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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Hijazi_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hijazi_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Hijazi manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hijazi_manuscripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hijazi manuscripts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hijazi_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BnF_Arabe_328(c)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BnF_Arabe_328(c)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>BnF Arabe 328(c)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BnF_Arabe_328(c)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birmingham_Quran_manuscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Birmingham Quran manuscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tübingen_fragment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tübingen_fragment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Tübingen fragment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tübingen_fragment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sana'a_manuscript" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sana'a_manuscript"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sana'a manuscript</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sana'a_manuscript-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Add._1125" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Add._1125"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Add. 1125</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Add._1125-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ms._Or._2165" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ms._Or._2165"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ms. Or. 2165</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ms._Or._2165-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Mashhad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Mashhad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Codex Mashhad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Mashhad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kufic_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kufic_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kufic manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samarkand_Kufic_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Samarkand Kufic Quran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samarkand_Kufic_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Codex_Mixt._917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codex_Mixt._917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Codex Mixt. 917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codex_Mixt._917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gotthelf_Bergsträßer_Archive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gotthelf_Bergsträßer_Archive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gotthelf Bergsträßer Archive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gotthelf_Bergsträßer_Archive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_manuscripts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other manuscripts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Ma'il_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Ma'il_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Ma'il Quran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Ma'il_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="نسخه‌های خطی اولیه قرآنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نسخه‌های خطی اولیه قرآنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="प्रारंभिक कुरआनिक पांडुलिपियाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रारंभिक कुरआनिक पांडुलिपियाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பழமையான குர்ஆனிய கையெழுத்துப் பிரதிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழமையான குர்ஆனிய கையெழுத்துப் பிரதிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erken_d%C3%B6nem_Kur%27an_el_yazmalar%C4%B1" title="Erken dönem Kur'an el yazmaları – Turkish" lang="tr" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Documentary texts in Islamic studies</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/220px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/330px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg/440px-Qur%27anic_Manuscript_-_3_-_Hijazi_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Sura</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Baqarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqarah">al-Baqarah</a></i>, verses 282–286, from an early Quranic manuscript written on <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> (mid-late 7th century CE)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Muslim_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim tradition">Muslim tradition</a> the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> is the final revelation from God, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>'s divine text, delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> through the angel <a href="/wiki/Gabriel#Islam" title="Gabriel">Jibril</a> (Gabriel). Muhammad's revelations were said to have been recorded orally and in writing, through Muhammad and his followers up until his death in 632 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These revelations were then compiled by first caliph <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> and codified during the reign of the third caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nöldeke_2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nöldeke_2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 644–656</span> CE) so that the standard <a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a> edition of the Quran or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mus%27haf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus'haf">Muṣḥaf</a></i></span> was completed around 650 CE, according to Muslim scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been critiqued by some western scholarship, suggesting the Quran was <a href="/wiki/Canonization_of_Islamic_scripture" title="Canonization of Islamic scripture">canonized</a> at a later date, based on the dating of classical Islamic narratives, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hadiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadiths">hadiths</a>, which were written 150–200 years after the death of Muhammad,<sup id="cite_ref-HBMaToJW2000:495_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HBMaToJW2000:495-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and partly because of the textual variations present in the <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscript</a>. Muslim scholars who oppose the views of the <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">Western revisionist theories regarding the historical origins of the Quran</a> have described their theses as "untenable".