Early+Chinese+Art&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=51-91&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0766-1177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44171471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fasie.2008.1272&rft.aulast=von+Falkenhausen&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44171471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Yumin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470357213498175">"Reflections on China's First Collection of Terracotta Acrobats (an exhibition review)"</a>. <i>Visual Communication</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 497–502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1470357213498175">10.1177/1470357213498175</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-3572">1470-3572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147420437">147420437</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230130043016/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1470357213498175">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Communication&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+China%27s+First+Collection+of+Terracotta+Acrobats+%28an+exhibition+review%29&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=497-502&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147420437%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1470-3572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1470357213498175&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Yumin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F1470357213498175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duan_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Qingbo, Duan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊</i>. <b>7</b>: 21–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">10.1017/jch.2022.25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251690411">251690411</a>. <q>More than thirty-five years ago [1986], there was a European scholar (German Hafner, 1911–2008) who considered that the art of the terracotta army "originated from Western contact, originated from knowledge of Alexander the Great and the splendor of Greek art." Lukas Nickel of SOAS has put forward a similar proposition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=Sino-Western+Cultural+Exchange+as+Seen+through+the+Archaeology+of+the+First+Emperor%27s+Necropolis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=21-72&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251690411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2059-1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25&rft.aulast=Qingbo&rft.aufirst=Duan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjch.2022.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duan2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duan2_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2022" class="citation journal cs1">Qingbo, Duan (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese History 中國歷史學刊</i>. <b>7</b>: 21–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">10.1017/jch.2022.25</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2059-1632">2059-1632</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251690411">251690411</a>. <q>The only thing that closely matches the artistic style of the imperial Qin terracotta warriors is the head of a painted pottery figure unearthed in Uzbekistan (...) The way of assembling the head and body for this Kushan figure of a warrior (possibly Saka) was the same as that employed for the Qin terracotta warriors, in that they were fabricated separately, and then the head was inserted into the trunk of the figure.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=Sino-Western+Cultural+Exchange+as+Seen+through+the+Archaeology+of+the+First+Emperor%27s+Necropolis&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=21-72&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251690411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2059-1632&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25&rft.aulast=Qingbo&rft.aufirst=Duan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fjch.2022.25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arch.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-xiuzhen-li-0">"Dr Xiuzhen Li, School of Archaeology, University of Oxford"</a>. <i>www.arch.ox.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arch.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Dr+Xiuzhen+Li%2C+School+of+Archaeology%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arch.ox.ac.uk%2Fpeople%2Fdr-xiuzhen-li-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37624943">"Western contact with China began long before Marco Polo, experts say"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 12 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316221530/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-37624943">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Western+contact+with+China+began+long+before+Marco+Polo%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-37624943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-han-sil-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-han-sil_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-han-sil_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanink,_JohannaSilva,_Felipe_Rojas2016" class="citation web cs1">Hanink, Johanna; Silva, Felipe Rojas (20 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/56939-china-terracotta-warriors-stir-controversy.html">"Why China's Terracotta Warriors Are Stirring Controversy"</a>. Live Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200105042337/https://www.livescience.com/56939-china-terracotta-warriors-stir-controversy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+China%27s+Terracotta+Warriors+Are+Stirring+Controversy&rft.pub=Live+Science&rft.date=2016-11-20&rft.au=Hanink%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Silva%2C+Felipe+Rojas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F56939-china-terracotta-warriors-stir-controversy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span> Originally published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaninkSilva2016" class="citation news cs1">Hanink, Johanna; Silva, Felipe Rojas (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/why-theres-so-much-backlash-to-the-theory-that-greek-art-inspired-chinas-terracotta-army-67488">"Why there's so much backlash to the theory that Greek art inspired China's Terracotta Army"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914140156/https://theconversation.com/why-theres-so-much-backlash-to-the-theory-that-greek-art-inspired-chinas-terracotta-army-67488">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Why+there%27s+so+much+backlash+to+the+theory+that+Greek+art+inspired+China%27s+Terracotta+Army&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Hanink&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Silva%2C+Felipe+Rojas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwhy-theres-so-much-backlash-to-the-theory-that-greek-art-inspired-chinas-terracotta-army-67488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHC-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHC_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulla2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bulla, Patrick Michelle (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/16.3/forum_bulla.html">"The Qin Dynasty, the Hellenistic Empire, and the Art that May Connect Them: Why Exploring Cultural Connections Matters for Educators and Students of World History"</a>. <i>World History Connected</i>. <b>16</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230606084945/https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/16.3/forum_bulla.