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<span>Notable peaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caucasus Mountains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="جبال القوقاز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جبال القوقاز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D6%84%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Փոքր Կովկաս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոքր Կովկաս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_d%27El_C%C3%A1ucasu" title="Montes d'El Cáucasu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Montes d'El Cáucasu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvytyrys%C3%BDi_K%C3%A1ukaso" title="Yvytyrysýi Káukaso – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvytyrysýi Káukaso" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B3%D3%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Кавказалъул мугӀрул – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Кавказалъул мугӀрул" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qafqaz_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Qafqaz dağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qafqaz dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="ককেশাস পর্বতমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ককেশাস পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кавказ тауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кавказ тауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Каўказскія горы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каўказскія горы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4" title="कॉकेशस परबत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कॉकेशस परबत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Кавказ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кавказ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_(planina)" title="Kavkaz (planina) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kavkaz (planina)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menezio%C3%B9_Kaokaz" title="Menezioù Kaokaz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menezioù Kaokaz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntanyes_del_Caucas" title="Muntanyes del Caucas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muntanyes del Caucas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Caucasus Mountains" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynyddoedd_y_Cawcasws" title="Mynyddoedd y Cawcasws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynyddoedd y Cawcasws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawkaz" title="Kawkaz – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kawkaz" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Καύκασος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύκασος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_del_C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Cordillera del Cáucaso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cordillera del Cáucaso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%ADkazo" title="Kaŭkazo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaŭkazo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaso_(mendikatea)" title="Kaukaso (mendikatea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaukaso (mendikatea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="رشته‌کوه قفقاز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رشته‌کوه قفقاز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9ographie_du_Caucase" title="Géographie du Caucase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Géographie du Caucase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A9ibhte_Chugais" title="Sléibhte Chugais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sléibhte Chugais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilleira_do_C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Cordilleira do Cáucaso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cordilleira do Cáucaso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Кавказа лоамаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кавказа лоамаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_s%C3%A2n-mak" title="Kavkaz sân-mak – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kavkaz sân-mak" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%85%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="캅카스산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캅카스산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="काकेशस पर्वत शृंखला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काकेशस पर्वत शृंखला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawkaz" title="Kawkaz – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kawkaz" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montaro_Kaukazo" title="Montaro Kaukazo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montaro Kaukazo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Kaukasus" title="Pegunungan Kaukasus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucaso" title="Caucaso – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauc%C3%A1s" title="Caucás – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Caucás" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Кавказы хæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кавказы хæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1kasusfj%C3%B6ll" title="Kákasusfjöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kákasusfjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_del_Caucaso" title="Catena del Caucaso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catena del Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%96" title="הרי הקווקז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי הקווקז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кавказ таула – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Кавказ таула" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კავკასიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კავკასიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%B9kaz_(r%C3%A9ga_g%C3%B3r)" title="Kaùkaz (réga gór) – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kaùkaz (réga gór)" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazi" title="Kaukazi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaukazi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87iyay%C3%AAn_Qefqaz%C3%AA" title="Çiyayên Qefqazê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çiyayên Qefqazê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucas" title="Caucas – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Caucas" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caucasus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauk%C4%81zs_(kalni)" title="Kaukāzs (kalni) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaukāzs (kalni)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazo_kalnai" title="Kaukazo kalnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaukazo kalnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauk%C3%A1zus_(hegys%C3%A9g)" title="Kaukázus (hegység) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaukázus (hegység)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="ककेसस पर्वत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ककेसस पर्वत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86)" title="Кавказ (планински венец) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кавказ (планински венец)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="കോക്കസസ് പർവതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോക്കസസ് പർവതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="काॅकेशस पर्वतरांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काॅकेशस पर्वतरांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="კავკაციონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კავკაციონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergunungan_Kaukasus" title="Pergunungan Kaukasus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergunungan Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Кавказын нуруу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кавказын нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus_(gebergte)" title="Kaukasus (gebergte) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaukasus (gebergte)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="ककेसस हिमशृङ्खला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ककेसस हिमशृङ्खला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="コーカサス山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーカサス山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Кавказан лаьмнаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Кавказан лаьмнаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz_tog%CA%BBlari" title="Kavkaz togʻlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kavkaz togʻlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕੋਹਕਾਫ਼ ਪਰਬਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਹਕਾਫ਼ ਪਰਬਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukaz_(%C5%82a%C5%84cuch_g%C3%B3rski)" title="Kaukaz (łańcuch górski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaukaz (łańcuch górski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilheira_do_C%C3%A1ucaso" title="Cordilheira do Cáucaso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cordilheira do Cáucaso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Caucaz" title="Munții Caucaz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Munții