<sup id="cite_ref-Lumbard-24-7-2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumbard-24-7-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 60 fragments including more than 2000 folios (4000 pages) are so far known as the textual witnesses (<a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>) of the Qur'an before 800 CE (within 168 years after the death of Muhammad), according to <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Coranicum" title="Corpus Coranicum">Corpus Coranicum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2015, experts from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a>, which is possibly the oldest manuscript of the Quran in the world. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon analysis</a> to determine the age of the manuscript revealed that this manuscript could be traced back to some time between 568 and 645 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selected manuscripts from the first four centuries after the death of Muhammad (632–1032 CE) are listed below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hijazi_manuscripts">Hijazi manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hijazi manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus,_first_leaf_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus%2C_first_leaf_recto.jpg/220px-Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus%2C_first_leaf_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus%2C_first_leaf_recto.jpg/330px-Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus%2C_first_leaf_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus%2C_first_leaf_recto.jpg/440px-Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus%2C_first_leaf_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>The <i>recto</i> of the first folio of codex Parisino-petropolitanus.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hijazi manuscripts are some of the earliest forms of Quranic texts, and can be characterized by Hijazi script.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hijazi script is distinguished by its "informal, sloping Arabic script."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most widely used Qurans were written in the Hijazi style script, a style that originates before Kufic style script. This is portrayed by the rightward inclining of the tall shafts of the letters, and the vertical extension of the letters.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus">Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Codex Parisino-petropolitanus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus" title="Codex Parisino-petropolitanus">Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</a></div> <p>The so-called <a href="/wiki/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus" title="Codex Parisino-petropolitanus">Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</a> formerly conserved portions of two of the oldest extant Quranic manuscripts. Most surviving leaves represent a Quran that is preserved in various fragments, the largest part of which are kept in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, as BNF Arabe 328(ab). Forty-six leaves are held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Russia" title="National Library of Russia">National Library of Russia</a> and one each in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Vat._Ar." title="Vat. Ar.">Vat. Ar.</a> 1605/1</i>) and in the <a href="/wiki/Khalili_Collection_of_Islamic_Art" title="Khalili Collection of Islamic Art">Khalili Collection of Islamic Art</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="BnF_Arabe_328(c)"></span><span class="anchor" id="BnF_Arabe_328c"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BnF_Arabe_328(c)"><span id="BnF_Arabe_328.28c.29"></span>BnF Arabe 328(c)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: BnF Arabe 328(c)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BnF Arabe 328(c), formerly bound with <a href="/wiki/BnF_Arabe_328(ab)" class="mw-redirect" title="BnF Arabe 328(ab)">BnF Arabe 328(ab)</a>, has 16 leaves,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with two additional leaves discovered in Birmingham in 2015 (Mingana 1572a, bound with an unrelated Quranic manuscript).<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Birmingham_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Birmingham-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BnF Arabe 328(c) was part of a lot of pages from the store of Quranic manuscripts at the <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Amr_ibn_al-As" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of Amr ibn al-As">Mosque of Amr ibn al-As</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a> bought by French Orientalist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Asselin_de_Cherville" title="Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville">Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville</a> (1772–1822) when he served as vice-consul in Cairo during 1806–1816. </p><p>The 16 folia in Paris contain the text of <a href="/wiki/Quranic_chapter_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic chapter 10">chapter 10</a>:35 to <a href="/wiki/Quranic_chapter_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic chapter 11">11</a>:95 and of <a href="/wiki/Quranic_chapter_20" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic chapter 20">20</a>:99 to <a href="/wiki/Quranic_chapter_23" class="mw-redirect" title="Quranic chapter 23">23</a>:11. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_folia" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham folia">Birmingham folia</a> covers part of the lacuna (gap) in the Paris portion, with parts of the text of suras <a href="/wiki/Sura_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 18">18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sura_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura 19">19</a> and 20. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birmingham_Quran_manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Birmingham Quran manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Quran_manuscript_-_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Close up of part of folio 2 recto of Birmingham Quran manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>The Birmingham Quran manuscript <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a> of two leaves (cataloged as Mingana 1572a) has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to between 568 and 645 CE (95.4% <a href="/wiki/Credible_interval" title="Credible interval">credible interval</a>), indicating the animal from which the parchment was made lived during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The parts of <a href="/wiki/Surah" title="Surah">Surahs</a> 18-20 its leaves preserve<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are written in ink on parchment, using an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi script</a> and are still clearly legible.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves are folio size (343 mm by 258 mm; 13½" x 10¼" at the widest point),<sup id="cite_ref-birmingham.ac.uk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birmingham.ac.uk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are written on both sides in a generously scaled and legible script.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33436021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is laid out in the format that was to become standard for complete Quran texts, with chapter divisions indicated by linear decoration, and verse endings by intertextual clustered dots. </p><p>The two leaves are held by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Research_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadbury Research Library">Cadbury Research Library</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but have been recognized<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)" title="Lacuna (manuscripts)">lacuna</a> in the 16 leaves catalogued as BnF Arabe 328(c)<sup id="cite_ref-Déroche_2009_121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Déroche_2009_121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></i></span> in Paris, now bound with the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus" title="Codex Parisino-petropolitanus">Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</a>. </p><p>Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the Uthmanic text type<sup id="cite_ref-The_'Grace_of_God'_as_evidence_for_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_'Grace_of_God'_as_evidence_for-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has stated and demonstrated with examples that due to a number of these same idiosyncratic spellings present in the Birmingham fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c), it is "clearly a descendant of the Uthmanic text type" and that it is "impossible" that it is a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite its early radiocarbon dating.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tübingen_fragment"><span id="T.C3.BCbingen_fragment"></span>Tübingen fragment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tübingen fragment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2014, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a> in Germany announced that a partial Quran manuscript in their possession (Ms M a VI 165), had been carbon dated (95.4% credible interval), to between 649 and 675.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manuscript is now recognised as being written in hijazi script,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although in the 1930 catalogue of the collection it is classified as "Kufic", and consists of the Quranic verses 17:36, to 36:57 (and part of verse 17:35).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sana'a_manuscript"><span id="Sana.27a_manuscript"></span>Sana'a manuscript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sana'a manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscript</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg/220px-SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg/330px-SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg/440px-SanaaQuoranDoubleVersions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscript</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscript</a>, is one of the oldest Quranic manuscripts in existence. It contains only three chapters. It was found, along with many other Quranic and non-Quranic fragments, in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> in 1972 during restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Sana%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Mosque of Sana'a">Great Mosque of Sana'a</a>. The manuscript is written on <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>, and comprises two layers of text (see <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a>). The upper text conforms to the standard <a href="/wiki/%27Uthmanic_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="'Uthmanic Quran">'Uthmanic Quran</a>, whereas the lower text contains many variants to the standard text. An edition of the lower text was published in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon analysis</a> has dated the parchment containing the lower text to before 671 AD with 99% probability.