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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Feminist philosophy of science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Feminist_philosophy_of_science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Feminist philosophy of science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Feminist_philosophy_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Objectivity_and_values" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectivity_and_values"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Objectivity and values</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectivity_and_values-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standpoint_and_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standpoint_and_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Standpoint and knowledge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standpoint_and_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_of_feminist_epistemology_in_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_of_feminist_epistemology_in_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Criticisms of feminist epistemology in science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_of_feminist_epistemology_in_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications_of_the_feminist_philosophy_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications_of_the_feminist_philosophy_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Applications of the feminist philosophy of science</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-page-title-main">Feminist philosophy of science</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞানৰ নাৰীবাদী দৰ্শন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিজ্ঞানৰ নাৰীবাদী দৰ্শন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="নারীবাদী বিজ্ঞানদর্শন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নারীবাদী বিজ্ঞানদর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feministische_Wissenschaftstheorie" title="Feministische Wissenschaftstheorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feministische Wissenschaftstheorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="فلسفه علم فمینیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه علم فمینیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_f%C3%A9ministe_des_sciences" title="Philosophie féministe des sciences – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie féministe des sciences" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Феминистичка филозофија науке – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феминистичка филозофија науке" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feministisk_vetenskapsteori" title="Feministisk vetenskapsteori – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feministisk 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Means of interpreting scientific evidence through a feminist lens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feminist_philosophy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="female symbol merged with a question mark"><img alt="female symbol merged with a question mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/100px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/150px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Feminist_philosophy.svg/200px-Feminist_philosophy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman"><span class="wrap"><i>A Vindication of <span class="nowrap">the Rights of</span> Woman</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1792)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Subjection_of_Women" title="The Subjection of Women"><i>The Subjection of Women</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"><span class="wrap"><i>The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884)</span></span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex"><i>The Second Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1949)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique"><i>The Feminine Mystique</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Politics" title="Sexual Politics"><i>Sexual Politics</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dialectic_of_Sex" title="The Dialectic of Sex"><i>The Dialectic of Sex</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>Speculum of the Other Woman</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1974)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray"><i>This Sex Which is Not One</i><span style="font-size:85%;"> (1977)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly"><i>Gyn/Ecology</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1978)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_Like_a_Girl" title="Throwing Like a Girl"><i>Throwing Like a Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_a_Different_Voice" title="In a Different Voice"><i>In a Different Voice</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Reality" title="The Politics of Reality"><i>The Politics of Reality</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis"><i>Women, Race, and Class</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1983)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Theory:_From_Margin_to_Center" title="Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center"><i>Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner"><i>The Creation of Patriarchy</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Feminist_Theory_of_the_State" title="Toward a Feminist Theory of the State"><i>Toward a Feminist Theory of the State</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1989)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble"><i>Gender Trouble</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Personae" title="Sexual Personae"><i>Sexual Personae</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Feminist_Thought" title="Black Feminist Thought"><i>Black Feminist Thought</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1990)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood"><i>Feminism and the Mastery of Nature</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1993)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipping_Girl" title="Whipping Girl"><i>Whipping Girl</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_of_Happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="The Promise of Happiness"><i>The Promise of Happiness</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Bartky" title="Sandra Bartky">Bartky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Baier" title="Annette Baier">Baier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre" title="Voltairine de Cleyre">Cleyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juana_In%C3%A9s_de_la_Cruz" title="Juana Inés de la Cruz">De la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hill_Collins" title="Patricia Hill Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_D%C3%A9mar" title="Claire Démar">Démar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulamith_Firestone" title="Shulamith Firestone">Firestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Frye" title="Marilyn Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%C3%A9_de_Gamond" title="Zoé