CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Abiogenesis Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="CA93JJmF1aS1t-V41XyiyKmXz_2YUa93gRlMwIpjoN7tHsYS901TFmvQ2SS9ncFxJMj9H11QL_RRHf7EKpEslw" /> <link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-2b6f90dbd75f5941bc38f4ad716615f3ac449e7398313bb3bc225fba451cd9fa.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Abiogenesis Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '075e914b9e16164113b5b9afd7238a56a7292942'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":14035,"monthly_visitors":"102 million","monthly_visitor_count":102411812,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":102,"user_count":283255463,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740040653000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740040653000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-40698df34f913bd208bb70f09d2feb7c6286046250be17a4db35bba2c08b0e2f.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-6145545f49b709c1199990a76c559bd4c35429284884cbcb3cf7f1916215e941.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-5e022a2ab081599fcedc76886fa95a606f8073416cae1641695a9906c9a80b81.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Abiogenesis</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">46 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Abiogenesis</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Abiogenesis">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28813581 coauthored" data-work_id="28813581" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28813581/Why_did_life_emerge">Why did life emerge</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28813581" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy towards complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course towards an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e. species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms, which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation line between inanimate and animate.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28813581" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9ec53ad84d756dbb488d9d7c2f9ac77" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49233556,"asset_id":28813581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49233556/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13844257" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnnila">Arto Annila</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13844257" type="text/json">{"id":13844257,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArtoAnnila","display_name":"Arto Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnnila?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13844257/11800409/13153083/s65_arto.annila.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-28813581">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-28813581"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErkkiAnnila">Erkki Annila</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-28813581'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-28813581').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28813581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28813581"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28813581, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28813581", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28813581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28813581; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28813581"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28813581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28813581"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28813581; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28813581]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28813581").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28813581").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28813581"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5001" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5001" type="text/json">{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10882" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution">Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10882" type="text/json">{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="40422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection">Natural Selection</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="40422" type="text/json">{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28813581]'), work: {"id":28813581,"title":"Why did life emerge","created_at":"2016-09-30T02:08:21.117-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28813581/Why_did_life_emerge?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_28813581","summary":"Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy towards complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course towards an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e. species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms, which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation line between inanimate and animate.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49233556,"asset_id":28813581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13844257,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArtoAnnila","display_name":"Arto Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnnila?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13844257/11800409/13153083/s65_arto.annila.jpg"},{"id":54299683,"first_name":"Erkki","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ErkkiAnnila","display_name":"Erkki Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ErkkiAnnila?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75278340" data-work_id="75278340" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75278340/Why_did_life_emerge">Why did life emerge?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75278340" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy towards complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course towards an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e. species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms, which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75278340" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c76df160673e575d3f74c7dcc9b99a09" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83111678,"asset_id":75278340,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83111678/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="217346646" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AnnilaArto">Arto Annila</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="217346646" type="text/json">{"id":217346646,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnilaArto","display_name":"Arto Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnilaArto?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/217346646/75660783/64174509/s65_arto.annila.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75278340 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75278340"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75278340, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75278340", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_75278340 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75278340; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_75278340"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_75278340 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75278340"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75278340; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75278340]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75278340").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75278340").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75278340"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology">Geology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="406" type="text/json">{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="498" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="498" type="text/json">{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="522" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="522" type="text/json">{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4315" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life">Origins of Life</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4315" type="text/json">{"id":4315,"name":"Origins of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75278340]'), work: {"id":75278340,"title":"Why did life emerge?","created_at":"2022-04-02T22:23:06.309-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75278340/Why_did_life_emerge?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_75278340","summary":"Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The second law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy towards complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course towards an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e. species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms, which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83111678,"asset_id":75278340,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":217346646,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AnnilaArto","display_name":"Arto Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AnnilaArto?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/217346646/75660783/64174509/s65_arto.annila.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":498,"name":"Physics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":522,"name":"Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermodynamics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":4315,"name":"Origins of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=969355"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355"},{"id":14920,"name":"Chemical Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Evolution?f_ri=969355"},{"id":27371,"name":"Statistical Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statistical_Thermodynamics?f_ri=969355"},{"id":29827,"name":"Abiogenesis-Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":36265,"name":"Entropy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Entropy?f_ri=969355"},{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=969355"},{"id":216526,"name":"Free Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Energy?f_ri=969355"},{"id":410412,"name":"Equation of Motion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equation_of_Motion?f_ri=969355"},{"id":539878,"name":"Chemical Reaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Reaction?f_ri=969355"},{"id":782316,"name":"Second Law of Thermodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":2419096,"name":"Driving force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Driving_force?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9203503" data-work_id="9203503" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9203503/Apologetics_and_Atheistic_Naturalism_One_Step_at_a_Time">Apologetics and Atheistic Naturalism: One Step at a Time</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper proposes an apologetic plan to persuade an atheistic naturalist to move to theism by refuting the foundation of naturalism: non-directed chemical abiogenesis, and then to Christian theism by demonstrating the reasonableness of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9203503" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper proposes an apologetic plan to persuade an atheistic naturalist to move to theism by refuting the foundation of naturalism: non-directed chemical abiogenesis, and then to Christian theism by demonstrating the reasonableness of the resurrection of Christ through a rigorous historical analysis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9203503" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b3894b00c74f95cdba4588f5e992cf62" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35483263,"asset_id":9203503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35483263/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12041688" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NormAlthausen">Norm Althausen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12041688" type="text/json">{"id":12041688,"first_name":"Norm","last_name":"Althausen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NormAlthausen","display_name":"Norm Althausen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NormAlthausen?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9203503 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9203503"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9203503, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9203503", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9203503 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9203503; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9203503"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9203503 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9203503"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9203503; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9203503]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9203503").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9203503").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9203503"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Apologetics">Christian Apologetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21659" type="text/json">{"id":21659,"name":"Christian Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Apologetics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis">Abiogenesis-Biogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29827" type="text/json">{"id":29827,"name":"Abiogenesis-Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="161110" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resurrection_of_Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="161110" type="text/json">{"id":161110,"name":"Resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resurrection_of_Jesus?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9203503]'), work: {"id":9203503,"title":"Apologetics and Atheistic Naturalism: One Step at a Time","created_at":"2014-11-09T04:24:38.741-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9203503/Apologetics_and_Atheistic_Naturalism_One_Step_at_a_Time?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_9203503","summary":"This paper proposes an apologetic plan to persuade an atheistic naturalist to move to theism by refuting the foundation of naturalism: non-directed chemical abiogenesis, and then to Christian theism by demonstrating the reasonableness of the resurrection of Christ through a rigorous historical analysis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35483263,"asset_id":9203503,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12041688,"first_name":"Norm","last_name":"Althausen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NormAlthausen","display_name":"Norm Althausen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NormAlthausen?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":21659,"name":"Christian Apologetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Apologetics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":29827,"name":"Abiogenesis-Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":161110,"name":"Resurrection of Jesus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resurrection_of_Jesus?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49019462" data-work_id="49019462" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49019462/The_Genesis_1_Korteweg_challenge_If_abiogenesis_and_evolution_is_true_than_the_results_must_be_replicated_from_scratch_as_in_any_proposed_chemical_synthesis_route">The Genesis 1 -Korteweg challenge: If abiogenesis & evolution is true than the results must be replicated from scratch as in any proposed chemical synthesis route</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the beginning God created heaven and earth. That's how the bible starts. Now ever since the Charles's Lyell and Darwin this has been challenged. For some years since 2004 after studying many argumentations from both points of view the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49019462" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the beginning God created heaven and earth. That's how the bible starts. Now ever since the Charles's Lyell and Darwin this has been challenged. For some years since 2004 after studying many argumentations from both points of view the author has been using a challenge that so far no one has been able to answer and as suggested will never will be able to answer/meet without pointing to the assumption/postulation that life as we know it, has been deliberately and divinely created.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49019462" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba223786731074e51c139297d313990d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67405700,"asset_id":49019462,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67405700/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42418420" href="https://huji.academia.edu/EdgarKorteweg">Edgar Korteweg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42418420" type="text/json">{"id":42418420,"first_name":"Edgar","last_name":"Korteweg","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"EdgarKorteweg","display_name":"Edgar Korteweg","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/EdgarKorteweg?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42418420/17572987/33705020/s65_edgar.korteweg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49019462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49019462"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49019462, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49019462", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49019462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49019462; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49019462"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49019462 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49019462"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49019462; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49019462]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49019462").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49019462").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49019462"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="531" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry">Organic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="531" type="text/json">{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5457" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Life">Artificial Life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5457" type="text/json">{"id":5457,"name":"Artificial Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49019462]'), work: {"id":49019462,"title":"The Genesis 1 -Korteweg challenge: If abiogenesis \u0026 evolution is true than the results must be replicated from scratch as in any proposed chemical synthesis route","created_at":"2021-05-23T04:47:28.827-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49019462/The_Genesis_1_Korteweg_challenge_If_abiogenesis_and_evolution_is_true_than_the_results_must_be_replicated_from_scratch_as_in_any_proposed_chemical_synthesis_route?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_49019462","summary":"In the beginning God created heaven and earth. That's how the bible starts. Now ever since the Charles's Lyell and Darwin this has been challenged. For some years since 2004 after studying many argumentations from both points of view the author has been using a challenge that so far no one has been able to answer and as suggested will never will be able to answer/meet without pointing to the assumption/postulation that life as we know it, has been deliberately and divinely created.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67405700,"asset_id":49019462,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42418420,"first_name":"Edgar","last_name":"Korteweg","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"EdgarKorteweg","display_name":"Edgar Korteweg","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/EdgarKorteweg?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42418420/17572987/33705020/s65_edgar.korteweg.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":5457,"name":"Artificial Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355"},{"id":55241,"name":"Synthetic Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":2774172,"name":"Living Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Living_Cells?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38309373" data-work_id="38309373" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38309373/Tawallud_pdf">Tawallud.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) was a widely accepted concept in Greek, medieval Islamic and pre-modern European thought. The paper gives an overview of the ways and contexts in which the idea is discussed in medieval Arabic culture.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38309373" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b1e32532fa7561b6ad0a88f8a1eb319" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58358085,"asset_id":38309373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58358085/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27744011" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/RemkeKruk">Remke Kruk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27744011" type="text/json">{"id":27744011,"first_name":"Remke","last_name":"Kruk","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"RemkeKruk","display_name":"Remke Kruk","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/RemkeKruk?