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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Contraindications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Side effects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Side effects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long-term_adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long-term_adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Long-term adverse effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long-term_adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardiovascular_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Cardiovascular disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardiovascular_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prostate_cancer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prostate_cancer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Prostate cancer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prostate_cancer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Pregnancy and breastfeeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Interactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-5α-Reductase_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5α-Reductase_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 5α-Reductase inhibitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5α-Reductase_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aromatase_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aromatase_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Aromatase inhibitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aromatase_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytochrome_P450_inhibitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytochrome_P450_inhibitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Cytochrome P450 inhibitors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytochrome_P450_inhibitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiandrogens_and_estrogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiandrogens_and_estrogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Antiandrogens and estrogens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiandrogens_and_estrogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Pharmacology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pharmacology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pharmacodynamics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacodynamics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Pharmacodynamics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacodynamics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effects_in_the_body_and_brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_in_the_body_and_brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Effects in the body and brain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_in_the_body_and_brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Pharmacokinetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Chemistry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chemistry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Generic names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brand_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brand_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Brand names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brand_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Availability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4.3 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Legal status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Litigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doping_in_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doping_in_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.7 Doping in sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doping_in_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Depression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Heart failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_contraception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_contraception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Male contraception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_contraception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anorgasmia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anorgasmia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Anorgasmia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anorgasmia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of 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hreflang="es" data-title="Testosterona (medicación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88)" title="تستوسترون (دارو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تستوسترون (دارو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testost%C3%A9rone_(m%C3%A9dicament)" title="Testostérone (médicament) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Testostérone (médicament)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone_(farmaco)" title="Testosterone (farmaco) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testosterone (farmaco)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosteron_(medicatie)" title="Testosteron (medicatie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Testosteron (medicatie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A8(%E0%AC%94%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A7)" title="ଟେଷ୍ଟୋଷ୍ଟେରନ(ଔଷଧ) – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଟେଷ୍ଟୋଷ୍ଟେରନ(ଔଷଧ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" 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title="Testosteron (ilaç) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Testosteron (ilaç)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone_(d%C3%B9ng_trong_y_t%E1%BA%BF)" title="Testosterone (dùng trong y tế) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Testosterone (dùng trong y tế)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9D%AA%E9%85%AE_(%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9)" title="睪酮 (藥物) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="睪酮 (藥物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about testosterone as a medication. For the natural hormone, see <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Testavan" redirects here. For the wine-tasting accessory, see <a href="/wiki/Tastevin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tastevin">Tastevin</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pharmaceutical compound</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1269284339">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .dark_mode_safe img{background-color:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;"><caption class="infobox-title">Testosterone</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosteron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/225px-Testosteron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/338px-Testosteron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/450px-Testosteron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_molecule_ball.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Testosterone_molecule_ball.png/225px-Testosterone_molecule_ball.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Testosterone_molecule_ball.png/338px-Testosterone_molecule_ball.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Testosterone_molecule_ball.png/450px-Testosterone_molecule_ball.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1372" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɛˈstɒstəroʊn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">teh-STOS-tə-rohn</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_nomenclature#Trade_names" title="Drug nomenclature">Trade names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel, <a href="#Brand_names">others</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Health-System_Pharmacists" title="American Society of Health-System Pharmacists">AHFS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/monograph/testosterone.html">Monograph</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a619028.html">a619028</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">License data</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr> <a href="/wiki/DailyMed" title="DailyMed">DailyMed</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/search.cfm?labeltype=all&query=Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">Pregnancy category</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: D<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">Contraindicated</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogenic</a> effects</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Moderate <a href="#cite_note-d982-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction liability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Moderate <a href="#cite_note-d982-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">Routes of administration</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">subcutaneous implant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">transdermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">patch</a>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03" title="ATC code G03">G03BA03</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=G03BA03">WHO</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Legal status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><abbr class="country-name" title="Australia">AU</abbr>: [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Brazil">BR</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Class_C5" title="Brazilian Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Class C5</a> (Anabolic steroids)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Canada">CA</abbr>: Schedule IV[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="Germany">DE</abbr>: [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="New Zealand">NZ</abbr>: [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Kingdom">UK</abbr>: Class C[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United States">US</abbr>: <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">WARNING</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-AllBoxedWarnings-4">[4]</a>Schedule III[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="United Nations">UN</abbr>: [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><abbr class="country-name" title="European Union">EU</abbr>: Rx-only<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li>In general: ℞ (Prescription only)</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetic</a> data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Oral: very low (due to extensive <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass metabolism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Protein binding</a></th><td class="infobox-data">97.0–99.5% (to <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip sex hormone-binding globulin and <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">albumin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MelmedPolonsky2015-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjugation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugation (biochemistry)">conjugation</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Elimination half-life</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2–4 hours[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">Urine</a> (90%), <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> (6%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_chemistry" title="IUPAC nomenclature of chemistry">IUPAC name</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="font-size: 97%;">(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-22-0">58-22-0</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=57-85-2&title=">57-85-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Propionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Propionate">propionate</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=315-37-7&title=">315-37-7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enanthate" class="mw-redirect" title="Enanthate">enanthate</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=58-20-8&title=">58-20-8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cypionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypionate">cypionate</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=5949-44-0&title=">5949-44-0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Undecanoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undecanoate">undecanoate</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem#CID" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6013">6013</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Pharmacology" title="Guide to Pharmacology">IUPHAR/BPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandDisplayForward?ligandId=2858">2858</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00624">DB00624</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5791.html">5791</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/3XMK78S47O">3XMK78S47O</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00075">D00075</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:17347">CHEBI:17347</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL386630">ChEMBL386630</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;">Chemical and physical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Formula</a></th><td class="infobox-data">C19H28O2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">288.431 g·mol−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC4%5CC%3DC2%2F%5BC%40%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D1CC%5BC%40%40%5D3%28%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29CC%5BC%40H%5D3%5BC%40%40H%5D1CC2%29C%29%28C%29CC4">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Specific_rotation" title="Specific rotation">Specific rotation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+110.2°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">155 °C (311 °F)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1CC[C@@]3([C@@H](O)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C19H28O2/c1-18-9-7-13(20)11-12(18)3-4-14-15-5-6-17(21)19(15,2)10-8-16(14)18/h11,14-17,21H,3-10H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-/m0/s1 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; padding-left:1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key:MUMGGOZAMZWBJJ-DYKIIFRCSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>  <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=649778658&page2=Testosterone+%28medication%29">(verify)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Testosterone is a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> and naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">steroid hormone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> It is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Male_hypogonadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Male hypogonadism">male hypogonadism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gender_dysphoria" title="Gender dysphoria">gender dysphoria</a>, and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It may also be used to increase <a href="/wiki/Athletic_ability" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletic ability">athletic ability</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">doping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> It is unclear if the use of testosterone for <a href="/wiki/Andropause" class="mw-redirect" title="Andropause">low levels due to aging</a> is beneficial or harmful.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-11">[11]</a> Testosterone can be administered through several different routes, including <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a> <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">patches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">nasal sprays</a>, subdermal implants, or <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">tablets dissolved inside the mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> Common <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of testosterone include <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swelling_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swelling (medical)">swelling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">breast enlargement in men</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> Serious side effects may include <a href="/wiki/Liver_toxicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver toxicity">liver toxicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, and behavioral changes.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> Women and children who are exposed may develop <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">masculinization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> It is recommended that individuals with <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> should not use the medication.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> It can cause harm to the baby if used during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> Testosterone is in the <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgen</a> family of medications.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> Testosterone was first isolated in 1935, and approved for medical use in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fis2006-13">[13]</a> Rates of use have increased three times in the United States between 2001 and 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Des2016-14">[14]</a> It is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO23rd-15">[15]</a> It is available as a <a href="/wiki/Generic_medication" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic medication">generic medication</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-9">[9]</a> In 2022, it was the 118th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy#Medical_uses" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy § Medical uses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Medical" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § Medical</a></div> The primary use of testosterone is the treatment of males with too little or no natural testosterone production, also termed <a href="/wiki/Male_hypogonadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Male hypogonadism">male hypogonadism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypoandrogenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoandrogenism">hypoandrogenism</a> (androgen deficiency).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This treatment is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Hormone_replacement_therapy" title="Hormone replacement therapy">hormone replacement therapy</a> (HRT), or alternatively, and more specifically, as testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) or <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">androgen replacement therapy</a> (ART). It is used to maintain serum testosterone levels in the normal male range. Decline of testosterone production with age has led to interest in testosterone supplementation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16985841-19">[19]</a> A 2020 guideline from the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a> supports the discussion of testosterone in adult men with age-related <a href="/wiki/Low_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Low T">low levels of testosterone</a> who have <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a>. They recommend yearly evaluation regarding possible improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since the effectiveness and harm of either method is similar. Testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended.<a href="#cite_note-ANN-20200106-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSCP-20200107-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deficiency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism#Treatment" title="Hypogonadism">Hypogonadism § Treatment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Androgen_deficiency#Treatment" title="Androgen deficiency">Androgen deficiency § Treatment</a></div> Testosterone deficiency (also termed hypotestosteronism or hypotestosteronemia) is an abnormally low testosterone production. It may occur because of testicular dysfunction (<a href="/wiki/Primary_hypogonadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary hypogonadism">primary hypogonadism</a>) or hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction (<a href="/wiki/Secondary_hypogonadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary hypogonadism">secondary hypogonadism</a>) and may be <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> or acquired.<a href="#cite_note-e930-22">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_replacement_therapy_formulations_and_dosages_used_in_men" title="Template:Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_replacement_therapy_formulations_and_dosages_used_in_men" title="Template talk:Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_replacement_therapy_formulations_and_dosages_used_in_men" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in men </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Route</th> <th>Medication</th> <th>Major brand names</th> <th>Form</th> <th>Dosage </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></td> <td>Testosteronea</td> <td>–</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>400–800 mg/day (in divided doses) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a></td> <td>Andriol, Jatenzo</td> <td>Capsule</td> <td>40–80 mg/2–4× day (with meals) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a>b</td> <td>Android, Metandren, Testred</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>10–50 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a>b</td> <td>Halotestin, Ora-Testryl, Ultandren</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>5–20 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone</a>b</td> <td>Dianabol</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>5–15 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a>b</td> <td>Proviron</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>25–150 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">Sublingual</a></td> <td>Testosteroneb</td> <td>Testoral</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>5–10 mg 1–4×/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a>b</td> <td>Metandren, Oreton Methyl</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>10–30 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">Buccal</a></td> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Striant</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>30 mg 2×/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a>b</td> <td>Metandren, Oreton Methyl</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>5–25 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Testosterone</td> <td>AndroGel, Testim, TestoGel</td> <td>Gel</td> <td>25–125 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androderm, AndroPatch, TestoPatch</td> <td>Non-scrotal patch</td> <td>2.5–15 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Testoderm</td> <td>Scrotal patch</td> <td>4–6 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Axiron</td> <td>Axillary solution</td> <td>30–120 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (<abbr title="dihydrotestosterone">DHT</abbr>)</a></td> <td>Andractim</td> <td>Gel</td> <td>100–250 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">Rectal</a></td> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Rektandron, Testosteronb</td> <td>Suppository</td> <td>40 mg 2–3×/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection"><abbr title="intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip intramuscular injection or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection"><abbr title="subcutaneous injection">SC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip subcutaneous injection)</td> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Andronaq, Sterotate, Virosterone</td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>10–50 mg 2–3×/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">Testosterone propionate</a>b</td> <td>Testoviron</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>10–50 mg 2–3×/week </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a></td> <td>Delatestryl</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xyosted</td> <td>Auto-injector</td> <td>50–100 mg 1×/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a></td> <td>Depo-Testosterone</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–250 mg 1x/1–4 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isobutyrate" title="Testosterone isobutyrate">Testosterone isobutyrate</a></td> <td>Agovirin Depot</td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>50–100 mg 1x/1–2 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_phenylacetate" title="Testosterone phenylacetate">Testosterone phenylacetate</a>b</td> <td>Perandren, Androject</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–200 mg 1×/3–5 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Mixed testosterone esters</a></td> <td>Sustanon 100, Sustanon 250</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–250 mg 1×/2–4 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a></td> <td>Aveed, Nebido</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>750–1,000 mg 1×/10–14 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_buciclate" title="Testosterone buciclate">Testosterone buciclate</a>a</td> <td>–</td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>600–1,000 mg 1×/12–20 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">Implant</a></td> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Testopel</td> <td>Pellet</td> <td>150–1,200 mg/3–6 months </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: Men produce about 3 to 11 mg of testosterone per day (mean 7 mg/day in young men). Footnotes: a = Never marketed. b = No longer used and/or no longer marketed. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_levels_due_to_aging">Low levels due to aging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Low levels due to aging">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late-onset_hypogonadism#Management" title="Late-onset hypogonadism">Late-onset hypogonadism § Management</a></div> Testosterone levels may decline gradually with age.<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) stated in 2015 that neither the benefits nor the safety of testosterone supplement have been established for low testosterone levels due to aging.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-11">[11]</a> The FDA has required that labels on testosterone include warnings about increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transgender_men">Transgender men</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transgender men">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_therapy_(female-to-male)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone therapy (female-to-male)">Transgender hormone therapy (female-to-male)</a></div> To take advantage of its <a href="/wiki/Virilizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Virilizing">virilizing</a> effects, testosterone is administered to <a href="/wiki/Trans_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans men">transgender men</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Transmasculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmasculine">transmasculine individuals</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">masculinizing hormone therapy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> titrated to clinical effect with a "target level" of the average male's testosterone level.<a href="#cite_note-Medical_Therapy_and_Health_Maintenance_for_Transgender_Men:_A_Guide_For_Health_Care_Providers-26">[26]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="width:100%;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medications_and_dosages_used_in_hormone_therapy_for_transgender_men" title="Template:Medications and dosages used in hormone therapy for transgender men"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medications_and_dosages_used_in_hormone_therapy_for_transgender_men" title="Template talk:Medications and dosages used in hormone therapy for transgender men"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medications_and_dosages_used_in_hormone_therapy_for_transgender_men" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medications and dosages used in hormone therapy for transgender men"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Medications and dosages used in transgender men<a href="#cite_note-HembreeCohen-Kettenis2017-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FabrisBernardi2014-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeriggiolaGava2015-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-DefreyneT’Sjoen2019-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FishmanPaliou2019-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irwig2017-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid3556412-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-ArifDorjay2017-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-OrilissaLabel-35">[35]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:100px;">Medication </th> <th scope="col" style="width:75px;">Brand name </th> <th scope="col" style="width:75px;">Type </th> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Route </th> <th scope="col" style="width:150px;">Dosage<a href="#cite_note-36">[a]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a> </th> <td>Andriol, Jatenzo</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgen</a></td> <td>Oral</td> <td>40–80 mg up to three times/day </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;" rowspan="6">Testosterone </th> <td>Striant</td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>Buccal</td> <td>30mg twice daily </td></tr> <tr> <td>Natesto</td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>Nasal spray</td> <td>11mg three times daily </td></tr> <tr> <td>AndroGel<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Androgen</td> <td><abbr title="Transdermal">TD</abbr> gel</td> <td>25–100mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androderm<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>TD patch</td> <td>2.5–10mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Axiron</td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>TD liquid</td> <td>30–120mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Testopel</td> <td>Androgen</td> <td><abbr title="[[subcutaneous]]">SC</abbr></td> <td>150–600mg every 3–6 months </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a> </th> <td>Delatestryl<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Androgen</td> <td><abbr title="intramuscular injection">IM</abbr>, SC</td> <td>50–100mg once/week or 100–250mg every 2–4 wks </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a> </th> <td>Depo-Test<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>IM, SC</td> <td>50–100mg once/week or 100–250mg every 2–4 wks </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isobutyrate" title="Testosterone isobutyrate">Testosterone isobutyrate</a> </th> <td>Agovirin Depot</td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>IM, SC</td> <td>50–100mg once/week </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Mixed testosterone esters</a> </th> <td>Sustanon 250<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>IM, SC</td> <td>250mg every 2–3 wks or 500mg every 3–6 wks </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a> </th> <td>Aveed<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Androgen</td> <td>IM, SC</td> <td>750–1,000mg every 10–14 wks </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">Nandrolone decanoate</a> </th> <td>Deca-Durabolin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgen</a></td> <td>IM, SC</td> <td>?<a href="#cite_note-Cocchetti_Ristori_Romani_Maggi_2020_p=1609-38">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/GnRH_analogue" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH analogue">GnRH analogues</a> </th> <td>Various</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GnRH_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH modulator">GnRH modulator</a></td> <td>Various</td> <td>Variable </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Elagolix" title="Elagolix">Elagolix</a> </th> <td>Orilissa</td> <td><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonist</a></td> <td>Oral</td> <td>150mg/day or 200mg twice/day </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-menses-39">[c]</a> </th> <td>Provera<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>5–10mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>Depo-Provera<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>IM</td> <td>150mg every 3 months </td></tr> <tr> <td>Depo-SubQ Provera 104</td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>SC</td> <td>104mg every 3 months </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a><a href="#cite_note-menses-39">[c]</a> </th> <td>Orgametril<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td>Progestin</td> <td>Oral</td> <td>5–10mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a><a href="#cite_note-hair-40">[d]</a> </th> <td>Propecia<a href="#cite_note-others-37">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor"><abbr title="5α-reductase">5αR</abbr> inhibitor</a></td> <td>Oral</td> <td>1mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:#f8f9fa;"><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a><a href="#cite_note-hair-40">[d]</a> </th> <td>Avodart</td> <td><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5αR inhibitor</a></td> <td>Oral</td> <td>0.5mg/day </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The natural production of testosterone by the male <a href="/wiki/Testis" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis">testes</a> is between 3 and 11 mg per day. </li> <li id="cite_note-others-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-others_37-9">j</a> Also available under other brand names. </li> <li id="cite_note-menses-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menses_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-menses_39-1">b</a> For suppression of <a href="/wiki/Menses" class="mw-redirect" title="Menses">menses</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-hair-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hair_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hair_40-1">b</a> For prevention/treatment of <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">scalp hair loss</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women">Women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone therapy is effective in the short-term for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">hypoactive sexual desire disorder</a> (HSDD) in women.<a href="#cite_note-Wie2014-41">[37]</a> However, its long-term <a href="/wiki/Drug_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug safety">safety</a> is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Wie2014-41">[37]</a> Because of a lack data to support its efficacy and safety, the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_Society" title="Endocrine Society">Endocrine Society</a> recommends against the routine use of testosterone in women to treat <a href="/wiki/Hypoandrogenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoandrogenism">low androgen levels</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Hypopituitarism" title="Hypopituitarism">hypopituitarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal insufficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oophorectomy" title="Oophorectomy">surgical removal of the ovaries</a>, high-dose <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> therapy, or other causes.