<sup id="cite_ref-sadeghi-bergmann_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadeghi-bergmann-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Add._1125">Add. 1125</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Add. 1125"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This manuscript was acquired by <a href="/wiki/University_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> from <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward H. Palmer">Edward H. Palmer</a> (1840-1882) and EE Tyrwhitt Drake.<sup id="cite_ref-corpuscoranicum.de_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpuscoranicum.de-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was created before 800CE according to <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Coranicum" title="Corpus Coranicum">Corpus Coranicum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corpuscoranicum.de_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpuscoranicum.de-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains Quran from <a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal" title="Al-Anfal">8</a>:10-72 written on 4 folios.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ms._Or._2165">Ms. Or. 2165</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ms. Or. 2165"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British Library MS. Or. 2165 Early Qur'anic manuscript written in <a href="/wiki/Ma%27il_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'il script">Ma'il script</a>, 7th or 8th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Codex Mashhad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Codex_Mashhad" title="Codex Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Mashhad,_MS_18,_Folios_50r,_49v.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Codex_Mashhad%2C_MS_18%2C_Folios_50r%2C_49v.png/220px-Codex_Mashhad%2C_MS_18%2C_Folios_50r%2C_49v.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Codex_Mashhad%2C_MS_18%2C_Folios_50r%2C_49v.png/330px-Codex_Mashhad%2C_MS_18%2C_Folios_50r%2C_49v.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Codex_Mashhad%2C_MS_18%2C_Folios_50r%2C_49v.png/440px-Codex_Mashhad%2C_MS_18%2C_Folios_50r%2C_49v.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Folios of Codex Mashhad: Transition between sūras when Ibn Masʿūd arrangement of sūras was made to conform with ʿUthmān's arrangement. Folios 50r, 49v - transition from the end of <i>sūra al-Māʾida</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Codex Mashhad</i> refers to an old codex of the Qurʾān, now mostly preserved in two manuscripts, MSS 18 and 4116, in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Library_of_Astan_Quds_Razavi" title="Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi">Āstān-i Quds Library</a>, Mashhad, Iran. The first manuscript in 122 folios and the second in 129 folios together constitute more than 90% of the text of the Qurʾān, and it is also likely that other fragments will be found in Mashhad or elsewhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current Codex is in two separate volumes, MSS 18 and 4116. The former contains the first half of the Qurʾān, from the beginning to the end of the 18th sūra, <i>al-Kahf</i>, while the latter comprises the second half, from the middle of the 20th sūra, <i>Ṭāhā</i>, to the end of the Qurʾān.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their present form, both parts of <i>Codex Mashhad</i> have been repaired, partially completed with pieces from later Kufic Qurʾāns and sometimes in a present-day <i>nashkī</i> hand.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Codex Mashhad</i> has almost all the elements and features of the oldest known Qurʾānic codices. The dual volumes of the main body, written in <i>ḥijāzī</i> or <i>māʾil</i> script, are the only <i>ḥijāzī</i> manuscripts in vertical format in Iran. Like all ancient <i>ḥijāzī</i> codices, <i>Codex Mashhad</i> contains variant readings, regional differences of Qurʾānic codices, orthographic peculiarities, and copyists’ errors, partly corrected by later hands. The script and orthography of the Codex show instances of archaic and not-yet-completely-recognized rules, manifested in various spelling peculiarities. Illumination and ornamentation are not found even in sūra-headbands; rather, some crude sūra dividers have been added later and are found only on adjoining sections.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The script in this manuscript is similar to <i>Codex M a VI 165</i> at <a href="/wiki/University_Library_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University Library of Tübingen">Tübingen (Germany)</a>, <i>Codex Arabe 331</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris)</a>, and <i>Kodex Wetzstein II 1913</i> at <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Library" title="Berlin State Library">Staatsbibliothek (Berlin)</a>. The combined radiocarbon dating of these manuscripts points firmly to the 1st century of <i><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">hijra</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kufic_manuscripts">Kufic manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kufic manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kufic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufic script">Kufic script</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg/220px-4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg/330px-4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg/440px-4.8-17-1990-Guld-koranside-recto-og-verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>Quran in Kufic script</figcaption></figure> <p>Kufic manuscripts can be characterized by the Kufic form of calligraphy. Kufic calligraphy, which was later named after art historians in the 19th or 20th century is described by means of precise upstanding letters. For a long time, the Blue Qur'an, the Topkapi manuscript, and the Samarkand Kufic Quran were considered the oldest Quran copies in existence. Both codices are more or less complete. They are written in the <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic script</a>. It "can generally be dated from the late eighth century depending on the extent of development in the character of the script in each case."