de Gamond">Gamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Grosz" title="Elizabeth Grosz">Grosz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Haslanger" title="Sally Haslanger">Haslanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Jaggar" title="Alison Jaggar">Jaggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Lerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audre_Lorde" title="Audre Lorde">Lorde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lugones" title="Maria Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharine_A._MacKinnon" title="Catharine A. MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Mama" title="Amina Mama">Mama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Taylor_Mill" title="Harriet Taylor Mill">Taylor Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Plumwood" title="Val Plumwood">Plumwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawal_El_Saadawi" title="Nawal El Saadawi">Saadawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Solanas" title="Valerie Solanas">Solanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Voilquin" title="Suzanne Voilquin">Voilquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Wittig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Zetkin</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_performativity" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender performativity">Gender performativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_gender" title="Social construction of gender">Social construction of gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_theory" title="Standpoint theory">Standpoint theory</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Philosophy_Quarterly" title="Feminist Philosophy Quarterly">Feminist Philosophy Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PhiloSOPHIA" title="PhiloSOPHIA">philoSOPHIA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radical_Philosophy" title="Radical Philosophy">Radical Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Category</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":20,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Feminist_philosophy" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Feminist philosophy of science</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">feminist philosophy</a> that seeks to understand how the acquirement of knowledge through scientific means has been influenced by notions of gender identity and gender roles in society. Feminist philosophers of science question how scientific research and scientific knowledge itself may be influenced and possibly compromised by the social and professional framework within which that research and knowledge is established and exists. The intersection of gender and science allows feminist philosophers to reexamine fundamental questions and truths in the field of science to reveal how gender biases may influence scientific outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feminist philosophy of science has been described as being located "at the intersections of the philosophy of science and feminist science scholarship"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has attracted considerable attention since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist philosophers of science use <a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">feminist epistemology</a> as a lens through which to analyze scientific methods, results, and analysis. This epistemology emphasizes "situated knowledge"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that hinges on one's individual perspectives on a subject; feminist philosophers often highlight the under-representation of female scientists in academia and the resulting androcentric biases that exist in science. Feminist philosophers suggest that integrating feminine modes of thought and logic that are undervalued by current scientific theory will enable improvement and broadening of scientific perspectives. Advocates assert that inclusive epistemology via applying a feminist philosophy of science will allow for a field of science that is more accessible to public. Practitioners of feminist philosophy of science also seek to promote gender equality in scientific fields and greater recognition of the achievements of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">female scientists</a>. </p><p> Critics have argued that the political commitments of advocates of feminist philosophy of science is incompatible with modern-day scientific objectivity,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasizing the success of the scientific method due to its lauded objectivity and "value-free"<sup id="cite_ref-Crasnow2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crasnow2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> methods of knowledge-making.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Askins,_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg/220px-Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg/330px-Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg/440px-Barbara_Askins%2C_Chemist_-_GPN-2004-00022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption>Women often weren't allowed to work officially as scientists, only as assistants for male scientists.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feminist philosophy of science was born out of feminist science studies in the 1960s, when female primatologists began to reevaluate stereotypes of male and female behavior in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, feminist reform born from this branch of philosophy did not receive formal backing from the federal government until the late 1980s, after which its prominence as a philosophy of science grew. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health (NIH)</a> instituted a requirement for both male and female subjects in medical and clinical research.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s, the NIH <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Research_on_Women%27s_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Research on Women's Health">Office of Research on Women's Health</a> and $625 million in funding for the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Health_Initiative" title="Women's Health Initiative">Women's Health Initiative</a> represented drastic support for applications of the feminist philosophy of science in the public sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These reforms coincided with the growth of the feminist philosophy of science in the academic realm. In August 1978, <a href="/wiki/Catharine_R._Stimpson" title="Catharine R. Stimpson">Catharine R. Stimpson</a> and Joan Burstyn published an editorial in a special volume of <i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs</a></i> titled "Women, Science, and Society" highlighting the lack of female scholarship in science and its effects.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their article introduced three areas of scholarship: critiques of gender bias in science, a history of women in science, and social science data and public policy considerations on the status of women in the science.