<a href="#cite_note-Wie2014-41">[37]</a> Similarly, because of a lack of data to support its efficacy and safety, the Endocrine Society recommends against the use of testosterone in women to improve general <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>, to treat <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> due to causes other than HSDD, or to improve <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> health.<a href="#cite_note-Wie2014-41">[37]</a> A 2014 systematic review and meta-analysis of 35 studies consisting of over 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">postmenopausal</a> women with normal <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal gland</a> function found that testosterone therapy was associated with significant improvement in a variety of domains of sexual function.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> These domains included frequency of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">sexual activity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">arousal</a>, and sexual satisfaction, among others.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> Women who were menopausal due to <a href="/wiki/Ovariectomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovariectomy">ovariectomy</a> showed significantly greater improvement in sexual function with testosterone relative to those who had normal menopause.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> In addition to beneficial effects on sexual function, testosterone was associated with unfavorable changes in <a href="/wiki/Blood_lipids" title="Blood lipids">blood lipids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> These included decreased levels of total <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein" title="High-density lipoprotein">high-density lipoprotein</a> (HDL) cholesterol, and increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein" title="Low-density lipoprotein">low-density lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> However, the changes were small in magnitude, and the long-term significance in relation to <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> outcomes is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> The changes were more pronounced with oral <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a> than with <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenteral</a> routes, such as <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">transdermal</a> testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> Testosterone showed no significant effect on <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depressed</a> <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone mineral density">bone mineral density</a> (BMD), or <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropomorphic measures</a> like <a href="/wiki/Body_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Body weight">body weight</a> or <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> Conversely, it was associated with a significant incidence of androgenic side effects, including <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a> (excessive facial/body hair growth).<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> Other androgenic side effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Weight_gain" title="Weight gain">weight gain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_hair_loss" title="Pattern hair loss">pattern hair loss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voice_deepening" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice deepening">voice deepening</a>, were also reported in some trials, but were excluded from analyses due to insufficient data.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> The overall quality of the evidence was rated as low and was considered to be inconclusive in certain areas, for instance on long-term safety.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25279572-42">[38]</a> A subsequent 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis of studies including over 3,000 postmenopausal women with HSDD similarly found that short-term transdermal testosterone therapy was effective in improving multiple domains of sexual function.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27916205-43">[39]</a> Androgenic adverse effects such as acne and hirsutism were significantly greater in incidence with testosterone therapy, whereas no significant differences in "increase in facial hair, alopecia, voice deepening, urinary symptoms, breast pain, headache, site reaction to the patch, total adverse events, serious adverse events, reasons for withdrawal from the study, and the number of women who completed the study" were seen relative to controls.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27916205-43">[39]</a> Although testosterone has been found to be effective at improving sexual function in postmenopausal women, the doses employed have been supraphysiological.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a> In contrast to these high doses, there is little support for the notion that testosterone is a critical hormone for sexual desire and function in women under normal physiological circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a> Low doses of testosterone resulting in physiological levels of testosterone (<50 ng/dL) have not been found to significantly increase sexual desire or function in women in most studies.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a> Similarly, there appears to be little or no relationship between total or free testosterone levels in the normal physiological range and sexual desire in premenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a> Only high doses of testosterone resulting in supraphysiological levels of testosterone (>50 ng/dL) significantly increase sexual desire in women, with levels of testosterone of 80 to 150 ng/dL "slightly" increasing sex drive.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a> In accordance, men experience <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> at testosterone levels of below 300 ng/dL, and men that have levels of testosterone of approximately 200 ng/dL frequently experience such problems.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a> The high doses of testosterone required to increase sexual desire in women may have a significant risk of masculinization with long-term therapy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a> For this reason, and due to the unknown health effects and safety of testosterone therapy, its use may be inappropriate.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a> In 2003, the FDA rejected Intrinsa, a 300 μg/day <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone patch">testosterone patch</a> for the treatment of sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a> The reasons cited were limited efficacy (about one additional sexually satisfying event per month), concerns about safety and potential adverse effects with long-term therapy, and concerns about inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid27785108-45">[41]</a> It appears that in women, rather than testosterone, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> may be the most important hormone involved in sexual desire, although data on the clinical use of <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> to increase sexual desire in women is limited.<a href="#cite_note-pmid26589379-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26944462-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28895561-47">[43]</a> There are no testosterone products approved for use in women in the United States and many other countries.<a href="#cite_note-PalSayegh2017-48">[44]</a> There are approved testosterone products for women in Australia, where it is considered a drug of dependence, medicines that are subject to misuse and trafficking, <a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> and some European countries.<a href="#cite_note-PalSayegh2017-48">[44]</a> Testosterone pellet implants are approved for use in postmenopausal women in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-LoboKelsey2000-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-BagatellBremner2003-51">[47]</a> Testosterone products for men can be used <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label</a> in women in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-PalSayegh2017-48">[44]</a> Alternatively, testosterone products for women are available from <a href="/wiki/Compounding_pharmacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Compounding pharmacy">compounding pharmacies</a> in the United States, although such products are unregulated and manufacturing quality is not ensured.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28509626-52">[48]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_replacement_therapy_formulations_and_dosages_used_in_women" title="Template:Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_replacement_therapy_formulations_and_dosages_used_in_women" title="Template talk:Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_replacement_therapy_formulations_and_dosages_used_in_women" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Androgen replacement therapy formulations and dosages used in women </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Route</th> <th>Medication</th> <th>Major brand names</th> <th>Form</th> <th>Dosage </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" data-sort-value="0"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a></td> <td>Andriol, Jatenzo</td> <td>Capsule</td> <td>40–80 mg 1x/1–2 days </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="2"><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></td> <td>Metandren, Estratest</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>0.5–10 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="3"><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></td> <td>Halotestin</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>1–2.5 mg 1x/1–2 days </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="4"><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone</a>a</td> <td>Ginecoside</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>5 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="5"><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></td> <td>Livial</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>1.25–2.5 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="6"><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (<abbr title="dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr>)</a>b</td> <td>–</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>10–100 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" data-sort-value="5"><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">Sublingual</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></td> <td>Metandren</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>0.25 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="7"><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Testosterone</td> <td>Intrinsa</td> <td>Patch</td> <td>150–300 μg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td>AndroGel</td> <td>Gel, cream</td> <td>1–10 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" data-sort-value="9"><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal administration">Vaginal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (<abbr title="dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr>)</a></td> <td>Intrarosa</td> <td>Insert</td> <td>6.5 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" data-sort-value="12"><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">Testosterone propionate</a>a</td> <td>Testoviron</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>25 mg 1x/1–2 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="13"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a></td> <td>Delatestryl, Primodian Depot</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="14"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a></td> <td>Depo-Testosterone, Depo-Testadiol</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>25–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="15"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isobutyrate" title="Testosterone isobutyrate">Testosterone isobutyrate</a>a</td> <td>Femandren M, Folivirin</td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>25–50 mg 1x/4–6 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="16" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_testosterone_esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed testosterone esters">Mixed testosterone esters</a></td> <td>Climacterona</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>150 mg 1x/4–8 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="17">Omnadren, Sustanon</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–100 mg 1x/4–6 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="18"><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">Nandrolone decanoate</a></td> <td>Deca-Durabolin</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>25–50 mg 1x/6–12 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="19"><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate</a>a</td> <td>Gynodian Depot</td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>200 mg 1x/4–6 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="20"><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">Implant</a></td> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Testopel</td> <td>Pellet</td> <td>50–100 mg 1x/3–6 months </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: <a href="/wiki/Premenopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Premenopausal">Premenopausal</a> women produce about 230 ± 70 μg <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> per day (6.4 ± 2.0 mg testosterone per 4 weeks), with a range of 130 to 330 μg per day (3.6–9.2 mg per 4 weeks). Footnotes: a = Mostly discontinued or unavailable. b = <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-counter">Over-the-counter</a>. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen/anabolic_steroid_dosages_for_breast_cancer" title="Template:Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen/anabolic_steroid_dosages_for_breast_cancer" title="Template talk:Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen/anabolic_steroid_dosages_for_breast_cancer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Route</th> <th>Medication</th> <th>Form</th> <th>Dosage </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>30–200 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>10–40 mg 3x/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>40–80 mg 4x/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone</a></td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>40 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">Buccal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>25–100 mg/day </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection"><abbr title="intramuscular injection">IM</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip intramuscular injection or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection"><abbr title="subcutaneous injection">SC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip subcutaneous injection)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">Testosterone propionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–100 mg 3x/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mixed_testosterone_esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed testosterone esters">Mixed testosterone esters</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>250 mg 1x/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol</a></td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>100 mg 3x/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (<abbr title="dihydrotestosterone">DHT</abbr>)</a></td> <td>Aqueous suspension</td> <td>300 mg 3x/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>100 mg 1–3x/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>400 mg 3x/week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">Nandrolone decanoate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–100 mg 1x/1–3 weeks </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">Nandrolone phenylpropionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50–100 mg/week </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="5" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Available_forms">Available forms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Available forms">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg/129px-Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg/193px-Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg/258px-Androderm_testosterone_skin_patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Androderm testosterone skin patch</figcaption></figure> Testosterone has been marketed for use by <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">transdermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">patches</a>), <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gel_(medication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel (medication)">gels</a>), <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> (<a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_administration" title="Subcutaneous administration">subcutaneous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">implant</a>) <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012b-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melmed2016-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotherton1976-56">[52]</a> It is provided unmodified and as a <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester">testosterone ester</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a>, which act as <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a> of testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012b-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melmed2016-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a> The most common <a href="/wiki/Route_of_administration" title="Route of administration">route of administration</a> for testosterone is by intramuscular injection.<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012b-53">[49]</a> However, it has been reported that AndroGel, a transdermal gel formulation of testosterone, has become the most popular form of testosterone in androgen replacement therapy for hypogonadism in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Melmed2016-54">[50]</a> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width:600px; font-size:small;"> <caption class="nowrap" style="font-size:105%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Available_forms_of_testosterone" title="Template:Available forms of testosterone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Available_forms_of_testosterone" title="Template talk:Available forms of testosterone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Available_forms_of_testosterone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Available forms of testosterone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Available forms of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">testosterone</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[a]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Route </th> <th scope="col">Ingredient </th> <th scope="col">Form </th> <th scope="col" style="width:135px;">Dose<a href="#cite_note-58">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col">Brand names<a href="#cite_note-59">[c]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Test. undecanoate</a></td> <td>Capsule</td> <td>40 mg</td> <td>Andriol, Jatenzo </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">Sublingual</a> </th> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>Testoral </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">Buccal</a> </th> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Tablet</td> <td>30 mg</td> <td>Striant </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">Intranasal</a> </th> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Nasal gel</td> <td style="font-size:90%;">5.5 mg/spray, 120 sprays</td> <td>Natesto </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">Transdermal</a> </th> <td rowspan="5">Testosterone</td> <td>Non-scrotal patch</td> <td>2.5, 4, 5, 6 mg/day</td> <td>Androderm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-scrotal patch</td> <td>150, 300 μg/day</td> <td>Intrinsa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Scrotal patch<a href="#cite_note-dc-60">[d]</a></td> <td>4, 6 mg/day</td> <td>Testoderm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Topical gel</td> <td>25, 50, 75, 100, 125 mg/pump</td> <td>AndroGel, Testim </td></tr> <tr> <td>Axillary solution</td> <td>30 mg/pump</td> <td>Axiron </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">Rectal</a> </th> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Suppository</td> <td>40 mg</td> <td>Rektandron </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injection</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[e]</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Test. enanthate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>50, 100, 180, 200, 250 mg/mL</td> <td>Delatestryl </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Test. cypionate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td style="font-size:93%;">50, 100, 200, 250 mg/mL</td> <td>Depo-Testosterone </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Mixed test. esters</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[f]</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>100, 250 mg/mL</td> <td>Sustanon </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Test. undecanoate</a></td> <td>Oil solution</td> <td>750, 1000 mg</td> <td>Aveed, Nebido </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">Implant</a> </th> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>Pellet</td> <td>50, 75, 100, 200 mg</td> <td>Testopel </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Footnotes and sources:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> This table does not include combination products with other medications/hormones. The availability of specific products may vary by country - see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Availability">Testosterone (medication) § Availability</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> These dosages may be given at varying frequencies - dosages listed are "each" (ex: per tablet, per spray, etc) and not indicative of total daily dose or equivalent. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Other brand names may be currently or historically marketed. </li> <li id="cite_note-dc-60"><a href="#cite_ref-dc_60-0">^</a> Potentially discontinued. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> May be by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular injection</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Combination of testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate, testosterone isocaproate, and testosterone decanoate. </li> </ol></div></div> Sources: <a href="#cite_note-pmid16918944-63">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25617174-64">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12906378-65">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-CappaCianfarani2015-66">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-67">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melmed2016-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenehan2003-68">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-69">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012-70">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrishnaShah1996-71">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brotherton1976-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-WellsDiPiro2014-72">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lauritzen1988-73">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apotekens1964-74">[64]</a></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-medical_use">Non-medical use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-medical use">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Athletics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ergogenic_use_of_anabolic_steroids" title="Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids">Ergogenic use of anabolic steroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroids_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroids abuse">Anabolic–androgenic steroids abuse</a></div> Testosterone is used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Doping_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping (sport)">doping</a> among <a href="/wiki/Sportsperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsperson">athletes</a> in order to improve performance.<a href="#cite_note-:1-75">[65]</a> Testosterone is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> agent and is on the <a href="/wiki/World_Anti-Doping_Agency" title="World Anti-Doping Agency">World Anti-Doping Agency</a> (WADA) List of Prohibited Substances and Methods.<a href="#cite_note-:1-75">[65]</a> Hormone supplements cause the endocrine system to adjust its production and lower the natural production of the hormone, so when supplements are discontinued, natural hormone production is lower than it was originally.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid">Anabolic–androgenic steroids</a> (AAS), including testosterone and its esters, have also been taken to enhance muscle development, strength, or endurance. They do so directly by increasing the muscles' protein synthesis. As a result, muscle fibers become larger and repair faster than the average person's.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After a series of scandals and publicity in the 1980s (such as <a href="/wiki/Ben_Johnson_(Canadian_sprinter)" title="Ben Johnson (Canadian sprinter)">Ben Johnson's</a> improved performance at the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prohibition" title="Prohibition">prohibitions</a> of AAS use were renewed or strengthened by many sports organizations. Testosterone and other AAS were designated a "<a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substance</a>" by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 1990, with the Anabolic Steroid Control Act.<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a> Their use is seen as an issue in modern sport, particularly given the lengths to which athletes and professional laboratories go to in trying to conceal such use from sports regulators. Steroid use once again came into the spotlight as a result of Canadian <a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">professional wrestler</a> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Benoit" title="Chris Benoit">Chris Benoit</a>'s double murder-suicide in 2007; however, there is no evidence implicating steroid use as a factor in the incident.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some female athletes may have naturally higher levels of testosterone than others, and may be asked to consent to <a href="/wiki/Sex_verification_in_sports" title="Sex verification in sports">sex verification</a> and either surgery or drugs to decrease testosterone levels.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140411-77">[67]</a> This has proven contentious, with the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Arbitration_for_Sport" title="Court of Arbitration for Sport">Court of Arbitration for Sport</a> suspending the IAAF policy due to insufficient evidence of a link between high androgen levels and improved athletic performance.<a href="#cite_note-78">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detection_of_abuse">Detection of abuse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Detection of abuse">edit</a>]</div> A number of methods for detecting testosterone use by athletes have been employed, most based on a <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urine test</a>. These include the testosterone/<a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">epitestosterone</a> ratio (normally less than 6), the testosterone/luteinizing hormone ratio and the <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">carbon-13</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">carbon-12</a> ratio (pharmaceutical testosterone contains less carbon-13 than endogenous testosterone). In some testing programs, an individual's own historical results may serve as a reference interval for interpretation of a suspicious finding. Another approach being investigated is the detection of the administered form of testosterone, usually an ester, in hair.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19549614-80">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20355155-81">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19353724-82">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9626523-6-9-83">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications">Contraindications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contraindications">edit</a>]</div> Absolute <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindications</a> of testosterone include <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit#Elevated" title="Hematocrit">elevated hematocrit</a> (>54%), uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, various other <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular diseases</a>, and uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KavoussiCostabile2012-84">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a> is said by some sources to be an absolute contraindication of testosterone therapy,<a href="#cite_note-KavoussiCostabile2012-84">[74]</a> but androgens including testosterone have also actually been used to treat breast cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Perry2008-85">[75]</a> Relative contraindications of testosterone include elevated <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">prostate-specific antigen</a> (PSA) in men with a high risk of prostate cancer due to <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> or family history, severe <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">lower urinary tract symptoms</a>, and elevated hematocrit (>50%).<a href="#cite_note-KavoussiCostabile2012-84">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Side effects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Adverse_effects" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § Adverse effects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy#Adverse_effects" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy § Adverse effects</a></div> In February 2025, the US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) specified label changes for products containing testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_20250228-86">[76]</a> The changes include removing language from the <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">boxed warning</a> related to an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and adding a new warning about increased blood pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_20250228-86">[76]</a> Adverse effects may also include minor side effects such as oily skin, acne, and seborrhea, as well as loss of scalp hair, which may be prevented or reduced with <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase inhibitors">5α-reductase inhibitors</a>. In women, testosterone can produce <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a> (excessive facial/body hair growth), <a href="/wiki/Voice_change" title="Voice change">deepening of the voice</a>, and other signs of <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilization</a>. Exogenous testosterone may cause suppression of <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> in men, leading to, in some cases, reversible <a href="/wiki/Infertility" title="Infertility">infertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1977002-87">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">Gynecomastia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_tenderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast tenderness">breast tenderness</a> may occur with high dosages of testosterone due to peripheral conversion of testosterone by <a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">aromatase</a> into excessive amounts of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[78]</a> Testosterone treatment, particularly in high dosages, can also be associated with <a href="/wiki/Mood_changes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood changes">mood changes</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_erection" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous erection">spontaneous erections</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">nocturnal emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yates2000-89">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24016385-90">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6814798-91">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-BagatellBremner2003-144etc-92">[82]</a> Other side effects include increased <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a>, which can require <a href="/wiki/Venipuncture" title="Venipuncture">venipuncture</a> in order to treat, and exacerbation of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pas2013-93">[83]</a> The FDA stated in 2015 that neither the benefits nor the safety of testosterone have been established for low testosterone levels due to aging.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-11">[11]</a> The FDA has required that testosterone pharmaceutical labels include warning information about the possibility of an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.<a href="#cite_note-FDA2015-11">[11]</a> They have also required the label include concerns about abuse and dependence.<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> Injectable forms of testosterone can cause a lung problem called pulmonary oil microembolism (POME). Symptoms of POME include cough, shortness of breath, tightening of the throat, chest pain, sweating, dizziness, and fainting.<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[86]</a> A postmarketing analysis by the manufacturer of Aveed (testosterone undeconate injection) found that POME occurred at a rate of less than 1% per injection per year for Aveed.<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long-term_adverse_effects">Long-term adverse effects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long-term adverse effects">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cardiovascular_disease">Cardiovascular disease</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cardiovascular disease">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_and_the_cardiovascular_system" title="Testosterone and the cardiovascular system">Testosterone and the cardiovascular system</a></div> Results from the TRAVERSE trial were submitted in 2023, concluding that there was no increase in the risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes in men using testosterone for hypogonadism.<a href="#cite_note-FDA_20250228-86">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> Adverse effects of testosterone supplementation may include increased cardiovascular events (including <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">deaths</a> based on three peer-reviewed studies involving men taking testosterone replacement.