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Chinese+terra+cotta+warriors+had+real%2C+and+very+carefully+made%2C+weapons&rft.date=2012-11-26&rft.aulast=Pinkowski&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fchinese-terra-cotta-warriors-had-real-and-very-carefully-made-weapons%2F2012%2F11%2F26%2F999b9cb4-2840-11e2-b4e0-346287b7e56c_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinatourguide.com/xian/terracotta_warriors_details.html">"Terracotta Warriors (Terracotta Army)"</a>. China Tour Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191029054408/http://www.chinatourguide.com/xian/terracotta_warriors_details.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terracotta+Warriors+%28Terracotta+Army%29&rft.pub=China+Tour+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinatourguide.com%2Fxian%2Fterracotta_warriors_details.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhewen_Luo1993" class="citation book cs1">Zhewen Luo (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K5PpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA102"><i>China's imperial tombs and mausoleums</i></a>. Foreign Languages Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01619-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-01619-1"><bdi>978-7-119-01619-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073021/https://books.google.com/books?id=K5PpAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+imperial+tombs+and+mausoleums&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-7-119-01619-1&rft.au=Zhewen+Luo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK5PpAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinón-Torres2019" class="citation journal cs1">Martinón-Torres, Marcos; et al. (4 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6449376">"Surface chromium on Terracotta Army bronze weapons is neither an ancient anti-rust treatment nor the reason for their good preservation"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 5289. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.5289M">2019NatSR...9.5289M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-40613-7">10.1038/s41598-019-40613-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6449376">6449376</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948737">30948737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Surface+chromium+on+Terracotta+Army+bronze+weapons+is+neither+an+ancient+anti-rust+treatment+nor+the+reason+for+their+good+preservation&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5289&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6449376%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30948737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-40613-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...9.5289M&rft.aulast=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6449376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/terracottawarriors/assets/tcw-exhibition-eguide.pdf">"Terracotta Warriors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Geographic</i>. 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Terracotta+Warriors&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.co.uk%2Fterracottawarriors%2Fassets%2Ftcw-exhibition-eguide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bm-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bm_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161215125655/http://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Teachers_resource_pack_30_8a.pdf">"The First Emperor – China's Terracotta Army – Teacher's Resource Pack"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. British Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Teachers_resource_pack_30_8a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+Emperor+%E2%80%93+China%27s+Terracotta+Army+%E2%80%93+Teacher%27s+Resource+Pack&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2FPDF%2FTeachers_resource_pack_30_8a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X13000487">"The First Emperor and sculpture in China"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 416–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487">10.1017/S0041977X13000487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <q>From the centuries immediately preceding the Qin Dynasty again we know of only a few depictions of the human figure (...) figures of people and animals were very rare exceptions to the conventional imagery of the Zhou period (...) Depictions of the human figure were not a common part of the representational canon in China before the Qin Dynasty (...) In von Falkenhausen's words, "nothing in the archaeological record prepares one for the size, scale, and technically accomplished execution of the First Emperor's terracotta soldiers". For his contemporaries, the First Emperor's sculptures must have been something dramatically new.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Emperor+and+sculpture+in+China&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-418&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X13000487">"The First Emperor and sculpture in China"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 416–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487">10.1017/S0041977X13000487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <q>In addition, there are the statuettes of two horse riders which came to light in a late fourth-century bc tomb in Taerpo 塔兒坡, Xianyang, Shaanxi, which are believed to be the earliest depiction of riders in China....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Emperor+and+sculpture+in+China&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-418&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MK-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MK_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MK_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhayutina2013" class="citation journal cs1">Khayutina, Maria (Autumn 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iias.asia/sites/iias/files/nwl_article/2019-05/IIAS_NL65_1213.pdf">"From wooden attendants to terracotta warriors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bernisches Historisches Museum the Newsletter</i>. <b>65</b>: 2, Fig.4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022115230/https://www.iias.asia/sites/iias/files/nwl_article/2019-05/IIAS_NL65_1213.