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27744011/12780500/14205310/s65_remke.kruk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38309373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38309373"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38309373, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38309373", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38309373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38309373; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38309373"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38309373 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38309373"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38309373; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38309373]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38309373").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38309373").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38309373"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3939" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Biology">History and Philosophy of Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3939" type="text/json">{"id":3939,"name":"History and Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="172690" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spontaneous_generation">Spontaneous generation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="172690" type="text/json">{"id":172690,"name":"Spontaneous generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spontaneous_generation?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="911540" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arabic_Islamic_Science">History of Arabic Islamic Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="911540" type="text/json">{"id":911540,"name":"History of Arabic Islamic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arabic_Islamic_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38309373]'), work: {"id":38309373,"title":"Tawallud.pdf","created_at":"2019-02-08T01:44:26.255-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38309373/Tawallud_pdf?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_38309373","summary":"Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) was a widely accepted concept in Greek, medieval Islamic and pre-modern European thought. The paper gives an overview of the ways and contexts in which the idea is discussed in medieval Arabic culture.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58358085,"asset_id":38309373,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27744011,"first_name":"Remke","last_name":"Kruk","domain_name":"leidenuni","page_name":"RemkeKruk","display_name":"Remke Kruk","profile_url":"https://leidenuni.academia.edu/RemkeKruk?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27744011/12780500/14205310/s65_remke.kruk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":3939,"name":"History and Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":172690,"name":"Spontaneous generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spontaneous_generation?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":911540,"name":"History of Arabic Islamic Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Arabic_Islamic_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57499886" data-work_id="57499886" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57499886/Membrane_alternatives_in_worlds_without_oxygen_Creation_of_an_azotosome">Membrane alternatives in worlds without oxygen: Creation of an azotosome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57499886" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the &quot;habitable zone,&quot; the narrow band in which liquid water can exist. However, can cell membranes be created and function at temperatures far below those at which water is a liquid? We take a step toward answering this question by proposing a new type of membrane, composed of small organic nitrogen compounds, that is capable of forming and functioning in liquid methane at cryogenic temperatures. Using molecular simulations, we demonstrate that these membranes in cryogenic solvent have an elasticity equal to that of lipid bilayers in water at room temperature. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrate that stable cryogenic membranes could arise from compounds observed in the atmosphere of Saturn&#39;s moon, Titan, known for the existence of seas o...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57499886" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="03c67b3cb5ca2075ca954d2b5a75e144" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72373709,"asset_id":57499886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72373709/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43931225" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesStevenson11">James Stevenson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43931225" type="text/json">{"id":43931225,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stevenson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JamesStevenson11","display_name":"James Stevenson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JamesStevenson11?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57499886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57499886"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57499886, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57499886", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_57499886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57499886; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_57499886"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_57499886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57499886"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57499886; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57499886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57499886").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57499886").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57499886"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="528" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Chemistry">Computational Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="528" type="text/json">{"id":528,"name":"Computational Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="529" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Chemistry">Quantum Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="529" type="text/json">{"id":529,"name":"Quantum Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="532" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Chemistry">Physical Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="532" type="text/json">{"id":532,"name":"Physical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57499886]'), work: {"id":57499886,"title":"Membrane alternatives in worlds without oxygen: Creation of an azotosome","created_at":"2021-10-13T05:21:27.856-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57499886/Membrane_alternatives_in_worlds_without_oxygen_Creation_of_an_azotosome?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_57499886","summary":"The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the \u0026quot;habitable zone,\u0026quot; the narrow band in which liquid water can exist. However, can cell membranes be created and function at temperatures far below those at which water is a liquid? We take a step toward answering this question by proposing a new type of membrane, composed of small organic nitrogen compounds, that is capable of forming and functioning in liquid methane at cryogenic temperatures. Using molecular simulations, we demonstrate that these membranes in cryogenic solvent have an elasticity equal to that of lipid bilayers in water at room temperature. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrate that stable cryogenic membranes could arise from compounds observed in the atmosphere of Saturn\u0026#39;s moon, Titan, known for the existence of seas o...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72373709,"asset_id":57499886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43931225,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stevenson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JamesStevenson11","display_name":"James Stevenson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JamesStevenson11?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":528,"name":"Computational Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":529,"name":"Quantum Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":532,"name":"Physical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":35638,"name":"Molecular Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Dynamics?f_ri=969355"},{"id":40477,"name":"Titan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Titan?f_ri=969355"},{"id":183266,"name":"Liposome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liposome?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44751309" data-work_id="44751309" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44751309/Abyssal_serpentinites_as_gigantic_factories_of_marine_salts_and_oil">Abyssal serpentinites as gigantic factories of marine salts and oil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Serpentinites occur worldwide in various geological settings, such as in magma-starved oceanic basins. Abyssal serpentinites are long-term storage for chlorine and carbon, the latter forming dominantly reduced and subordinately oxidized... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44751309" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Serpentinites occur worldwide in various geological settings, such as in magma-starved oceanic basins. Abyssal serpentinites are long-term storage for chlorine and carbon, the latter forming dominantly reduced and subordinately oxidized compounds. Hence, serpentinites, salts, and reduced carbon phases coexist in an “abyssal association”. Although huge reservoirs of salts and reduced carbonaceous matter in abyssal serpentinites are thought to be lacking, this may be more a reflection of intrinsic limits in research methods than an indication of their absence. On the other hand, shallow-seated hydrocarbon-rich mud volcanoes and diapirs, consisting of salts, hydrocarbons (oils and gases), and clayey muds (including mudded serpentines) can provide evidence for such an oceanic association. Here, we search for scientific data in support of the “oceanic association”, and hence we propose a reappraisal of exploitable worldwide salt-hydrocarbon reservoirs, even gigantic in size. Abyssal serpentinites are well-known source rocks of abiotic gaseous hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction (FTT), whereas macromolecular carbonaceous matter (mostly bitumen) found in serpentinites is postulated to be biogenic. This inference is based mainly on three assumptions: (i) FTT in nature does not yield oils; (ii) hydrocarbons derive essentially from the thermal alteration of microbial molecules; (iii) the presence of biomarkers, traditionally considered evidence of the biological origin of oils. Nevertheless, some lines of strong evidence disprove these accepted conventions: (i) Lab experiments demonstrated that FTT can synthesize significant quantities of liquid hydrocarbons (oils) under conditions compatible with the deeper and more reduced level of serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems; (ii) macromolecules, generally thought to derive from microbial activity, can be abiotically generated as documented in extraterrestrial bodies; (iii) biomarkers are evidence for the proliferation of microbial communities, which subsist on serpentinization and FTT products, thus they are biological pollutants. Moreover, seawater-driven serpentinization consumes water producing huge amounts (∼11 kg halite·m−3 of peridotite) of salts that can be stored in the deeper zone of abyssal-type hydrothermal systems. Thus, the origin of shallow-sited salt deposits, even gigantic in size, can be related to either the advective upwelling of hot hydrothermal brines, due to the dehydration of abyssal serpentinites, or to the passive upwelling of buoyant saline geobodies. Piercement structures are indeed seismically imaged in several localities, such as South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Serpentinite belt extending from Cuba to Hispaniola, the North Sea trench, and the Zagros orogenic belt. Similar lines of evidence at the microscopic scale have been found in some Hyblean serpentinite xenoliths (south-eastern Sicily), being representative of the unmetamorfosed in-situ relic of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, upon which Sicily and its off-shore areas lie. In spite of the accepted stereotype of hydrocarbons as fossil fuels, and hence finite resources, reduced carbon compounds abiotically produced in abyssal serpentinites may be copious, protracted over time, and thus renewable.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44751309" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4cd76759b6cf787b2f37791e1724d7e6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67446082,"asset_id":44751309,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67446082/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5437596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella">Fabio C Manuella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5437596" type="text/json">{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44751309 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44751309"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44751309, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44751309", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44751309 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44751309; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44751309"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44751309 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44751309"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44751309; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44751309]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44751309").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44751309").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44751309"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106363" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diamonds">Diamonds</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106363" type="text/json">{"id":106363,"name":"Diamonds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diamonds?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120097" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconventional_hydrocarbon_production">Unconventional hydrocarbon production</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="120097" type="text/json">{"id":120097,"name":"Unconventional hydrocarbon production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconventional_hydrocarbon_production?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="993108" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinization">Serpentinization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="993108" type="text/json">{"id":993108,"name":"Serpentinization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinization?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44751309]'), work: {"id":44751309,"title":"Abyssal serpentinites as gigantic factories of marine salts and oil","created_at":"2020-12-21T15:01:19.043-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44751309/Abyssal_serpentinites_as_gigantic_factories_of_marine_salts_and_oil?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_44751309","summary":"Serpentinites occur worldwide in various geological settings, such as in magma-starved oceanic basins. Abyssal serpentinites are long-term storage for chlorine and carbon, the latter forming dominantly reduced and subordinately oxidized compounds. Hence, serpentinites, salts, and reduced carbon phases coexist in an “abyssal association”. Although huge reservoirs of salts and reduced carbonaceous matter in abyssal serpentinites are thought to be lacking, this may be more a reflection of intrinsic limits in research methods than an indication of their absence. On the other hand, shallow-seated hydrocarbon-rich mud volcanoes and diapirs, consisting of salts, hydrocarbons (oils and gases), and clayey muds (including mudded serpentines) can provide evidence for such an oceanic association. Here, we search for scientific data in support of the “oceanic association”, and hence we propose a reappraisal of exploitable worldwide salt-hydrocarbon reservoirs, even gigantic in size. Abyssal serpentinites are well-known source rocks of abiotic gaseous hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction (FTT), whereas macromolecular carbonaceous matter (mostly bitumen) found in serpentinites is postulated to be biogenic. This inference is based mainly on three assumptions: (i) FTT in nature does not yield oils; (ii) hydrocarbons derive essentially from the thermal alteration of microbial molecules; (iii) the presence of biomarkers, traditionally considered evidence of the biological origin of oils. Nevertheless, some lines of strong evidence disprove these accepted conventions: (i) Lab experiments demonstrated that FTT can synthesize significant quantities of liquid hydrocarbons (oils) under conditions compatible with the deeper and more reduced level of serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems; (ii) macromolecules, generally thought to derive from microbial activity, can be abiotically generated as documented in extraterrestrial bodies; (iii) biomarkers are evidence for the proliferation of microbial communities, which subsist on serpentinization and FTT products, thus they are biological pollutants. Moreover, seawater-driven serpentinization consumes water producing huge amounts (∼11 kg halite·m−3 of peridotite) of salts that can be stored in the deeper zone of abyssal-type hydrothermal systems. Thus, the origin of shallow-sited salt deposits, even gigantic in size, can be related to either the advective upwelling of hot hydrothermal brines, due to the dehydration of abyssal serpentinites, or to the passive upwelling of buoyant saline geobodies. Piercement structures are indeed seismically imaged in several localities, such as South Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, the Serpentinite belt extending from Cuba to Hispaniola, the North Sea trench, and the Zagros orogenic belt. Similar lines of evidence at the microscopic scale have been found in some Hyblean serpentinite xenoliths (south-eastern Sicily), being representative of the unmetamorfosed in-situ relic of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean, upon which Sicily and its off-shore areas lie. In spite of the accepted stereotype of hydrocarbons as fossil fuels, and hence finite resources, reduced carbon compounds abiotically produced in abyssal serpentinites may be copious, protracted over time, and thus renewable.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67446082,"asset_id":44751309,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106363,"name":"Diamonds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diamonds?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":120097,"name":"Unconventional hydrocarbon production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unconventional_hydrocarbon_production?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":993108,"name":"Serpentinization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinization?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26753585" data-work_id="26753585" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26753585/Fundamental_molecules_of_life_are_pigments_which_arose_and_co_evolved_as_a_response_to_the_thermodynamic_imperative_of_dissipating_the_prevailing_solar_spectrum">Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The driving force behind the origin and evolution of life has been the thermodynamic imperative of increasing the entropy production of the biosphere through increasing the global solar photon dissipation rate. In the upper atmosphere of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26753585" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The driving force behind the origin and evolution of life has been the thermodynamic imperative of increasing the entropy production of the biosphere through increasing the global solar photon dissipation rate. In the upper atmosphere of today, oxygen and ozone derived from life processes are performing the short-wavelength UV-C and UV-B dissipation. On Earth's surface, water and organic pigments in water facilitate the near-UV and visible photon dissipation. The first organic pigments probably formed, absorbed, and dissipated at those photochemically active wavelengths in the UV-C and UV-B that could have reached Earth's surface during the Archean. Proliferation of these pigments can be understood as an autocatalytic photochemical process obeying non-equilibrium thermodynamic directives related to increasing solar photon dissipation rate. Under these directives, organic pigments would have evolved over time to increase the global photon dissipation rate by (1) increasing the ratio of their effective photon cross sections to their physical size, (2) decreasing their electronic excited state lifetimes, (3) quenching radiative de-excitation channels (e.g., fluores-cence), (4) covering ever more completely the prevailing solar spectrum, and (5) proliferating and dispersing to cover an ever greater surface area of Earth. From knowledge of the evolution of the spectrum of G-type stars, and considering the most probable history of the transparency of Earth's atmosphere, we construct the most probable Earth surface solar spectrum as a function of time and compare this with the history of molecular absorption maxima obtained from the available data in the literature. This comparison supports the conjecture that many fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose, proliferated, and co-evolved as a response to dissipating the solar spectrum, supports the ther-modynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life, constrains models for Earth's early atmosphere, and sheds some new light on the origin of photosynthesis.