<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a> In addition, an increase of 30% in deaths and heart attacks in older men has been reported.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24193080-100">[90]</a> Due to an increased incidence of adverse cardiovascular events compared to a <a href="/wiki/Placebo_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Placebo group">placebo group</a>, a Testosterone in Older Men with Mobility Limitations (TOM) trial (a <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Aging">National Institute of Aging</a> randomized trial) was halted early by the <a href="/wiki/Data_monitoring_committee#Safety_concerns" title="Data monitoring committee">Data Safety and Monitoring Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[91]</a> On January 31, 2014, reports of <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">strokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">deaths</a> in men taking FDA-approved testosterone-replacement led the FDA to announce that it would be investigating the issue.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-20140131-102">[92]</a> Later, in September 2014, the FDA announced, as a result of the "potential for adverse cardiovascular outcomes", a review of the appropriateness and safety of Testosterone Replacement Therapy (TRT).<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20140917-103">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-20140905-104">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FDA-20140903-105">[95]</a> The FDA now requires warnings in the drug labeling of all approved testosterone products regarding <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[96]</a> Up to the year 2010, studies had not shown any effect on the risk of death, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>;<a href="#cite_note-pmid17285783-107">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fer2010-108">[98]</a> more recent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] studies, however, do raise concerns.<a href="#cite_note-109">[99]</a> A 2013 study, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, reported "the use of testosterone therapy was significantly associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes." The study began after a previous, randomized, clinical trial of testosterone therapy in men was stopped prematurely "due to adverse cardiovascular events raising concerns about testosterone therapy safety."<a href="#cite_note-pmid24193080-100">[90]</a> However, when given to men with hypogonadism in the short- and medium-term, testosterone replacement therapy does not increase the risk of cardiovascular events (including strokes and heart attacks and other heart diseases). The long-term safety of the therapy is not known yet.<a href="#cite_note-110">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia">Benign prostatic hyperplasia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Benign prostatic hyperplasia">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone therapy for patients with late-onset hypogonadism, in addition to increasing risk of cardiovascular disease and prostate cancer, may exacerbate the risk factors associated with <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a>, a condition that involves the noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland, which can lead to urinary symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-pmid35266057-112">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prostate_cancer">Prostate cancer</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prostate cancer">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone in the presence of a slow-growing prostate cancer is assumed to increase its growth rate. However, the association between testosterone supplementation and the development of prostate cancer is unproven.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19863857-113">[103]</a> Nevertheless, physicians are cautioned about the cancer risk associated with testosterone supplementation.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16006887-114">[104]</a> Testosterone may accelerate pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a> growth in individuals who have undergone androgen deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-Pas2013-93">[83]</a> It is recommended that physicians screen for prostate cancer with a digital rectal exam and <a href="/wiki/Prostate-specific_antigen" title="Prostate-specific antigen">prostate-specific antigen</a> (PSA) level before starting therapy, and monitor PSA and hematocrit levels closely during therapy.<a href="#cite_note-auto-23">[23]</a> Ethnic groups have different rates of prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2010-115">[105]</a> Differences in sex hormones, including testosterone, have been suggested as an explanation for these differences.<a href="#cite_note-Cal2010-115">[105]</a> This apparent paradox can be resolved by noting that prostate cancer is very common. In autopsies, 80% of 80-year-old men have prostate cancer.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15495199-116">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy_and_breastfeeding">Pregnancy and breastfeeding</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pregnancy and breastfeeding">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone is <a href="/wiki/Contraindication" title="Contraindication">contraindicated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a> and not recommended during <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> Androgens like testosterone are <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogens</a> and are known to cause <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetal</a> harm, such as producing <a href="/wiki/Virilization" title="Virilization">virilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiguous genitalia">ambiguous genitalia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions">Interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Interactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="5α-Reductase_inhibitors">5α-Reductase inhibitors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 5α-Reductase inhibitors">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase inhibitors</a> like <a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">finasteride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">dutasteride</a> can slightly increase circulating levels of testosterone by inhibiting its <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JamesonKretser2013-118">[108]</a> However, these drugs do this via prevention of the conversion of testosterone into its more potent <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT), and this results in dramatically reduced circulating levels of DHT (which circulates at much lower relative concentrations).<a href="#cite_note-JamesonKretser2013-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008-119">[109]</a> In addition, local levels of DHT in so-called androgenic (5α-reductase-expressing) tissues are also markedly reduced,<a href="#cite_note-JamesonKretser2013-118">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008-119">[109]</a> and this can have a strong impact on certain effects of testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-BagatellBremner2003-p78-120">[110]</a> For instance, growth of body and facial hair and <a href="/wiki/Penis_enlargement" title="Penis enlargement">penile growth</a> induced by testosterone may be inhibited by 5α-reductase inhibitors, and this could be considered undesirable in the context of, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Puberty_induction" class="mw-redirect" title="Puberty induction">puberty induction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BagatellBremner2003-p78-120">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baskin2012-121">[111]</a> On the other hand, 5α-reductase inhibitors may prevent or reduce adverse androgenic side effects of testosterone like <a href="/wiki/Androgenic_alopecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic alopecia">scalp hair loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin#Oily_skin" title="Human skin">oily skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a> In addition to the prevention of testosterone conversion into DHT, 5α-reductase inhibitors also prevent the formation of <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroids</a> like <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-androstanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-androstanediol">3α-androstanediol</a> from testosterone, and this may have neuropsychiatric consequences in some men.<a href="#cite_note-Frontiers-122">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aromatase_inhibitors">Aromatase inhibitors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aromatase inhibitors">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase inhibitors</a> like <a href="/wiki/Anastrozole" title="Anastrozole">anastrozole</a> prevent the conversion of testosterone into <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">aromatase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a> As only a very small fraction of testosterone is converted into estradiol, this does not affect testosterone levels, but it can prevent <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogenic</a> side effects like gynecomastia that can occur when testosterone is administered at relatively high dosages.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a> However, estradiol exerts <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> and, for this reason, prevention of its formation can reduce this feedback and disinhibit gonadal production of testosterone, which in turn can increase levels of endogenous testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14623515-123">[113]</a> Testosterone therapy is sometimes combined with an aromatase inhibitor for men with secondary hypogonadism who wish to conceive children with their partners.<a href="#cite_note-Nieschlag2010-124">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cytochrome_P450_inhibitors">Cytochrome P450 inhibitors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cytochrome P450 inhibitors">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">inducers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">cytochrome P450</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> like <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> have been associated with little or no effect on circulating testosterone levels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiandrogens_and_estrogens">Antiandrogens and estrogens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Antiandrogens and estrogens">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a> like <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">spironolactone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">bicalutamide</a> can block the androgenic and anabolic effects of testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-WeckerWatts2009-125">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-69">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">Estrogens</a> can reduce the effects of testosterone by increasing the hepatic production and in turn circulating levels of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> (SHBG), a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier protein</a> that binds to and occupies androgens like testosterone and DHT, and thereby reducing free concentrations of these androgens.<a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-69">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-WeinKavoussi2015-126">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pharmacology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pharmacodynamics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testosterone#Mechanism_of_action" title="Testosterone">Testosterone § Mechanism of action</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Pharmacology" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § Pharmacology</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible" style="text-align:left; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relative_androgenic_to_anabolic_activity_in_animals" title="Template:Relative androgenic to anabolic activity in animals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relative_androgenic_to_anabolic_activity_in_animals" title="Template talk:Relative androgenic to anabolic activity in animals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relative_androgenic_to_anabolic_activity_in_animals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relative androgenic to anabolic activity in animals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Androgenic vs. anabolic activity ratio of androgens/anabolic steroids </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medication</th> <th>Ratioa </th></tr> <tr> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>~1:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (<abbr title="dihydrotestosterone">DHT</abbr>)</a></td> <td>~1:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></td> <td>~1:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol</a></td> <td>~1:1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></td> <td>1:1–1:15 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone</a></td> <td>1:1–1:8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a></td> <td>1:3–1:4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a></td> <td>1:2–1:30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></td> <td>1:2–1:9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></td> <td>1:3–1:13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></td> <td>1:1–1:30 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a></td> <td>1:3–1:16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></td> <td>1:2–1:19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></td> <td>1:1–1:20 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="2" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template. </td></tr></tbody></table> Testosterone is a high <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">affinity</a> <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> for and <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> (AR). In addition, testosterone binds to and activates <a href="/wiki/Membrane_androgen_receptor" title="Membrane androgen receptor">membrane androgen receptors</a> (mARs) such as <a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZIP9" class="mw-redirect" title="ZIP9">ZIP9</a>. Testosterone is also potentiated via <a href="/wiki/Biotransformation" title="Biotransformation">transformation</a> by <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-reductase">5α-reductase</a> into the more <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potent</a> androgen DHT in so-called androgenic <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a>. In contrast to the case of testosterone, such potentiation occurs to a reduced extent or not at all with most <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">synthetic</a> AAS (as well as with DHT), and this is primarily responsible for the dissociation of <a href="/wiki/Anabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic">anabolic</a> and androgenic effects with these agents.<a href="#cite_note-Kicman2008-127">[117]</a> In addition to DHT, testosterone is converted at a rate of approximately 0.3% into the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)" title="Estrogen (medication)">estrogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">estradiol</a> via <a href="/wiki/Aromatase" title="Aromatase">aromatase</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BurtisAshwood2012-128">[118]</a> This occurs in many tissues, especially <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">adipose tissue</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, but primarily in adipose tissue.<a href="#cite_note-BurtisAshwood2012-128">[118]</a> Testosterone, after conversion into DHT, is also metabolized into 3α-androstanediol, a <a href="/wiki/Neurosteroid" title="Neurosteroid">neurosteroid</a> and potent <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABAA receptor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-androstanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="3β-androstanediol">3β-androstanediol</a>, a potent and preferential agonist of the <a href="/wiki/ER%CE%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ERβ">ERβ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KohtzFrye2012-129">[119]</a> These metabolites, along with estradiol, may be involved in a number of the effects of testosterone in the brain, including its <a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">antidepressant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>-relieving, <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">rewarding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pro-sexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-sexual">pro-sexual</a> effects.<a href="#cite_note-KohtzFrye2012-129">[119]</a> Whereas testosterone produced both anabolic and androgenic effects, despite the lack of clear boundaries between these effects, as there is a great deal of mutual overlap between them,<a href="#cite_note-pmid25905231-130">[120]</a> the relative potency of these effects exerted by testosterone can depend on various factors and is a topic of ongoing research.<a href="#cite_note-Ceponis-2017-131">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12017555-132">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_in_the_body_and_brain">Effects in the body and brain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Effects in the body and brain">edit</a>]</div> The ARs are expressed widely throughout the body, including in the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epididymides" class="mw-redirect" title="Epididymides">epididymides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, and elsewhere throughout the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2010-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-StraussBarbieri2017-134">[124]</a> Through activation of the ARs (as well as the mARs), testosterone has many effects, including the following:<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2010-133">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012b-53">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">additional citation(s) needed</a>] <ul><li>Promotes growth, function, and maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> during <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> and thereafter</li> <li>Promotes growth and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper body">upper body</a></li> <li>Causes <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous fat">subcutaneous fat</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Android_fat_distribution" title="Android fat distribution">deposited in a masculine pattern</a> and decreases overall <a href="/wiki/Body_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Body fat">body fat</a></li> <li>Suppresses <a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">breast development</a> induced by <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, but can also still produce <a href="/wiki/Gynecomastia" title="Gynecomastia">gynecomastia</a> via excessive conversion into <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> if levels are too high</li> <li>Maintains skin health, integrity, appearance, and hydration and slows the rate of aging of the skin, but can also cause <a href="/wiki/Oily_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Oily skin">oily skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seborrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Seborrhea">seborrhea</a></li> <li>Promotes the growth of <a href="/wiki/Facial_hair" title="Facial hair">facial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_hair" title="Body hair">body hair</a>, but can also cause <a href="/wiki/Scalp_hair_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalp hair loss">scalp hair loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hirsutism" title="Hirsutism">hirsutism</a></li> <li>Contributes to <a href="/wiki/Bone_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone growth">bone growth</a> and causes <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_broadening" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder broadening">broadening of the shoulders</a> at puberty</li> <li>Modulates <a href="/wiki/Liver_protein_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver protein synthesis">liver protein synthesis</a>, such as the production of <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">sex hormone-binding globulin</a> and many other proteins</li> <li>Increases production of <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and thereby stimulates <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cell</a> production in bone marrow and elevates <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a></li> <li>Exerts <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis</a> by suppressing the <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">gonadotropins</a> <a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">follicle-stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) and <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) from the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a>, thereby inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">production</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a></li> <li>Regulates the <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasomotor system">vasomotor system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, thereby preventing <a href="/wiki/Hot_flash" title="Hot flash">hot flashes</a></li> <li>Modulates brain function, with effects on <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">emotionality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memory</a></li> <li>Increases <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erectile_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Erectile function">erectile capacity</a> and causes <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_erection" class="mw-redirect" title="Spontaneous erection">spontaneous erections</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">nocturnal emissions</a></li> <li>Increases the risk of <a href="/wiki/Benign_prostatic_hyperplasia" title="Benign prostatic hyperplasia">benign prostatic hyperplasia</a> and accelerates the progression of prostate cancer</li> <li>Decreases <a href="/wiki/Breast_proliferation" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast proliferation">breast proliferation</a> and the risk of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_testosterone" title="Pharmacokinetics of testosterone">Pharmacokinetics of testosterone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(patch)" title="Testosterone (patch)">Testosterone (patch)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androgen_ester#Testosterone_esters" title="Androgen ester">Androgen ester § Testosterone esters</a></div> Testosterone can be taken by a variety of different <a href="/wiki/Routes_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Routes of administration">routes of administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BehreNieschlag2012-135">[125]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intranasal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Intranasal administration">intranasal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal administration">transdermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmacy)" title="Cream (pharmacy)">creams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">patches</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppositories</a>), by <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">intramuscular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a>), and as a <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant" title="Subcutaneous implant">subcutaneous implant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BehreNieschlag2012-135">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> of testosterone, including its <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a>, circulating testosterone levels, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a>, and other parameters, differ by route of administration.<a href="#cite_note-BehreNieschlag2012-135">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">naturally occurring</a> <a href="/wiki/Androstane" title="Androstane">androstane</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroid</a> and is also known by the chemical name androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-136">[126]</a> It has a <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bond</a> between the C4 and C5 positions (making it an <a href="/wiki/Androstene" class="mw-redirect" title="Androstene">androstene</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a> <a href="/wiki/Functional_group" title="Functional group">group</a> at the C3 position, and a <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a>) group at the C17β position.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-136">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivatives">Derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Derivatives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Androgen_ester#Testosterone_esters" title="Androgen ester">Androgen ester § Testosterone esters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a></div> Testosterone esters are <a href="/wiki/Substituent" title="Substituent">substituted</a> at the C17β position with a <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a> of varying <a href="/wiki/Side_chain" title="Side chain">chain</a> length.<a href="#cite_note-JamesonGroot2015-137">[127]</a> Major testosterone esters include <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-69">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-136">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChappleSteers2011-138">[128]</a> A C17β <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> <a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrug</a> of testosterone, <a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">cloxotestosterone acetate</a>, has also been marketed, although it is little known and is used very rarely or no longer.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-136">[126]</a> Another C17β ether prodrug of testosterone, <a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">silandrone</a>, also exists but was never marketed, and is notable in that it is orally active.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-136">[126]</a> In addition to ester and ether prodrugs, <a href="/wiki/Androgen_prohormone" title="Androgen prohormone">androgen prohormones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precursor (biochemistry)">precursors</a> of testosterone, such as <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">dehydroepiandrosterone</a> (DHEA), <a href="/wiki/4-androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-androstenediol">androstenediol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4-androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-androstenedione">androstenedione</a>, exist as well, and convert into testosterone to variable extents upon oral ingestion.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryTravis2015-139">[129]</a> Unlike testosterone ester and ether prodrugs however, these prohormones are only weakly androgenic/anabolic.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryTravis2015-139">[129]</a> All synthetic AAS are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical derivative">derivatives</a> of testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-GregoryTravis2015-139">[129]</a> Prominent examples include <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> (19-nortestosterone), <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone</a> (17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone), and <a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">stanozolol</a> (a 17α-alkylated derivative of DHT). Unlike testosterone, AAS that are <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-alkylated_anabolic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="17α-alkylated anabolic steroid">17α-alkylated</a>, like metandienone and stanozolol, are orally active. This is due to <a href="/wiki/Steric_hindrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric hindrance">steric hindrance</a> of C17β-position metabolism during the first-pass through the liver. In contrast, most AAS that are not 17α-alkylated, like nandrolone, are not active orally, and must instead be administered via intramuscular injection. This is almost always in ester form; for instance, in the case of nandrolone, as <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:small; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border:none;"> <caption class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Structural_properties_of_major_testosterone_esters" title="Template:Structural properties of major testosterone esters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Structural_properties_of_major_testosterone_esters" title="Template talk:Structural properties of major testosterone esters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Structural_properties_of_major_testosterone_esters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Structural properties of major testosterone esters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Structural properties of major testosterone esters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Androgen</th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable">Structure</th> <th colspan="4">Ester</th> <th rowspan="2">Relative <abbr title="molecular weight">mol. weight</abbr></th> <th rowspan="2">Relative <abbr title="testosterone">T</abbr> contentb</th> <th rowspan="2">logPc </th></tr> <tr> <th>Position(s)</th> <th>Moiet(ies)</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Lengtha </th></tr> <tr> <td>Testosterone</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosteron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/35px-Testosteron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/53px-Testosteron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/70px-Testosteron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>3.0–3.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">Testosterone propionate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_propionate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Testosterone_propionate.svg/35px-Testosterone_propionate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Testosterone_propionate.svg/53px-Testosterone_propionate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Testosterone_propionate.svg/70px-Testosterone_propionate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="900" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Propanoic acid">Propanoic acid</a></td> <td>Straight-chain fatty acid</td> <td>3</td> <td>1.19</td> <td>0.84</td> <td>3.7–4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isobutyrate" title="Testosterone isobutyrate">Testosterone isobutyrate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg/40px-Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg/60px-Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg/120px-Testosterone_isobutyrate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="450" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isobutyric_acid" title="Isobutyric acid">Isobutyric acid</a></td> <td>Branched-chain fatty acid</td> <td>– (~3)</td> <td>1.24</td> <td>0.80</td> <td>4.9–5.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isocaproate" title="Testosterone isocaproate">Testosterone isocaproate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_isocaproate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Testosterone_isocaproate.svg/35px-Testosterone_isocaproate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Testosterone_isocaproate.svg/53px-Testosterone_isocaproate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Testosterone_isocaproate.svg/70px-Testosterone_isocaproate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="995" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isohexanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Isohexanoic acid">Isohexanoic acid</a></td> <td>Branched-chain fatty acid</td> <td>– (~5)</td> <td>1.34</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>4.4–6.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_caproate" title="Testosterone caproate">Testosterone caproate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_caproate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Testosterone_caproate.svg/35px-Testosterone_caproate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Testosterone_caproate.svg/53px-Testosterone_caproate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Testosterone_caproate.svg/70px-Testosterone_caproate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="475" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexanoic acid">Hexanoic acid</a></td> <td>Straight-chain fatty acid</td> <td>6</td> <td>1.35</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>5.8–6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_phenylpropionate" title="Testosterone phenylpropionate">Testosterone phenylpropionate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg/35px-Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg/53px-Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg/70px-Testosterone_phenpropionate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="475" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoic_acid" title="Phenylpropanoic acid">Phenylpropanoic acid</a></td> <td>Aromatic fatty acid</td> <td>– (~6)</td> <td>1.46</td> <td>0.69</td> <td>5.8–6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_cypionate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Testosterone_cypionate.svg/35px-Testosterone_cypionate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Testosterone_cypionate.svg/53px-Testosterone_cypionate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Testosterone_cypionate.svg/70px-Testosterone_cypionate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="900" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentylpropanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopentylpropanoic acid">Cyclopentylpropanoic acid</a></td> <td>Cyclic carboxylic acid</td> <td>– (~6)</td> <td>1.43</td> <td>0.70</td> <td>5.1–7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_enanthate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Testosterone_enanthate.svg/35px-Testosterone_enanthate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Testosterone_enanthate.svg/53px-Testosterone_enanthate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Testosterone_enanthate.svg/70px-Testosterone_enanthate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="475" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heptanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heptanoic acid">Heptanoic acid</a></td> <td>Straight-chain fatty acid</td> <td>7</td> <td>1.39</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>3.6–7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone decanoate">Testosterone decanoate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_decanoate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Testosterone_decanoate.svg/35px-Testosterone_decanoate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Testosterone_decanoate.svg/53px-Testosterone_decanoate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Testosterone_decanoate.svg/70px-Testosterone_decanoate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="475" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Decanoic acid">Decanoic acid</a></td> <td>Straight-chain fatty acid</td> <td>10</td> <td>1.53</td> <td>0.65</td> <td>6.3–8.