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, feminist science studies had become more philosophical, corresponding to a shift in many fields of <a href="/wiki/Academic_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic feminism">academic feminism</a>. Two main fields of thought emerged, creating a divide between scholarship on "women in science" and "feminist critiques of science".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both agreed on the existence of an androcentric bias in science, the former focused on an increase in funding and hiring of female scientists, while the latter called for an interrogation of the underlying assumptions and biases present in scientific theory and methods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter became the primary focus of feminist philosophers of science moving forward, and conflict arose between women who were actually involved in scientific research and those attempting a feminist critique of gender roles in science.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late nineties, feminist science studies had become well-established and had many prominent scholars within its field of study. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> characterized feminism in 1993 as a "cause to be advanced" more so than a "domain to be studied",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> signaling the rise in the use of feminist philosophy as a lens through which to perform science. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feminist_philosophy_of_science">Feminist philosophy of science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Feminist philosophy of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectivity_and_values">Objectivity and values</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectivity and values"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Feminist philosophers of science state that, rather being purely objective, science is necessarily biased and not value free.<sup id="cite_ref-Crasnow2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crasnow2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This branch of feminist philosophy argues that full understanding and interpretation of scientific results requires an interrogation of how gender inequities influence the credibility of research methods.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Feminist philosophers of science argue that equity and inclusion can help create more robust research methods to alleviate gender bias and produce more thorough results. For example, a lack of female research subjects and perspectives in academic research undermines the "contextual empiricism" required by true neutrality".<sup id="cite_ref-Crasnow2013_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crasnow2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, because science is affected by social, cultural, and political agendas via funding, feminist philosophers of science believe equitable funding is a critical first step in removing biases from research and increasing autonomy of science. </p><p>The values and criticisms of the feminist philosophy of science are more broadly categorized under the idea of "Socially Responsible Science (SRS)".<sup id="cite_ref-Crasnow2013_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crasnow2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socially responsible science argues for an impartial evaluation that makes a distinction between facts and values, which is necessary for the creation of "good science".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "The Source and Status of Values for Socially Responsible Science," Matthew Brown discusses the lens of being socially engaged in science as a means of "craft[ing] better ethics codes for their professional societies." He believes this is done by emphasizing "Ethics and social and political philosophy at least as much as epistemology and metaphysics." Valuing the study of ethics, politics, and social studies in understanding the basis upon which research is performed, Brown argues that a new, impartial agenda for science can be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standpoint_and_knowledge">Standpoint and knowledge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standpoint and knowledge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The feminist philosophy of science has traditionally been highly critical of the lack of access and opportunities for women in science, resulting in scientific results that have been "distorted by sexist values."<sup id="cite_ref-Crasnow2013_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crasnow2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharon Crasnow highlights how the "exclusion of women as researchers and subjects"<sup id="cite_ref-Crasnow2013_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crasnow2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in scientific research, studies and projects can lead to incomplete methods and methodologies and ultimately unreliable or inaccurate results. Some feminist philosophies of science question whether science can lay claim to "impartiality, neutrality, autonomy, and indifference to political positions and the values" when the "neutral" position is benchmarked against the values held by one culture (i.e. western patriarchy) among the multitude of cultures participating in modern science. </p><p>A complete Standpoint theory contains seven parts to fully understand the location of power one has, their "epistemic privilege". Anderson lays these out in her journal <i>Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first point of the theory must state the social location of the authority. The second, how large is the grasp of this authority, what does it claim privilege over. Third, what aspect of the social location allows authority. Fourth, the grounds of the authority, what justifies their privilege. Fifth, the type of epistemic privilege it is claiming to have. Sixth, the other perspectives similar to its own. Lastly, access to this privilege, by occupying the social location is it sufficient to gain access to the perspective. </p><p>Relating to <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a>, epistemology can give a fuller understanding of the nature of scientific knowledge. <a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a> is one of a group of approaches in science studies that urges us to recognize the role of the social in the production of knowledge. Feminist epistemology directs people to consider features of themselves and culture as beings of knowledge that had been outside what was considered appropriate. The goals of researchers and the values that shape the choice of goals are relevant to the knowledge we arrive at. This has implications both for how we train scientists and for how we educate everyone about science. If science is seen as more connected to application, more related to human needs and desires, traditionally <a href="/wiki/Underrepresented_group" title="Underrepresented group">underrepresented groups</a> will have greater motivation to succeed and persist in their science courses or pursue scientific careers. Motivation will be greater as members of underrepresented groups see how science can produce knowledge that has value to their concerns in ways that are consistent with good scientific methodology. Feminist epistemology urges a continued exploration of science in this way and so has much to offer science education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticisms_of_feminist_epistemology_in_science">Criticisms of feminist epistemology in science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Criticisms of feminist epistemology in science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>External critics of the feminist philosophy of science find several flaws in its logic and values. Because feminist philosophers argue that scientific "facts" are necessarily biased by values, one major criticisms is scientists under this epistemological constraint will "impos[e] political constraints on the conclusions it will accept" and that "truths inconvenient to a feminist perspective will be censored."