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>Other noteworthy terracotta figurines were found in 1995 in a 4th-3rd century BCE tomb in the Taerpo cemetery near Xianyang in Shaanxi Province, where the last Qin capital of the same name was located from 350 to 207 BCE. These are the earliest representations of cavalrymen in China discovered up to this day. One of this pair can now be seen at the exhibition in Bern (Fig. 4). A small, ca. 23 cm tall, figurine represents a man sitting on a settled horse. He stretches out his left hand, whereas his right hand points downwards. Holes pierced through both his fists suggest that he originally held the reins of his horse in one hand and a weapon in the other. The rider wears a short jacket, trousers and boots – elements of the typical outfit of the inhabitants of the Central Asian steppes. Trousers were first introduced in the early Chinese state of Zhao during the late 4th century BCE, as the Chinese started to learn horse riding from their nomadic neighbours. The state of Qin should have adopted the nomadic clothes about the same time. But the figurine from Taerpo also has some other features that may point to its foreign identity: a hood-like headgear with a flat wide crown framing his face and a high, pointed nose.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bernisches+Historisches+Museum+the+Newsletter&rft.atitle=From+wooden+attendants+to+terracotta+warriors&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=65&rft.pages=2%2C+Fig.4&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Khayutina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iias.asia%2Fsites%2Fiias%2Ffiles%2Fnwl_article%2F2019-05%2FIIAS_NL65_1213.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span> Also in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhayutina2013" class="citation book cs1">Khayutina, Maria (2013). <i>Qin: the eternal emperor and his terracotta warriors</i> (1. Aufl ed.). Zürich: Neue Zürcher Zeitung. p. cat. no. 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03823-838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03823-838-6"><bdi>978-3-03823-838-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qin%3A+the+eternal+emperor+and+his+terracotta+warriors&rft.place=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.pages=cat.+no.+314&rft.edition=1.+Aufl&rft.pub=Neue+Z%C3%BCrcher+Zeitung&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-03823-838-6&rft.aulast=Khayutina&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qingbo, Duan (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3F6506262A9ED57C9DC3827EEAA6B230/S2059163222000251a.pdf/sino-western-cultural-exchange-as-seen-through-the-archaeology-of-the-first-emperors-necropolis.pdf">"Sino-Western Cultural Exchange as Seen through the Archaeology of the First Emperor's Necropolis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chinese History</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 26 Fig.1, 27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25">10.1017/jch.2022.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251690411">251690411</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231022115226/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3F6506262A9ED57C9DC3827EEAA6B230/S2059163222000251a.pdf/sino-western-cultural-exchange-as-seen-through-the-archaeology-of-the-first-emperors-necropolis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>In terms of formal characteristics and style of dress and adornment, the closest parallels to the Warring States-period Qin figurines are found in the Scythian culture. Wang Hui 王輝 has examined the exchanges between the cultures of the Yellow River valley and the Scythian culture of the steppe. During a 2007 exhibition on the Scythians in Berlin, there was a bronze hood on display labeled a "Kazakh military cap." This bronze hood and the clothing of the nomads in kneeling posture [also depicted in the exhibition] are very similar in form to those of the terracotta figurines from the late Warring States Qin-period tomb at the Taerpo site (see Figure 1). The style of the Scythian bronze horse figures and the saddle, bridle, and other accessories on their bodies are nearly identical to those seen on the Warring States-period Qin figurines and a similar type of artifact from the Ordos region, and they all date to the fifth to third centuries BCE.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+History&rft.atitle=Sino-Western+Cultural+Exchange+as+Seen+through+the+Archaeology+of+the+First+Emperor%27s+Necropolis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26+Fig.1%2C+27&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fjch.2022.25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251690411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qingbo&rft.aufirst=Duan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F3F6506262A9ED57C9DC3827EEAA6B230%2FS2059163222000251a.pdf%2Fsino-western-cultural-exchange-as-seen-through-the-archaeology-of-the-first-emperors-necropolis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nickel, Lukas (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0041977X13000487">"The First Emperor and sculpture in China"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 416–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487">10.1017/S0041977X13000487</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+First+Emperor+and+sculpture+in+China&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=416-421&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft.aulast=Nickel&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X13000487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChong2011" class="citation book cs1">Chong, Alan (1 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/55217857"><i>Terracotta Warriors: The First Emperor and His Legacy</i></a>. Asian Civilisations Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221093005/https://www.academia.edu/55217857">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terracotta+Warriors%3A+The+First+Emperor+and+His+Legacy&rft.pub=Asian+Civilisations+Museum&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.aulast=Chong&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F55217857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQingbo2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qingbo" title="Duan Qingbo">Qingbo, Duan</a> (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=ASy32tcsYbk&ab_channel=ChinaOnscreen">"Persian and Greek Participation in the making of China's First Empire (Video timing: 45:00-47:00)"</a>. 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Vol. 51, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. pp. 22–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517232748/https://eic.rsc.org/feature/chemistry-unearths-the-secrets-of-the-terracotta-army/2000074.article">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Chemistry+unearths+the+secrets+of+the+Terracotta+Army&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=22-25&rft.date=2014-03-06&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feic.rsc.org%2Ffeature%2Fchemistry-unearths-the-secrets-of-the-terracotta-army%2F2000074.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinón-TorresLi,_Xiuzhen_JaniceBevan,_AndrewXia,_Yin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Martinón-Torres, Marcos; Li, Xiuzhen Janice; Bevan, Andrew; Xia, Yin; Zhao, Kun; Rehren, Thilo (20 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1361957/1/Rehren_Forty_thousand_arms_for_a_single_emperor.pdf">"Forty Thousand Arms for a Single Emperor: From Chemical Data to the Labor Organization Behind the Bronze Arrows of the Terracotta Army"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10816-012-9158-z">10.1007/s10816-012-9158-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163088428">163088428</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922135055/http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1361957/1/Rehren_Forty_thousand_arms_for_a_single_emperor.