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_undecanoate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Testosterone_undecanoate.svg/35px-Testosterone_undecanoate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Testosterone_undecanoate.svg/53px-Testosterone_undecanoate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Testosterone_undecanoate.svg/70px-Testosterone_undecanoate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="465" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Undecanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Undecanoic acid">Undecanoic acid</a></td> <td>Straight-chain fatty acid</td> <td>11</td> <td>1.58</td> <td>0.63</td> <td>6.7–9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_buciclate" title="Testosterone buciclate">Testosterone buciclate</a>d</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosterone_buciclate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Testosterone_buciclate.svg/25px-Testosterone_buciclate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Testosterone_buciclate.svg/38px-Testosterone_buciclate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Testosterone_buciclate.svg/50px-Testosterone_buciclate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="450" /></a></td> <td>C17β</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucyclic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucyclic acid">Bucyclic acid</a>e</td> <td>Cyclic carboxylic acid</td> <td>– (~9)</td> <td>1.58</td> <td>0.63</td> <td>7.9–8.5 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="10" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;">Footnotes: a = Length of <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> for <a href="/wiki/Straight-chain_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight-chain fatty acid">straight-chain fatty acids</a> or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_compound" title="Cyclic compound">cyclic</a> fatty acids. b = Relative testosterone content by weight (i.e., relative <a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">androgenic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic</a> <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a>). c = Experimental or predicted <a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">octanol/water partition coefficient</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilicity</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hydrophobicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobicity">hydrophobicity</a>). Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>, <a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>. d = Never marketed. e = <a href="/wiki/Bucyclic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucyclic acid">Bucyclic acid</a> = trans-4-Butylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid. Sources: See individual articles. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Testosterone#History" title="Testosterone">Testosterone § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#History" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § History</a></div> Testosterone was first isolated and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">synthesized</a> in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-M.D.2002-140">[130]</a> Shortly thereafter, in 1937, testosterone first became commercially available as a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Subdermal_implant" title="Subdermal implant">pellets</a> and then in ester form for intramuscular injection as the relatively short-acting testosterone propionate.<a href="#cite_note-Llewellyn2011-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NieschlagBehre2012b-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoberman2005-141">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a>, one of the first synthetic AAS and orally active androgens, was introduced in 1935, but was associated with hepatotoxicity and eventually became largely medically obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-Hoberman2005-141">[131]</a> In the mid-1950s, the longer-acting testosterone esters <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a> were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Hoberman2005-141">[131]</a> They largely superseded testosterone propionate and became the major testosterone esters used medically for over half a century.<a href="#cite_note-Hoberman2005-141">[131]</a> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a> was introduced for oral use in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Hoberman2005-141">[131]</a> although intramuscular testosterone undecanoate had already been in use in China for several years.<a href="#cite_note-MundyFitzpatrick2010-142">[132]</a> Intramuscular testosterone undecanoate was not introduced in Europe and the United States until much later (in the early to mid 2000s and 2014, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-MelmedPolonsky2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> The history of testosterone as a medication has been reviewed.<a href="#cite_note-NieschlagNieschlag2017-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-NieschlagNieschlag2019-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-NieschlagNieschlag2014-146">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-MorgentalerTraish2018-147">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy#Society_and_culture" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy § Society and culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Society_and_culture" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § Society and culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Usage">edit</a>]</div> In the US in the 2000s, companies and figures in the popular media have heavily marketed notions of "andropause" as something parallel to <a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">menopause</a>; these notions have been rejected by the medical community.<a href="#cite_note-NHSChoices-148">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> Additionally, advertising from drug companies selling testosterone and human growth hormone, as well as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplement</a> companies selling all kinds of "boosters" for aging men, have emphasized the "need" of middle-aged or ageing men for testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-PerlsEd2015-150">[140]</a> There is a medical condition called <a href="/wiki/Late-onset_hypogonadism" title="Late-onset hypogonadism">late-onset hypogonadism</a>; according to Thomas Perls and David J. Handelsman, writing in a 2015 editorial in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Geriatrics_Society" title="Journal of the American Geriatrics Society">Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</a>, it appears that this condition is <a href="/wiki/Overdiagnosed" class="mw-redirect" title="Overdiagnosed">overdiagnosed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_health_care" title="Unnecessary health care">overtreated</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PerlsEd2015-150">[140]</a> Perls and Handelsman note that in the US, "sales of testosterone increased from $324 million in 2002 to $2 billion in 2012, and the number of testosterone doses prescribed climbed from 100 million in 2007 to half a billion in 2012, not including the additional contributions from compounding pharmacies, Internet, and direct-to-patient clinic sales."<a href="#cite_note-PerlsEd2015-150">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generic_names">Generic names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Generic names">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone is the <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generic name</a> of testosterone in English and Italian and the <a href="/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name" class="mw-redirect" title="International Nonproprietary Name"><abbr title="International Nonproprietary Name">INN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip International Nonproprietary Name, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name" title="United States Adopted Name"><abbr title="United States Adopted Name">USAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip United States Adopted Name, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia"><abbr title="United States Pharmacopeia">USP</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip United States Pharmacopeia, <a href="/wiki/British_Approved_Name" title="British Approved Name"><abbr title="British Approved Name">BAN</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip BAN, and <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_Comune_Italiana" title="Denominazione Comune Italiana"><abbr title="Denominazione Comune Italiana">DCIT</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana of the drug, while testostérone is its French name and the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nomination_Commune_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Dénomination Commune Française"><abbr title="Dénomination Commune Française">DCF</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dénomination Commune Française.<a href="#cite_note-Elks2014-136">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-151">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-152">[142]</a> It is also referred to in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> as testosteronum, in Spanish and Portuguese as testosterona, and in German, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, and Russian and other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic language">Slavic languages</a> as testosteron.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-151">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-152">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> of testosterone is тестостерон.<a href="#cite_note-Мюллер2016-153">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brand_names">Brand names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Brand names">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg/180px-Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg/270px-Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg/360px-Depo-testosterone_200_mg_ml_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A vial of Depo-Testosterone (testosterone cypionate in oil) for intramuscular injection</figcaption></figure> Testosterone is marketed under a large number of brand names throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-151">[141]</a> Major brand names of testosterone and/or its esters include Andriol, Androderm, AndroGel, Axiron, Delatestryl, Depo-Testosterone, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsa">Intrinsa</a>, Nebido, <a href="/wiki/Omnadren" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnadren">Omnadren</a>, Primoteston, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Sustanon</a>, Testim, TestoGel, TestoPatch, Testoviron, and Tostran.<a href="#cite_note-Becker2001-69">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kicman2008-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-151">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Availability">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids_available_in_the_United_States#Testosterone_and_esters" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States">List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States § Testosterone and esters</a></div> As of November 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit">[update]</a>, unmodified (non-esterified) testosterone is available in the United States in the following formulations:<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-67">[57]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gels" title="Topical gels">Topical gels</a>: AndroGel, Fortesta, Testim, Testosterone (generic)</li> <li>Topical solutions: Axiron, Testosterone (generic)</li> <li>Transdermal patches: Androderm, Testoderm (discontinued), Testoderm TTS (discontinued), Testosterone (generic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">Intranasal</a> gels: Natesto</li> <li>Buccal tablets: Striant</li> <li>Pellet implants: Testopel</li></ul> And the following ester prodrugs of testosterone are available in the United States in oil solutions for intramuscular injection:<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-67">[57]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a>: Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a>: Delatestryl, Xyosted (auto-injector), Testosterone Enanthate (generic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">Testosterone propionate</a>: Testosterone Propionate (generic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a>: Aveed</li></ul> Unmodified testosterone was also formerly available for intramuscular injection but was discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-67">[57]</a> Testosterone cypionate and testosterone enanthate were formerly available in combination with <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_cypionate" title="Estradiol cypionate">estradiol cypionate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_valerate" title="Estradiol valerate">estradiol valerate</a>, respectively, under the brand names Depo-Testadiol and Ditate-DS, respectively, as oil solutions for intramuscular injection, but these formulations have been discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-67">[57]</a> Unlike in Europe, Canada, and much of the rest of the world, oral testosterone undecanoate is not available in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs@FDA-67">[57]</a> <a href="#cite_note-MorleyBerg1999-154">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-BagatellBremner2003-misc-155">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> As of November 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit">[update]</a>, testosterone is available in Canada in the form of topical gels (AndroGel, Testim), topical solutions (Axiron), transdermal patches (Androderm), and intranasal gels (Natesto).<a href="#cite_note-DPD@HealthCanada-156">[146]</a> Testosterone cypionate (Depo-Testosterone, Testosterone Cypionate (generic)), testosterone enanthate (Delatestryl, PMS-Testosterone Enanthate), and testosterone propionate (Testosterone Propionate (generic)) are available as oil solutions for intramuscular injection and testosterone undecanoate (Andriol, PMS-Testosterone, Taro-Testosterone) is available in the form of oral capsules.<a href="#cite_note-DPD@HealthCanada-156">[146]</a> Testosterone buccal tablets and pellet implants do not appear to be available in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-DPD@HealthCanada-156">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone and/or its esters are widely available in countries throughout the world in a variety of formulations.<a href="#cite_note-Drugs.com-151">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § Legal status</a></div> Testosterone and its esters, along with other AAS, are <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription-only</a> <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">controlled substances</a> in many countries throughout the world. In the United States, they are <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_III_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule III drugs (US)">Schedule III</a> drugs under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>, in Canada, they are <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act#Schedule_IV" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Schedule IV</a> drugs under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a>, and in the United Kingdom, they are <a href="/wiki/Drugs_controlled_by_the_UK_Misuse_of_Drugs_Act#Class_C_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drugs controlled by the UK Misuse of Drugs Act">Class C</a> drugs under the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FFFLM2006b-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-LilleySnyder2016-158">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation">Litigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Litigation">edit</a>]</div> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit">[update]</a>, a number of lawsuits are underway against manufacturers of testosterone, alleging a significantly increased rate of stroke and heart attack in elderly men who use testosterone supplementation.<a href="#cite_note-Harris2014-159">[149]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doping_in_sports">Doping in sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Doping in sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_doping_in_sport_cases#Testosterone_and_esters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of doping in sport cases">List of doping in sport cases § Testosterone and esters</a></div> There are many known cases of <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Doping in sports">doping in sports</a> with testosterone and its esters by <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional</a> <a href="/wiki/Athlete" title="Athlete">athletes</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depression">Depression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Depression">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone has been used to treat depression in men who are of middle age with low testosterone. However, a 2014 review showed no benefit on the mood of the men with normal levels of testosterone or on the mood of the older men with low testosterone.<a href="#cite_note-pmid24501728-160">[150]</a> Conversely, a 2009 review found that testosterone had an antidepressant effect in men with depression, especially those with hypogonadism, HIV/AIDS, and in the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-pmid19625884-161">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_failure">Heart failure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Heart failure">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone replacement can significantly improve <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">exercise capacity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle strength</a> and reduce <a href="/wiki/QT_interval" title="QT interval">QT intervals</a> in men with <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">chronic heart failure</a> (CHF). Over the 3 to 6-month course of the studies reviewed, testosterone therapy appeared safe and generally effective, and (ruling out prostate cancer) the authors found no justification to absolutely restrict its use in men with CHF.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2016-162">[152]</a> A similar 2012 review also found increased exercise capacity and reasoned the benefits generlizable to women.<a href="#cite_note-Toma2012-163">[153]</a> However, both reviews advocate larger, longer term, <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wang2016-162">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Toma2012-163">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_contraception">Male contraception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Male contraception">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone, as esters such as testosterone undecanoate or testosterone buciclate, has been studied and promoted as a <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">male contraceptive</a> analogous to <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">estrogen-based contraceptives</a> in women. Otherwise considered an adverse effect of testosterone, reduced spermatogenesis can be further suppressed with the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestin</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>, improving the contraceptive effect.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anorgasmia">Anorgasmia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Anorgasmia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_investigational_sexual_dysfunction_drugs" title="List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs">List of investigational sexual dysfunction drugs</a></div> Testosterone is under development in a low-dose intranasal formulation for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Anorgasmia" title="Anorgasmia">anorgasmia</a> in women.<a href="#cite_note-AdisInsight-166">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> Testosterone therapy may improve the management of <a href="/wiki/Type_2_diabetes" title="Type 2 diabetes">type 2 diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18772488-167">[157]</a> Low testosterone has been associated with the development of <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16785599-168">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15383512-169">[159]</a> Topical androgens like testosterone have been used and studied in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cellulite" title="Cellulite">cellulite</a> in women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12626029-170">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201080834/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/testosterone">Testosterone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com_pregnancy-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_pregnancy_2-0">^</a> <style 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Cancer. 101 (10 Suppl): 2371–2490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.20408">10.1002/cncr.20408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15495199">15495199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24807561">24807561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=Human+prostate+cancer+risk+factors&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=10+Suppl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2371-%3C%2Fspan%3E2490&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24807561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15495199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcncr.20408&rft.aulast=Bostwick&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Burke%2C+HB&rft.au=Djakiew%2C+D&rft.au=Euling%2C+S&rft.au=Ho%2C+SM&rft.au=Landolph%2C+J&rft.au=Morrison%2C+H&rft.au=Sonawane%2C+B&rft.au=Shifflett%2C+T&rft.au=Waters%2C+DJ&rft.au=Timms%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/testosterone.html">"Testosterone Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201201902/http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/testosterone.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2014. 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Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-22152-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-22152-8"><bdi>978-0-323-22152-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214106/https://books.google.com/books?id=Np8xxP6pcdUC&pg=RA1-PT1157">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrinology+Adult+and+Pediatric%3A+Reproductive+Endocrinology&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2013-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-323-22152-8&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=de+Kretser%2C+DM&rft.au=Marshall%2C+JC&rft.au=De+Groot%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNp8xxP6pcdUC%26pg%3DRA1-PT1157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blume-PeytaviWhiting2008_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlume-PeytaviWhitingTrüeb2008" class="citation book cs1">Blume-Peytavi U, Whiting DA, Trüeb RM (June 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHrX2-huQCoC&pg=PA182">Hair Growth and Disorders</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 182–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-46911-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-46911-7"><bdi>978-3-540-46911-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908214106/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHrX2-huQCoC&pg=PA182">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hair+Growth+and+Disorders&rft.pages=182-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.isbn=978-3-540-46911-7&rft.aulast=Blume-Peytavi&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Whiting%2C+DA&rft.au=Tr%C3%BCeb%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHrX2-huQCoC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BagatellBremner2003-p78-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BagatellBremner2003-p78_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BagatellBremner2003-p78_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBagatelleBremner2003" class="citation book cs1">Bagatelle C, Bremner WJ (May 27, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vDcBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Androgens in Health and Disease</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-388-0"><bdi>978-1-59259-388-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215015/https://books.google.com/books?id=vDcBCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. 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British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.165">10.1038/bjp.2008.165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2439524">2439524</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18500378">18500378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+anabolic+steroids&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2439524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18500378&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjp.2008.165&rft.aulast=Kicman&rft.aufirst=AT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2439524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurtisAshwood2012-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BurtisAshwood2012_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BurtisAshwood2012_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurtisAshwoodBruns2012" class="citation book cs1">Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, Bruns DE (October 14, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBLRUI4aHhkC&pg=PA1947">Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1947–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-5942-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-5942-2"><bdi>978-1-4557-5942-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160522142447/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBLRUI4aHhkC">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tietz+Textbook+of+Clinical+Chemistry+and+Molecular+Diagnostics&rft.pages=1947-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2012-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-5942-2&rft.aulast=Burtis&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Ashwood%2C+ER&rft.au=Bruns%2C+DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBLRUI4aHhkC%26pg%3DPA1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KohtzFrye2012-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KohtzFrye2012_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KohtzFrye2012_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohtzFrye2012" class="citation book cs1">Kohtz AS, Frye CA (2012). "Dissociating Behavioral, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Effects of Androgen Steroids in Animal Models". Psychiatric Disorders. <a href="/wiki/Methods_in_Molecular_Biology" title="Methods in Molecular Biology">Methods in Molecular Biology</a>. Vol. 829. Springer. pp. 397–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-61779-458-2_26">10.1007/978-1-61779-458-2_26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61779-457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61779-457-5"><bdi>978-1-61779-457-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22231829">22231829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dissociating+Behavioral%2C+Autonomic%2C+and+Neuroendocrine+Effects+of+Androgen+Steroids+in+Animal+Models&rft.btitle=Psychiatric+Disorders&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22231829&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-61779-458-2_26&rft.isbn=978-1-61779-457-5&rft.aulast=Kohtz&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Frye%2C+CA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25905231-130"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25905231_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandelsman2013" class="citation book cs1">Handelsman DJ (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279000/">"Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology and Abuse"</a>. Endotext [Internet]. MDText.com, Inc. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905231">25905231</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309030923/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279000/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Androgen+Physiology%2C+Pharmacology+and+Abuse&rft.btitle=Endotext+%5BInternet%5D&rft.pub=MDText.com%2C+Inc&rft.date=2013-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25905231&rft.aulast=Handelsman&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK279000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceponis-2017-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Ceponis-2017_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFČeponisWangSwerdloffLiu2017" class="citation book cs1">Čeponis J, Wang C, Swerdloff S, Liu PY (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_11-1">"Anabolic and Metabolic Effects of Testosterone and Other Androgens: Direct Effects and Role of Testosterone Metabolic Products"</a>. Thyroid Diseases. Endocrinology. pp. 1–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-29456-8_11-1">10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_11-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-29195-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-29195-6"><bdi>978-3-319-29195-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407084734/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_11-1">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2024. Retrieved April 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anabolic+and+Metabolic+Effects+of+Testosterone+and+Other+Androgens%3A+Direct+Effects+and+Role+of+Testosterone+Metabolic+Products&rft.btitle=Thyroid+Diseases&rft.series=Endocrinology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-29456-8_11-1&rft.isbn=978-3-319-29195-6&rft.aulast=%C4%8Ceponis&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Wang%2C+C&rft.au=Swerdloff%2C+S&rft.au=Liu%2C+PY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Freferenceworkentry%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-29456-8_11-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12017555-132"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12017555_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhn CM (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Frp.57.1.411">"Anabolic steroids"</a>. Recent Prog Horm Res. 57: 411–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Frp.57.1.411">10.1210/rp.57.1.411</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12017555">12017555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Recent+Prog+Horm+Res&rft.atitle=Anabolic+steroids&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Frp.57.1.411&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12017555&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=CM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Frp.57.1.411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NieschlagBehre2010-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NieschlagBehre2010_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NieschlagBehre2010_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagBehreNieschlag2010" class="citation book cs1">Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (January 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA442">Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 49–54, 441–446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78355-8"><bdi>978-3-540-78355-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623203518/https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrology%3A+Male+Reproductive+Health+and+Dysfunction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E54%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E441-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78355-8&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Behre%2C+HM&rft.au=Nieschlag%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEgckDNkonUC%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StraussBarbieri2017-134"><a href="#cite_ref-StraussBarbieri2017_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStraussBarbieriGargiulo2017" class="citation book cs1">Strauss JF, Barbieri RL, Gargiulo AR (December 23, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67ZEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology E-Book: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 292–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-58232-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-58232-2"><bdi>978-0-323-58232-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215014/https://books.google.com/books?id=67ZEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yen+%26+Jaffe%27s+Reproductive+Endocrinology+E-Book%3A+Physiology%2C+Pathophysiology%2C+and+Clinical+Management&rft.pages=292-&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=2017-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0-323-58232-2&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=JF&rft.au=Barbieri%2C+RL&rft.au=Gargiulo%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67ZEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BehreNieschlag2012-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BehreNieschlag2012_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BehreNieschlag2012_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BehreNieschlag2012_135-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBehreNieschlag2012" class="citation book cs1">Behre HM, Nieschlag E (July 26, 2012). 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Springer. pp. 641–642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-2085-3"><bdi>978-1-4757-2085-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215024945/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dictionary+of+Drugs%3A+Chemical+Data%3A+Chemical+Data%2C+Structures+and+Bibliographies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E641-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-2085-3&rft.aulast=Elks&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vXTBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JamesonGroot2015-137"><a href="#cite_ref-JamesonGroot2015_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamesonDe_Groot2015" class="citation book cs1">Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (February 25, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2387">Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric</a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2387–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-32195-2"><bdi>978-0-323-32195-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414214952/https://books.google.com/books?id=xmLeBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2387">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. 