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26753585" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="05e9f38f00da19d1676ea5380562acfb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47031839,"asset_id":26753585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47031839/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50597675" href="https://ukim-mk.academia.edu/AlexSimeonov">Alex Simeonov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50597675" type="text/json">{"id":50597675,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Simeonov","domain_name":"ukim-mk","page_name":"AlexSimeonov","display_name":"Alex Simeonov","profile_url":"https://ukim-mk.academia.edu/AlexSimeonov?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50597675/13424708/14637054/s65_alex.simeonov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26753585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26753585"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26753585, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26753585", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26753585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26753585; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26753585"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26753585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26753585"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26753585; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26753585]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26753585").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26753585").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26753585"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="502" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics">Biophysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="502" type="text/json">{"id":502,"name":"Biophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4315" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life">Origins of Life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4315" type="text/json">{"id":4315,"name":"Origins of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5345" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5345" type="text/json">{"id":5345,"name":"Photosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photosynthesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26753585]'), work: {"id":26753585,"title":"Fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose and co-evolved as a response to the thermodynamic imperative of dissipating the prevailing solar spectrum","created_at":"2016-07-05T10:26:44.022-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26753585/Fundamental_molecules_of_life_are_pigments_which_arose_and_co_evolved_as_a_response_to_the_thermodynamic_imperative_of_dissipating_the_prevailing_solar_spectrum?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_26753585","summary":"The driving force behind the origin and evolution of life has been the thermodynamic imperative of increasing the entropy production of the biosphere through increasing the global solar photon dissipation rate. In the upper atmosphere of today, oxygen and ozone derived from life processes are performing the short-wavelength UV-C and UV-B dissipation. On Earth's surface, water and organic pigments in water facilitate the near-UV and visible photon dissipation. The first organic pigments probably formed, absorbed, and dissipated at those photochemically active wavelengths in the UV-C and UV-B that could have reached Earth's surface during the Archean. Proliferation of these pigments can be understood as an autocatalytic photochemical process obeying non-equilibrium thermodynamic directives related to increasing solar photon dissipation rate. Under these directives, organic pigments would have evolved over time to increase the global photon dissipation rate by (1) increasing the ratio of their effective photon cross sections to their physical size, (2) decreasing their electronic excited state lifetimes, (3) quenching radiative de-excitation channels (e.g., fluores-cence), (4) covering ever more completely the prevailing solar spectrum, and (5) proliferating and dispersing to cover an ever greater surface area of Earth. From knowledge of the evolution of the spectrum of G-type stars, and considering the most probable history of the transparency of Earth's atmosphere, we construct the most probable Earth surface solar spectrum as a function of time and compare this with the history of molecular absorption maxima obtained from the available data in the literature. This comparison supports the conjecture that many fundamental molecules of life are pigments which arose, proliferated, and co-evolved as a response to dissipating the solar spectrum, supports the ther-modynamic dissipation theory for the origin of life, constrains models for Earth's early atmosphere, and sheds some new light on the origin of photosynthesis.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47031839,"asset_id":26753585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50597675,"first_name":"Alex","last_name":"Simeonov","domain_name":"ukim-mk","page_name":"AlexSimeonov","display_name":"Alex Simeonov","profile_url":"https://ukim-mk.academia.edu/AlexSimeonov?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50597675/13424708/14637054/s65_alex.simeonov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":502,"name":"Biophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":4315,"name":"Origins of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":5345,"name":"Photosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photosynthesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73938207" data-work_id="73938207" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73938207/Membrane_alternatives_in_worlds_without_oxygen_Creation_of_an_azotosome">Membrane alternatives in worlds without oxygen: Creation of an azotosome</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73938207" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the &quot;habitable zone,&quot; the narrow band in which liquid water can exist. However, can cell membranes be created and function at temperatures far below those at which water is a liquid? We take a step toward answering this question by proposing a new type of membrane, composed of small organic nitrogen compounds, that is capable of forming and functioning in liquid methane at cryogenic temperatures. Using molecular simulations, we demonstrate that these membranes in cryogenic solvent have an elasticity equal to that of lipid bilayers in water at room temperature. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrate that stable cryogenic membranes could arise from compounds observed in the atmosphere of Saturn&#39;s moon, Titan, known for the existence of seas o...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73938207" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a0699bbd193920b57a204f049d5e56e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82273753,"asset_id":73938207,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82273753/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61639800" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesStevenson19">James Stevenson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61639800" type="text/json">{"id":61639800,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stevenson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JamesStevenson19","display_name":"James Stevenson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JamesStevenson19?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73938207 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73938207"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73938207, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73938207", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73938207 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73938207; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73938207"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73938207 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73938207"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73938207; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73938207]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73938207").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73938207").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73938207"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="511" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science">Materials Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="511" type="text/json">{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="528" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Chemistry">Computational Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="528" type="text/json">{"id":528,"name":"Computational Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="529" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Chemistry">Quantum Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="529" type="text/json">{"id":529,"name":"Quantum Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="532" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Chemistry">Physical Chemistry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="532" type="text/json">{"id":532,"name":"Physical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73938207]'), work: {"id":73938207,"title":"Membrane alternatives in worlds without oxygen: Creation of an azotosome","created_at":"2022-03-17T03:27:53.033-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73938207/Membrane_alternatives_in_worlds_without_oxygen_Creation_of_an_azotosome?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_73938207","summary":"The lipid bilayer membrane, which is the foundation of life on Earth, is not viable outside of biology based on liquid water. This fact has caused astronomers who seek conditions suitable for life to search for exoplanets within the \u0026quot;habitable zone,\u0026quot; the narrow band in which liquid water can exist. However, can cell membranes be created and function at temperatures far below those at which water is a liquid? We take a step toward answering this question by proposing a new type of membrane, composed of small organic nitrogen compounds, that is capable of forming and functioning in liquid methane at cryogenic temperatures. Using molecular simulations, we demonstrate that these membranes in cryogenic solvent have an elasticity equal to that of lipid bilayers in water at room temperature. As a proof of concept, we also demonstrate that stable cryogenic membranes could arise from compounds observed in the atmosphere of Saturn\u0026#39;s moon, Titan, known for the existence of seas o...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82273753,"asset_id":73938207,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61639800,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Stevenson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JamesStevenson19","display_name":"James Stevenson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JamesStevenson19?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":528,"name":"Computational Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":529,"name":"Quantum Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":532,"name":"Physical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=969355"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355"},{"id":35638,"name":"Molecular Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Dynamics?f_ri=969355"},{"id":40477,"name":"Titan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Titan?f_ri=969355"},{"id":183266,"name":"Liposome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liposome?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44751391" data-work_id="44751391" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44751391/The_Identity_of_Petrophysical_Properties_of_Oceanic_Serpentinites_and_Continental_Granitoids_Implications_for_the_Recognition_of_Buried_Hydrocarbon_bearing_Serpentinite_Geobodies">The Identity of Petrophysical Properties of Oceanic Serpentinites and Continental Granitoids: Implications for the Recognition of Buried Hydrocarbon-bearing Serpentinite Geobodies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Earth’s lithosphere is commonly investigated by both direct and indirect methods, corresponding to rock sampling and geophysical surveys, respectively. The interpretation of geophysical data is generally based on the combination of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44751391" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Earth’s lithosphere is commonly investigated by both direct and indirect methods, corresponding to rock sampling and geophysical surveys, respectively. The interpretation of geophysical data is generally based on the combination of values measured in the lithosphere with those obtained in laboratories from rock samples. However, petrophysical properties of numerous lithotypes overlap, yielding the misleading interpretation of geophysical surveys in many areas of the world. A heated debate particularly concerns non-volcanic rifted margins, fuelled by the possible presence of giant oil and gas fields: thinned continental crust or serpentinized oceanic basement. One of the possible causes of ambiguity is related to the intimate similarity of oceanic serpentinites and various crustal rocks (e.g. basalts, gabbros, limestones, sandstones, shales, etc.), in terms of petrophysical properties. Can variably serpentinized peridotites mimic typical continental crustal rocks, such as granites and granodiorites? To answer this question, we compared literature data of worldwide samples of such lithologies. The results show the complete overlap of the considered petrophysical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility, VP, VS, VP/VS, and Poisson’s ratio) of these lithotypes (P = 10–1000 MPa, depth = 0.33–33.33 km), further confirming the difficulty in discriminating variably serpentinized mantle rocks from crustal lithologies. Therefore, the recognition of buried serpentinite geobodies, being potential sites of exploitable gas and oil reservoirs, like those probably ensconced in non-volcanic rifted margins, necessitates a robust lithological model inferred from direct methods, namely the study of core drillings, deep-seated xenoliths and tectonic exposures of deep-crustal sections to substantiate the interpretation of geophysical data.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44751391" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="102758ddf921531d0f5e11861576ef36" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67446084,"asset_id":44751391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67446084/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5437596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella">Fabio C Manuella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5437596" type="text/json">{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44751391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44751391"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44751391, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44751391", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44751391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44751391; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44751391"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44751391 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44751391"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44751391; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44751391]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44751391").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44751391").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44751391"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99318" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geotectonics_and_Geodynamics">Geotectonics and Geodynamics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99318" type="text/json">{"id":99318,"name":"Geotectonics and Geodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geotectonics_and_Geodynamics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="214979" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rock_Physics_Geophysics_Petrophysics">Rock Physics, Geophysics, Petrophysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="214979" type="text/json">{"id":214979,"name":"Rock Physics, Geophysics, Petrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rock_Physics_Geophysics_Petrophysics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="270438" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS">HYDROCARBONS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="270438" type="text/json">{"id":270438,"name":"HYDROCARBONS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="333832" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinites">Serpentinites</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="333832" type="text/json">{"id":333832,"name":"Serpentinites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinites?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44751391]'), work: {"id":44751391,"title":"The Identity of Petrophysical Properties of Oceanic Serpentinites and Continental Granitoids: Implications for the Recognition of Buried Hydrocarbon-bearing Serpentinite Geobodies","created_at":"2020-12-21T15:09:39.564-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44751391/The_Identity_of_Petrophysical_Properties_of_Oceanic_Serpentinites_and_Continental_Granitoids_Implications_for_the_Recognition_of_Buried_Hydrocarbon_bearing_Serpentinite_Geobodies?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_44751391","summary":"The Earth’s lithosphere is commonly investigated by both direct and indirect methods, corresponding to rock sampling and geophysical surveys, respectively. The interpretation of geophysical data is generally based on the combination of values measured in the lithosphere with those obtained in laboratories from rock samples. However, petrophysical properties of numerous lithotypes overlap, yielding the misleading interpretation of geophysical surveys in many areas of the world. A heated debate particularly concerns non-volcanic rifted margins, fuelled by the possible presence of giant oil and gas fields: thinned continental crust or serpentinized oceanic basement. One of the possible causes of ambiguity is related to the intimate similarity of oceanic serpentinites and various crustal rocks (e.g. basalts, gabbros, limestones, sandstones, shales, etc.), in terms of petrophysical properties. Can variably serpentinized peridotites mimic typical continental crustal rocks, such as granites and granodiorites? To answer this question, we compared literature data of worldwide samples of such lithologies. The results show the complete overlap of the considered petrophysical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility, VP, VS, VP/VS, and Poisson’s ratio) of these lithotypes (P = 10–1000 MPa, depth = 0.33–33.33 km), further confirming the difficulty in discriminating variably serpentinized mantle rocks from crustal lithologies. Therefore, the recognition of buried serpentinite geobodies, being potential sites of exploitable gas and oil reservoirs, like those probably ensconced in non-volcanic rifted margins, necessitates a robust lithological model inferred from direct methods, namely the study of core drillings, deep-seated xenoliths and tectonic exposures of deep-crustal sections to substantiate the interpretation of geophysical data.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67446084,"asset_id":44751391,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":99318,"name":"Geotectonics and Geodynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geotectonics_and_Geodynamics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":214979,"name":"Rock Physics, Geophysics, Petrophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rock_Physics_Geophysics_Petrophysics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":270438,"name":"HYDROCARBONS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":333832,"name":"Serpentinites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinites?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":2756044,"name":"Granitoids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Granitoids?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31011803" data-work_id="31011803" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31011803/Origin_of_Saponite_Rich_Clays_in_a_Fossil_Serpentinite_Hosted_Hydrothermal_System_in_the_Crustal_Basement_of_the_Hyblean_Plateau_Sicily_Italy_">Origin of Saponite-Rich Clays in a Fossil Serpentinite-Hosted Hydrothermal System in the Crustal Basement of the Hyblean Plateau (Sicily, Italy)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A diapiric intrusion of clays in the Carlentini Formation (Tortonian) was discovered in a quarry at S. Demetrio High (Hyblean Plateau, Sicily, Italy). Seven clay samples were analyzed by different analytical methods, including X-ray... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31011803" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A diapiric intrusion of clays in the Carlentini Formation (Tortonian) was discovered in a quarry at S. Demetrio High (Hyblean Plateau, Sicily, Italy). Seven clay samples were analyzed by different analytical methods, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, to determine the composition and mechanism of formation (sedimentary vs. hydrothermal) of these clays. Ferric saponite, carbonates (calcite and traces of ankerite), quartz, pyrite, and zeolites (phillipsite and harmotome) were detected using XRD and FTIR. This mineral assemblage, dominated by Fe-rich saponite, and the abundance of light rare-earth elements (LREE), Eu, fluid-mobile elements (FME > 106 primordial mantle: Li, Be, B, As, Sb, Pb, U, Ba, Sr, Cs), and other incompatible elements (Zr = 169 ppm, Nb = 46 ppm, Th = 11 ppm, on average) imply that S. Demetrio clays precipitated from a mixture of hot Si-rich hydrothermal fluids (350-400ºC) and cold seawater. The evidence is in accord with the affinity of clays for hydrothermally modified mafic and ultramafic rocks, forming the Hyblean lower crust, based on multi-element comparisons, and on the occurrence of trace amounts of chrysotile 2Mc1 and sepiolite. The association of long-chain aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbons (intensity ratios I2927/I2957 > 0.5) with hydrothermal clays, the lack of fossils, and the similarity of the IR absorption bands with those of organic compounds detected previously in some metasomatized Hyblean gabbroic xenoliths suggest a possible abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons via a Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction. The S. Demetrio clay diapir was emplaced at shallow crustal levels in the Late Miocene as a consequence of the interaction, at a greater depth, of an uprising basalt magma and the products of an early, serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal system.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31011803" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57477ebd91e7d80dfc837b751e6fe14e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51445456,"asset_id":31011803,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51445456/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5437596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella">Fabio C Manuella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5437596" type="text/json">{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31011803 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31011803"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31011803, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31011803", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31011803 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31011803; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31011803"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31011803 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31011803"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31011803; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31011803]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31011803").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31011803").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31011803"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology">Geology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="406" type="text/json">{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21728" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clay_Minerals">Clay Minerals</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21728" type="text/json">{"id":21728,"name":"Clay Minerals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clay_Minerals?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32424" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrothermal_systems">Hydrothermal systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32424" type="text/json">{"id":32424,"name":"Hydrothermal systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrothermal_systems?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="270438" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS">HYDROCARBONS</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="270438" type="text/json">{"id":270438,"name":"HYDROCARBONS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31011803]'), work: {"id":31011803,"title":"Origin of Saponite-Rich Clays in a Fossil Serpentinite-Hosted Hydrothermal System in the Crustal Basement of the Hyblean Plateau (Sicily, Italy)","created_at":"2017-01-20T09:27:26.671-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31011803/Origin_of_Saponite_Rich_Clays_in_a_Fossil_Serpentinite_Hosted_Hydrothermal_System_in_the_Crustal_Basement_of_the_Hyblean_Plateau_Sicily_Italy_?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_31011803","summary":"A diapiric intrusion of clays in the Carlentini Formation (Tortonian) was discovered in a quarry at S. Demetrio High (Hyblean Plateau, Sicily, Italy). Seven clay samples were analyzed by different analytical methods, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, to determine the composition and mechanism of formation (sedimentary vs. hydrothermal) of these clays. Ferric saponite, carbonates (calcite and traces of ankerite), quartz, pyrite, and zeolites (phillipsite and harmotome) were detected using XRD and FTIR. This mineral assemblage, dominated by Fe-rich saponite, and the abundance of light rare-earth elements (LREE), Eu, fluid-mobile elements (FME \u003e 106 primordial mantle: Li, Be, B, As, Sb, Pb, U, Ba, Sr, Cs), and other incompatible elements (Zr = 169 ppm, Nb = 46 ppm, Th = 11 ppm, on average) imply that S. Demetrio clays precipitated from a mixture of hot Si-rich hydrothermal fluids (350-400ºC) and cold seawater. The evidence is in accord with the affinity of clays for hydrothermally modified mafic and ultramafic rocks, forming the Hyblean lower crust, based on multi-element comparisons, and on the occurrence of trace amounts of chrysotile 2Mc1 and sepiolite. The association of long-chain aliphatic-aromatic hydrocarbons (intensity ratios I2927/I2957 \u003e 0.5) with hydrothermal clays, the lack of fossils, and the similarity of the IR absorption bands with those of organic compounds detected previously in some metasomatized Hyblean gabbroic xenoliths suggest a possible abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons via a Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction. The S. Demetrio clay diapir was emplaced at shallow crustal levels in the Late Miocene as a consequence of the interaction, at a greater depth, of an uprising basalt magma and the products of an early, serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal system.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51445456,"asset_id":31011803,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":21728,"name":"Clay Minerals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clay_Minerals?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":32424,"name":"Hydrothermal systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrothermal_systems?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":270438,"name":"HYDROCARBONS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":993108,"name":"Serpentinization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinization?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28813520" data-work_id="28813520" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28813520/Cause_of_Chirality_Consensus">Cause of Chirality Consensus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Biological macromolecules, proteins and nucleic acids are composed exclusively of chirally pure monomers. The chirality consensus appears vital for life and it has even been considered as a prerequisite of life. However the primary cause... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28813520" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Biological macromolecules, proteins and nucleic acids are composed exclusively of chirally pure monomers. The chirality consensus appears vital for life and it has even been considered as a prerequisite of life. However the primary cause for the ubiquitous handedness has remained obscure. We propose that the chirality consensus is a kinetic consequence that follows from the principle of increasing entropy, i.e. the 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Entropy increases when an open system evolves by decreasing gradients in free energy with more and more efficient mechanisms of energy transduction. The rate of entropy increase is the universal fitness criterion of natural selection that favors diverse functional molecules and drives the system to the chirality consensus to attain and maintain high-entropy non-equilibrium states.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28813520" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9a8795c0e9811be5fdf16fd382227d04" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49233515,"asset_id":28813520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49233515/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13844257" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnnila">Arto Annila</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13844257" type="text/json">{"id":13844257,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArtoAnnila","display_name":"Arto Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnnila?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13844257/11800409/13153083/s65_arto.annila.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28813520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28813520"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28813520, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28813520", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28813520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28813520; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28813520"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28813520 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28813520"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28813520; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28813520]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28813520").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28813520").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28813520"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10882" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution">Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10882" type="text/json">{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59375" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chirality">Chirality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="59375" type="text/json">{"id":59375,"name":"Chirality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chirality?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28813520]'), work: {"id":28813520,"title":"Cause of Chirality Consensus","created_at":"2016-09-30T02:04:15.912-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28813520/Cause_of_Chirality_Consensus?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_28813520","summary":"Biological macromolecules, proteins and nucleic acids are composed exclusively of chirally pure monomers. The chirality consensus appears vital for life and it has even been considered as a prerequisite of life. However the primary cause for the ubiquitous handedness has remained obscure. We propose that the chirality consensus is a kinetic consequence that follows from the principle of increasing entropy, i.e. the 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Entropy increases when an open system evolves by decreasing gradients in free energy with more and more efficient mechanisms of energy transduction. The rate of entropy increase is the universal fitness criterion of natural selection that favors diverse functional molecules and drives the system to the chirality consensus to attain and maintain high-entropy non-equilibrium states.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49233515,"asset_id":28813520,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13844257,"first_name":"Arto","last_name":"Annila","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArtoAnnila","display_name":"Arto Annila","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArtoAnnila?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13844257/11800409/13153083/s65_arto.annila.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":59375,"name":"Chirality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chirality?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4906169" data-work_id="4906169" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4906169/The_plagues_of_the_Colony_insects_in_the_sixteenth_century_portuguese_America_Pragas_da_col%C3%B4nia_insetos_na_Am%C3%A9rica_portuguesa_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVI">The plagues of the Colony: insects in the sixteenth-century portuguese America - Pragas da colônia: insetos na América portuguesa do século XVI</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article aims to reflect on the descriptions of insects exist in Portuguese colony in the New World. We used as sources treaties, letters and chronicles produced by clerics and colonizers who were in Portuguese America in its first... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4906169" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article aims to reflect on the descriptions of insects exist in Portuguese colony in the New World. We used as sources treaties, letters and chronicles produced by clerics and colonizers who were in Portuguese America in its first century of European colonization. When analyzing the reports about the insect fauna in the territory newly discovered, we observed a high degree of thoroughness employed by these men to understand the peculiarities existing in nature brasílica. Considering the lower animals, and therefore originate from spontaneous generation, the colonizers set aside considerable space in his works to describe these beings who were noted both for its nutritional potential, as represented by the dangers that the maintenance of the colony. <br />. <br />O presente artigo pretende fazer uma reflexão sobre as descrições de insetos existentes na colônia portuguesa do Novo Mundo. Para tanto, utilizamos como fontes documentais, tratados, cartas e crônicas produzidas pelos clérigos e colonizadores que estiveram na América portuguesa em seu primeiro século de colonização europeia. Ao analisarmos os relatos acerca da fauna entomológica existente no território recém-descoberto, observamos o alto grau de meticulosidade, empregado por esses homens, para compreender as peculiaridades existentes na natureza brasílica. Considerando-os animais inferiores e, portanto, originários de geração espontânea, os colonizadores reservaram espaço considerável em suas obras para descrever estes seres que eram observados tanto por seu potencial alimentício, quanto pelos perigos que representavam à manutenção da colônia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4906169" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="03bbd35848114774d28bb753d5b4be54" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32171481,"asset_id":4906169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32171481/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4066609" href="https://maringa.academia.edu/ChristianFausto">Christian Fausto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4066609" type="text/json">{"id":4066609,"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Fausto","domain_name":"maringa","page_name":"ChristianFausto","display_name":"Christian Fausto","profile_url":"https://maringa.academia.edu/ChristianFausto?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4066609/1559274/2183308/s65_christian.fausto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4906169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4906169"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4906169, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4906169", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4906169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4906169; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4906169"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4906169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4906169"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4906169; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4906169]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4906169").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4906169").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4906169"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10588" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/16th_Century_History_">16th Century (History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10588" type="text/json">{"id":10588,"name":"16th Century (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/16th_Century_History_?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117427" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Entomology">History of Entomology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="117427" type="text/json">{"id":117427,"name":"History of Entomology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Entomology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145741" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Novo_Mundo">Novo Mundo</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="145741" type="text/json">{"id":145741,"name":"Novo Mundo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Novo_Mundo?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4906169]'), work: {"id":4906169,"title":"The plagues of the Colony: insects in the sixteenth-century portuguese America - Pragas da colônia: insetos na América portuguesa do século XVI","created_at":"2013-10-27T09:27:25.777-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4906169/The_plagues_of_the_Colony_insects_in_the_sixteenth_century_portuguese_America_Pragas_da_col%C3%B4nia_insetos_na_Am%C3%A9rica_portuguesa_do_s%C3%A9culo_XVI?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_4906169","summary":"This article aims to reflect on the descriptions of insects exist in Portuguese colony in the New World. We used as sources treaties, letters and chronicles produced by clerics and colonizers who were in Portuguese America in its first century of European colonization. When analyzing the reports about the insect fauna in the territory newly discovered, we observed a high degree of thoroughness employed by these men to understand the peculiarities existing in nature brasílica. Considering the lower animals, and therefore originate from spontaneous generation, the colonizers set aside considerable space in his works to describe these beings who were noted both for its nutritional potential, as represented by the dangers that the maintenance of the colony. \r\n.\r\nO presente artigo pretende fazer uma reflexão sobre as descrições de insetos existentes na colônia portuguesa do Novo Mundo. Para tanto, utilizamos como fontes documentais, tratados, cartas e crônicas produzidas pelos clérigos e colonizadores que estiveram na América portuguesa em seu primeiro século de colonização europeia. Ao analisarmos os relatos acerca da fauna entomológica existente no território recém-descoberto, observamos o alto grau de meticulosidade, empregado por esses homens, para compreender as peculiaridades existentes na natureza brasílica. Considerando-os animais inferiores e, portanto, originários de geração espontânea, os colonizadores reservaram espaço considerável em suas obras para descrever estes seres que eram observados tanto por seu potencial alimentício, quanto pelos perigos que representavam à manutenção da colônia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32171481,"asset_id":4906169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4066609,"first_name":"Christian","last_name":"Fausto","domain_name":"maringa","page_name":"ChristianFausto","display_name":"Christian Fausto","profile_url":"https://maringa.academia.edu/ChristianFausto?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4066609/1559274/2183308/s65_christian.fausto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":10588,"name":"16th Century (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/16th_Century_History_?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":117427,"name":"History of Entomology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Entomology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":145741,"name":"Novo Mundo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Novo_Mundo?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":440458,"name":"História das Ciências","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historia_das_Ciencias?f_ri=969355"},{"id":468656,"name":"Insect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insect?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1164422,"name":"Abiogênese","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenese?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69023228" data-work_id="69023228" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69023228/Historical_development_of_the_distinction_between_bio_and_abiogenesis">Historical development of the distinction between bio- and abiogenesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Early greek philosophers laid the philosophical foundations of the distinction between bio and abiogenesis, when they debated organic and non-organic explanations for natural phenomena. Plato and Aristotle gave organic, or purpose-driven... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69023228" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Early greek philosophers laid the philosophical foundations of the distinction between bio and abiogenesis, when they debated organic and non-organic explanations for natural phenomena. Plato and Aristotle gave organic, or purpose-driven explanations for physical phenomena, whereas the materialist school of Democritus and Epicurus gave non-organic, or materialist explanations. These competing schools have alternated in popularity through history, with the present era dominated by epicurean schools of thought. Present controversies concerning evidence for exobiology and biogenesis have many aspects which reflect this millennial debate. Therefore this paper traces a selected history of this debate with some modern, 20th century developments due to quantum mechanics. It finishes with an application of quantum information theory to several exobiology debates.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69023228" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e0fcd95ec7404f300aadaa6a08632687" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79281865,"asset_id":69023228,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79281865/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="566661" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertSheldon">Robert Sheldon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="566661" type="text/json">{"id":566661,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Sheldon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertSheldon","display_name":"Robert Sheldon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertSheldon?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69023228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69023228"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69023228, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69023228", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_69023228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69023228; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_69023228"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_69023228 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69023228"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69023228; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69023228]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_69023228").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_69023228").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69023228"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="422" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="422" type="text/json">{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1410" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Theory">Information Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1410" type="text/json">{"id":1410,"name":"Information Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Theory?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2019" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle">Aristotle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2019" type="text/json">{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=69023228]'), work: {"id":69023228,"title":"Historical development of the distinction between bio- and abiogenesis","created_at":"2022-01-21T09:01:33.571-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69023228/Historical_development_of_the_distinction_between_bio_and_abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_69023228","summary":"Early greek philosophers laid the philosophical foundations of the distinction between bio and abiogenesis, when they debated organic and non-organic explanations for natural phenomena. Plato and Aristotle gave organic, or purpose-driven explanations for physical phenomena, whereas the materialist school of Democritus and Epicurus gave non-organic, or materialist explanations. These competing schools have alternated in popularity through history, with the present era dominated by epicurean schools of thought. Present controversies concerning evidence for exobiology and biogenesis have many aspects which reflect this millennial debate. Therefore this paper traces a selected history of this debate with some modern, 20th century developments due to quantum mechanics. It finishes with an application of quantum information theory to several exobiology debates.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79281865,"asset_id":69023228,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":566661,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Sheldon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertSheldon","display_name":"Robert Sheldon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertSheldon?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":422,"name":"Computer Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":1410,"name":"Information Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Theory?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":2019,"name":"Aristotle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aristotle?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":7936,"name":"Quantum Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Mechanics?f_ri=969355"},{"id":9539,"name":"Materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materialism?f_ri=969355"},{"id":18294,"name":"Epicurus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epicurus?f_ri=969355"},{"id":65543,"name":"Quantum Information Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Information_Theory?f_ri=969355"},{"id":161099,"name":"Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31011805" data-work_id="31011805" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31011805/Can_nanodiamonds_grow_in_serpentinite_hosted_hydrothermal_systems_A_theoretical_modelling_study">Can nanodiamonds grow in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems? A theoretical modelling study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nanodiamonds can be synthesized hydrothermally in the laboratory by using a C-O-H fluid in the graphite stability field, in which the graphite/nanodiamond transition depends on the crystal size as a function of temperature. In nature, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31011805" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nanodiamonds can be synthesized hydrothermally in the laboratory by using a C-O-H fluid in the graphite stability field, in which the graphite/nanodiamond transition depends on the crystal size as a function of temperature. In nature, the hydrothermal circulation of seawater in serpentinites plays an important role in the carbon speciation in the oceanic crust and exposed mantle, in which hydrocarbons (mainly CH4) of abiogenic origin (via Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction) and occasionally graphite particles are detected. Can nanodiamonds nucleate and grow in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems? To answer this question, a theoretical modelling study which compares the physico-chemical conditions in hydrothermal synthesis with those observed in modern and fossil serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems is proposed. Nanodiamonds are predicted to precipitate from a C-O-H fluid, consisting of CH4-CO2-H2O at 350-400ºC and P <0.2 GPa near the FMQ buffer (Fayalite-Magnetite- Quartz), which are conditions compatible with those existing in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems. In these environments, carbon-supersaturated fluids can be derived from water consumption (serpentine formation) under low water/rock ratios, which may promote the growth of nanodiamonds. This theoretical approach sheds light on the intriguing problem of carbon speciation in abyssal-type hydrothermal systems, suggesting that serpentinites may host nanodiamond deposits, even though none have been found yet.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31011805" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f4d080768bd702ff590bae683566db38" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51445453,"asset_id":31011805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51445453/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5437596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella">Fabio C Manuella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5437596" type="text/json">{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31011805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31011805"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31011805, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31011805", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31011805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31011805; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31011805"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31011805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31011805"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31011805; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31011805]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31011805").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31011805").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31011805"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32424" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrothermal_systems">Hydrothermal systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32424" type="text/json">{"id":32424,"name":"Hydrothermal systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrothermal_systems?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="175220" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanodiamonds">Nanodiamonds</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="175220" type="text/json">{"id":175220,"name":"Nanodiamonds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanodiamonds?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="270438" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS">HYDROCARBONS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="270438" type="text/json">{"id":270438,"name":"HYDROCARBONS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31011805]'), work: {"id":31011805,"title":"Can nanodiamonds grow in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems? A theoretical modelling study","created_at":"2017-01-20T09:27:27.454-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31011805/Can_nanodiamonds_grow_in_serpentinite_hosted_hydrothermal_systems_A_theoretical_modelling_study?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_31011805","summary":"Nanodiamonds can be synthesized hydrothermally in the laboratory by using a C-O-H fluid in the graphite stability field, in which the graphite/nanodiamond transition depends on the crystal size as a function of temperature. In nature, the hydrothermal circulation of seawater in serpentinites plays an important role in the carbon speciation in the oceanic crust and exposed mantle, in which hydrocarbons (mainly CH4) of abiogenic origin (via Fischer-Tropsch-type reaction) and occasionally graphite particles are detected. Can nanodiamonds nucleate and grow in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems? To answer this question, a theoretical modelling study which compares the physico-chemical conditions in hydrothermal synthesis with those observed in modern and fossil serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems is proposed. Nanodiamonds are predicted to precipitate from a C-O-H fluid, consisting of CH4-CO2-H2O at 350-400ºC and P \u003c0.2 GPa near the FMQ buffer (Fayalite-Magnetite- Quartz), which are conditions compatible with those existing in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems. In these environments, carbon-supersaturated fluids can be derived from water consumption (serpentine formation) under low water/rock ratios, which may promote the growth of nanodiamonds. This theoretical approach sheds light on the intriguing problem of carbon speciation in abyssal-type hydrothermal systems, suggesting that serpentinites may host nanodiamond deposits, even though none have been found yet.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51445453,"asset_id":31011805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5437596,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"Manuella","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FabioManuella","display_name":"Fabio C Manuella","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FabioManuella?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5437596/15447563/16068568/s65_fabio.manuella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":32424,"name":"Hydrothermal systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrothermal_systems?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":175220,"name":"Nanodiamonds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nanodiamonds?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":270438,"name":"HYDROCARBONS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HYDROCARBONS?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":993108,"name":"Serpentinization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Serpentinization?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_56382741" data-work_id="56382741" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56382741/The_Reaction_of_Aminonitriles_with_Aminothiols_A_Way_to_Thiol_Containing_Peptides_and_Nitrogen_Heterocycles_in_the_Primitive_Earth_Ocean">The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_56382741" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such as cysteine or homocysteine, to give 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycles, which in turn are hydrolyzed to dipeptides. We propose that this two-step process enabled the formation of thiol-containing dipeptides in the primitive ocean. These small peptides are able to promote the formation of other peptide bonds and of heterocyclic molecules. Theoretical calculations support our experimental results. They predict that α-aminonitriles should be more reactive than other nitriles, and that imidazoles should be formed from transiently formed amidinonitriles. Overall, this set of reactions delineates a possible early stage of the development of organic chemistry, hence of life, on Earth dominated by nitriles and thiol-rich peptides (TRP).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/56382741" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="92b6242afddb6d39820d5bd52f87ca06" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71795913,"asset_id":56382741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71795913/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="164678059" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SeydouCoulibaly22">Seydou Coulibaly</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="164678059" type="text/json">{"id":164678059,"first_name":"Seydou","last_name":"Coulibaly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SeydouCoulibaly22","display_name":"Seydou Coulibaly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SeydouCoulibaly22?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_56382741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="56382741"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 56382741, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_56382741", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_56382741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56382741; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_56382741"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_56382741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="56382741"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 56382741; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=56382741]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_56382741").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_56382741").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="56382741"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6313" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry">Prebiotic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6313" type="text/json">{"id":6313,"name":"Prebiotic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="83675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life">Life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="83675" type="text/json">{"id":83675,"name":"Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="295928" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids">Amino Acids</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="295928" type="text/json">{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=56382741]'), work: {"id":56382741,"title":"The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean","created_at":"2021-10-07T11:31:58.183-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/56382741/The_Reaction_of_Aminonitriles_with_Aminothiols_A_Way_to_Thiol_Containing_Peptides_and_Nitrogen_Heterocycles_in_the_Primitive_Earth_Ocean?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_56382741","summary":"The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such as cysteine or homocysteine, to give 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycles, which in turn are hydrolyzed to dipeptides. We propose that this two-step process enabled the formation of thiol-containing dipeptides in the primitive ocean. These small peptides are able to promote the formation of other peptide bonds and of heterocyclic molecules. Theoretical calculations support our experimental results. They predict that α-aminonitriles should be more reactive than other nitriles, and that imidazoles should be formed from transiently formed amidinonitriles. Overall, this set of reactions delineates a possible early stage of the development of organic chemistry, hence of life, on Earth dominated by nitriles and thiol-rich peptides (TRP).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71795913,"asset_id":56382741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":164678059,"first_name":"Seydou","last_name":"Coulibaly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SeydouCoulibaly22","display_name":"Seydou Coulibaly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SeydouCoulibaly22?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6313,"name":"Prebiotic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":83675,"name":"Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47894061" data-work_id="47894061" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47894061/The_Habitability_of_Our_Earth_and_Other_Earths_Astrophysical_Geochemical_Geophysical_and_Biological_Limits_on_Planet_Habitability">The Habitability of Our Earth and Other Earths: Astrophysical, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Biological Limits on Planet Habitability</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">For life-forms like us, the most important feature of Earth is its habitability. Understanding habitability and using that knowledge to locate the nearest habitable planet may be crucial for our survival as a species. During the past... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47894061" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">For life-forms like us, the most important feature of Earth is its habitability. Understanding habitability and using that knowledge to locate the nearest habitable planet may be crucial for our survival as a species. During the past decade, expectations that the universe could be filled with habitable planets have been bolstered by the increasingly large overlap between terrestrial environments known to harbor life and the variety of environments on newly detected rocky exoplanets. The inhabited and uninhabited regions on Earth tell us that temperature and the presence of water are the main constraints that can be used in a habitability classification scheme for rocky planets. Our compilation and review of recent exoplanet detections suggests that the fraction of stars with planets is ∼100%, and that the fraction with rocky planets may be comparably large. We review extensions to the circumstellar habitable zone (HZ), including an abiogenesis habitable zone and the galactic habitable zone. 597 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012.40:597-623. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.annualreviews.org" rel="nofollow">www.annualreviews.org</a> by Universidad de Chile on 06/13/12. For personal use only.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47894061" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6ab4aeb90ded8df69d77a4bb2d2a7957" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66786273,"asset_id":47894061,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66786273/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3393532" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/CharlesLineweaver">Charles Lineweaver</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3393532" type="text/json">{"id":3393532,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Lineweaver","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"CharlesLineweaver","display_name":"Charles Lineweaver","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/CharlesLineweaver?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3393532/1146925/1436535/s65_charles.lineweaver.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47894061 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47894061"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47894061, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47894061", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47894061 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47894061; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47894061"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47894061 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47894061"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47894061; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47894061]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47894061").