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Method+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Forty+Thousand+Arms+for+a+Single+Emperor%3A+From+Chemical+Data+to+the+Labor+Organization+Behind+the+Bronze+Arrows+of+the+Terracotta+Army&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=534&rft.date=2012-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10816-012-9158-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163088428%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martin%C3%B3n-Torres&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiuzhen+Janice&rft.au=Bevan%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Xia%2C+Yin&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Kun&rft.au=Rehren%2C+Thilo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1361957%2F1%2FRehren_Forty_thousand_arms_for_a_single_emperor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuLanWangHou2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Yungang; Lan, Desheng; Wang, Jingyang; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=ROM%27s+terracotta+warriors+show+a+blockbuster&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fentertainment%2From-s-terracotta-warriors-show-a-blockbuster-1.1007961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nileguide.com/destination/stockholm/local-events/china-s-terracotta-army/14617">"China's Terracotta Army, Stockholm, Sweden, Reviews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329073038/https://cloudfilt.com/stop-207.241.225.226-rrCKQtilnAmKK8emPhR8">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Celeste+Impero.+Guerrieri+di+terracotta+a+Torino+%E2%80%93+Il+Sole+24+ORE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilsole24ore.com%2Fart%2FSoleOnLine4%2FTempo%2520libero%2520e%2520Cultura%2F2008%2F07%2Fceleste-impero.shtml%3Fuuid%3D04e02b30-53d3-11dd-b517-978c7de2eb40%26type%3DLibero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viaggi.nanopress.it/news/esercito-di-terracotta-dalla-cina-a-palazzo-reale-di-milano/P18267/">"Esercito di Terracotta: dalla Cina a Palazzo Reale di Milano – NanoPress Viaggi"</a>. 9 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401015139/https://viaggi.nanopress.it/news/esercito-di-terracotta-dalla-cina-a-palazzo-reale-di-milano/P18267/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esercito+di+Terracotta%3A+dalla+Cina+a+Palazzo+Reale+di+Milano+%E2%80%93+NanoPress+Viaggi&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviaggi.nanopress.it%2Fnews%2Fesercito-di-terracotta-dalla-cina-a-palazzo-reale-di-milano%2FP18267%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DerBund-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DerBund_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derbund.ch/bern/stadt/Die-TerrakottaKrieger-sind-da/story/22768498">"Die Terrakotta-Krieger sind da"</a>. <i>Der Bund</i>. 22 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622014809/http://www.derbund.ch/bern/stadt/Die-TerrakottaKrieger-sind-da/story/22768498">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Bund&rft.atitle=Die+Terrakotta-Krieger+sind+da&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derbund.ch%2Fbern%2Fstadt%2FDie-TerrakottaKrieger-sind-da%2Fstory%2F22768498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2017/age-of-empires">Age of Empires: Chinese Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170411221249/http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2017/age-of-empires">Archived</a> 11 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Metropolitan Museum of Art</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/age-of-empires-chinese-art-of-the-qin-and-han-dynasties-221-b-c-a-d-220-review-treasures-of-nation-building-1491735606">'Age of Empires: Chinese Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties (221 B.C.–A.D. 220)' Review: Treasures of Nation-Building</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170412062715/https://www.wsj.com/articles/age-of-empires-chinese-art-of-the-qin-and-han-dynasties-221-b-c-a-d-220-review-treasures-of-nation-building-1491735606">Archived</a> 12 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Wall Street Journal</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpchurch2017" class="citation news cs1">Upchurch, Michael (7 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/visual-arts/terracotta-warriors-exhibit-makes-grand-entrance-at-pacific-science-center/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Terracotta Warriors' exhibit makes grand entrance at Pacific Science Center"</a>. <i>Seattle Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701044822/http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/visual-arts/terracotta-warriors-exhibit-makes-grand-entrance-at-pacific-science-center/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=%27Terracotta+Warriors%27+exhibit+makes+grand+entrance+at+Pacific+Science+Center&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.aulast=Upchurch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fvisual-arts%2Fterracotta-warriors-exhibit-makes-grand-entrance-at-pacific-science-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711201346/https://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/terracottawarriors/">"Terracotta Warriors of the First Emperor"</a>. <i>Pacific Science Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificsciencecenter.org/terracottawarriors/">the original</a> on 11 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Science+Center&rft.atitle=Terracotta+Warriors+of+the+First+Emperor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificsciencecenter.org%2Fterracottawarriors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002155659/http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/planner/terracotta-warriors-franklin-institute-exhibit-philly-20170927.html">"Why the Terracotta Warriors are so special, and how to see them in Philly"</a>. <i>Philly.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philly.com/philly/entertainment/planner/terracotta-warriors-franklin-institute-exhibit-philly-20170927.html">the original</a> on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philly.com&rft.atitle=Why+the+Terracotta+Warriors+are+so+special%2C+and+how+to+see+them+in+Philly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philly.com%2Fphilly%2Fentertainment%2Fplanner%2Fterracotta-warriors-franklin-institute-exhibit-philly-20170927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurdle2017" class="citation news cs1">Hurdle, Jon (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/science/china-terracotta-warriors-augmented-reality.html">"Arming China's Terracotta Warriors – With Your Phone"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003012003/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/29/science/china-terracotta-warriors-augmented-reality.