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Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 228–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-034-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84882-034-0"><bdi>978-1-84882-034-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215041/https://books.google.com/books?id=A9m8TkdCUqEC&pg=PA228">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. 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Human Kinetics. pp. 229, 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4925-0162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4925-0162-6"><bdi>978-1-4925-0162-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217202709/https://books.google.com/books?id=bfuXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">Archived</a> from the original on February 17, 2018. 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McFarland. pp. 180–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1128-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1128-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-1128-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180729102024/https://books.google.com/books?id=OGcQ0Tp2AFcC&pg=PA180">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2018. 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University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/testosteronedrea00hobe/page/134">134</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93978-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-93978-3"><bdi>978-0-520-93978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testosterone+Dreams%3A+Rejuvenation%2C+Aphrodisia%2C+Doping&rft.pages=134-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005-02-21&rft.isbn=978-0-520-93978-3&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftestosteronedrea00hobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MundyFitzpatrick2010-142"><a href="#cite_ref-MundyFitzpatrick2010_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMundyFitzpatrickNealGeorge2010" class="citation book cs1">Mundy AR, Fitzpatrick J, Neal DE, George NJ (July 26, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h6HSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294">The Scientific Basis of Urology</a>. CRC Press. pp. 294–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84184-749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84184-749-8"><bdi>978-1-84184-749-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215011/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6HSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA294">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. 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Drugs. 5 (6): 368–369. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00126839-200405060-00012">10.2165/00126839-200405060-00012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15563244">15563244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43349541">43349541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=Testosterone+Undecanoate%E2%80%94Schering+AG&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E369&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43349541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15563244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00126839-200405060-00012&rft.au=Adis+R%26D+Profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NieschlagNieschlag2017-144"><a href="#cite_ref-NieschlagNieschlag2017_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagNieschlag2017" class="citation book cs1">Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S (2017). 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European Journal of Endocrinology. 180 (6): R201 – R212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2FEJE-19-0071">10.1530/EJE-19-0071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30959485">30959485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=ENDOCRINE+HISTORY%3A+The+history+of+discovery%2C+synthesis+and+development+of+testosterone+for+clinical+use&rft.volume=180&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER201+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER212%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2019-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2FEJE-19-0071&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30959485&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Nieschlag%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1530%252FEJE-19-0071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NieschlagNieschlag2014-146"><a href="#cite_ref-NieschlagNieschlag2014_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagNieschlag2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955324">"Testosterone deficiency: a historical perspective"</a>. Asian Journal of Andrology. 16 (2): 161–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F1008-682X.122358">10.4103/1008-682X.122358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955324">3955324</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24435052">24435052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Andrology&rft.atitle=Testosterone+deficiency%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3955324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24435052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F1008-682X.122358&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Nieschlag%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3955324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorgentalerTraish2018-147"><a href="#cite_ref-MorgentalerTraish2018_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgentalerTraish2020" class="citation journal cs1">Morgentaler A, Traish A (April 2020). 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Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 63 (4): 809–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjgs.13391">10.1111/jgs.13391</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25809947">25809947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:328558">328558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Geriatrics+Society&rft.atitle=Disease+mongering+of+age-associated+declines+in+testosterone+and+growth+hormone+levels&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E809-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A328558%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25809947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjgs.13391&rft.aulast=Perls&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Handelsman%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjgs.13391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drugs.com-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_151-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drugs.com_151-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/international/testosterone.html">"Testosterone - International"</a>. 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In Morley JE, van den Berg L (eds.). Endocrinology of Aging. Disease-a-Month. Vol. 34. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 141–. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0011-5029%2898%2990024-4">10.1016/s0011-5029(98)90024-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-715-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59259-715-4"><bdi>978-1-59259-715-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3044718">3044718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215126/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGD0BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA141">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. 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Endocrinol. 16 (6): 431–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2Fgye.16.6.431.441">10.1080/gye.16.6.431.441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12626029">12626029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37424524">37424524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gynecol.+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Current+concepts+in+aesthetic+endocrinology&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E431-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37424524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12626029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2Fgye.16.6.431.441&rft.aulast=Gruber&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Wieser%2C+F&rft.au=Gruber%2C+IM&rft.au=Ferlitsch%2C+K&rft.au=Gruber%2C+DM&rft.au=Huber%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagBehreNieschlag2010" class="citation book cs1">Nieschlag E, Behre JM, Nieschlag S (January 13, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC">Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78355-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-78355-8"><bdi>978-3-540-78355-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160623203518/https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrology%3A+Male+Reproductive+Health+and+Dysfunction&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.isbn=978-3-540-78355-8&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Behre%2C+JM&rft.au=Nieschlag%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEgckDNkonUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagBehreNieschlag2012" class="citation book cs1">Nieschlag E, Behre HM, Nieschlag S (July 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MkrAPaQ4wJkC">Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01290-5"><bdi>978-1-107-01290-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215108/https://books.google.com/books?id=MkrAPaQ4wJkC">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testosterone%3A+Action%2C+Deficiency%2C+Substitution&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01290-5&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Behre%2C+HM&rft.au=Nieschlag%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMkrAPaQ4wJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHohl2017" class="citation book cs1">Hohl A (March 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Et6TDgAAQBAJ">Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46086-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-46086-4"><bdi>978-3-319-46086-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414215052/https://books.google.com/books?id=Et6TDgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testosterone%3A+From+Basic+to+Clinical+Aspects&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.isbn=978-3-319-46086-4&rft.aulast=Hohl&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEt6TDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNieschlagNieschlag2014" class="citation journal cs1">Nieschlag E, Nieschlag S (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955324">"Testosterone deficiency: a historical perspective"</a>. Asian J. Androl. 16 (2): 161–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F1008-682X.122358">10.4103/1008-682X.122358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3955324">3955324</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24435052">24435052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+J.+Androl.&rft.atitle=Testosterone+deficiency%3A+a+historical+perspective&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3955324%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24435052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F1008-682X.122358&rft.aulast=Nieschlag&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Nieschlag%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3955324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLlewellyn2011" class="citation book cs1">Llewellyn W (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afKLA-6wW0oC">Anabolics</a>. Molecular Nutrition Llc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9828280-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9828280-1-4"><bdi>978-0-9828280-1-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414083125/https://books.google.com/books?id=afKLA-6wW0oC">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabolics&rft.pub=Molecular+Nutrition+Llc&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9828280-1-4&rft.aulast=Llewellyn&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafKLA-6wW0oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShoskesWilsonSpinner2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shoskes JJ, Wilson MK, Spinner ML (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5182226">"Pharmacology of testosterone replacement therapy preparations"</a>. Translational Andrology and Urology. 5 (6): 834–843. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Ftau.2016.07.10">10.21037/tau.2016.07.10</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5182226">5182226</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28078214">28078214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translational+Andrology+and+Urology&rft.atitle=Pharmacology+of+testosterone+replacement+therapy+preparations&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E834-%3C%2Fspan%3E843&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5182226%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28078214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Ftau.2016.07.10&rft.aulast=Shoskes&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Wilson%2C+MK&rft.au=Spinner%2C+ML&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5182226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCelecOstatníkováHodosy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Celec P, Ostatníková D, Hodosy J (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330791">"On the effects of testosterone on brain behavioral functions"</a>. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 9: 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffnins.2015.00012">10.3389/fnins.2015.00012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330791">4330791</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25741229">25741229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=On+the+effects+of+testosterone+on+brain+behavioral+functions&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4330791%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25741229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffnins.2015.00012&rft.aulast=Celec&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Ostatn%C3%ADkov%C3%A1%2C+D&rft.au=Hodosy%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4330791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Testosterone_(medication)&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a601118.html">"Testosterone Transdermal Patch"</a>. MedlinePlus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Testosterone+Transdermal+Patch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fdruginfo%2Fmeds%2Fa601118.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a603034.html">"Testosterone Buccal"</a>. MedlinePlus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Testosterone+Buccal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fdruginfo%2Fmeds%2Fa603034.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a605020.html">"Testosterone Topical"</a>. MedlinePlus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Testosterone+Topical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fdruginfo%2Fmeds%2Fa605020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a614041.html">"Testosterone Injection"</a>. MedlinePlus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Testosterone+Injection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fdruginfo%2Fmeds%2Fa614041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a615025.html">"Testosterone Nasal Gel"</a>. MedlinePlus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Testosterone+Nasal+Gel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fdruginfo%2Fmeds%2Fa615025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATestosterone+%28medication%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Testosterone" title="Template:Testosterone"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Testosterone" title="Template talk:Testosterone"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Testosterone" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Testosterone"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Testosterone58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone (as a hormone)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testosterone (as a medication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics_of_testosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacodynamics of testosterone">Pharmacodynamics of testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics_of_testosterone" title="Pharmacokinetics of testosterone">Pharmacokinetics of testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgen (as a hormone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Androgen/anabolic steroid (as a medication)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculinizing_hormone_therapy" title="Masculinizing hormone therapy">Masculinizing hormone therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester">Esters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_ester" title="Androgen ester">Androgen ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester">Testosterone ester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_buciclate" title="Testosterone buciclate">Testosterone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_caproate" title="Testosterone caproate">Testosterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">Testosterone cypionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone decanoate">Testosterone decanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">Testosterone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isobutyrate" title="Testosterone isobutyrate">Testosterone isobutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_isocaproate" title="Testosterone isocaproate">Testosterone isocaproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_phenylpropionate" title="Testosterone phenylpropionate">Testosterone phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">Testosterone propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">Testosterone undecanoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_testosterone_esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed testosterone esters">Mixed testosterone esters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT; androstanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone (19-nortestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; prasterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)" title="Estradiol (medication)">Estradiol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgens_and_antiandrogens491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template talk:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgens_and_antiandrogens491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid"><abbr title="anabolic–androgenic steroid">AAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip anabolic–androgenic steroid)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testosterone</a>#</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester mixture">testosterone ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposterona" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposterona">Deposterona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnadren" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnadren">Omnadren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Sustanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testoviron_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Testoviron depot">Testoviron Depot</a>))</li></ul> <ul><li>Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Androstanolone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone (thiomesterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol (propethandrol)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">Progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">norgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">norgestrienone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin"><abbr title="human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip human chorionic gonadotropin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">Steroidogenesis inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto extract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D2 receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">prolactin releasers</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">estradiol esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">paroxypropione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (incl., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Androstenedione immunogens: <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>#<a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li>‡<a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li>§Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacodynamics105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;background:#ccccff"><div id="Pharmacodynamics105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Testosterone</a># (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>19-Nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ4-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Progesterone derivatives: <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5N-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide">N-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide">N-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">L-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">L-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">L-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">L-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Estrogen_receptor_modulators1222" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Estrogen_receptor_modulators1222" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor"><abbr title="Estrogen receptor">ER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Steroidal: <a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17%CE%B2-ol" title="3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol">3-Methyl-19-methyleneandrosta-3,5-dien-17β-ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B2,5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel (page does not exist)">3β,5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Hydroxytibolone" title="3α-Hydroxytibolone">3α-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Hydroxytibolone" title="3β-Hydroxytibolone">3β-Hydroxytibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Fluoroestradiol" title="4-Fluoroestradiol">4-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Oxo-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methylestradiol" title="7α-Methylestradiol">7α-Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestradiol" title="8,9-Dehydroestradiol">8,9-Dehydroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8,9-Dehydroestrone" title="8,9-Dehydroestrone">8,9-Dehydroestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8%CE%B2-VE2" title="8β-VE2">8β-VE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10%CE%B2,17%CE%B2-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one" title="10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one">10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Chloromethylestradiol" title="11β-Chloromethylestradiol">11β-Chloromethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methoxyestradiol" title="11β-Methoxyestradiol">11β-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B1-Hydroxyestradiol" title="15α-Hydroxyestradiol">15α-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Fluoroestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Fluoroestradiol">16α-Fluoroestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="16α-Hydroxy-DHEA">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Iodoestradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="16α-Iodoestradiol">16α-Iodoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-LE2" title="16α-LE2">16α-LE2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">alfatradiol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilenin" title="17α-Dihydroequilenin">17α-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Dihydroequilin" title="17α-Dihydroequilin">17α-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Dihydroequilenin">17β-Dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Dihydroequilin" title="17β-Dihydroequilin">17β-Dihydroequilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B2-Methyl-17%CE%B1-dihydroequilenin" title="17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin">17β-Methyl-17α-dihydroequilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alestramustine" title="Alestramustine">Alestramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almestrone" title="Almestrone">Almestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">methyltestosterone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">nandrolone</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">esters</a>, many others; via estrogenic metabolites)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrimustine" title="Atrimustine">Atrimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butolame" title="Butolame">Butolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomestrone" title="Clomestrone">Clomestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol" title="Cloxestradiol">Cloxestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxestradiol_acetate" title="Cloxestradiol acetate">Cloxestradiol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estriol" title="Conjugated estriol">Conjugated estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugated_estrogens" title="Conjugated estrogens">Conjugated estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclodiol" title="Cyclodiol">Cyclodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotriol" title="Cyclotriol">Cyclotriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent-Estradiol" title="Ent-Estradiol">ent-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">Epiestriol (16β-epiestriol, 16β-hydroxy-17β-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epimestrol" title="Epimestrol">Epimestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilenin" title="Equilenin">Equilenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilin" title="Equilin">Equilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-63" title="ERA-63">ERA-63 (ORG-37663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens" title="Esterified estrogens">Esterified estrogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estradiol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestradiol_phosphate" title="Polyestradiol phosphate">Polyestradiol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine" title="Estramustine">Estramustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estramustine_phosphate" title="Estramustine phosphate">Estramustine phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrapronicate" title="Estrapronicate">Estrapronicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrazinol" title="Estrazinol">Estrazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estriol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estriol esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyestriol_phosphate" title="Polyestriol phosphate">Polyestriol phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrofurate" title="Estrofurate">Estrofurate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogenic_substances" title="Estrogenic substances">Estrogenic substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estromustine" title="Estromustine">Estromustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estrone_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Estrone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_methyl_ether" title="Estrone methyl ether">Estrone methyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estropipate" title="Estropipate">Estropipate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etamestrol" title="Etamestrol">Etamestrol (eptamestrol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_3-benzoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate">Ethinylestradiol 3-benzoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">Ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestriol" title="Ethinylestriol">Ethinylestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestradiol" title="Ethylestradiol">Ethylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexolame" title="Hexolame">Hexolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippulin" title="Hippulin">Hippulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyestrone_diacetate" title="Hydroxyestrone diacetate">Hydroxyestrone diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestranol" title="Mestranol">Mestranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylestradiol" title="Methylestradiol">Methylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxestrol" title="Moxestrol">Moxestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytatrienediol" title="Mytatrienediol">Mytatrienediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilestriol" title="Nilestriol">Nilestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">Noretynodrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestrate" title="Orestrate">Orestrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentolame" title="Pentolame">Pentolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prodiame" title="Prodiame">Prodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolame" title="Prolame">Prolame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promestriene" title="Promestriene">Promestriene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-16117" title="RU-16117">RU-16117</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestradol" title="Quinestradol">Quinestradol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinestrol" title="Quinestrol">Quinestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Nonsteroidal: <a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(S,S)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(S,S)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene" title="2,8-Dihydroxyhexahydrochrysene">2,8-DHHHC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-LGND1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-LGND1 (page does not exist)">β-LGND1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-LGND2" title="Β-LGND2">β-LGND2 (GTx-878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AC-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AC-186 (page does not exist)">AC-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenestrol" title="Allenestrol">Allenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenolic_acid" title="Allenolic acid">Allenolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzestrol" title="Benzestrol">Benzestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisdehydrodoisynolic_acid" title="Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid">Bisdehydrodoisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butestrol" title="Butestrol">Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbestrol" title="Carbestrol">Carbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-15414" title="D-15414">D-15414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCW234" title="DCW234">DCW234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol" title="Dienestrol">Dienestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dienestrol_diacetate" title="Dienestrol diacetate">Dienestrol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Diethylstilbestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Diethylstilbestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimestrol" title="Dimestrol">Dimestrol (dianisylhexene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylstilbestrol" title="Dimethylstilbestrol">Dimethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynoestrol" title="Doisynoestrol">Doisynoestrol (fenocycline)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doisynolic_acid" title="Doisynolic acid">Doisynolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elacestrant" title="Elacestrant">Elacestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-196" title="ERB-196">ERB-196 (WAY-202196)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteberel" title="Erteberel">Erteberel (SERBA-1, LY-500307)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrobin" title="Estrobin">Estrobin (DBE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenestrel" title="Fenestrel">Fenestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FERb_033" title="FERb 033">FERb 033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosfestrol" title="Fosfestrol">Fosfestrol (diethylstilbestrol diphosphate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furostilbestrol" title="Furostilbestrol">Furostilbestrol (diethylstilbestrol difuroate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTx-758" title="GTx-758">GTx-758</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexestrol" title="Hexestrol">Hexestrol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Hexestrol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">Hexestrol esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-85966" title="ICI-85966">ICI-85966 (Stilbostat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M2613" title="M2613">M2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Butestrol" title="Meso-Butestrol">meso-Butestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Hexestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Meso-Hexestrol">meso-Hexestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestilbol" title="Mestilbol">Mestilbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methallenestril" title="Methallenestril">Methallenestril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol" title="Methestrol">Methestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methestrol_dipropionate" title="Methestrol dipropionate">Methestrol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">Paroxypropione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentafluranol" title="Pentafluranol">Pentafluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenestrol" title="Phenestrol">Phenestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prinaberel" title="Prinaberel">Prinaberel (ERB-041, WAY-202041)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrosilan" title="Quadrosilan">Quadrosilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-3296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-3296 (page does not exist)">SC-3296</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-4289" title="SC-4289">SC-4289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SERBA-2" title="SERBA-2">SERBA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfluranol" title="Terfluranol">Terfluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylbromoethylene" title="Triphenylbromoethylene">Triphenylbromoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylchloroethylene" title="Triphenylchloroethylene">Triphenylchloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenyliodoethylene" title="Triphenyliodoethylene">Triphenyliodoethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphenylmethylethylene" title="Triphenylmethylethylene">Triphenylmethylethylene (triphenylpropene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-166818" title="WAY-166818">WAY-166818</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WAY-169916&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WAY-169916 (page does not exist)">WAY-169916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-200070" title="WAY-200070">WAY-200070</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-204688" title="WAY-204688">WAY-204688 (SIM-688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-214156" title="WAY-214156">WAY-214156</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Unknown/unsorted: <a href="/wiki/ERB-26" title="ERB-26">ERB-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERA-45" title="ERA-45">ERA-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERB-79" title="ERB-79">ERB-79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZK-283197" title="ZK-283197">ZK-283197</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Xenoestrogens: <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a>-related (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Anethole" title="Anethole">anethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anol" title="Anol">anol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianethole" title="Dianethole">dianethole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dianol" title="Dianol">dianol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoanethole" title="Photoanethole">photoanethole</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalconoid" title="Chalconoid">Chalconoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Isoliquiritigenin" title="Isoliquiritigenin">isoliquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phloretin" title="Phloretin">phloretin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phlorizin" title="Phlorizin">phlorizin (phloridzin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wedelolactone" title="Wedelolactone">wedelolactone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumestan" title="Coumestan">Coumestans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Coumestrol" title="Coumestrol">coumestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psoralidin" title="Psoralidin">psoralidin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/7,8-Dihydroxyflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="7,8-Dihydroxyflavone">7,8-DHF</a>, <a href="/wiki/8-Prenylnaringenin" title="8-Prenylnaringenin">8-prenylnaringenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">apigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">baicalein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochanin_A" title="Biochanin A">biochanin A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calycosin" title="Calycosin">calycosin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">catechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">daidzein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daidzin" title="Daidzin">daidzin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin_gallate" title="Epicatechin gallate">ECG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">equol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formononetin" title="Formononetin">formononetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabrene" title="Glabrene">glabrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glabridin" title="Glabridin">glabridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">genistein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genistin" title="Genistin">genistin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycitein" title="Glycitein">glycitein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaempferol" title="Kaempferol">kaempferol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquiritigenin" title="Liquiritigenin">liquiritigenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirificin" title="Mirificin">mirificin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myricetin" title="Myricetin">myricetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naringenin" title="Naringenin">naringenin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penduletin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penduletin (page does not exist)">penduletin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinocembrin" title="Pinocembrin">pinocembrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunetin" title="Prunetin">prunetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerarin" title="Puerarin">puerarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">quercetin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">tectoridin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tectorigenin" title="Tectorigenin">tectorigenin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Enterodiol" title="Enterodiol">enterodiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enterolactone" title="Enterolactone">enterolactone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyasol" title="Nyasol">nyasol (cis-hinokiresinol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalloestrogen" title="Metalloestrogen">Metalloestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticides</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">alternariol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">dieldrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">endosulfan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">fenarimol</a>, <a href="/wiki/HPTE" title="HPTE">HPTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">methiocarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxychlor" title="Methoxychlor">methoxychlor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclocarban" title="Triclocarban">triclocarban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triclosan" title="Triclosan">triclosan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosteroid" title="Phytosteroid">Phytosteroids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Digitoxin" title="Digitoxin">digitoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digitalis" title="Digitalis">digitalis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">guggulsterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytosterol" title="Phytosterol">Phytosterols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-sitosterol">β-sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campesterol" title="Campesterol">campesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorcylic_acid_lactone" title="Resorcylic acid lactone">Resorcylic acid lactones</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Zearalanone" title="Zearalanone">zearalanone</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-zearalenol">α-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-zearalenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-zearalenol">β-zearalenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">zearalenone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">zeranol (α-zearalanol)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taleranol" title="Taleranol">taleranol (teranol, β-zearalanol)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroid</a>-like (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Deoxymiroestrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxymiroestrol">deoxymiroestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miroestrol" title="Miroestrol">miroestrol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">Stilbenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">resveratrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhaponticin" title="Rhaponticin">rhaponticin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_xenoestrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic xenoestrogen">Synthetic xenoestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkylphenol" title="Alkylphenol">alkylphenols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">BPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">BPF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">BPS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraben" title="Paraben">parabens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_biphenyl" title="Polybrominated biphenyl">PBBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/4-hydroxybenzoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="4-hydroxybenzoic acid">PHBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">phthalates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>)</li> <li>Others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Agnuside" title="Agnuside">agnuside</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotundifuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotundifuran (page does not exist)">rotundifuran</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed (<a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulators" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Selective estrogen receptor modulators">SERMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective estrogen receptor modulators)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Phenylbenzofuran" title="2-Phenylbenzofuran">2-Phenylbenzofuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Phenylbenzothiophene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Phenylbenzothiophene (page does not exist)">2-Phenylbenzothiophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Hydroxynorendoxifen" title="4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen">4'-Hydroxynorendoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acefluranol" title="Acefluranol">Acefluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acolbifene" title="Acolbifene">Acolbifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordiol" title="Anordiol">Anordiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anordrin" title="Anordrin">Anordrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzoxifene" title="Arzoxifene">Arzoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazedoxifene" title="Bazedoxifene">Bazedoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilanestrant" title="Brilanestrant">Brilanestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broparestrol" title="Broparestrol">Broparestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camizestrant" title="Camizestrant">Camizestrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorotrianisene" title="Chlorotrianisene">Chlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">Clomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomifenoxide" title="Clomifenoxide">Clomifenoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CN-55945-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CN-55945-27 (page does not exist)">CN-55945-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclofenil" title="Cyclofenil">Cyclofenil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-15413&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-15413 (page does not exist)">D-15413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethylchlorotrianisene" title="Desmethylchlorotrianisene">Desmethylchlorotrianisene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droloxifene" title="Droloxifene">Droloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclomifene" title="Enclomifene">Enclomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxifen" title="Endoxifen">Endoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etacstil" title="Etacstil">Etacstil (GW-5638, DPC-974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethamoxytriphetol" title="Ethamoxytriphetol">Ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femarelle" title="Femarelle">Femarelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fispemifene" title="Fispemifene">Fispemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-7604&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-7604 (page does not exist)">GW-7604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-55548" class="mw-redirect" title="ICI-55548">ICI-55548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoxifene" title="Idoxifene">Idoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasofoxifene" title="Lasofoxifene">Lasofoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levormeloxifene" title="Levormeloxifene">Levormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-1643" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-1643">LN-1643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LN-2299" class="mw-redirect" title="LN-2299">LN-2299</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-117018&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-117018 (page does not exist)">LY-117018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menerba" title="Menerba">Menerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene" title="Miproxifene">Miproxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miproxifene_phosphate" title="Miproxifene phosphate">Miproxifene phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRL-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRL-37 (page does not exist)">MRL-37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafoxidine" title="Nafoxidine">Nafoxidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromifene" title="Nitromifene">Nitromifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNC_45-0095" title="NNC 45-0095">NNC 45-0095</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0320&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0320 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0320</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-0781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-0781 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-0781</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_45-1506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 45-1506 (page does not exist)">NNC 45-1506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeloxifene" title="Ormeloxifene">Ormeloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ospemifene" title="Ospemifene">Ospemifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panomifene" title="Panomifene">Panomifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipendoxifene" title="Pipendoxifene">Pipendoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promensil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Promensil (page does not exist)">Promensil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimostil" title="Rimostil">Rimostil (P-081)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1010 (page does not exist)">SS1010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toremifene" title="Toremifene">Toremifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxifene" title="Trioxifene">Trioxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TZE-5323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TZE-5323 (page does not exist)">TZE-5323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11555A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11555A (page does not exist)">U-11555A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U-11634&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U-11634 (page does not exist)">U-11634</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y-134&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y-134 (page does not exist)">Y-134</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zindoxifene" title="Zindoxifene">Zindoxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclomifene" title="Zuclomifene">Zuclomifene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene" title="(R,R)-Tetrahydrochrysene">(R,R)-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroindazole (page does not exist)">Chloroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytestrol_acetate" title="Cytestrol acetate">Cytestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-800&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-800 (page does not exist)">EM-800 (SCH-57050)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERA-90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERA-90 (page does not exist)">ERA-90</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ERB-88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ERB-88 (page does not exist)">ERB-88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyceollin" title="Glyceollin">Glyceollins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_I" title="Glyceollin I">I</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin II (page does not exist)">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glyceollin_III" title="Glyceollin III">III</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glyceollin_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glyceollin IV (page does not exist)">IV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-164384" title="ICI-164384">ICI-164384</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-101906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-101906 (page does not exist)">MDL-101906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpiperidinopyrazole" title="Methylpiperidinopyrazole">Methylpiperidinopyrazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxabicycloheptene_sulfonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate (page does not exist)">Oxabicycloheptene sulfonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHTPP" title="PHTPP">PHTPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-39411&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-39411 (page does not exist)">RU-39411</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-58668&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-58668 (page does not exist)">RU-58668</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS1020&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS1020 (page does not exist)">SS1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS-108" title="TAS-108">TAS-108 (SR-16234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZB716" title="ZB716">ZB716</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-164015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-164015 (page does not exist)">ZK-164015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-191703&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-191703 (page does not exist)">ZK-191703</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Coregulator-binding modulators: <a href="/wiki/ERX-11" title="ERX-11">ERX-11</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Noncompetitive inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_estrogen_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor"><abbr title="G protein-coupled estrogen receptor">GPER</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled estrogen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afimoxifene" title="Afimoxifene">Afimoxifene (4-hydroxytamoxifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrazine" title="Atrazine">Atrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daidzein" title="Daidzein">Daidzein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (<a href="/wiki/P,p%27-DDT" class="mw-redirect" title="P,p'-DDT">p,p'-DDT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=O%27,p%27-DDE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O',p'-DDE (page does not exist)">o',p'-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarylpropionitrile" title="Diarylpropionitrile">Diarylpropionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equol" title="Equol">Equol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">Ethinylestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulvestrant" title="Fulvestrant">Fulvestrant (ICI-182780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-1_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="G-1 (drug)">G-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genistein" title="Genistein">Genistein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L1 (page does not exist)">GPER-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GPER-L2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GPER-L2 (page does not exist)">GPER-L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxytyrosol" title="Hydroxytyrosol">Hydroxytyrosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepone">Kepone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">Nicotinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonylphenol" title="Nonylphenol">Nonylphenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleuropein" title="Oleuropein">Oleuropein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2,2%27,5%27-PCB-4-OH&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH (page does not exist)">2,2',5'-PCB-4-OH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylpyrazoletriol" title="Propylpyrazoletriol">Propylpyrazoletriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quercetin" title="Quercetin">Quercetin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raloxifene" title="Raloxifene">Raloxifene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resveratrol" title="Resveratrol">Resveratrol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=STX_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="STX (drug) (page does not exist)">STX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">Tamoxifen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectoridin" title="Tectoridin">Tectoridin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCL18" title="CCL18">CCL18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-15_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-15 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-36_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G-36 (drug) (page does not exist)">G-36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIBE" title="MIBE">MIBE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">Diethylstilbestrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroidal_estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of steroidal estrogens">List of estrogens</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators746" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Template talk:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GABAA receptor positive modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GABAA_receptor_positive_modulators746" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator" title="GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator"><abbr title="γ-Aminobutyric acid">GABA</abbr>A receptor positive modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brometone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brometone (page does not exist)">Brometone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Butanol" title="1-Butanol">Butanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralodol" title="Chloralodol">Chloralodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorobutanol" title="Chlorobutanol">Chlorobutanol (cloretone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">Ethchlorvynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutanol" title="Isobutanol">Isobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropanol">Isopropanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylpentynol" title="Methylpentynol">Methylpentynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Pentanol" title="1-Pentanol">Pentanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrichloral" title="Petrichloral">Petrichloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Propanol" title="1-Propanol">Propanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Butanol">tert-Butanol (2M2P)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Pentanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-Pentanol">tert-Pentanol (2M2B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromoethanol" title="Tribromoethanol">Tribromoethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclofos" title="Triclofos">Triclofos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trifluoroethanol">Trifluoroethanol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="(-)-5-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-5-ethylbarbituric acid">(-)-DMBB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">Allobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphenal" title="Alphenal">Alphenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">Amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprobarbital" title="Aprobarbital">Aprobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbexaclone" title="Barbexaclone">Barbexaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">Barbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzobarbital" title="Benzobarbital">Benzobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzylbutylbarbiturate" title="Benzylbutylbarbiturate">Benzylbutylbarbiturate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brallobarbital" title="Brallobarbital">Brallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brophebarbital" title="Brophebarbital">Brophebarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalbital" title="Butalbital">Butalbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buthalital" title="Buthalital">Buthalital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">Butobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butallylonal" title="Butallylonal">Butallylonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbubarb" title="Carbubarb">Carbubarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylbarbital" title="Crotylbarbital">Crotylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">Cyclobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopentobarbital" title="Cyclopentobarbital">Cyclopentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enallylpropymal" title="Enallylpropymal">Enallylpropymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethallobarbital" title="Ethallobarbital">Ethallobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eterobarb" title="Eterobarb">Eterobarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptabarb" title="Heptabarb">Heptabarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptobarbital" title="Heptobarbital">Heptobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexethal" title="Hexethal">Hexethal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexobarbital" title="Hexobarbital">Hexobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metharbital" title="Metharbital">Metharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methitural" title="Methitural">Methitural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methohexital" title="Methohexital">Methohexital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">Methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcobarbital" title="Narcobarbital">Narcobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nealbarbital" title="Nealbarbital">Nealbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">Pentobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenallymal" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenallymal">Phenallymal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">Phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phetharbital" title="Phetharbital">Phetharbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primidone" title="Primidone">Primidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probarbital" title="Probarbital">Probarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propallylonal" title="Propallylonal">Propallylonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylbarbital" title="Propylbarbital">Propylbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxibarbital" title="Proxibarbital">Proxibarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reposal" title="Reposal">Reposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">Secobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmodal" title="Sigmodal">Sigmodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirobarbital" title="Spirobarbital">Spirobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbutal" title="Talbutal">Talbutal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabarbital" title="Tetrabarbital">Tetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thialbarbital" title="Thialbarbital">Thialbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiamylal" title="Thiamylal">Thiamylal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiobarbital" title="Thiobarbital">Thiobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiobutabarbital" title="Thiobutabarbital">Thiobutabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">Thiopental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiotetrabarbital" title="Thiotetrabarbital">Thiotetrabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valofane" title="Valofane">Valofane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinbarbital" title="Vinbarbital">Vinbarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">Vinylbital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-Oxoquazepam" title="2-Oxoquazepam">2-Oxoquazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxyphenazepam" title="3-Hydroxyphenazepam">3-Hydroxyphenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adinazolam" title="Adinazolam">Adinazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">Alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfendazam" title="Arfendazam">Arfendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avizafone" title="Avizafone">Avizafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentazepam" title="Bentazepam">Bentazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretazenil" title="Bretazenil">Bretazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">Bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazolam" title="Bromazolam">Bromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">Brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">Camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburazepam" title="Carburazepam">Carburazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">Chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclotizolam" title="Ciclotizolam">Ciclotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinazepam" title="Cinazepam">Cinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinolazepam" title="Cinolazepam">Cinolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clazolam" title="Clazolam">Clazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climazolam" title="Climazolam">Climazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">Clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">Clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazolam" title="Clonazolam">Clonazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloniprazepam" title="Cloniprazepam">Cloniprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">Clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">Clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">Cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-1414S" title="CP-1414S">CP-1414S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprazepam" title="Cyprazepam">Cyprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">Delorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demoxepam" title="Demoxepam">Demoxepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">Diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diclazepam" title="Diclazepam">Diclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimdazenil" title="Dimdazenil">Dimdazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxefazepam" title="Doxefazepam">Doxefazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfazepam" title="Elfazepam">Elfazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">Estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carfluzepate" title="Ethyl carfluzepate">Ethyl carfluzepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_dirazepate" title="Ethyl dirazepate">Ethyl dirazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">Ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etizolam" title="Etizolam">Etizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FG-8205" title="FG-8205">FG-8205</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fletazepam" title="Fletazepam">Fletazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazepam" title="Flubromazepam">Flubromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flubromazolam" title="Flubromazolam">Flubromazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">Fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">Flunitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazolam" title="Flunitrazolam">Flunitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">Flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutazolam" title="Flutazolam">Flutazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutemazepam" title="Flutemazepam">Flutemazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutoprazepam" title="Flutoprazepam">Flutoprazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosazepam" title="Fosazepam">Fosazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gidazepam" title="Gidazepam">Gidazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">Halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">Haloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iclazepam" title="Iclazepam">Iclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidazenil" title="Imidazenil">Imidazenil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irazepine" title="Irazepine">Irazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">Ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofendazam" title="Lofendazam">Lofendazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lopirazepam" title="Lopirazepam">Lopirazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">Loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">Lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">Lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclonazepam" title="Meclonazepam">Meclonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">Medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menitrazepam" title="Menitrazepam">Menitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaclazepam" title="Metaclazepam">Metaclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexazolam" title="Mexazolam">Mexazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">Midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motrazepam" title="Motrazepam">Motrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desalkylflurazepam" title="N-Desalkylflurazepam">N-Desalkylflurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifoxipam" title="Nifoxipam">Nifoxipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">Nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">Nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepate" title="Nitrazepate">Nitrazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazolam" title="Nitrazolam">Nitrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">Nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortetrazepam" title="Nortetrazepam">Nortetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">Oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">Oxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenazepam" title="Phenazepam">Phenazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">Pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pivoxazepam" title="Pivoxazepam">Pivoxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">Prazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premazepam" title="Premazepam">Premazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proflazepam" title="Proflazepam">Proflazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolam" title="Pyrazolam">Pyrazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QH-II-66" title="QH-II-66">QH-II-66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quazepam" title="Quazepam">Quazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclazepam" title="Reclazepam">Reclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remimazolam" title="Remimazolam">Remimazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilmazafone" title="Rilmazafone">Rilmazafone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripazepam" title="Ripazepam">Ripazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-6791" title="Ro48-6791">Ro48-6791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro48-8684" title="Ro48-8684">Ro48-8684</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SH-053-R-CH3-2%E2%80%B2F" title="SH-053-R-CH3-2′F">SH-053-R-CH3-2′F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulazepam" title="Sulazepam">Sulazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">Temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">Tetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolufazepam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolufazepam">Tolufazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">Triazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflubazam" title="Triflubazam">Triflubazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflunordazepam" title="Triflunordazepam">Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuclazepam" title="Tuclazepam">Tuclazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uldazepam" title="Uldazepam">Uldazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapizolam" title="Zapizolam">Zapizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolazepam" title="Zolazepam">Zolazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zomebazam" title="Zomebazam">Zomebazam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carisbamate" title="Carisbamate">Carisbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocental" title="Clocental">Clocental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclarbamate" title="Cyclarbamate">Cyclarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difebarbamate" title="Difebarbamate">Difebarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emylcamate" title="Emylcamate">Emylcamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">Ethinamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febarbamate" title="Febarbamate">Febarbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapropymate" title="Hexapropymate">Hexapropymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyphenamate" title="Hydroxyphenamate">Hydroxyphenamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorbamate" title="Lorbamate">Lorbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebutamate" title="Mebutamate">Mebutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisobamate" title="Nisobamate">Nisobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentabamate" title="Pentabamate">Pentabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenprobamate" title="Phenprobamate">Phenprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymate" title="Procymate">Procymate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styramate" title="Styramate">Styramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrabamate" title="Tetrabamate">Tetrabamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tybamate" title="Tybamate">Tybamate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6-Methylapigenin" title="6-Methylapigenin">6-Methylapigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelopsin" title="Ampelopsin">Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigenin" title="Apigenin">Apigenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicalein" title="Baicalein">Baicalein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">Baicalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechin" title="Catechin">Catechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigallocatechin">EGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate" title="Epigallocatechin