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47894061").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47894061"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="400" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="400" type="text/json">{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2417" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planetary_Science">Planetary Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2417" type="text/json">{"id":2417,"name":"Planetary Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planetary_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118582" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences">Physical sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118582" type="text/json">{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habitability">Habitability</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="406486" type="text/json">{"id":406486,"name":"Habitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habitability?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47894061]'), work: {"id":47894061,"title":"The Habitability of Our Earth and Other Earths: Astrophysical, Geochemical, Geophysical, and Biological Limits on Planet Habitability","created_at":"2021-05-02T23:09:14.919-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47894061/The_Habitability_of_Our_Earth_and_Other_Earths_Astrophysical_Geochemical_Geophysical_and_Biological_Limits_on_Planet_Habitability?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_47894061","summary":"For life-forms like us, the most important feature of Earth is its habitability. Understanding habitability and using that knowledge to locate the nearest habitable planet may be crucial for our survival as a species. During the past decade, expectations that the universe could be filled with habitable planets have been bolstered by the increasingly large overlap between terrestrial environments known to harbor life and the variety of environments on newly detected rocky exoplanets. The inhabited and uninhabited regions on Earth tell us that temperature and the presence of water are the main constraints that can be used in a habitability classification scheme for rocky planets. Our compilation and review of recent exoplanet detections suggests that the fraction of stars with planets is ∼100%, and that the fraction with rocky planets may be comparably large. We review extensions to the circumstellar habitable zone (HZ), including an abiogenesis habitable zone and the galactic habitable zone. 597 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2012.40:597-623. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Universidad de Chile on 06/13/12. For personal use only.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66786273,"asset_id":47894061,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3393532,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Lineweaver","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"CharlesLineweaver","display_name":"Charles Lineweaver","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/CharlesLineweaver?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3393532/1146925/1436535/s65_charles.lineweaver.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":2417,"name":"Planetary Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Planetary_Science?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":118582,"name":"Physical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_sciences?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":406486,"name":"Habitability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habitability?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":675513,"name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_and_Planetary_Sciences?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1282080,"name":"Terrestrial Planets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrestrial_Planets?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1336364,"name":"Habitable Zones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Habitable_Zones?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41471065 coauthored" data-work_id="41471065" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41471065/Chemistry_of_Homocysteine_Thiolactone_in_A_Prebiotic_Perspective">Chemistry of Homocysteine Thiolactone in A Prebiotic Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic sulfur-containing amino acid. Like cysteine, it can form disulfide bridges and complex metallic cations. It is also closely related to methionine, the first amino acid in the synthesis of all... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41471065" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic sulfur-containing amino acid. Like cysteine, it can form disulfide bridges and complex metallic cations. It is also closely related to methionine, the first amino acid in the synthesis of all contemporary proteins. Furthermore, its cyclized form, a five-membered ring thiolactone, is stable in acidic and neutral water. Here, we demonstrate that this thiolactone may have been formed in the primitive ocean directly from the Strecker precursor of homocysteine, an aminonitrile. Even though it is poorly reactive, this thiolactone may be open by some amines, yielding amides which, in turn, could be the precursors of longer peptides.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41471065" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7c0f5a352f437d57bc98bf69287653b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61643672,"asset_id":41471065,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61643672/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1375809" href="https://ujf-grenoble.academia.edu/YannickVall%C3%A9e">Yannick Vallée</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1375809" type="text/json">{"id":1375809,"first_name":"Yannick","last_name":"Vallée","domain_name":"ujf-grenoble","page_name":"YannickVallée","display_name":"Yannick Vallée","profile_url":"https://ujf-grenoble.academia.edu/YannickVall%C3%A9e?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1375809/500921/630061/s65_yannick.vall_e.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41471065">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41471065"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://grenoble-inp.academia.edu/IbrahimShalayel">Ibrahim Shalayel</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41471065'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41471065').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41471065 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41471065"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41471065, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41471065", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41471065 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41471065; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41471065"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41471065 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41471065"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41471065; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41471065]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41471065").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41471065").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41471065"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6313" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry">Prebiotic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6313" type="text/json">{"id":6313,"name":"Prebiotic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="295928" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids">Amino Acids</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="295928" type="text/json">{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41471065]'), work: {"id":41471065,"title":"Chemistry of Homocysteine Thiolactone in A Prebiotic Perspective","created_at":"2019-12-30T23:11:12.592-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41471065/Chemistry_of_Homocysteine_Thiolactone_in_A_Prebiotic_Perspective?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_41471065","summary":"Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic sulfur-containing amino acid. Like cysteine, it can form disulfide bridges and complex metallic cations. It is also closely related to methionine, the first amino acid in the synthesis of all contemporary proteins. Furthermore, its cyclized form, a five-membered ring thiolactone, is stable in acidic and neutral water. Here, we demonstrate that this thiolactone may have been formed in the primitive ocean directly from the Strecker precursor of homocysteine, an aminonitrile. Even though it is poorly reactive, this thiolactone may be open by some amines, yielding amides which, in turn, could be the precursors of longer peptides.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61643672,"asset_id":41471065,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1375809,"first_name":"Yannick","last_name":"Vallée","domain_name":"ujf-grenoble","page_name":"YannickVallée","display_name":"Yannick Vallée","profile_url":"https://ujf-grenoble.academia.edu/YannickVall%C3%A9e?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1375809/500921/630061/s65_yannick.vall_e.jpg"},{"id":141232336,"first_name":"Ibrahim","last_name":"Shalayel","domain_name":"grenoble-inp","page_name":"IbrahimShalayel","display_name":"Ibrahim Shalayel","profile_url":"https://grenoble-inp.academia.edu/IbrahimShalayel?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141232336/38181465/32038950/s65_ibrahim.shalayel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6313,"name":"Prebiotic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80739560" data-work_id="80739560" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80739560/Geochemistry_and_the_Origin_of_Life_From_Extraterrestrial_Processes_Chemical_Evolution_on_Earth_Fossilized_Life_s_Records_to_Natures_of_the_Extant_Life">Geochemistry and the Origin of Life: From Extraterrestrial Processes, Chemical Evolution on Earth, Fossilized Life’s Records, to Natures of the Extant Life</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 2001, the first author (S.N.) led the publication of a book entitled “Geochemistry and the origin of life” in collaboration with Dr. Andre Brack aiming to figure out geo- and astro-chemical processes essential for the emergence of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80739560" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2001, the first author (S.N.) led the publication of a book entitled “Geochemistry and the origin of life” in collaboration with Dr. Andre Brack aiming to figure out geo- and astro-chemical processes essential for the emergence of life. Since then, a great number of research progress has been achieved in the relevant topics from our group and others, ranging from the extraterrestrial inputs of life’s building blocks, the chemical evolution on Earth with the aid of mineral catalysts, to the fossilized records of ancient microorganisms. Here, in addition to summarizing these findings for the origin and early evolution of life, we propose a new hypothesis for the generation and co-evolution of photosynthesis with the redox and photochemical conditions on the Earth’s surface. Besides these bottom-up approaches, we introduce an experimental study on the role of water molecules in the life’s function, focusing on the transition from live, dormant, and dead states through dehydration/hy...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80739560" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ebd6b5b5c370ef15982e72a229edc2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87021759,"asset_id":80739560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87021759/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="48310757" href="https://ynu.academia.edu/YokoKebukawa">Yoko Kebukawa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="48310757" type="text/json">{"id":48310757,"first_name":"Yoko","last_name":"Kebukawa","domain_name":"ynu","page_name":"YokoKebukawa","display_name":"Yoko Kebukawa","profile_url":"https://ynu.academia.edu/YokoKebukawa?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80739560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80739560"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80739560, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80739560", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80739560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80739560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80739560"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80739560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80739560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80739560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80739560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80739560").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80739560").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80739560"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5001" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5001" type="text/json">{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="83675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life">Life</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="83675" type="text/json">{"id":83675,"name":"Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80739560]'), work: {"id":80739560,"title":"Geochemistry and the Origin of Life: From Extraterrestrial Processes, Chemical Evolution on Earth, Fossilized Life’s Records, to Natures of the Extant Life","created_at":"2022-06-05T05:42:09.264-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80739560/Geochemistry_and_the_Origin_of_Life_From_Extraterrestrial_Processes_Chemical_Evolution_on_Earth_Fossilized_Life_s_Records_to_Natures_of_the_Extant_Life?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_80739560","summary":"In 2001, the first author (S.N.) led the publication of a book entitled “Geochemistry and the origin of life” in collaboration with Dr. Andre Brack aiming to figure out geo- and astro-chemical processes essential for the emergence of life. Since then, a great number of research progress has been achieved in the relevant topics from our group and others, ranging from the extraterrestrial inputs of life’s building blocks, the chemical evolution on Earth with the aid of mineral catalysts, to the fossilized records of ancient microorganisms. Here, in addition to summarizing these findings for the origin and early evolution of life, we propose a new hypothesis for the generation and co-evolution of photosynthesis with the redox and photochemical conditions on the Earth’s surface. Besides these bottom-up approaches, we introduce an experimental study on the role of water molecules in the life’s function, focusing on the transition from live, dormant, and dead states through dehydration/hy...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87021759,"asset_id":80739560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":48310757,"first_name":"Yoko","last_name":"Kebukawa","domain_name":"ynu","page_name":"YokoKebukawa","display_name":"Yoko Kebukawa","profile_url":"https://ynu.academia.edu/YokoKebukawa?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":83675,"name":"Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76614077" data-work_id="76614077" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76614077/Role_of_Mineral_Surfaces_in_Prebiotic_Chemical_Evolution_In_Silico_Quantum_Mechanical_Studies">Role of Mineral Surfaces in Prebiotic Chemical Evolution. In Silico Quantum Mechanical Studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">There is a consensus that the interaction of organic molecules with the surfaces of naturally-occurring minerals might have played a crucial role in chemical evolution and complexification in a prebiotic era. The hurdle of an overly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76614077" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">There is a consensus that the interaction of organic molecules with the surfaces of naturally-occurring minerals might have played a crucial role in chemical evolution and complexification in a prebiotic era. The hurdle of an overly diluted primordial soup occurring in the free ocean may have been overcome by the adsorption and concentration of relevant molecules on the surface of abundant minerals at the sea shore. Specific organic–mineral interactions could, at the same time, organize adsorbed molecules in well-defined orientations and activate them toward chemical reactions, bringing to an increase in chemical complexity. As experimental approaches cannot easily provide details at atomic resolution, the role of in silico computer simulations may fill that gap by providing structures and reactive energy profiles at the organic–mineral interface regions. Accordingly, numerous computational studies devoted to prebiotic chemical evolution induced by organic–mineral interactions have ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76614077" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0ae961b99c3c904e674b716388dc97c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84265291,"asset_id":76614077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84265291/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32569211" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarionaSodupe">Mariona Sodupe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32569211" type="text/json">{"id":32569211,"first_name":"Mariona","last_name":"Sodupe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarionaSodupe","display_name":"Mariona Sodupe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarionaSodupe?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76614077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76614077"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76614077, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76614077", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76614077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76614077; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76614077"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76614077 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76614077"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76614077; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76614077]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76614077").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76614077").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76614077"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="83675" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life">Life</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="83675" type="text/json">{"id":83675,"name":"Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="353523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic">Prebiotic</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="353523" type="text/json">{"id":353523,"name":"Prebiotic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76614077]'), work: {"id":76614077,"title":"Role of Mineral Surfaces in Prebiotic Chemical Evolution. In Silico Quantum Mechanical Studies","created_at":"2022-04-16T06:51:57.182-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76614077/Role_of_Mineral_Surfaces_in_Prebiotic_Chemical_Evolution_In_Silico_Quantum_Mechanical_Studies?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_76614077","summary":"There is a consensus that the interaction of organic molecules with the surfaces of naturally-occurring minerals might have played a crucial role in chemical evolution and complexification in a prebiotic era. The hurdle of an overly diluted primordial soup occurring in the free ocean may have been overcome by the adsorption and concentration of relevant molecules on the surface of abundant minerals at the sea shore. Specific organic–mineral interactions could, at the same time, organize adsorbed molecules in well-defined orientations and activate them toward chemical reactions, bringing to an increase in chemical complexity. As experimental approaches cannot easily provide details at atomic resolution, the role of in silico computer simulations may fill that gap by providing structures and reactive energy profiles at the organic–mineral interface regions. Accordingly, numerous computational studies devoted to prebiotic chemical evolution induced by organic–mineral interactions have ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84265291,"asset_id":76614077,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32569211,"first_name":"Mariona","last_name":"Sodupe","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarionaSodupe","display_name":"Mariona Sodupe","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarionaSodupe?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":83675,"name":"Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":353523,"name":"Prebiotic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55171184" data-work_id="55171184" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55171184/Materialism_and_the_Challenge_of_Origin_of_Life">Materialism and the Challenge of Origin of Life</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper proposes a method to calculate the minimum amount of time it would take for origin of life, solely by the action of matter according to the laws of physics and chemistry. Once the minimum length of time for origin of life is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55171184" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper proposes a method to calculate the minimum amount of time it would take for origin of life, solely by the action of matter according to the laws of physics and chemistry. Once the minimum length of time for origin of life is calculated, it would then be compared to the current age of the universe. As the time it takes for origin of life must be less than the age of the universe, only if the time to origin of life is greater than the age of the universe could there be a paradigm change. A method is proposed to calculate the minimum amount of time needed for origin of life and the factors needed to be taken into account. Such a paradigm shift would have important implications for philosophy. This paper proposes a method to calculate a length of time it would take for life to originate consistent with materialism and then to measure it against the estimate for the age of the universe as calculated by physics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55171184" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ef65c8d2961cf5b4afab4bcb1ec0083" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71165476,"asset_id":55171184,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71165476/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="174751442" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BZern">Barry Zern</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="174751442" type="text/json">{"id":174751442,"first_name":"Barry","last_name":"Zern","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BZern","display_name":"Barry Zern","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BZern?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55171184 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55171184"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55171184, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55171184", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55171184 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55171184; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55171184"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55171184 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55171184"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55171184; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55171184]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55171184").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55171184").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55171184"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology">Geology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="406" type="text/json">{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="804" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="804" type="text/json">{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5001" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5001" type="text/json">{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55171184]'), work: {"id":55171184,"title":"Materialism and the Challenge of Origin of Life","created_at":"2021-10-03T09:34:56.730-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55171184/Materialism_and_the_Challenge_of_Origin_of_Life?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_55171184","summary":"This paper proposes a method to calculate the minimum amount of time it would take for origin of life, solely by the action of matter according to the laws of physics and chemistry. Once the minimum length of time for origin of life is calculated, it would then be compared to the current age of the universe. As the time it takes for origin of life must be less than the age of the universe, only if the time to origin of life is greater than the age of the universe could there be a paradigm change. A method is proposed to calculate the minimum amount of time needed for origin of life and the factors needed to be taken into account. Such a paradigm shift would have important implications for philosophy. This paper proposes a method to calculate a length of time it would take for life to originate consistent with materialism and then to measure it against the estimate for the age of the universe as calculated by physics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71165476,"asset_id":55171184,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":174751442,"first_name":"Barry","last_name":"Zern","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BZern","display_name":"Barry Zern","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BZern?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":804,"name":"Metaphysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":18329,"name":"Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotics?f_ri=969355"},{"id":93741,"name":"Cosmos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmos?f_ri=969355"},{"id":137179,"name":"Origin of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origin_of_Life?f_ri=969355"},{"id":176486,"name":"Genome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome?f_ri=969355"},{"id":248985,"name":"New Materialisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Materialisms?f_ri=969355"},{"id":261434,"name":"The Existence of God","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Existence_of_God?f_ri=969355"},{"id":359338,"name":"RNA World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_World?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1451232,"name":"Nucleotide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleotide?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34943043" data-work_id="34943043" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34943043/Artikel_Biologi_Peristiwa_Abiogenesis_docx">Artikel Biologi Peristiwa Abiogenesis.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">apakah ada dalam sejarah manusia suatu peritiwa dimana ”makhluk hidup berasal dari benda mati” ?. Ternyata jawabannya ada. apakah ada dalam sejarah manusia suatu peritiwa dimana ”makhluk hidup berasal dari benda mati” ?. Ternyata... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34943043" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">apakah ada dalam sejarah manusia suatu peritiwa dimana ”makhluk hidup berasal dari benda mati” ?. Ternyata jawabannya ada.  apakah ada dalam sejarah manusia suatu peritiwa dimana ”makhluk hidup berasal dari benda mati” ?. Ternyata jawabannya ada.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34943043" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7b8a7bca8e199c109dc16531bd1065db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54805027,"asset_id":34943043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54805027/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60479125" href="https://upi.academia.edu/DimasCaesarian">Dimas Caesaria</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60479125" type="text/json">{"id":60479125,"first_name":"Dimas","last_name":"Caesaria","domain_name":"upi","page_name":"DimasCaesarian","display_name":"Dimas Caesaria","profile_url":"https://upi.academia.edu/DimasCaesarian?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60479125/15751920/20049624/s65_dimas.caesarian.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34943043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34943043"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34943043, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34943043", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34943043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34943043; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34943043"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34943043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34943043"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34943043; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34943043]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34943043").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34943043").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34943043"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10882" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution">Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10882" type="text/json">{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29827" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis">Abiogenesis-Biogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29827" type="text/json">{"id":29827,"name":"Abiogenesis-Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34943043]'), work: {"id":34943043,"title":"Artikel Biologi Peristiwa Abiogenesis.docx","created_at":"2017-10-24T05:27:07.131-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34943043/Artikel_Biologi_Peristiwa_Abiogenesis_docx?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_34943043","summary":"apakah ada dalam sejarah manusia suatu peritiwa dimana ”makhluk hidup berasal dari benda mati” ?. Ternyata jawabannya ada. apakah ada dalam sejarah manusia suatu peritiwa dimana ”makhluk hidup berasal dari benda mati” ?. Ternyata jawabannya ada. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54805027,"asset_id":34943043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60479125,"first_name":"Dimas","last_name":"Caesaria","domain_name":"upi","page_name":"DimasCaesarian","display_name":"Dimas Caesaria","profile_url":"https://upi.academia.edu/DimasCaesarian?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60479125/15751920/20049624/s65_dimas.caesarian.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":29827,"name":"Abiogenesis-Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76833421" data-work_id="76833421" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76833421/Comparison_of_fundamental_physical_properties_of_the_model_cells_protocells_and_the_living_cells_reveals_the_need_in_protophysiology">Comparison of fundamental physical properties of the model cells (protocells) and the living cells reveals the need in protophysiology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A hypothesis is proposed about potassium ponds being the cradles of life enriches the gamut of ideas about the possible conditions of pre-biological evolution on the primeval Earth, but does not bring us closer to solving the real problem... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76833421" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A hypothesis is proposed about potassium ponds being the cradles of life enriches the gamut of ideas about the possible conditions of pre-biological evolution on the primeval Earth, but does not bring us closer to solving the real problem of the origin of life. The gist of the matter lies in the mechanism of making a delimitation between two environments – the intracellular environment and the habitat of protocells. Since the sodium–potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) was discovered, no molecular model has been proposed for a predecessor of the modern sodium pump. This has brought into life the idea of the potassium pond, wherein protocells would not need a sodium pump. However, current notions of the operation of living cells come into conflict with even physical laws when trying to use them to explain the origin and functioning of protocells. Thus, habitual explanations of the physical properties of living cells have become inapplicable to explain the corresponding properties of Sidney…</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76833421" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6c51fcbe5322074f561d72b134a8c3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84410512,"asset_id":76833421,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84410512/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13621095" href="https://cytspb-rssi.academia.edu/VladimirMatveev">Vladimir Matveev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13621095" type="text/json">{"id":13621095,"first_name":"Vladimir","last_name":"Matveev","domain_name":"cytspb-rssi","page_name":"VladimirMatveev","display_name":"Vladimir Matveev","profile_url":"https://cytspb-rssi.academia.edu/VladimirMatveev?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13621095/3808231/17469571/s65_vladimir.matveev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76833421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76833421"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76833421, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76833421", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_76833421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76833421; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_76833421"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_76833421 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76833421"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76833421; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76833421]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76833421").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76833421").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76833421"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="406" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology">Geology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="406" type="text/json">{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2157" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Transformations">Phase Transformations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2157" type="text/json">{"id":2157,"name":"Phase Transformations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Transformations?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4315" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life">Origins of Life</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4315" type="text/json">{"id":4315,"name":"Origins of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76833421]'), work: {"id":76833421,"title":"Comparison of fundamental physical properties of the model cells (protocells) and the living cells reveals the need in protophysiology","created_at":"2022-04-18T07:52:40.160-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76833421/Comparison_of_fundamental_physical_properties_of_the_model_cells_protocells_and_the_living_cells_reveals_the_need_in_protophysiology?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_76833421","summary":"A hypothesis is proposed about potassium ponds being the cradles of life enriches the gamut of ideas about the possible conditions of pre-biological evolution on the primeval Earth, but does not bring us closer to solving the real problem of the origin of life. The gist of the matter lies in the mechanism of making a delimitation between two environments – the intracellular environment and the habitat of protocells. Since the sodium–potassium pump (Na+/K+-ATPase) was discovered, no molecular model has been proposed for a predecessor of the modern sodium pump. This has brought into life the idea of the potassium pond, wherein protocells would not need a sodium pump. However, current notions of the operation of living cells come into conflict with even physical laws when trying to use them to explain the origin and functioning of protocells. Thus, habitual explanations of the physical properties of living cells have become inapplicable to explain the corresponding properties of Sidney…","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84410512,"asset_id":76833421,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13621095,"first_name":"Vladimir","last_name":"Matveev","domain_name":"cytspb-rssi","page_name":"VladimirMatveev","display_name":"Vladimir Matveev","profile_url":"https://cytspb-rssi.academia.edu/VladimirMatveev?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13621095/3808231/17469571/s65_vladimir.matveev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":2157,"name":"Phase Transformations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Transformations?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":4315,"name":"Origins of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":5001,"name":"Astrobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology?f_ri=969355"},{"id":38050,"name":"Phase Transitions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Transitions?f_ri=969355"},{"id":39752,"name":"Adsorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adsorption?f_ri=969355"},{"id":95192,"name":"Intrinsically disordered proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intrinsically_disordered_proteins?f_ri=969355"},{"id":147066,"name":"Liposomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liposomes?f_ri=969355"},{"id":160656,"name":"Potassium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium?f_ri=969355"},{"id":214192,"name":"Compartmental Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Compartmental_Models?f_ri=969355"},{"id":353527,"name":"Protocells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protocells?f_ri=969355"},{"id":536937,"name":"Hodgkin and Huxely Model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hodgkin_and_Huxely_Model?f_ri=969355"},{"id":743556,"name":"Ion Exchange","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ion_Exchange?f_ri=969355"},{"id":794074,"name":"Microspheres","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microspheres?f_ri=969355"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1420190,"name":"Protocell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protocell?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61323886" data-work_id="61323886" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61323886/An_Inquiry_Into_the_Origins_of_Life_on_Earth_a_Synthesis_of_Process_Thought_in_Science_and_Theology">An Inquiry Into the Origins of Life on Earth- a Synthesis of Process Thought in Science and Theology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An initiating event in the development of life on earth is thought to have been the generation of self-replicating catalytic molecules (SRCMs). Despite decades of work to reveal how SRCMs could have formed, a chemically detailed... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61323886" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An initiating event in the development of life on earth<br />is thought to have been the generation of self-replicating catalytic<br />molecules (SRCMs). Despite decades of work to reveal how SRCMs<br />could have formed, a chemically detailed hypothesis remains elusive.<br />I maintain that this is due, in part, to a failure of metaphysics and<br />question this research program’s ontologic foundation of materialism.<br />In this essay I suggest another worldview that may provide more<br />adequate ontologic underpinnings: Whitehead’s process philosophy<br />of dynamic, relational becoming. Here we come to see molecules<br />not as unchanging objects but rather as processes that possess the<br />capacity for subjective experience. Molecular transformation is driven<br />by experience, both internal and external. Process thought accounts<br />for the world’s creative impulse by positing a God who lures the becoming<br />of all entities toward greater complexity and value. Chemical<br />evolution is now seen as divine motivation of molecular becoming<br />and, as such, possesses the potential for introducing true novelty into<br />the world. The “causal joint” between God and world is hypothesized<br />to be an energy transduction at the molecular level that allows<br />divine action without violation of chemical principles or physical laws.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61323886" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef80fd30873689744ed5b34c94c2d49c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74386654,"asset_id":61323886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74386654/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="174158690" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RossStein1">Ross L . Stein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="174158690" type="text/json">{"id":174158690,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Stein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RossStein1","display_name":"Ross L . Stein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RossStein1?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174158690/68299838/56679287/s65_ross.stein.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61323886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61323886"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61323886, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61323886", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61323886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61323886; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61323886"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61323886 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61323886"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61323886; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61323886]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61323886").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61323886").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61323886"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1302" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology">Theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1302" type="text/json">{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9041" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Philosophy">Process Philosophy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9041" type="text/json">{"id":9041,"name":"Process Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Philosophy?