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arming+China%27s+Terracotta+Warriors+%E2%80%93+With+Your+Phone&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hurdle&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F29%2Fscience%2Fchina-terracotta-warriors-augmented-reality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/wml/index.aspx">"World Museum, Liverpool museums"</a>. <i>www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171221220249/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/wml/index.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk&rft.atitle=World+Museum%2C+Liverpool+museums&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk%2Fwml%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/einmarsch-der-chinesen/482268.html">"Einmarsch der Chinesen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Der Tagesspiegel</a></i> (in German). 16 January 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905084006/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/einmarsch-der-chinesen/482268.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Tagesspiegel&rft.atitle=Einmarsch+der+Chinesen&rft.date=2004-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesspiegel.de%2Fberlin%2Feinmarsch-der-chinesen%2F482268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article103578806/Tschuess-Berlin-Terrakotta-Krieger-des-Kaisers-von-China-ziehen-weiter.html">"Tschüss Berlin! Terrakotta-Krieger des Kaisers von China ziehen weiter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Morgenpost" title="Berliner Morgenpost">Berliner Morgenpost</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse-Agentur">Deutsche Presse-Agentur</a>. 25 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905084006/https://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article103578806/Tschuess-Berlin-Terrakotta-Krieger-des-Kaisers-von-China-ziehen-weiter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Morgenpost&rft.atitle=Tsch%C3%BCss+Berlin%21+Terrakotta-Krieger+des+Kaisers+von+China+ziehen+weiter&rft.date=2004-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morgenpost.de%2Fprintarchiv%2Fberlin%2Farticle103578806%2FTschuess-Berlin-Terrakotta-Krieger-des-Kaisers-von-China-ziehen-weiter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements2007" class="citation book cs1">Clements, Jonathan (18 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6_U3HQAACAAJ"><i>The First Emperor of China</i></a>. 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The A.W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00957-5"><bdi>978-0-691-00957-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Magic+Army+for+the+Emperor&rft.btitle=Ten+Thousand+Things%3A+Module+and+Mass+Production+in+Chinese+Art&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.series=The+A.W.+Mellon+Lectures+in+the+Fine+Arts&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00957-5&rft.aulast=Ledderose&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F6694321%2FLedderoseA-Magic-Army-for-the-Emperor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins2000" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUuVQAAACAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of China: The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture</i></a>. Facts On File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4374-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-4374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+China%3A+The+Essential+Reference+to+China%2C+Its+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4374-3&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUuVQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATerracotta+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Terracotta_Army" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=441">UNESCO description of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981111184645/http://www.bmy.com.cn/">Emperor Qinshihuang's Mausoleum Site Museum (official website)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200507/09/eng20050709_195157.html"><i>People's Daily</i> article on the Terracotta Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osgfilms.com/terracotta-warriors-at-discovery-times-square/">OSGFilms Video Article : Terracotta Warriors at Discovery Times Square</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DD8dvqorR9k">Tomb of the First Emperor of China</a> by Professor Anthony Barbieri, UCSB</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/emperors-ghost-army/">Emperor's Ghost Army PBS Nova</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/episodes/chinas-terracotta-warriors-watch-the-full-episode/844/">China's Terracotta Warriors</a> Documentary produced by the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> Series <i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Dead" title="Secrets of the Dead">Secrets of the Dead</a></i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xi%27an" title="Template:Xi'an"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xi%27an" title="Template talk:Xi'an"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xi%27an" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xi'an"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xi&#039;an" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lianhu,_Xi%27an" title="Lianhu, Xi'an">Lianhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincheng,_Xi%27an" title="Xincheng, Xi'an">Xincheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilin,_Xi%27an" title="Beilin, Xi'an">Beilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqiao,_Xi%27an" title="Baqiao, Xi'an">Baqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weiyang,_Xi%27an" title="Weiyang, Xi'an">Weiyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanta,_Xi%27an" title="Yanta, Xi'an">Yanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanliang,_Xi%27an" title="Yanliang, Xi'an">Yanliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lintong,_Xi%27an" title="Lintong, Xi'an">Lintong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an,_Xi%27an" title="Chang'an, Xi'an">Chang'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaoling,_Xi%27an" title="Gaoling, Xi'an">Gaoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huyi,_Xi%27an" title="Huyi, Xi'an">Huyi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="padding-right: 0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xi'an"><img alt="Xi'an" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png/100px-Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png/150px-Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png/200px-Subdivisions_of_Xi%27an-China.