Caucaz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Кавказские горы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кавказские горы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Moontains" title="Caucasus Moontains – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caucasus Moontains" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukazi" title="Kaukazi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaukazi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94" title="කෝකසස් කඳු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෝකසස් කඳු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caucasus Mountains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="قفقاز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قفقاز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%95%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="زنجیرەچیاکانی قەوقاز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرەچیاکانی قەوقاز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Кавкаске планине – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кавкаске планине" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavkaz" title="Kavkaz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasus" title="Kaukasus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaukasus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulubundukin_ng_Kaukasya" title="Bulubundukin ng Kaukasya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulubundukin ng Kaukasya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="காக்கசஸ் மலைத்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காக்கசஸ் மலைத்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="కాకసస్ పర్వతాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాకసస్ పర్వతాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เทือกเขาคอเคซัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาคอเคซัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D2%B3%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7" title="Кӯҳҳои Қафқоз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯҳҳои Қафқоз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafkas_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Kafkas Dağları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kafkas Dağları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кавказькі гори – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кавказькі гори" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="قفقاز پہاڑیاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قفقاز پہاڑیاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%DB%8B%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="كاۋكاز تاغ تىزمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاۋكاز تاغ تىزمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ucazo" title="Càucazo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Càucazo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_n%C3%BAi_Kavkaz" title="Dãy núi Kavkaz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy núi Kavkaz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabubkiran_Caucaso" title="Kabubkiran Caucaso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabubkiran Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="高加索山脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高加索山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%96_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%92" title="קאווקאז בערג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאווקאז בערג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="高加索山脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高加索山脈" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caucasus_Mountains&params=42.5_N_45_E_type:mountain_region:GE_scale:6000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.5°N 45°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.5; 45</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain system at the intersection of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the lunar mountain range, see <a href="/wiki/Montes_Caucasus" title="Montes Caucasus">Montes Caucasus</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Special:EditPage/Caucasus Mountains">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Caucasus+Mountains%22">"Caucasus Mountains"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Caucasus+Mountains%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Caucasus+Mountains%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Caucasus+Mountains%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Caucasus+Mountains%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Caucasus+Mountains%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Caucasus Mountains</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kavkasioni.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavkasioni.JPG/272px-Kavkasioni.JPG" decoding="async" width="272" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavkasioni.JPG/408px-Kavkasioni.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Kavkasioni.JPG/544px-Kavkasioni.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Aerial view of the Caucasus Mountains</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,642 m (18,510 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-otm_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-otm-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Seven_Summits" title="Seven Summits">Seven Summits</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caucasus_Mountains&params=43_21_18_N_42_26_31_E_type:mountain_region:GE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°21′18″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°26′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.35500°N 42.44194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.35500; 42.44194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,200 km (750 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">160 km (99 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">477,165 km<sup>2</sup> (184,234 sq mi) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477?uselang=en#P2046" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg/272px-Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg/408px-Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg/544px-Caucasus_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div>Topographic map</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Continent</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caucasus_Mountains&params=42.5_N_45_E_type:mountain_region:GE_scale:6000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°30′N</span> <span class="longitude">45°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.5°N 45°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.5; 45</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaukasus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kaukasus.jpg/280px-Kaukasus.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kaukasus.jpg/420px-Kaukasus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Kaukasus.jpg/560px-Kaukasus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the Caucasus Mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Caucasus Mountains</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> at the intersection of Asia and Europe. Stretching between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, they are surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region and are home to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_elevation_extremes_by_region" title="List of elevation extremes by region">highest peak</a> in Europe at 5,642 metres (18,510 ft) above sea level. </p><p>The Caucasus Mountains include the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a> in the south. The Greater Caucasus runs west-northwest to east-southeast, from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Caucasus" title="Western Caucasus">Western Caucasus</a> on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea to close to <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> on the Caspian Sea, in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan (country)">Azerbaijan</a>. The Lesser Caucasus runs parallel to the Greater about 100 km (62 mi) south.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyc-Snow-Ice-CaucusMtn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyc-Snow-Ice-CaucusMtn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greater and Lesser Caucasus ranges are connected by the <a href="/wiki/Likhi_Range" title="Likhi Range">Likhi Range</a>, and to the west and east of the Likhi Range lie the <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> Plain and the <a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kur-Araz Lowland</a> respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Meskheti_Range" title="Meskheti Range">Meskheti Range</a> is a part of the Lesser Caucasus system. In the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Aras_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Aras River">Aras River</a> separates the Lesser Caucasus from the <a href="/wiki/Talysh_Mountains" title="Talysh Mountains">Talysh Mountains</a> which runs through the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Azerbaijan">Greater Azerbaijan</a> region. The Lesser Caucasus and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highland">Armenian Highland</a> constitute the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasian</a> Highland, which at their western end converges with the highland plateau of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The Caucasus Mountains were part of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geologically, the Caucasus Mountains belong to the <a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a> system that extends from southeastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> into <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered a border between the two continents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus Mountains</a> are mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> rocks with the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> rocks in the higher regions. Some volcanic formations are found throughout the range. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus Mountains</a> are formed predominantly of the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> rocks with a much smaller portion of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks. The evolution of the Caucasus began from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimmerian orogeny">Cimmerian orogeny</a> at the active margin of the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> while the uplift of the Greater Caucasus is dated to the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_orogeny" title="Alpine orogeny">Alpine orogeny</a>. </p><p>The Caucasus Mountains formed largely as the result of a <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plate</a> collision between the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian plate</a> moving northwards with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a>. As the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Sea</a> was closed and the Arabian plate collided with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian plate">Iranian plate</a> and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian plate towards the Iranian plate and their final collision, the Iranian plate was pressed against the Eurasian plate. As this happened, the rocks that had been deposited in this basin from the Jurassic to the Miocene were <a href="/wiki/Fold_mountains" title="Fold mountains">folded</a> to form the Greater Caucasus Mountains. This collision also caused the uplift and the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> volcanic activity in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entire region is regularly subjected to strong <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a> from this activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Reilinger2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reilinger2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Greater Caucasus Mountains have a mainly folded sedimentary structure, the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Philip1989_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philip1989-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Javakheti_Volcanic_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Javakheti Volcanic Plateau">Javakheti Volcanic Plateau</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and the surrounding volcanic ranges which extend well into central <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> are some of the youngest features of the region. Only recently was the Caucasus a scene for intense volcanic activity: the Armenian highland was flooded by calc-alkaline <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesites</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> and the highest summits of the Caucasus, the <a href="/wiki/Elbrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbrus">Elbrus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kazbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazbek">Kazbek</a>, formed as <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a> volcanoes. The Kazbek is no longer active, but the Elbrus erupted in postglacial times and <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumarole</a> activity is registered near its summit. Contemporary seismic activity is a prominent feature of the region, reflecting active faulting and crustal shortening. Clusters of seismicity occur in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a> and in northern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Many devastating earthquakes have been documented in historical times, including the <a href="/wiki/Spitak" title="Spitak">Spitak</a> earthquake in December 1988 which destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vanadzor" title="Vanadzor">Vanadzor</a> region of Armenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_peaks">Notable peaks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notable peaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a>, at 5,642 m (18,510 ft), in the Caucasus Mountains, is sometimes cited as the highest peak in Europe. Mount Elbrus is 832 m (2,730 ft) higher than <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, the highest peak in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and Western Europe at 4,810 m (15,780 ft). However, there are some technical disagreements over whether Mount Elbrus is in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crest of the Greater Caucasus Mountains is usually taken to <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Modern_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">define</a> the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus#Watershed" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus Watershed</a> which marks the continental boundary between Asia and Europe for the region between the Black and Caspian seas. This classification would place Mount Elbrus at the junction with Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The table below lists some of the highest peaks of the Caucasus. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Shkhara" title="Shkhara">Shkhara</a>, the heights are taken from Soviet 1:50,000 mapping. The list includes the ten <a href="/wiki/Ultra-prominent_peak" title="Ultra-prominent peak">ultras</a> (mountains of more than 1,500 m prominence) and all mountains over 4,500 m height with 300 m <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">prominence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Ağrı">Mount Ağrı</a> (5,137 m) in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is just south of the Lesser Caucasus. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some of the Highest peaks in the Caucasus Mountains </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Peak name </th> <th>Elevation<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(metres)</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(metres)</span> </th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elbrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbrus">Elbrus</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,642</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">4,741 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dykh-Tau" title="Dykh-Tau">Dykh-Tau</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,205</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2,002 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shkhara" title="Shkhara">Shkhara</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="nowrap">   </span>5,193<sup id="cite_ref-height_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-height-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,365 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koshtan-Tau" title="Koshtan-Tau">Koshtan-Tau</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,152</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">822 </div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pushkin_peak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pushkin peak (page does not exist)">Pushkin peak</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,100</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">110 </div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Janga_(mountain)" title="Janga (mountain)">Janga</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><br />(Dzhangi-Tau)</span> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,085</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">300 </div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mizhirgi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mizhirgi (page does not exist)">Mizhirgi</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,047</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">10 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazbek">Kazbek</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">5,034</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2,353 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Katyn-Tau" title="Katyn-Tau">Katyn-Tau</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,979</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">240 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukurtlu_Dome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukurtlu Dome (page does not exist)">Kukurtlu Dome</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,978</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">18 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gistola" title="Gistola">Gistola</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,860</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">320 