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, some critics contend that while values are important in the interpretation of scientific results, attention to the values present in scientific inquiry does not displace the importance of scientific evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some further argue that because of the "corrosive cynicism about science" suggested by feminist critique, feminist philosophers of science may support a wholly anti-science movement.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another criticism commonly levied at the feminist philosophy of science is that it suggests all women have the same perspectives and that objective truths can be revealed by performing science in a "feminine" way,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which creates multiple issues. By homogenizing the perspectives of women into one monolithic viewpoint, the feminist philosophy of science may valorize a certain female mode of thinking that can be used to diminish individual female perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, some critics worry that promoting a feminist epistemological lens through which to perform research will result in an intellectual ghetto for female scientists, who will be pigeonholed into particular fields where feminist theory is deemed more relevant.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_of_the_feminist_philosophy_of_science">Applications of the feminist philosophy of science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications of the feminist philosophy of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many applications of the feminist philosophy of science exist in recent work, with feminist epistemology applied to research a variety of scientific fields. </p><p>Feminist epistemology is particularly relevant in the area of reproductive biology. Emily Martin describes how stereotypes of male and female behavior have affected descriptions of the human fertilization process. She argues that, due to various perceptions of women throughout history, biologists have mischaracterized the interaction between egg and sperm; Martin applies the feminist philosophy of science to call for an objective model of fertilization unbiased by societal gender roles and harmful perceptions of female behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further work regarding the application of the feminist philosophy of science in evolutionary biology has been explored. Historically, evolutionary biologists assumed that the female orgasm was assumed to assist in reproduction, since it was analogous to the male orgasm, despite clear evidence to the contrary <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent accounts describe that these assumptions were largely incorrect. Elisabeth A. Lloyd's findings from extended case studies of the female orgasm illustrate that core beliefs developed solely through assumptions predicated on gender result in major flaws in scientific research, illustrating the importance of applying feminist philosophy in academic work.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Supporters also argue that the feminist philosophy of science should be applied to primary and secondary schooling. To combat the <a href="/wiki/Female_education_in_STEM" title="Female education in STEM">underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and math</a>, reforms should be implemented through a feminist philosophical viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than combating gender biases in science by implementing feminist viewpoints into research and analysis, some suggest that encouraging girls to pursue STEM via educational reforms will intrinsically revert gender biases in scientific research.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Feminist technoscience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Richardson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_S._Richardson" title="Sarah S. Richardson">Richardson, Sarah S.</a> (2010). "Feminist philosophy of science: history, contributions, and challenges". <i>Synthese</i>. <b>177</b> (3): 337–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11229-010-9791-6">10.1007/s11229-010-9791-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-7857">0039-7857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5818168">5818168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synthese&rft.atitle=Feminist+philosophy+of+science%3A+history%2C+contributions%2C+and+challenges&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-362&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5818168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0039-7857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11229-010-9791-6&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+philosophy+of+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of science</i>. Machamer, Peter K., Silberstein, Michael. 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"Connecting girls and science: Constructivism, feminism, and science education reform". <i>Teachers College Press</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teachers+College+Press&rft.atitle=Connecting+girls+and+science%3A+Constructivism%2C+feminism%2C+and+science+education+reform&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Howes&rft.aufirst=Elaine+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeminist+philosophy+of+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&oldid=1177275518">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feminist_philosophy_of_science&oldid=1177275518</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology_of_science" title="Category:Epistemology of science">Epistemology of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_philosophy" title="Category:Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theory" title="Category:Feminist theory">Feminist theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_science" title="Category:Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_in_society" title="Category:Science in society">Science in society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_in_science_and_technology" title="Category:Women in science and technology">Women in science and technology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 September 2023, at 00:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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