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lantian_County" title="Lantian County">Lantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhouzhi_County" title="Zhouzhi County">Zhouzhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_wall_of_Xi%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="City wall of Xi'an">City wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daming_Palace" title="Daming Palace">Daming Palace National Heritage Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a> and the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terracotta Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Bell Tower of Xi'an">Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_Flower" title="Chang'an Flower">Chang'an Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Drum Tower of Xi'an">Drum Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" title="Giant Wild Goose Pagoda">Giant Wild Goose Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Wild_Goose_Pagoda" title="Small Wild Goose Pagoda">Small Wild Goose Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_Forest" title="Stele Forest">Stele Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingjiao_Temple" title="Xingjiao Temple">Xingjiao Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianling_Mausoleum" title="Qianling Mausoleum">Qianling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_West_Market_Museum" title="Tang West Market Museum">Tang West Market Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinqiang" title="Qinqiang">Qinqiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidian_University" title="Xidian University">Xidian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnical_University" title="Northwestern Polytechnical University">Northwestern Polytechnical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_University_(China)" title="Northwest University (China)">Northwest University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_University" title="Chang'an University">Chang'an University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_Normal_University" title="Shaanxi Normal University">Shaanxi Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_University_of_Architecture_and_Technology" title="Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology">Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_University_of_Technology" title="Xi'an University of Technology">Xi'an University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Shiyou_University" title="Xi'an Shiyou University">Xi'an Shiyou University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_International_Studies_University" title="Xi'an International Studies University">Xi'an International Studies University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_University_of_Political_Science_and_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest University of Political Science and Law">Northwest University of Political Science and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Xi'an University of Science and Technology">Xi'an University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_Institute_of_Post_%26_Telecommunications&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an Institute of Post & Telecommunications (page does not exist)">Xi'an Institute of Post & Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_University_of_Finance_and_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an University of Finance and Economics (page does not exist)">Xi'an University of Finance and Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Polytechnic_University" title="Xi'an Polytechnic University">Xi'an Polytechnic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Conservatory_of_Music" title="Xi'an Conservatory of Music">Xi'an Conservatory of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_Physical_Education_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an Physical Education Institute (page does not exist)">Xi'an Physical Education Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_Technological_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an Technological University (page does not exist)">Xi'an Technological University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_Academy_of_Fine_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts (page does not exist)">Xi'an Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaanxi_Institute_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaanxi Institute of Education (page does not exist)">Shaanxi Institute of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xi%27an_Institute_of_Arts_and_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xi'an Institute of Arts and Science (page does not exist)">Xi'an Institute of Arts and Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Metro" title="Xi'an Metro">Xi'an Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_railway_station" title="Xi'an railway station">Xi'an railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_North_railway_station" title="Xi'an North railway station">Xi'an North railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Xianyang_International_Airport" title="Xi'an Xianyang International Airport">Xi'an Xianyang International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_210" title="China National Highway 210">China National Highway 210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_211" title="China National Highway 211">China National Highway 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_312" title="China National Highway 312">China National Highway 312</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Xiguan_Airport" title="Xi'an Xiguan Airport">Xi'an Xiguan Airport</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ruins_of_Liangzhu_City" title="Archaeological ruins of Liangzhu City">Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gardens_of_Suzhou" title="Classical Gardens of Suzhou">Classical Gardens of Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_tulou" title="Fujian tulou">Fujian tulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lu" title="Mount Lu">Lushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangshan" title="Huangshan">Huangshan</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sanqing" title="Mount Sanqing">Mount Sanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tai" title="Mount Tai">Mount Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyi_Mountains" title="Wuyi Mountains">Wuyi Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius,_Qufu" title="Temple of Confucius, Qufu">Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kong_Family_Mansion" title="Kong Family Mansion">Kong Family Mansion</a> in Qufu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidi" title="Xidi">Xidi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hongcun" title="Hongcun">Hongcun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Lake" title="West Lake">West Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">Kulangsu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo"><img alt="Chinese version of UNESCO World Heritage logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/64px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/96px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg/128px-%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient Building Complex in the <a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Macau" title="Historic Centre of Macau">Historic Centre of Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shennongjia" title="Shennongjia">Shennongjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaolou" title="Diaolou">Kaiping Diaolou and Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a></li> <li>Historic Monuments of <a href="/wiki/Dengfeng" title="Dengfeng">Dengfeng</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaocheng_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory">Gaocheng