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Blue_Quran">The Blue Quran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Blue Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Qur'an">Blue Qur'an</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-North_Africa_-_Qur%27an_leaf_in_Kufic_script_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3601" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>The Blue Quran</figcaption></figure> <p>The Blue Qur'an (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: المصحف الأزرق <i>al-<a href="/wiki/Mus%27haf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus'haf">Muṣḥaf</a> al-′Azraq</i>) is a late 9th to early 10th-century <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> manuscript in <a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic calligraphy</a>, probably created in North Africa for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Met_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is among the most famous works of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Met_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been called "one of the most extraordinary luxury manuscripts ever created."<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the manuscript was done in Kufic style writing, it is quite hard to read. "The letters have been manipulated to make each line the same length, and the marks necessary to distinguish between letters have been omitted."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Blue Quran is constructed of indigo-dyed parchment with the inscriptions done in gold ink, which makes it one of the rarest Quran productions ever known.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of dyed parchment and gold ink is said to have been inspired by the Christian Byzantine Empire, due to the fact that many manuscripts were produced in the same way there.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each verse is separated by circular silver marks, although they are now harder to see due to fading and oxidization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topkapi_manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Topkapi manuscript"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">The Topkapi Qurʾān manuscript H.S. 32</a> is a significant Islamic artifact, notable for its size, script, and historical context. Originating from the middle 8th century,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this manuscript is preserved in the Topkapi Palace Museum in Istanbul. It showcases a unique style of Kufic script and is distinguished by its ornate decorations and intricate calligraphy. The manuscript has been the subject of scholarly study for its textual variants, providing insights into the early transmission and preservation of the Qurʾānic text.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Uthman_Ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman Ibn Affan">Uthman Ibn Affan</a> (d. 656), However, a recent study published by De Gruyter has refuted this attribution by analyzing the manuscript's paleography and orthography. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samarkand_Kufic_Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Samarkand Kufic Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></div> <p>The Samarkand Kufic Quran, preserved at <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, is a Kufic manuscript, in <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a> tradition identified as one of Uthman's manuscripts, but dated to the 8th or 9th century by both paleographic studies and carbon-dating of the parchment,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kunstkamera.ru_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunstkamera.ru-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which showed a 95.4% probability of a date between 795 and 855.<sup id="cite_ref-kunstkamera.ru_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunstkamera.ru-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Gilchrist_(linguist)" title="John Gilchrist (linguist)">Gilchrist</a>'s dating of any Kufic manuscript to the later 8th century has been criticized by other scholars, who have cited many earlier instances of early Kufic and pre-Kufic inscriptions. The most important of these are the Quranic inscriptions in Kufic script from the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (692).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions on rock Hijazi and early Kufic script may date as early as 646. The debate between the scholars has moved from one over the date origin of the script to one over the state of development of the Kufic script in the early manuscripts and in datable 7th-century inscriptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codex_Mixt._917">Codex Mixt. 917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Codex Mixt. 917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This early Kufic Quranic manuscript is located in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>. The codex came from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. It came into the possession of the Austrian ambassador to Constantinople Count Anton Prokesch-Osten in 1872 who gave it as a gift to the Austrian National Library. The manuscript dates to 700-725 CE based on the style of punctuation, which was only used for a short amount of time. It contains Quran from 2:97-7:205 and Q 9:19-29 written on 104 folios.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gotthelf_Bergsträßer_Archive"><span id="Gotthelf_Bergstr.C3.A4.C3.9Fer_Archive"></span>Gotthelf Bergsträßer Archive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gotthelf Bergsträßer Archive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This almost complete Quranic manuscript was photographed by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Pretzl" title="Otto Pretzl">Otto Pretzl</a> in 1934 in Morocco. In recent years, a few folios from the manuscripts have been sold by private companies and were dated to the 9th century or earlier by <a href="/wiki/Christie%27s" title="Christie's">Christie's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_manuscripts">Other manuscripts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Ma'il_Quran"><span id="The_Ma.27il_Quran"></span>The Ma'il Quran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Ma'il Quran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_(BL_Or_2165,_f.76v).