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shota_Rustaveli_Peak" title="Shota Rustaveli Peak">Shota Rustaveli</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,860</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50</span> </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetnuldi" title="Tetnuldi">Tetnuldi</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,858</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">672 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Jimara" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Jimara">Jimara</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><br />(Jimari)</span> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,780</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">840 </div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ushba" title="Ushba">Ushba</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,710</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,143 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dumala-Tau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dumala-Tau (page does not exist)">Dumala-Tau</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,682</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">332 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gora_Uilpata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gora Uilpata (page does not exist)">Gora Uilpata</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,649</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1300 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tikhtengen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tikhtengen (page does not exist)">Tikhtengen</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,618</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">768 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ailama" title="Ailama">Ailama</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,547</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,067 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tiutiun-Tau</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,540</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">380 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jailik</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,533</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">926 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salinan</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,508</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">621 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tebulosmta" title="Tebulosmta">Tebulosmta</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,499</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2,145 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bazard%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Mount Bazardüzü">Mount Bazardüzü</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,466</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2,454 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gora_Shan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gora Shan">Mount Shan</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,451</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,775 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tepli</td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,431</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,144 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diklosmta" title="Diklosmta">Diklo</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,285</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">843 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shahdagh" title="Mount Shahdagh">Mount Shahdagh</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,243</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,102 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gora_Addala_Shukgelmezr" class="mw-redirect" title="Gora Addala Shukgelmezr">Gora Addala<br />Shukgelmezr</a> </td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,152</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,792 </div></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gora_Dyultydag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gora Dyultydag">Gora Dyultydag</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,127</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,834 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aragats" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragats">Aragats</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,090</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">2,143 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deavgay" title="Deavgay">Deavgay</a></td> <td><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">4,016</div></td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,251 </div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg/375px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg/500px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%90%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%85%D0%BE_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6718" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption>Aishkho Pass, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Nature_Reserve" title="Caucasus Nature Reserve">Caucasus Nature Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The climate of the Caucasus varies both vertically (according to elevation) and horizontally (by latitude and location). Temperature generally decreases as elevation rises. Average annual temperature in <a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> at sea level is 15 °C (59 °F) while on the slopes of Mt.<a href="/wiki/Kazbek" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazbek">Kazbek</a> at an elevation of 3,700 metres (12,100 ft), average annual temperature falls to −6.1 °C (21.0 °F). The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range are 3 °C (5.4 °F) colder than the southern slopes. The highlands of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> are marked by sharp temperature contrasts between the summer and winter months due to a more continental climate. </p><p>Precipitation increases from east to west in most areas. Elevation plays an important role in the Caucasus and mountains generally receive higher amounts of precipitation than low-lying areas. The north-eastern regions (<a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>) and the southern portions of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are the driest. The absolute minimum annual precipitation is 250 mm (9.84 in) in the northeastern <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Depression" title="Caspian Depression">Caspian Depression</a>. Western parts of the Caucasus Mountains are marked by high amounts of precipitation. The southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range receive higher amounts of precipitation than the northern slopes. Annual precipitation in the Western Caucasus ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 mm (39.37–157.48 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>) while in the Eastern and Northern Caucasus (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechnya_business&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechnya business (page does not exist)">Chechnya business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kakheti" title="Kakheti">Kakheti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a>, etc.) precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,800 mm (23.62–70.87 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>). The absolute maximum annual precipitation is 4,100 mm (161.42 in) around the Mt. Mtirala area which lies on the <a href="/wiki/Meskheti_Range" title="Meskheti Range">Meskheti Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ajaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajaria">Ajaria</a>. The precipitation of the Lesser Caucasus Mountain Range (Southern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>), not including the <a href="/wiki/Meskheti_Range" title="Meskheti Range">Meskheti Range</a>, varies from 300-800 mm (31.50 in) annually. </p><p>The Caucasus Mountains are known for the high amount of snowfall, although many regions which are not located along the windward slopes do not receive nearly as much snow. This is especially true for the Lesser Caucasus Mountains which are somewhat isolated from the moist influences coming in from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and receive considerably less precipitation (in the form of snow) than the Greater Caucasus Mountains. The average winter snow cover of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains ranges from 10 to 30 cm (3.94–11.81 <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">in</a>). The Greater Caucasus Mountains (especially the southwestern slopes) are marked by heavy snowfall. <a href="/wiki/Avalanches" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalanches">Avalanches</a> are common from November to April. </p><p>Snow cover in several regions (<a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>) may reach 5 metres (16 ft). The Mt. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achishkho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Achishkho (page does not exist)">Achishkho</a> region, which is the snowiest place in the Caucasus, often records snow depths of 7 m (23 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landscape">Landscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake,_Juta_Valley,_Mtskheta-Mtianeti,_Georgia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg/300px-Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg/450px-Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg/600px-Chaukhi_Mountain_%26_Tina_Lake%2C_Juta_Valley%2C_Mtskheta-Mtianeti%2C_Georgia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5297" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption>Juta Valley in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, on the southern slopes of Greater Caucasus.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Caucasus Mountains have a varied landscape which changes according to elevation and distance from large bodies of water. The region contains <a href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">biomes</a> ranging from subtropical lowland marshes and forests to <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> (Western and Central Caucasus), and highland <a href="/wiki/Semidesert" class="mw-redirect" title="Semidesert">semideserts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_meadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine meadow">alpine meadows</a> in the south (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Falls.jpg/170px-Falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Falls.jpg/255px-Falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Falls.jpg/340px-Falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Waterfall in Georgia, part of <a href="/wiki/Dariali_Gorge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dariali Gorge">Dariali Gorge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a> forests at lower elevations while <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> forests take over at higher elevations. Some of the lowest areas of the region are covered by <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a>. The slopes of the North-western Greater Caucasus (<a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherkessia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkessia">Cherkessia</a>, etc.) also contain <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> forests. The <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> zone replaces the forest at around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level. The <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> line generally starts around 2,800–3,000 metres (9,200–9,800 ft). The southeastern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Mountains are covered by <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">maple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, and ash forests. <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> forests tend to dominate in higher locations. The south-western slopes of the Greater Caucasus are covered by <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchian</a> forests (<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">buxus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">hornbeam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">elm</a>) at lower elevations with <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> and mixed forests (<a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>) taking over at higher elevations. The alpine zone on the southern slopes may extend up to 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) above sea level while the <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>/snow line starts at 3,000–3,500 metres (9,800–11,500 ft). </p><p>The northern and western slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are characterized both by <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forests at lower elevations while mixed and <a href="/wiki/Coniferous" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferous">coniferous</a> forests (mainly <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a>) dominate at higher elevations. <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> forests are also common at higher elevations. The southern slopes of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains are largely covered by <a href="/wiki/Grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grasslands">grasslands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppes">steppes</a> up to an elevation of 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). The highest areas of the region too contains alpine grasslands. <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">Volcanic</a> and other rock formations are common throughout the region. The volcanic zone extends over a large area from southern <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Some of the prominent peaks of the region include Mt. <a href="/wiki/Aragats" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragats">Aragats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didi_Abuli" title="Didi Abuli">Didi Abuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsari" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsari">Samsari</a>, and others. The area is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_plateau" title="Volcanic plateau">volcanic plateaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">lava flows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic lake">volcanic lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">volcanic cones</a> and other features. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains lack the type of glaciers and glacial features that are common on the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">History of the Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></div> <p>Crossing the Caucasus Mountain range was an important section of the northern arm of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Route" class="mw-redirect" title="Silk Route">Silk Route</a>. Tusheti shepherds of Georgia have been herding livestock to seasonal grazing grounds, a practice known as <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for over 10,000 years. There was one pass on the southeast end in <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a> (known as the Caspian Gates or <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a>), and multiple passes throughout the range: <a href="/wiki/Jvari_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jvari Pass">Jvari Pass</a> at 2379 m and above the <a href="/wiki/Darial_Gorge" title="Darial Gorge">Darial Gorge</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Military_Road" title="Georgian Military Road">Georgian Military Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamison_Pass" title="Mamison Pass">Mamison Pass</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Military_Road" title="Ossetian Military Road">Ossetian Military Road</a> at 2911 m, and <a href="/wiki/Roki_Tunnel" title="Roki Tunnel">Roki Tunnel</a> at 2310 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 223.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 221.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Elbrus viewed from the south in Kabardino-Balkaria"><img alt="Mount Elbrus viewed from the south in Kabardino-Balkaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg/332px-Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg/497px-Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg/663px-Mt_Elbrus_Caucasus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elbrus" title="Mount Elbrus">Mount Elbrus</a> viewed from the south in <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Comito.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Komito Mountain in Chechnya"><img alt="Komito Mountain in Chechnya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Comito.jpg/240px-Comito.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Comito.jpg/360px-Comito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Comito.jpg/480px-Comito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Komito Mountain in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caucasus Mountains in Svaneti, Georgia"><img alt="Caucasus Mountains in Svaneti, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg/240px-VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg/360px-VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg/480px-VittfarneGeorgien_155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caucasus Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Svaneti" title="Svaneti">Svaneti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaukhi_mountain_(%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaukhi mountain in Khevi, Georgia"><img alt="Chaukhi mountain in Khevi, Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaukhi_mountain_%28%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%29.jpg/240px-Chaukhi_mountain_%28%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaukhi_mountain_%28%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%29.jpg/360px-Chaukhi_mountain_%28%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chaukhi_mountain_%28%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%29.jpg/480px-Chaukhi_mountain_%28%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chaukhi mountain in <a href="/wiki/Khevi" title="Khevi">Khevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gorge in Dagestan, Russia"><img alt="A gorge in