Observatory</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuojiang_Huashan_Rock_Art" title="Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art">Zuojiang Huashan Rock Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulingyuan" title="Wulingyuan">Wulingyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang" title="Chengjiang">Chengjiang Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazu_Rock_Carvings" title="Dazu Rock Carvings">Dazu Rock Carvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanjingshan" title="Fanjingshan">Fanjingshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanglong_Scenic_and_Historic_Interest_Area" title="Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area">Huanglong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiuzhaigou" title="Jiuzhaigou">Jiuzhaigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leshan_Giant_Buddha" title="Leshan Giant Buddha">Leshan Giant Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qingcheng" title="Mount Qingcheng">Mount Qingcheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dujiangyan" title="Dujiangyan">Dujiangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>, <span class="wrap">including the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Giant_Panda_Sanctuaries" title="Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries">Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers" title="Three Parallel Rivers">Three Parallel Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Wutai" title="Mount Wutai">Mount Wutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a>, <span class="wrap">including <a href="/wiki/Putuo_Zongcheng_Temple" title="Putuo Zongcheng Temple">Putuo Zongcheng Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xumi_Fushou_Temple" title="Xumi Fushou Temple">Xumi Fushou Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puning_Temple_(Hebei)" title="Puning Temple (Hebei)">Puning Temple</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhoukoudian" title="Zhoukoudian">Zhoukoudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingyao" title="Pingyao">Ancient City of Pingyao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Heaven" title="Temple of Heaven">Temple of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Xanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungang_Grottoes" title="Yungang Grottoes">Yungang Grottoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Central_Axis" title="Beijing Central Axis">Beijing Central Axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cities_and_Tombs_of_the_Ancient_Koguryo_Kingdom" title="Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom">Koguryo sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Xinjiang Tianshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoh_Xil" title="Hoh Xil">Qinghai Hoh Xil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Danxia" class="mw-redirect" title="China Danxia">China Danxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(China)" title="Grand Canal (China)">Grand Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_Sites" title="Tusi Sites">Tusi Sites</a></li> <li>Migratory Bird Sanctuaries along the Coast of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a> of China (Phase II)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badain_Jaran_Desert" title="Badain Jaran Desert">Badain Jaran Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shaanxi_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaanxi_topics" title="Template:Shaanxi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaanxi_topics" title="Template talk:Shaanxi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaanxi_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaanxi topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaanxi_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subdivisions_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subdivisions of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Shaanxi" title="Category:Shaanxi">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi#History" title="Shaanxi">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shaanxi" title="Politics of Shaanxi">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi#Economy" title="Shaanxi">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Shaanxi" title="Category:Geography of Shaanxi">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Shaanxi" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanbei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaanbei">Shaanbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaannan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaannan">Shaannan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Shaanxi" title="List of universities and colleges in Shaanxi">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27an_University" title="Chang'an University">Chang'an University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Military_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Military Medical University">Fourth Military Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_A%26F_University" title="Northwest A&F University">Northwest A&F University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_University_(China)" title="Northwest University (China)">Northwest University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnical_University" title="Northwestern Polytechnical University">Northwestern Polytechnical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_Normal_University" title="Shaanxi Normal University">Shaanxi Normal University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xidian_University" title="Xidian University">Xidian University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biangbiang_noodles" title="Biangbiang noodles">Biángbiáng noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_cuisine" title="Shaanxi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Shaanxi" title="Music of Shaanxi">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinqiang" title="Qinqiang">Qinqiang opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Qins" title="Three Qins">Three Qins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xintianyou" title="Xintianyou">Xintianyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daqin_Pagoda" title="Daqin Pagoda">Daqin Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banpo" title="Banpo">Banpo Neolithic village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Tang dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_First_Qin_Emperor" title="Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor">Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terracotta Army</a> Museum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Bell Tower of Xi'an">Bell Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drum_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Drum Tower of Xi'an">Drum Tower of Xi'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele_Forest" title="Stele Forest">Forest of Stone Steles Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_History_Museum" title="Shaanxi History Museum">Shaanxi History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianling_Mausoleum" title="Qianling