gallate">EGCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispidulin" title="Hispidulin">Hispidulin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linarin (page does not exist)">Linarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteolin" title="Luteolin">Luteolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trans-6,4%E2%80%B2-dimethoxyretrochalcone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trans-6,4′-dimethoxyretrochalcone (page does not exist)">Rc-OMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutellaria" title="Scutellaria">Skullcap</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Baicalin" title="Baicalin">baicalin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wogonin" title="Wogonin">Wogonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Imidazole" title="Imidazole">Imidazoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etomidate" title="Etomidate">Etomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metomidate" title="Metomidate">Metomidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxate" title="Propoxate">Propoxate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> constituents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">10-Methoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Methoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Hydroxyyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Hydroxyyangonin (page does not exist)">11-Hydroxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyyangonin" title="Desmethoxyyangonin">Desmethoxyyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain (page does not exist)">11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavain" title="Kavain">Kavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Hydroxykavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Hydroxykavain (page does not exist)">5-Hydroxykavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dihydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dihydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dihydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydrokavain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydrokavain (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydrokavain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin (page does not exist)">5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6-Dehydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6-Dehydromethysticin (page does not exist)">5,6-Dehydromethysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methysticin" title="Methysticin">Methysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Dihydromethysticin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Dihydromethysticin (page does not exist)">7,8-Dihydromethysticin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangonin" title="Yangonin">Yangonin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Monoureide" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoureide">Monoureides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acecarbromal" title="Acecarbromal">Acecarbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apronal" title="Apronal">Apronal (apronalide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromisoval" title="Bromisoval">Bromisoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbromal" title="Carbromal">Carbromal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capuride (page does not exist)">Capuride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ectylurea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ectylurea (page does not exist)">Ectylurea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neuroactive steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acebrochol" title="Acebrochol">Acebrochol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfadolone" title="Alfadolone">Alfadolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfaxalone" title="Alfaxalone">Alfaxalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenol" title="Androstenol">Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li>Certain <a href="/wiki/Anabolic-androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic-androgenic steroid">anabolic-androgenic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-DHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">DHT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganaxolone" title="Ganaxolone">Ganaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxydione" title="Hydroxydione">Hydroxydione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaxolone" title="Minaxolone">Minaxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-20599" title="ORG-20599">ORG-20599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-21465" title="ORG-21465">ORG-21465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1-185" title="P1-185">P1-185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posovolone" title="Posovolone">Posovolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone (eltanolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renanolone" title="Renanolone">Renanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-105 (page does not exist)">SAGE-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-324" title="SAGE-324">SAGE-324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-516 (page does not exist)">SAGE-516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-689&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-689 (page does not exist)">SAGE-689</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-872&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-872 (page does not exist)">SAGE-872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuranolone" title="Zuranolone">Zuranolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopyrrolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopyrrolone">Cyclopyrrolones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">Eszopiclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoclone" title="Pagoclone">Pagoclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazinaclone" title="Pazinaclone">Pazinaclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suproclone" title="Suproclone">Suproclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriclone" title="Suriclone">Suriclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">Zopiclone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imidazopyridine" title="Imidazopyridine">Imidazopyridines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alpidem" title="Alpidem">Alpidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS-1_(drug)" title="DS-1 (drug)">DS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necopidem" title="Necopidem">Necopidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saripidem" title="Saripidem">Saripidem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">Zolpidem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyrimidine" title="Pyrazolopyrimidine">Pyrazolopyrimidines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Divaplon" title="Divaplon">Divaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiplon" title="Fasiplon">Fasiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiplon" title="Indiplon">Indiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorediplon" title="Lorediplon">Lorediplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocinaplon" title="Ocinaplon">Ocinaplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panadiplon" title="Panadiplon">Panadiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniplon" title="Taniplon">Taniplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">Zaleplon</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Adipiplon" title="Adipiplon">Adipiplon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-8216" title="CGS-8216">CGS-8216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-9896" title="CGS-9896">CGS-9896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-13767" title="CGS-13767">CGS-13767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-20625" title="CGS-20625">CGS-20625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CL-218,872" title="CL-218,872">CL-218,872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-615,003" title="CP-615,003">CP-615,003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CTP-354&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CTP-354 (page does not exist)">CTP-354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELB-139" title="ELB-139">ELB-139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBLD-345" title="GBLD-345">GBLD-345</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JM-1232" title="JM-1232">JM-1232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-838,417" title="L-838,417">L-838,417</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lirequinil" title="Lirequinil">Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2664" title="NS-2664">NS-2664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-2710" title="NS-2710">NS-2710</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-11394" title="NS-11394">NS-11394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipequaline" title="Pipequaline">Pipequaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROD-188" title="ROD-188">ROD-188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWJ-51204" title="RWJ-51204">RWJ-51204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-205,384" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-205,384">SB-205,384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SX-3228" title="SX-3228">SX-3228</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TGSC01AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TGSC01AA (page does not exist)">TGSC01AA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-003" title="TP-003">TP-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPA-023" title="TPA-023">TPA-023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP-13" title="TP-13">TP-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-89843A" title="U-89843A">U-89843A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-90042" title="U-90042">U-90042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqualine" title="Viqualine">Viqualine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y-23684" title="Y-23684">Y-23684</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">Phenols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">Fospropofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">Propofol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymol" title="Thymol">Thymol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Piperidinedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Piperidinedione">Piperidinediones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">Glutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">Methyprylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperidione" title="Piperidione">Piperidione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrithyldione" title="Pyrithyldione">Pyrithyldione</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pyrazolopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrazolopyridine">Pyrazolopyridines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartazolate" title="Cartazolate">Cartazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazolate" title="Etazolate">Etazolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICI-190,622" title="ICI-190,622">ICI-190,622</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracazolate" title="Tracazolate">Tracazolate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afloqualone" title="Afloqualone">Afloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloroqualone" title="Cloroqualone">Cloroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproqualone" title="Diproqualone">Diproqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etaqualone" title="Etaqualone">Etaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebroqualone" title="Mebroqualone">Mebroqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">Mecloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Methaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmethaqualone" title="Methylmethaqualone">Methylmethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethaqualone" title="Nitromethaqualone">Nitromethaqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SL-164" title="SL-164">SL-164</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">Volatiles</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anaesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anaesthetic">gases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenone" title="Acetophenone">Acetophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylglycinamide_chloral_hydrate" title="Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate">Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliflurane" title="Aliflurane">Aliflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Butylene">Butylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centalun" title="Centalun">Centalun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral" title="Chloral">Chloral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_betaine" title="Chloral betaine">Chloral betaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_hydrate" title="Chloral hydrate">Chloral hydrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryofluorane" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryofluorane">Cryofluorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloralphenazone" title="Dichloralphenazone">Dichloralphenazone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">Dichloromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroethane" title="Chloroethane">Ethyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluroxene" title="Fluroxene">Fluroxene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halopropane" title="Halopropane">Halopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxypropane" title="Methoxypropane">Methoxypropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norflurane" class="mw-redirect" title="Norflurane">Norflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraldehyde" title="Paraldehyde">Paraldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roflurane" title="Roflurane">Roflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthane" title="Synthane">Synthane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teflurane" title="Teflurane">Teflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinyl_ether" title="Divinyl ether">Vinyl ether</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Others/unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybutanal" title="3-Hydroxybutanal">3-Hydroxybutanal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-Ethyl-%CE%B1-methylthiobutyrolactone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-Ethyl-α-methylthiobutyrolactone (page does not exist)">α-EMTBL</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AA-29504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AA-29504 (page does not exist)">AA-29504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alogabat" title="Alogabat">Alogabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avermectin" title="Avermectin">Avermectins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ivermectin" title="Ivermectin">ivermectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">Bromide</a> compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lithium_bromide" title="Lithium bromide">lithium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_bromide" title="Potassium bromide">potassium bromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">sodium bromide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralose" title="Chloralose">Chloralose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormezanone" title="Chlormezanone">Chlormezanone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clomethiazole" title="Clomethiazole">Clomethiazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darigabat" title="Darigabat">Darigabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone" title="3,3-Diethyl-2-pyrrolidinone">DEABL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterated_etifoxine" title="Deuterated etifoxine">Deuterated etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergoline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroergoline">Dihydroergolines</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">dihydroergocryptine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergosine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergosine (page does not exist)">dihydroergosine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dihydroergotamine" title="Dihydroergotamine">dihydroergotamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ergoloid" title="Ergoloid">ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-Chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide (page does not exist)">DS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efavirenz" title="Efavirenz">Efavirenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazepine" title="Etazepine">Etazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etifoxine" title="Etifoxine">Etifoxine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenamate">Fenamates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">flufenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">mefenamic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">niflumic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">tolfenamic acid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopantenic_acid" title="Hopantenic acid">Hopantenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRM-II-81" title="KRM-II-81">KRM-II-81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/4-O-methylhonokiol" class="mw-redirect" title="4-O-methylhonokiol">4-O-methylhonokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honokiol" title="Honokiol">honokiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnolol" title="Magnolol">magnolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obovatol" title="Obovatol">obovatol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreclezole" title="Loreclezole">Loreclezole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthyl_isovalerate" title="Menthyl isovalerate">Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastrol" title="Monastrol">Monastrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid" title="Nicotinic acid">Nicotinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Org_25435" class="mw-redirect" title="Org 25435">Org 25,435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propanidid" title="Propanidid">Propanidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine (ezogabine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranal" title="Safranal">Safranal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seproxetine" title="Seproxetine">Seproxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiripentol" title="Stiripentol">Stiripentol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfonylalkane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfonylalkane (page does not exist)">Sulfonylalkanes</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sulfonmethane" title="Sulfonmethane">sulfonmethane (sulfonal)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetronal" title="Tetronal">tetronal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trional" title="Trional">trional</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Borneol" title="Borneol">borneol</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a> constituents (e.g., <a href="/wiki/3-methylbutanoic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methylbutanoic acid">isovaleric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isovaleramide" title="Isovaleramide">isovaleramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerenic_acid" title="Valerenic acid">valerenic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valerenol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valerenol (page does not exist)">valerenol</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators: <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Pinene" title="Α-Pinene">α-Pinene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRK-409_(MK-0343)" class="mw-redirect" title="MRK-409 (MK-0343)">MRK-409 (MK-0343)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCS-1105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCS-1105 (page does not exist)">TCS-1105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCS-1205" title="TCS-1205">TCS-1205</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_receptor_modulators" title="Template:GABA receptor modulators">GABA receptor modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:GABA_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:GABA metabolism and transport modulators">GABA metabolism/transport modulators</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Growth_factor_receptor_modulators607" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Growth factor receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Growth factor receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Growth_factor_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Growth factor receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Growth_factor_receptor_modulators607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor_receptor" title="Growth factor receptor">Growth factor receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Angiopoietin_receptor" title="Angiopoietin receptor">Angiopoietin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Angiopoietin_1" title="Angiopoietin 1">Angiopoietin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiopoietin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiopoietin 4">Angiopoietin 4</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Angiopoietin_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiopoietin 2">Angiopoietin 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angiopoietin_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angiopoietin 3 (page does not exist)">Angiopoietin 3</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiratinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiratinib (page does not exist)">Altiratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CE-245677&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CE-245677 (page does not exist)">CE-245677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebastinib" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebastinib">Rebastinib</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Evinacumab" title="Evinacumab">Evinacumab</a> (against angiopoietin 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesvacumab" title="Nesvacumab">Nesvacumab</a> (against angiopoietin 2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor_receptor" title="Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor">CNTF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Axokine" class="mw-redirect" title="Axokine">Axokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_neurotrophic_factor_receptor" title="Ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor">CNTF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dapiclermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dapiclermin (page does not exist)">Dapiclermin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGF (ErbB)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGF (ErbB1/HER1)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Amphiregulin" title="Amphiregulin">Amphiregulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacellulin" title="Betacellulin">Betacellulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">EGF (urogastrone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigen" title="Epigen">Epigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiregulin" title="Epiregulin">Epiregulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heparin-binding_EGF-like_growth_factor" title="Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor">Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murodermin" title="Murodermin">Murodermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepidermin" title="Nepidermin">Nepidermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor alpha">Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Afatinib" title="Afatinib">Afatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigatinib" title="Brigatinib">Brigatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canertinib" title="Canertinib">Canertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacomitinib" title="Dacomitinib">Dacomitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlotinib" title="Erlotinib">Erlotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefitinib" title="Gefitinib">Gefitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandinin" title="Grandinin">Grandinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icotinib" title="Icotinib">Icotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapatinib" title="Lapatinib">Lapatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neratinib" title="Neratinib">Neratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osimertinib" title="Osimertinib">Osimertinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHI-P_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHI-P 154 (page does not exist)">WHI-P 154</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Cetuximab" title="Cetuximab">Cetuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Depatuxizumab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depatuxizumab (page does not exist)">Depatuxizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depatuxizumab_mafodotin" title="Depatuxizumab mafodotin">Depatuxizumab mafodotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuximab" title="Futuximab">Futuximab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imgatuzumab" title="Imgatuzumab">Imgatuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matuzumab" title="Matuzumab">Matuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necitumumab" title="Necitumumab">Necitumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimotuzumab" title="Nimotuzumab">Nimotuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panitumumab" title="Panitumumab">Panitumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalutumumab" title="Zalutumumab">Zalutumumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/HER2/neu" class="mw-redirect" title="HER2/neu">ErbB2/HER2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Unknown/none</li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Ertumaxomab" title="Ertumaxomab">Ertumaxomab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertuzumab" title="Pertuzumab">Pertuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab" title="Trastuzumab">Trastuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_deruxtecan" title="Trastuzumab deruxtecan">Trastuzumab deruxtecan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trastuzumab_duocarmazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trastuzumab duocarmazine (page does not exist)">Trastuzumab duocarmazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trastuzumab_emtansine" title="Trastuzumab emtansine">Trastuzumab emtansine</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Afatinib" title="Afatinib">Afatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapatinib" title="Lapatinib">Lapatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubritinib" title="Mubritinib">Mubritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neratinib" title="Neratinib">Neratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucatinib" title="Tucatinib">Tucatinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/HER3" class="mw-redirect" title="HER3">ErbB3/HER3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Neuregulin" title="Neuregulin">Neuregulins (heregulins)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuregulin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuregulin-1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRG2" class="mw-redirect" title="NRG2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/CSPG5" title="CSPG5">6 (neuroglycan C)</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Duligotumab" class="mw-redirect" title="Duligotumab">Duligotumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patritumab" title="Patritumab">Patritumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seribantumab" title="Seribantumab">Seribantumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/HER4" class="mw-redirect" title="HER4">ErbB4/HER4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Betacellulin" title="Betacellulin">Betacellulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigen" title="Epigen">Epigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heparin-binding_EGF-like_growth_factor" title="Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor">Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuregulin" title="Neuregulin">Neuregulins (heregulins)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuregulin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuregulin-1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRG2" class="mw-redirect" title="NRG2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRG3" class="mw-redirect" title="NRG3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/NRG4" class="mw-redirect" title="NRG4">4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomoregulin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomoregulin (page does not exist)">5 (tomoregulin, TMEFF)</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor">FGF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_1" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1">FGFR1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersofermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersofermin (page does not exist)">Ersofermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">FGF</a> (<a href="/wiki/FGF1" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF2" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF2">2 (bFGF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF3" title="FGF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF4" title="FGF4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF5" title="FGF5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF6" title="FGF6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF8" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF10" title="FGF10">10 (KGF2)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF20" title="FGF20">20</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repifermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repifermin (page does not exist)">Repifermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selpercatinib" title="Selpercatinib">Selpercatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafermin" title="Trafermin">Trafermin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velafermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velafermin (page does not exist)">Velafermin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_2" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2">FGFR2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersofermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersofermin (page does not exist)">Ersofermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">FGF</a> (<a href="/wiki/FGF1" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF2" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF2">2 (bFGF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF3" title="FGF3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF4" title="FGF4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF5" title="FGF5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF6" title="FGF6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF7" title="FGF7">7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte_growth_factor" title="Keratinocyte growth factor">KGF</a>), <a href="/wiki/FGF8" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF9" title="FGF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF10" title="FGF10">10 (KGF2)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF17" title="FGF17">17</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF18" title="FGF18">18</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF22" title="FGF22">22</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palifermin" title="Palifermin">Palifermin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Repifermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repifermin (page does not