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61323886]'), work: {"id":61323886,"title":"An Inquiry Into the Origins of Life on Earth- a Synthesis of Process Thought in Science and Theology","created_at":"2021-11-08T07:59:13.974-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61323886/An_Inquiry_Into_the_Origins_of_Life_on_Earth_a_Synthesis_of_Process_Thought_in_Science_and_Theology?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_61323886","summary":"An initiating event in the development of life on earth\nis thought to have been the generation of self-replicating catalytic\nmolecules (SRCMs). Despite decades of work to reveal how SRCMs\ncould have formed, a chemically detailed hypothesis remains elusive.\nI maintain that this is due, in part, to a failure of metaphysics and\nquestion this research program’s ontologic foundation of materialism.\nIn this essay I suggest another worldview that may provide more\nadequate ontologic underpinnings: Whitehead’s process philosophy\nof dynamic, relational becoming. Here we come to see molecules\nnot as unchanging objects but rather as processes that possess the\ncapacity for subjective experience. Molecular transformation is driven\nby experience, both internal and external. Process thought accounts\nfor the world’s creative impulse by positing a God who lures the becoming\nof all entities toward greater complexity and value. Chemical\nevolution is now seen as divine motivation of molecular becoming\nand, as such, possesses the potential for introducing true novelty into\nthe world. The “causal joint” between God and world is hypothesized\nto be an energy transduction at the molecular level that allows\ndivine action without violation of chemical principles or physical laws.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74386654,"asset_id":61323886,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":174158690,"first_name":"Ross","last_name":"Stein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RossStein1","display_name":"Ross L . Stein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RossStein1?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174158690/68299838/56679287/s65_ross.stein.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":1302,"name":"Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":9041,"name":"Process Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Process_Philosophy?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":172690,"name":"Spontaneous generation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spontaneous_generation?f_ri=969355"},{"id":965094,"name":"Origin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origin?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1424532,"name":"Zygon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zygon?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48189015" data-work_id="48189015" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/48189015/From_Aristotle_to_Darwin_to_Freeman_Dyson_changing_definitions_of_life_viewed_in_a_historical_context">From Aristotle to Darwin, to Freeman Dyson: changing definitions of life viewed in a historical context</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48189015" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1707913" href="https://fandm.academia.edu/JamesStrick">James Strick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1707913" type="text/json">{"id":1707913,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Strick","domain_name":"fandm","page_name":"JamesStrick","display_name":"James Strick","profile_url":"https://fandm.academia.edu/JamesStrick?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1707913/2777929/3238787/s65_james.strick.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48189015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48189015"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48189015, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48189015", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_48189015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48189015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_48189015"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_48189015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48189015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48189015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48189015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48189015").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48189015").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48189015"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3701" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA">RNA</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3701" type="text/json">{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18182" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism">Naturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18182" type="text/json">{"id":18182,"name":"Naturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23457" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwinism">Darwinism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23457" type="text/json">{"id":23457,"name":"Darwinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwinism?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48189015]'), work: {"id":48189015,"title":"From Aristotle to Darwin, to Freeman Dyson: changing definitions of life viewed in a historical context","created_at":"2021-05-04T04:10:20.936-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48189015/From_Aristotle_to_Darwin_to_Freeman_Dyson_changing_definitions_of_life_viewed_in_a_historical_context?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_48189015","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1707913,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Strick","domain_name":"fandm","page_name":"JamesStrick","display_name":"James Strick","profile_url":"https://fandm.academia.edu/JamesStrick?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1707913/2777929/3238787/s65_james.strick.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":3701,"name":"RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":18182,"name":"Naturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naturalism?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":23457,"name":"Darwinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwinism?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":27854,"name":"Darwin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwin?f_ri=969355"},{"id":35941,"name":"Darwinian evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwinian_evolution?f_ri=969355"},{"id":48057,"name":"DNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA?f_ri=969355"},{"id":49685,"name":"CAD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAD?f_ri=969355"},{"id":137179,"name":"Origin of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origin_of_Life?f_ri=969355"},{"id":161213,"name":"Panspermia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Panspermia?f_ri=969355"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=969355"},{"id":217407,"name":"Fox","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fox?f_ri=969355"},{"id":233229,"name":"Genes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genes?f_ri=969355"},{"id":338757,"name":"Lamarck","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lamarck?f_ri=969355"},{"id":619723,"name":"Iris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iris?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1028852,"name":"Creationists","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Creationists?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77001725" data-work_id="77001725" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77001725/Biased_versus_unbiased_randomness_in_homo_polymers_and_copolymers_of_amino_acids_in_the_prebiotic_world">Biased versus unbiased randomness in homo-polymers and copolymers of amino acids in the prebiotic world</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The polymerization of amino acids under anhydrous prebiotic conditions was first studied several decades ago. Here we use a stochastic model stressing the relevant role of the polarity of amino acids in the formation of oligopeptides in a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_77001725" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The polymerization of amino acids under anhydrous prebiotic conditions was first studied several decades ago. Here we use a stochastic model stressing the relevant role of the polarity of amino acids in the formation of oligopeptides in a prebiotic milieu. Our goal is to outline the predominance of co-polypeptides over homo-polypeptides, resulting not only from the randomness, but also from polarity properties of amino acids. Our results conclude that there was a higher probability of the formation of co-polypeptides than of homo-polymers. Besides, we may hypothesize that the former would have a more ample spectrum of possible chemical functions than homo-polypeptides.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/77001725" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="008fcbb6e5261620231dedf7c44c8861" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84501391,"asset_id":77001725,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84501391/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184375266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AliciaNegron">Alicia Negron</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184375266" type="text/json">{"id":184375266,"first_name":"Alicia","last_name":"Negron","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AliciaNegron","display_name":"Alicia Negron","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AliciaNegron?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_77001725 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="77001725"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 77001725, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_77001725", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_77001725 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77001725; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_77001725"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_77001725 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="77001725"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 77001725; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=77001725]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_77001725").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_77001725").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="77001725"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4967" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution">Molecular Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4967" type="text/json">{"id":4967,"name":"Molecular Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21466" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymers">Polymers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21466" type="text/json">{"id":21466,"name":"Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymers?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77001725]'), work: {"id":77001725,"title":"Biased versus unbiased randomness in homo-polymers and copolymers of amino acids in the prebiotic world","created_at":"2022-04-19T15:57:47.538-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77001725/Biased_versus_unbiased_randomness_in_homo_polymers_and_copolymers_of_amino_acids_in_the_prebiotic_world?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_77001725","summary":"The polymerization of amino acids under anhydrous prebiotic conditions was first studied several decades ago. Here we use a stochastic model stressing the relevant role of the polarity of amino acids in the formation of oligopeptides in a prebiotic milieu. Our goal is to outline the predominance of co-polypeptides over homo-polypeptides, resulting not only from the randomness, but also from polarity properties of amino acids. Our results conclude that there was a higher probability of the formation of co-polypeptides than of homo-polymers. Besides, we may hypothesize that the former would have a more ample spectrum of possible chemical functions than homo-polypeptides.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84501391,"asset_id":77001725,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184375266,"first_name":"Alicia","last_name":"Negron","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AliciaNegron","display_name":"Alicia Negron","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AliciaNegron?f_ri=969355","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":4967,"name":"Molecular Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":21466,"name":"Polymers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymers?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":32909,"name":"Polymerization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymerization?f_ri=969355"},{"id":67962,"name":"Markov chains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Markov_chains?f_ri=969355"},{"id":161099,"name":"Biogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355"},{"id":373650,"name":"Lysine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lysine?f_ri=969355"},{"id":967839,"name":"Structure activity Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_activity_Relationship?f_ri=969355"},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=969355"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41471067 coauthored" data-work_id="41471067" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41471067/The_Reaction_of_Aminonitriles_with_Aminothiols_A_Way_to_Thiol_Containing_Peptides_and_Nitrogen_Heterocycles_in_the_Primitive_Earth_Ocean">The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41471067" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such as cysteine or homocysteine, to give 5-or 6-membered ring heterocycles, which in turn are hydrolyzed to dipeptides. We propose that this two-step process enabled the formation of thiol-containing dipeptides in the primitive ocean. These small peptides are able to promote the formation of other peptide bonds and of heterocyclic molecules. Theoretical calculations support our experimental results. They predict that α-aminonitriles should be more reactive than other nitriles, and that imidazoles should be formed from transiently formed amidinonitriles. Overall, this set of reactions delineates a possible early stage of the development of organic chemistry, hence of life, on Earth dominated by nitriles and thiol-rich peptides (TRP).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41471067" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="672c179966c9c6ebac5437ff04b9b68b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61643673,"asset_id":41471067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61643673/download_file?st=MTc0MDA0MDY1Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1375809" href="https://ujf-grenoble.academia.edu/YannickVall%C3%A9e">Yannick Vallée</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1375809" type="text/json">{"id":1375809,"first_name":"Yannick","last_name":"Vallée","domain_name":"ujf-grenoble","page_name":"YannickVallée","display_name":"Yannick Vallée","profile_url":"https://ujf-grenoble.academia.edu/YannickVall%C3%A9e?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1375809/500921/630061/s65_yannick.vall_e.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41471067">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41471067"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://grenoble-inp.academia.edu/IbrahimShalayel">Ibrahim Shalayel</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41471067'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41471067').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41471067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41471067"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41471067, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41471067", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41471067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41471067; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41471067"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41471067 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41471067"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41471067; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41471067]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41471067").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41471067").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41471067"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6313" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry">Prebiotic Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6313" type="text/json">{"id":6313,"name":"Prebiotic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="295928" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids">Amino Acids</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="295928" type="text/json">{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="969355" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="969355" type="text/json">{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41471067]'), work: {"id":41471067,"title":"The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean","created_at":"2019-12-30T23:11:12.687-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41471067/The_Reaction_of_Aminonitriles_with_Aminothiols_A_Way_to_Thiol_Containing_Peptides_and_Nitrogen_Heterocycles_in_the_Primitive_Earth_Ocean?f_ri=969355","dom_id":"work_41471067","summary":"The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such as cysteine or homocysteine, to give 5-or 6-membered ring heterocycles, which in turn are hydrolyzed to dipeptides. We propose that this two-step process enabled the formation of thiol-containing dipeptides in the primitive ocean. These small peptides are able to promote the formation of other peptide bonds and of heterocyclic molecules. Theoretical calculations support our experimental results. They predict that α-aminonitriles should be more reactive than other nitriles, and that imidazoles should be formed from transiently formed amidinonitriles. Overall, this set of reactions delineates a possible early stage of the development of organic chemistry, hence of life, on Earth dominated by nitriles and thiol-rich peptides (TRP).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61643673,"asset_id":41471067,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1375809,"first_name":"Yannick","last_name":"Vallée","domain_name":"ujf-grenoble","page_name":"YannickVallée","display_name":"Yannick Vallée","profile_url":"https://ujf-grenoble.academia.edu/YannickVall%C3%A9e?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1375809/500921/630061/s65_yannick.vall_e.jpg"},{"id":141232336,"first_name":"Ibrahim","last_name":"Shalayel","domain_name":"grenoble-inp","page_name":"IbrahimShalayel","display_name":"Ibrahim Shalayel","profile_url":"https://grenoble-inp.academia.edu/IbrahimShalayel?f_ri=969355","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141232336/38181465/32038950/s65_ibrahim.shalayel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6313,"name":"Prebiotic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prebiotic_Chemistry?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":295928,"name":"Amino Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amino_Acids?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true},{"id":969355,"name":"Abiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis?f_ri=969355","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis-Biogenesis">Abiogenesis-Biogenesis</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="29827">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="29827">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universality">Universality</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="136563">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="136563">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution">Evolution</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="10882">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="10882">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="5001">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="5001">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endosymbiosis">Endosymbiosis</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="67480">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="67480">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Origins_of_Life">Origins of Life</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="4315">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="4315">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection">Natural Selection</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="40422">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="40422">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="155">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="155">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="24124">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="24124">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics">Biophysics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="502">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="502">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "b3bc6e56c5fca450113d919c112439b0c4ecd5d63dc12fad7fb90deaf182a3a5", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="ETxC6v_rNMDeZjA3Rmll1pLzT_7kCD1mWegSNPzyXkf0LfPckSOycgABDGsuiAZvH6x9HCEJveWJ7KAwXADSDg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abiogenesis" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="wBURD5odmkF8OdH2wz3CiCPdFYdz3lEDkIdZ5sUmByMlBKA59NUc86Je7aqr3KExroInZbbf0YBAg-viZdSLag" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>