Mausoleum">Qianling Mausoleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Shaanxi" title="Category:Shaanxi">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shaanxi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shaanxi">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Qin_dynasty_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Qin_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qin dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qin_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qin dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qin_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qin dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qin_dynasty_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_wars_of_unification" title="Qin's wars of unification">Qin's wars of unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Xiongnu" title="Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu">Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%27s_campaign_against_the_Yue_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes">Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Sheng_and_Wu_Guang_uprising" title="Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising">Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Julu" title="Battle of Julu">Battle of Julu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xianyang" title="Xianyang">Xianyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epang_Palace" title="Epang Palace">Epang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._He%27s_jade" title="Mr. He's jade">Mr. He's jade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terracotta Army</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Acrobats" title="The Acrobats">The Acrobats</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Metal_Colossi" title="Twelve Metal Colossi">Twelve Metal Colossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuihudi_Qin_bamboo_texts" title="Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts">Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Crimes_of_Qin" title="Ten Crimes of Qin">Ten Crimes of Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Emperor" title="The First Emperor">The First Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sculpture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sculptures" title="Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sculptures" title="Template talk:Sculptures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sculpture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">Bas relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">Effigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_sculpture" title="Gas sculpture">Gas sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Earth art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic sculpture">Kinetic sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">Pedimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonography" title="Detonography">Detonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Jain sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements in sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">Negative space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmonite" title="Jesmonite">Jesmonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a> (c. 2558–2532 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel temples</a> (c. 1264 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> (438 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a> (c. 292 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> (c. 2nd century BCE)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Terracotta Army</a> (246–210 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (c. 200 BCE – 70 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> (130–100 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a> (175 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> (507–554 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral#Portals" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartes Cathedral</a> (c. 1194–1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> (1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a>, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i> (1498–1499)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> (1501–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veiled_Christ" title="Veiled Christ">Veiled Christ</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamagaya_Great_Buddha" title="Kamagaya Great Buddha">Kamagaya Great Buddha</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Belfort" title="Lion of Belfort">Lion of Belfort</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kiss_(Rodin_sculpture)" title="The Kiss (Rodin sculpture)">The Kiss</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty"><i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>, Statue of Liberty</a> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a></i> (1890–1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne%27s_tomb" title="Jules Verne's tomb">Jules Verne's tomb</a> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore <i>Shrine of Democracy</i></a> (1927–1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></i> (1927–1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Ukraine" title="Mother Ukraine">Mother Ukraine</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture" title="Category:Sculpture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47672#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47672#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5545812-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83329382">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15550274v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15550274v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="terakotová armáda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph325873&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007461814305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/121304558">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terracotta_Army&oldid=1256758539">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Terracotta_Army&oldid=1256758539</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_BC_sculptures" title="Category:3rd-century BC sculptures">3rd-century BC sculptures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1974 archaeological discoveries">1974 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1974_in_China" title="Category:1974 in China">1974 in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_discoveries_in_China" title="Category:Archaeological discoveries in China">Archaeological discoveries in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infantry_units_and_formations" title="Category:Infantry units and formations">Infantry units and formations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_and_war_museums_in_China" title="Category:Military and war museums in China">Military and war museums in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_museums_in_China" title="Category:Archaeological museums in China">Archaeological museums in China</a></li><li><a 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