exist)">Repifermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selpercatinib" title="Selpercatinib">Selpercatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprifermin" title="Sprifermin">Sprifermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafermin" title="Trafermin">Trafermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprutumab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprutumab (page does not exist)">Aprutumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprutumab_ixadotin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprutumab ixadotin (page does not exist)">Aprutumab ixadotin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Infigratinib" title="Infigratinib">Infigratinib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_3" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3">FGFR3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersofermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersofermin (page does not exist)">Ersofermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">FGF</a> (<a href="/wiki/FGF1" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF2" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF2">2 (bFGF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF4" title="FGF4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF8" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF9" title="FGF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF18" title="FGF18">18</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF23" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF23">23</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selpercatinib" title="Selpercatinib">Selpercatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprifermin" title="Sprifermin">Sprifermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafermin" title="Trafermin">Trafermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Burosumab" title="Burosumab">Burosumab</a> (against FGF23)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor_receptor_4" title="Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4">FGFR4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ersofermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ersofermin (page does not exist)">Ersofermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">FGF</a> (<a href="/wiki/FGF1" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF2" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF2">2 (bFGF)</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF4" title="FGF4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF6" title="FGF6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF8" class="mw-redirect" title="FGF8">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF9" title="FGF9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/FGF19" title="FGF19">19</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafermin" title="Trafermin">Trafermin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/FGF15/19" title="FGF15/19">FGF15/19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_growth_factor_receptor" title="Hepatocyte growth factor receptor">HGF (c-Met)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Fosgonimeton" title="Fosgonimeton">Fosgonimeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_growth_factor" title="Hepatocyte growth factor">Hepatocyte growth factor</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Potentiators: <a href="/wiki/Dihexa" title="Dihexa">Dihexa (PNB-0408)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiratinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiratinib (page does not exist)">Altiratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AM7_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AM7 (drug) (page does not exist)">AM7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AMG-458&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AMG-458 (page does not exist)">AMG-458</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuvatinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuvatinib (page does not exist)">Amuvatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-777607&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-777607 (page does not exist)">BMS-777607</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabozantinib" title="Cabozantinib">Cabozantinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capmatinib" title="Capmatinib">Capmatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crizotinib" title="Crizotinib">Crizotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foretinib" title="Foretinib">Foretinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golvatinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golvatinib (page does not exist)">Golvatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=INCB28060&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INCB28060 (page does not exist)">INCB28060</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JNJ-38877605&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JNJ-38877605 (page does not exist)">JNJ-38877605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K252a" title="K252a">K252a</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MK-2461&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MK-2461 (page does not exist)">MK-2461</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04217903&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04217903 (page does not exist)">PF-04217903</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-2341066&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-2341066 (page does not exist)">PF-2341066</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PHA-665752&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PHA-665752 (page does not exist)">PHA-665752</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SU-11274&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SU-11274 (page does not exist)">SU-11274</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivantinib" title="Tivantinib">Tivantinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volitinib" class="mw-redirect" title="Volitinib">Volitinib</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Emibetuzumab" title="Emibetuzumab">Emibetuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ficlatuzumab" title="Ficlatuzumab">Ficlatuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanvotumab" title="Flanvotumab">Flanvotumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onartuzumab" title="Onartuzumab">Onartuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilotumumab" title="Rilotumumab">Rilotumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telisotuzumab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telisotuzumab (page does not exist)">Telisotuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telisotuzumab_vedotin" title="Telisotuzumab vedotin">Telisotuzumab vedotin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Somatomedin_receptor" title="Somatomedin receptor">IGF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor">IGF-1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Des(1-3)IGF-1" title="Des(1-3)IGF-1">des(1-3)IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">Insulin-like growth factor-1 (somatomedin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGF-1_LR3" title="IGF-1 LR3">IGF-1 LR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecasermin" title="Mecasermin">Mecasermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecasermin_rinfabate" title="Mecasermin rinfabate">Mecasermin rinfabate</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-754807&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-754807 (page does not exist)">BMS-754807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsitinib" title="Linsitinib">Linsitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVP-ADW742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVP-ADW742 (page does not exist)">NVP-ADW742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NVP-AEW541&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NVP-AEW541 (page does not exist)">NVP-AEW541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSl-906&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSl-906 (page does not exist)">OSl-906</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/w/index.php?title=AVE-1642&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AVE-1642 (page does not exist)">AVE-1642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cixutumumab" title="Cixutumumab">Cixutumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalotuzumab" title="Dalotuzumab">Dalotuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figitumumab" title="Figitumumab">Figitumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganitumab" title="Ganitumab">Ganitumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robatumumab" title="Robatumumab">Robatumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R1507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R1507 (page does not exist)">R1507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teprotumumab" title="Teprotumumab">Teprotumumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xentuzumab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xentuzumab (page does not exist)">Xentuzumab</a> (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2_receptor" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor">IGF-2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">Insulin-like growth factor-2 (somatomedin A)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Dusigitumab" title="Dusigitumab">Dusigitumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xentuzumab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xentuzumab (page does not exist)">Xentuzumab</a> (against IGF-1 and IGF-2)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Binding proteins: <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor-binding_protein" title="Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein">IGFBP</a> (<a href="/wiki/IGFBP1" title="IGFBP1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGFBP2" title="IGFBP2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGFBP3" title="IGFBP3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGFBP4" title="IGFBP4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGFBP5" title="IGFBP5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGFBP6" title="IGFBP6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/IGFBP7" title="IGFBP7">7</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Cleavage products/derivatives with unknown target: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glypromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glypromate (page does not exist)">Glypromate (GPE, (1-3)IGF-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trofinetide" title="Trofinetide">Trofinetide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Low-affinity_nerve_growth_factor_receptor" title="Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor">LNGF (p75NTR)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">BDNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNN-20" title="BNN-20">BNN-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNN-27" title="BNN-27">BNN-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenegermin" title="Cenegermin">Cenegermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">NGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotrophin-3" title="Neurotrophin-3">NT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotrophin-4" title="Neurotrophin-4">NT-4</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ALE-0540&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALE-0540 (page does not exist)">ALE-0540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EVT-901&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EVT-901 (page does not exist)">EVT-901 (SAR-127963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: Against NGF: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-110 (page does not exist)">ABT-110 (PG110)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASP-6294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASP-6294 (page does not exist)">ASP-6294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasinumab" title="Fasinumab">Fasinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulranumab" title="Fulranumab">Fulranumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEDI-578&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEDI-578 (page does not exist)">MEDI-578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranevetmab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranevetmab (page does not exist)">Ranevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Aptamers: Against NGF: <a href="/w/index.php?title=RBM-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RBM-004 (page does not exist)">RBM-004</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Decoy receptors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=LEVI-04&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEVI-04 (page does not exist)">LEVI-04 (p75NTR-Fc)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor receptor">PDGF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Becaplermin" title="Becaplermin">Becaplermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-derived_growth_factor" title="Platelet-derived growth factor">Platelet-derived growth factor</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDGFA" title="PDGFA">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDGFB" title="PDGFB">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDGFC" title="PDGFC">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/PDGFD" title="PDGFD">D</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avapritinib" title="Avapritinib">Avapritinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axitinib" title="Axitinib">Axitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crenolanib" title="Crenolanib">Crenolanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">Imatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenvatinib" title="Lenvatinib">Lenvatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masitinib" title="Masitinib">Masitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motesanib" title="Motesanib">Motesanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintedanib" title="Nintedanib">Nintedanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" title="Pazopanib">Pazopanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radotinib" title="Radotinib">Radotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quizartinib" title="Quizartinib">Quizartinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripretinib" title="Ripretinib">Ripretinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toceranib" title="Toceranib">Toceranib</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Olaratumab" title="Olaratumab">Olaratumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramucirumab" title="Ramucirumab">Ramucirumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovetumab" title="Tovetumab">Tovetumab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/RET_proto-oncogene" title="RET proto-oncogene">RET (GFL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GFR%CE%B11" class="mw-redirect" title="GFRα1">GFRα1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Glial_cell_line-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor">Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liatermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liatermin (page does not exist)">Liatermin</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GFR%CE%B12" class="mw-redirect" title="GFRα2">GFRα2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Neurturin" title="Neurturin">Neurturin (NRTN)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GFR%CE%B13" class="mw-redirect" title="GFRα3">GFRα3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Artemin" title="Artemin">Artemin (ARTN)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GFR%CE%B14" class="mw-redirect" title="GFRα4">GFRα4</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Persephin" title="Persephin">Persephin (PSPN)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CD117" class="mw-redirect" title="CD117">SCF (c-Kit)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Ancestim" title="Ancestim">Ancestim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_factor" title="Stem cell factor">Stem cell factor</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axitinib" title="Axitinib">Axitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasatinib" title="Dasatinib">Dasatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imatinib" title="Imatinib">Imatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masitinib" title="Masitinib">Masitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilotinib" title="Nilotinib">Nilotinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" title="Pazopanib">Pazopanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quizartinib" title="Quizartinib">Quizartinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toceranib" title="Toceranib">Toceranib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transforming growth factor beta receptor">TGFβ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:TGF%CE%B2_receptor_superfamily_modulators" title="Template:TGFβ receptor superfamily modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Trk_receptor" title="Trk receptor">Trk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TrkA_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="TrkA receptor">TrkA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNN-20" title="BNN-20">BNN-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNN-27" title="BNN-27">BNN-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenegermin" title="Cenegermin">Cenegermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gambogic_amide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gambogic amide (page does not exist)">Gambogic amide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">NGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavilermide" title="Tavilermide">Tavilermide</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ALE-0540&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ALE-0540 (page does not exist)">ALE-0540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FX007" class="mw-redirect" title="FX007">FX007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Negative allosteric modulators: <a href="/w/index.php?title=VM-902A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VM-902A (page does not exist)">VM-902A</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiratinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiratinib (page does not exist)">Altiratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-6918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-6918 (page does not exist)">AZD-6918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CE-245677&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CE-245677 (page does not exist)">CE-245677</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH-7057288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH-7057288 (page does not exist)">CH-7057288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-6051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-6051 (page does not exist)">DS-6051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrectinib" title="Entrectinib">Entrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-389988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-389988 (page does not exist)">GZ-389988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K252a" title="K252a">K252a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larotrectinib" title="Larotrectinib">Larotrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milciclib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milciclib (page does not exist)">Milciclib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-4474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-4474 (page does not exist)">ONO-4474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-5390556&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-5390556 (page does not exist)">ONO-5390556</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLX-7486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLX-7486 (page does not exist)">PLX-7486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebastinib" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebastinib">Rebastinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SNA-120&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNA-120 (page does not exist)">SNA-120 (pegylated K252a)</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: Against TrkA: <a href="/w/index.php?title=GBR-900&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GBR-900 (page does not exist)">GBR-900</a>; Against NGF: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-110 (page does not exist)">ABT-110 (PG110)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASP-6294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASP-6294 (page does not exist)">ASP-6294</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasinumab" title="Fasinumab">Fasinumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunevetmab" title="Frunevetmab">Frunevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulranumab" title="Fulranumab">Fulranumab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MEDI-578&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEDI-578 (page does not exist)">MEDI-578</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranevetmab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranevetmab (page does not exist)">Ranevetmab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumab" title="Tanezumab">Tanezumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Aptamers: Against NGF: <a href="/w/index.php?title=RBM-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RBM-004 (page does not exist)">RBM-004</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Decoy receptors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ReN-1820&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ReN-1820 (page does not exist)">ReN-1820 (TrkAd5)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TrkB_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="TrkB receptor">TrkB</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=3,7-Dihydroxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,7-Dihydroxyflavone (page does not exist)">3,7-DHF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3,7,8,2%27-Tetrahydroxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3,7,8,2'-Tetrahydroxyflavone (page does not exist)">3,7,8,2'-THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4%27-Dimethylamino-7,8-dihydroxyflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="4'-Dimethylamino-7,8-dihydroxyflavone">4'-DMA-7,8-DHF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,3%E2%80%B2-Dihydroxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,3′-Dihydroxyflavone (page does not exist)">7,3'-DHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7,8-Dihydroxyflavone" class="mw-redirect" title="7,8-Dihydroxyflavone">7,8-DHF</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8,2%27-Trihydroxyflavone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8,2'-Trihydroxyflavone (page does not exist)">7,8,2'-THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7,8,3%27-Trihydroxyflavone" title="7,8,3'-Trihydroxyflavone">7,8,3'-THF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline" title="Amitriptyline">Amitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-derived_neurotrophic_factor" title="Brain-derived neurotrophic factor">BDNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNN-20" title="BNN-20">BNN-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxygedunin" title="Deoxygedunin">Deoxygedunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprenyl" title="Deprenyl">Deprenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosmetin" title="Diosmetin">Diosmetin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DMAQ-B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DMAQ-B1 (page does not exist)">DMAQ-B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIOC" title="HIOC">HIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LM22A-4" title="LM22A-4">LM22A-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylserotonin" title="N-Acetylserotonin">N-Acetylserotonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotrophin-3" title="Neurotrophin-3">NT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotrophin-4" title="Neurotrophin-4">NT-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwogonin" title="Norwogonin">Norwogonin (5,7,8-THF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R7_(drug)" title="R7 (drug)">R7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R13_(drug)" title="R13 (drug)">R13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TDP6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TDP6 (page does not exist)">TDP6</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/wiki/ANA-12" title="ANA-12">ANA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclotraxin_B" title="Cyclotraxin B">Cyclotraxin B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossypetin" title="Gossypetin">Gossypetin (3,5,7,8,3',4'-HHF)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Ligands: <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiratinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiratinib (page does not exist)">Altiratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-6918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-6918 (page does not exist)">AZD-6918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CE-245677&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CE-245677 (page does not exist)">CE-245677</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH-7057288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH-7057288 (page does not exist)">CH-7057288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-6051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-6051 (page does not exist)">DS-6051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrectinib" title="Entrectinib">Entrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-389988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-389988 (page does not exist)">GZ-389988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K252a" title="K252a">K252a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larotrectinib" title="Larotrectinib">Larotrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-4474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-4474 (page does not exist)">ONO-4474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-5390556&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-5390556 (page does not exist)">ONO-5390556</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLX-7486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLX-7486 (page does not exist)">PLX-7486</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TrkC_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="TrkC receptor">TrkC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/BNN-20" title="BNN-20">BNN-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotrophin-3" title="Neurotrophin-3">NT-3</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiratinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiratinib (page does not exist)">Altiratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-6918&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-6918 (page does not exist)">AZD-6918</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CE-245677&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CE-245677 (page does not exist)">CE-245677</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH-7057288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH-7057288 (page does not exist)">CH-7057288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-6051&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-6051 (page does not exist)">DS-6051</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrectinib" title="Entrectinib">Entrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GZ-389988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GZ-389988 (page does not exist)">GZ-389988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K252a" title="K252a">K252a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larotrectinib" title="Larotrectinib">Larotrectinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestaurtinib" title="Lestaurtinib">Lestaurtinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-4474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-4474 (page does not exist)">ONO-4474</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-5390556&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-5390556 (page does not exist)">ONO-5390556</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLX-7486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLX-7486 (page does not exist)">PLX-7486</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor">VEGF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: <a href="/wiki/Placental_growth_factor" title="Placental growth factor">Placental growth factor (PGF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripretinib" title="Ripretinib">Ripretinib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telbermin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telbermin (page does not exist)">Telbermin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">VEGF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_A" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_B" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_C" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor D">D (FIGF)</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Cyclotraxin_B" title="Cyclotraxin B">Cyclotraxin B</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Kinase inhibitors: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agerafenib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agerafenib (page does not exist)">Agerafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altiratinib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altiratinib (page does not exist)">Altiratinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axitinib" title="Axitinib">Axitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabozantinib" title="Cabozantinib">Cabozantinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cediranib" title="Cediranib">Cediranib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruquintinib" title="Fruquintinib">Fruquintinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapatinib" title="Lapatinib">Lapatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenvatinib" title="Lenvatinib">Lenvatinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motesanib" title="Motesanib">Motesanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintedanib" title="Nintedanib">Nintedanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazopanib" title="Pazopanib">Pazopanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegaptanib" title="Pegaptanib">Pegaptanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebastinib" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebastinib">Rebastinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regorafenib" title="Regorafenib">Regorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaxanib" title="Semaxanib">Semaxanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorafenib" title="Sorafenib">Sorafenib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunitinib" title="Sunitinib">Sunitinib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toceranib" title="Toceranib">Toceranib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivozanib" title="Tivozanib">Tivozanib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandetanib" title="Vandetanib">Vandetanib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHI-P_154&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WHI-P 154 (page does not exist)">WHI-P 154</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antibodies: <a href="/wiki/Alacizumab_pegol" title="Alacizumab pegol">Alacizumab pegol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">Bevacizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icrucumab" title="Icrucumab">Icrucumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramucirumab" title="Ramucirumab">Ramucirumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranibizumab" title="Ranibizumab">Ranibizumab</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Decoy receptors: <a href="/wiki/Aflibercept" title="Aflibercept">Aflibercept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Additional growth factors: <a href="/wiki/Adrenomedullin" title="Adrenomedullin">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factors</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_growth_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue growth factor">Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrin" title="Ephrin">Ephrins</a> (<a href="/wiki/EFNA1" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA1">A1</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNA2" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA2">A2</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNA3" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA3">A3</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNA4" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA4">A4</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNA5" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNA5">A5</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNB1" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNB1">B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNB2" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNB2">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/EFNB3" class="mw-redirect" title="EFNB3">B3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">Erythropoietin</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase" title="Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase">Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI; PGI, PHI, AMF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glia_maturation_factor" title="Glia maturation factor">Glia maturation factor (GMF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatoma-derived_growth_factor" title="Hepatoma-derived growth factor">Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">Interleukins</a>/<a href="/wiki/T-cell_growth_factor" title="T-cell growth factor">T-cell growth factors</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia_inhibitory_factor" title="Leukemia inhibitory factor">Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrophage-stimulating_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophage-stimulating protein">Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP; HLP, HGFLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midkine" title="Midkine">Midkine (NEGF2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration-stimulating_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration-stimulating factor">Migration-stimulating factor (MSF; PRG4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncomodulin" title="Oncomodulin">Oncomodulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_adenylate_cyclase-activating_peptide" title="Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide">Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotrophin" title="Pleiotrophin">Pleiotrophin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renalase" title="Renalase">Renalase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Cytokine receptor modulators">here</a> instead)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt signaling proteins</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Additional growth factor receptor modulators: <a href="/wiki/Cerebrolysin" title="Cerebrolysin">Cerebrolysin</a> (neurotrophin mixture)</li></ul> 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