Dagestan, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/205px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/308px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg/410px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5._%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gorge in <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ushba_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Twin-peaked Ushba in Georgia"><img alt="Twin-peaked Ushba in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ushba_1879.jpg/120px-Ushba_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ushba_1879.jpg/181px-Ushba_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Ushba_1879.jpg/241px-Ushba_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Twin-peaked <a href="/wiki/Ushba" title="Ushba">Ushba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_(Photo_A._Muhranoff,_2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Shkhara in Georgia"><img alt="Mount Shkhara in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg/234px-Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg/350px-Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg/467px-Mt_Shkhara_as_seen_from_Khalde_%28Photo_A._Muhranoff%2C_2011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount <a href="/wiki/Shkhara" title="Shkhara">Shkhara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Ararat in Turkey, as viewed from Yerevan, Armenia"><img alt="Mount Ararat in Turkey, as viewed from Yerevan, Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg/270px-Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg/405px-Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg/540px-Closeup_of_large_peak_of_Mount_Ararat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, as viewed from <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asbestnaya_Mount,_Adygea,_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F,_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asbestnaya Mount and Acheshbok Mount, Russia"><img alt="Asbestnaya Mount and Acheshbok Mount, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Asbestnaya_Mount%2C_Adygea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg/271px-Asbestnaya_Mount%2C_Adygea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Asbestnaya_Mount%2C_Adygea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg/407px-Asbestnaya_Mount%2C_Adygea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Asbestnaya_Mount%2C_Adygea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg/542px-Asbestnaya_Mount%2C_Adygea%2C_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asbestnaya Mount and Acheshbok Mount, Russia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolshoy_Tkhach_nature_park,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87,_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bolshoy Tkhach Park, Russia"><img alt="Bolshoy Tkhach Park, Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bolshoy_Tkhach_nature_park%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87%2C_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg/271px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bolshoy_Tkhach_nature_park%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87%2C_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg/407px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bolshoy_Tkhach_nature_park%2C_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%87%2C_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7.jpg/542px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bolshoy Tkhach Park, Russia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Native names: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: <span title="Georgian-language text"><span lang="ka" style="font-style: normal;">კავკასიონი</span></span>, <span style="font-size: smaller;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">romanized</a>:</span> <span lang="ka-Latn" style="font-style: italic;">k'avk'asioni</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ka-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">[kʼafkʼasioni]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Կովկասյան լեռներ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Kovkasyan leṙner</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[kɔvkɑsjɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>lɛrˈnɛɾ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><span lang="az-Cyrl">Гафгаз дағлары</span></span>, <span title="Azerbaijani-language text"><i lang="az">Qafqaz dağları</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="az-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">[qɑfqɑz<span class="wrap"> </span>dɑʁlɑrɯ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кавка́зские го́ры</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Kavkázskiye góry</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[kɐfˈkasːkʲɪje<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡorɨ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a>: <span lang="av">Кавказалъул мугӀрул</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Avar-language romanization"><i lang="av-Latn">Kavkazaļul muⱨrul</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a>: <span lang="lez">Кавказдин дагъ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Lezgian-language romanization"><i lang="lez-Latn">Kavkazdin dagh</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>: <span lang="kum">Кавказны тёбе</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Kumyk-language romanization"><i lang="kum-Latn">Kavkaznı töbe</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>: <span lang="ce">Кавказан лаьмнаш</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Chechen-language romanization"><i lang="ce-Latn">Kavkazan lämnaş</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a>: <span lang="inh">Кавказа лоамаш</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ingush-language romanization"><i lang="inh-Latn">Kavkaza loamash</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>: <span lang="krc">Кавказ таула</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Karachay-Balkar-language romanization"><i lang="krc-Latn">Kavkaz tawla</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: <span lang="ab">Акавказтә ашьха</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Abkhaz-language romanization"><i lang="ab-Latn">Akavkazṭ° ašʹxa</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>: <span lang="os">Кавказы хӕхтӕ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ossetian-language romanization"><i lang="os-Latn">Kavkazy xӕxtӕ</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kafkas Dağları</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[kafkas<span class="wrap"> </span>daːɫaɾɯ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">كوه‌هاى قفقاز</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization" title="Wikipedia:Romanization"><span title="This word or these words should have a romanized transliteration or transcription.">romanization needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-height-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-height_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The elevation and coordinates given here are taken from a <a href="/wiki/Differential_GPS" title="Differential GPS">DGPS</a> survey by Peter Schoen and Boris Avdeev, in association with <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoat.at">"GeoAT"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GeoAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geoat.at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span>. It was carried out in July 2010 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viewfinderpanoramas.org/Z/Shkhara_DGPS_PFO.jpg">"made available"</a>. November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=made+available&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fviewfinderpanoramas.org%2FZ%2FShkhara_DGPS_PFO.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span> in November 2010. <dl><dd></dd></dl> Some sources, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a>, give the estimation of only 5,068 metres (16,627 feet), but this is the correct height of the lower western summit. Soviet era 1:50,000 mapping shows a 5,158 metre <a href="/wiki/Spot_height" title="Spot height">spot height</a> to the east, and this can be verified using a <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ii.uib.no/~petter/mountains/5000mtn/Elbrus/ElbrusA/142-150_annotate.jpg">"panoramic photograph"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=panoramic+photograph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ii.uib.no%2F~petter%2Fmountains%2F5000mtn%2FElbrus%2FElbrusA%2F142-150_annotate.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span> taken from <a href="/wiki/Elbrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbrus">Elbrus</a>. The true [maximum] elevation is on higher ground, still further east along the Shkhara ridge.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-otm-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-otm_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/43.352/42.438">"Topographic map of Mount Elbrus"</a>. <i>opentopomap.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opentopomap.org&rft.atitle=Topographic+map+of+Mount+Elbrus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopentopomap.org%2F%23marker%3D14%2F43.352%2F42.438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyc-Snow-Ice-CaucusMtn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyc-Snow-Ice-CaucusMtn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2011" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Chris R. (2011). Singh, Vijay P.; Haritashya, Umesh K. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKKtQR4T-1MC&pg=PA127"><i>Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers</i></a>. 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(2015-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2014.07.001">"The Caucasian-Arabian segment of the Alpine-Himalayan collisional belt: Geology, volcanism and neotectonics"</a>. <i>Geoscience Frontiers</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 513–522. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeoFr...6..513S">2015GeoFr...6..513S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2014.07.001">10.1016/j.gsf.2014.07.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1674-9871">1674-9871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+Frontiers&rft.atitle=The+Caucasian-Arabian+segment+of+the+Alpine-Himalayan+collisional+belt%3A+Geology%2C+volcanism+and+neotectonics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=513-522&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.issn=1674-9871&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gsf.2014.07.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015GeoFr...6..513S&rft.aulast=Sharkov&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Lebedev%2C+V.&rft.au=Chugaev%2C+A.&rft.au=Zabarinskaya%2C+L.&rft.au=Rodnikov%2C+A.&rft.au=Sergeeva%2C+N.&rft.au=Safonova%2C+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.gsf.2014.07.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic_Maps_(Firm)2011" class="citation cs2">National Geographic Maps (Firm) (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/671359683"><i>Atlas of the world</i></a>, Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0632-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0632-0"><bdi>978-1-4262-0632-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/671359683">671359683</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+world&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F671359683&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0632-0&rft.au=National+Geographic+Maps+%28Firm%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F671359683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamiaZakariadzeChkhotuaSadradze2011" class="citation journal cs1">Adamia, Shota; Zakariadze, Guram; Chkhotua, Tamar; Sadradze, Nino; Tsereteli, Nino; Chabukiani, Aleksandre; Gventsadze, Aleksandre (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://instruct.uwo.ca/earth-sci/fieldlog/Caucasus/yer-20-5-1-1005-11.pdf">"Geology of the Caucasus: A Review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Turkish J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=The+Stark+Beauty+of+Tushetian+Shepherds%27+Journey+Across+Georgia%27s+Caucasus+Mountains&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Durn&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Ftranshumance-tusheti-georgia-shepherds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><i>Parts of this article are from the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></i>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051028180323/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15340">"Mt. Elbrus"</a>. <i>Earth Observatory</i> (image & text). newsroom / new images. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 12 September 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=15340">the original</a> on 2005-10-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Observatory&rft.atitle=Mt.+Elbrus&rft.date=2000-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2FNewsroom%2FNewImages%2Fimages.php3%3Fimg_id%3D15340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a>; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Caucasus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Caucasus">"Caucasus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 550–555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caucasus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=550-555&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2000" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Svante E. (1 December 2000). <i>Small Nations and Great Powers: A study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus</i> (1st ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-070071162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-070071162-8"><bdi>978-070071162-8</bdi></a>. <q>Sets out a synthesis of the Caucasian conflicts and a conclusion on the place of the Caucasus in world affairs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Nations+and+Great+Powers%3A+A+study+of+ethnopolitical+conflict+in+the+Caucasus&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000-12-01&rft.isbn=978-070071162-8&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedfern2012" class="citation book cs1">Redfern, Nick (2012). <i>The World's Weirdest Places</i>. The Career Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60163-237-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60163-237-1"><bdi>978-1-60163-237-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Weirdest+Places&rft.pub=The+Career+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60163-237-1&rft.aulast=Redfern&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaucasus+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caucasus_Mountains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caucasusmountains.info/">the original</a> on 2020-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Borders_of_Russia" title="Borders of Russia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia" title="List of cities and towns in Russia">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Russia" title="Climate of Russia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Russia" title="List of earthquakes in Russia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Russia" title="Environment of Russia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Russia" title="Environmental issues in Russia">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Russia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Russian_Upland" title="Central Russian Upland">Central Russian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Russia" title="Northwest Russia">Northwest Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshchera_Lowlands" title="Meshchera Lowlands">Meshchera Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oka%E2%80%93Don_Lowland" title="Oka–Don Lowland">Oka–Don Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Upland" title="Smolensk Upland">Smolensk Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fjords_of_Russia" title="List of fjords of Russia">Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Russia" title="Geology of Russia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Regions" title="Great Russian Regions">Great Russian Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_points_of_Russian_federal_subjects" title="List of highest points of Russian federal subjects">Highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Russia" title="List of islands of Russia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Russia" title="List of lakes of Russia">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains of Russia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Russia" title="List of volcanoes in Russia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Russia" title="List of rivers of Russia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Russia" title="Protected areas of Russia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Russia" title="Wildlife of Russia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Far North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Russia" title="Capital punishment in Russia">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Civil Service of the Russian Federation">Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classified_information_in_Russia" title="Classified information in Russia">Classified information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Russia" title="Conscription in Russia">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_budget_of_Russia" title="Federal budget of Russia">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_of_Russia_since_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly_in_Russia" title="Freedom of assembly in Russia">Freedom of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apparatus_of_the_Government_of_Russia" title="Apparatus of the Government of Russia">Apparatus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Russia" title="Judiciary of Russia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Russia" title="Law of Russia">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Russia" title="Law enforcement in Russia">Law enforcement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Russia" title="Prisons in Russia">Prisons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_Russia" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in Russia">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Russia" title="Political divisions of Russia">Political divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Propaganda in Russia">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Russia" title="Martial law in Russia">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_freedom_in_Russia" title="Media freedom in Russia">Media freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agencies_of_Russia" title="Intelligence agencies of Russia">Intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian opposition">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Russia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency_in_Russia" title="State of emergency in Russia">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Russia" title="Civil defense in Russia">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_in_Russia" title="Search and rescue in Russia">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Russia" title="Urban planning in Russia">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_Russia" title="Mass surveillance in Russia">Mass surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism_in_Russia" title="Separatism in Russia">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_limits_in_Russia" title="Term limits in Russia">Term limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Russia" title="Agriculture in Russia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_industry_of_Russia" title="Aircraft industry of Russia">Aircraft industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Russia" title="Automotive industry in Russia">Car industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Russia" title="Central Bank of Russia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense industry of Russia">Defence industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Russia" title="Fishing industry in Russia">Fishing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Russia" title="Forestry in Russia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_districts_in_Russia" title="Category:Financial districts in Russia">Financial districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Russia" title="Gambling in Russia">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Russia" title="Homelessness in Russia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Russia" title="Mining industry of Russia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Russia" title="Petroleum industry in Russia">Petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_oligarchs" title="Russian oligarchs">Russian oligarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Ruble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Russia" title="Science and technology in Russia">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding_in_Russia" title="Shipbuilding in Russia">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_system_in_Russia" title="Social security system in Russia">Social security system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Russia" title="Taxation in Russia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Russia" title="Tourism in Russia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Russia" title="List of trade unions in Russia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Russia" title="Transport in Russia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Russia" title="Waste management in Russia">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Russia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Russia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Russia" title="Category:Society of Russia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_Russia" title="Alcohol in Russia">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-American_sentiment_in_Russia" title="Anti-American sentiment in Russia">Anti-American sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Russia" title="Cannabis in Russia">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in the Russian Federation">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship of Russia">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Russia" title="Corruption in Russia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deafness_in_Russia" title="Deafness in Russia">Deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_Russia" title="Doping in Russia">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_public_apologies_in_Russia" title="Forced public apologies in Russia">Forced public apologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_in_Russia" title="Funerals in Russia">Funerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_Russia" title="Gun control in Russia">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Russia" title="Health in Russia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Russia" title="Healthcare in Russia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Russia" title="HIV/AIDS in Russia">HIV/AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Russia" title="Mental health in Russia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Russia" title="LGBTQ rights in Russia">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Russia" title="Immigration to Russia">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_Russia" title="Illegal immigration to Russia">Illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers_in_Russia" title="Migrant workers in Russia">Labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia_by_life_expectancy" title="List of federal subjects of Russia by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Russia" title="Open access in Russia">Open access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_Russia" title="Orphans in Russia">Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Russia" title="Prostitution in Russia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Russia" title="Racism in Russia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Russia" title="Scouting in Russia">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Russia" title="Slavery in Russia">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_entrepreneurship_in_Russia" title="Social entrepreneurship in Russia">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_in_Russia" title="Sociology in Russia">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Russia" title="Smoking in Russia">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_Russia" title="Suicide in Russia">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wedding_traditions" title="Russian wedding traditions">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Witch trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Russian_and_Soviet_military" title="Women in the Russian and Soviet military">in army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Russia" title="Architecture of Russia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Russia" title="Armorial of Russia">Armorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Culture of the Russian Armed Forces">Army culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_weapons_of_Russia" title="Honorary weapons of Russia">Honorary weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_artists" title="List of Russian artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Russia" title="Cinema of Russia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fairy_tale" title="Russian fairy tale">Fairy tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Russia" title="Category:Festivals in Russia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_forms_of_addressing" title="Russian forms of addressing">Forms of addressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti_in_Russia" title="Graffiti in Russia">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Russia" title="Internet in Russia">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia">Names of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_given_name" title="Russian given name">Russian given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Russia" title="National symbols of Russia">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Russia" title="National anthem of Russia">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regalia_of_the_Russian_tsars" title="Regalia of the Russian tsars">Russian tsars regalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_playing_cards" title="Russian playing cards">Playing cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_philosophers" title="List of Russian philosophers">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_political_jokes" title="Russian political jokes">Political jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Russia" title="Public holidays in Russia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_tea_culture" title="Russian tea culture">tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Russia" title="Seven Wonders of Russia">Seven Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Sports_Classification_System_of_Russia" title="Unified Sports Classification System of Russia">Unified Sports Classification System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Russia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Russia">World Heritage sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Russia" title="Outline of Russia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russia" title="Category:Russia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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<li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition 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