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_%28BL_Or_2165%2C_f.76v%29.jpg/220px-Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_%28BL_Or_2165%2C_f.76v%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_%28BL_Or_2165%2C_f.76v%29.jpg/330px-Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_%28BL_Or_2165%2C_f.76v%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_%28BL_Or_2165%2C_f.76v%29.jpg/440px-Page_from_the_Ma%E2%80%99il_Qur%E2%80%99an_%28BL_Or_2165%2C_f.76v%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Page from the Ma'il Qur'an. <a href="/wiki/Hijaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hijaz">Hijaz</a>, 8th century. <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ma'il Quran is an 8th-century Quran (between 700 and 799 CE) originating from the Arabian peninsula. It contains two-thirds of the Qur'ān text and is one of the oldest Qur'āns in the world. It was purchased by the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in 1879 from the Reverend Greville John Chester and is now kept in the British Library.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:543px;max-width:543px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parchment_leaf_from_a_copy_of_the_Quran_written_in_early_Kufic_script,_Syria,_early_8th_century,_ufa_in_AH_75_(695),_The_David_Collection,_Copenhagen_(35599513863).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parchment_leaf_from_a_copy_of_the_Quran_written_in_early_Kufic_script%2C_Syria%2C_early_8th_century%2C_ufa_in_AH_75_%28695%29%2C_The_David_Collection%2C_Copenhagen_%2835599513863%29.jpg/160px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parchment_leaf_from_a_copy_of_the_Quran_written_in_early_Kufic_script%2C_Syria%2C_early_8th_century%2C_ufa_in_AH_75_%28695%29%2C_The_David_Collection%2C_Copenhagen_%2835599513863%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Parchment_leaf_from_a_copy_of_the_Quran_written_in_early_Kufic_script%2C_Syria%2C_early_8th_century%2C_ufa_in_AH_75_%28695%29%2C_The_David_Collection%2C_Copenhagen_%2835599513863%29.jpg/320px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3923" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_(TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_%28TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a%29.jpg/172px-Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_%28TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_%28TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a%29.jpg/258px-Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_%28TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_%28TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a%29.jpg/344px-Page_from_the_Umayyad_Qur%27an_manuscript_%28TIEM_%C5%9EE_80_f.41a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_(BnF,_Arabe_334,_f._32r).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_%28BnF%2C_Arabe_334%2C_f._32r%29.jpg/199px-Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_%28BnF%2C_Arabe_334%2C_f._32r%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_%28BnF%2C_Arabe_334%2C_f._32r%29.jpg/299px-Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_%28BnF%2C_Arabe_334%2C_f._32r%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_%28BnF%2C_Arabe_334%2C_f._32r%29.jpg/398px-Qur%27an_folio_in_Hijazi_script_%28BnF%2C_Arabe_334%2C_f._32r%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Pages with motifs and patterns from several early mus'hafs.</div></div></div></div> <p>The dating and text of early manuscripts of the Qur'an have been used as evidence in support of the traditional Islamic views and by sceptics to cast doubt on it. The high number of manuscripts and fragments present from the first 100 years after the reported canonization have made the text one ripe for academic discussion. Founder of the revisionist Islamic studies movement in the mid 20th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Wansbrough" title="John Wansbrough">John Wansbrough</a>, used the content in the Qur'an as a reference point for ascertaining that it was likely influenced by the Umayyad court, and believed its canon to have likely happened around the same time as that of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although never the dominant academic view, with the advent of radiocarbon dating, the view is currently held only by a few scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more recently uncovered <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a> holds significance amongst scholarship because of its early dating and potential overlap with the lifetime of Muhammad <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 570</span> to 632 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Goldman_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldman-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the proposed radiocarbon dating gives a 95.4% <a href="/wiki/Credible_interval" title="Credible interval">probability</a> that the animal whose skin made the manuscript parchment was killed sometime between calendar years 568–645 CE). The text's identical reflection of the contemporary standard text of the Quran has generally lent credence to early Muslim narratives and provided a retort for historic criticisms levied at the text.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Platti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Platti (page does not exist)">Emilio Platti</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Platti" class="extiw" title="nl:Emilio Platti">nl</a>]</span>, Professor Emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">Catholic University of Leuven</a>, for example holds that "scholars largely refuse today the late dating of the earliest copies of the Qurʾān proposed for example by John Wansbrough".<sup id="cite_ref-Platti-oldest-2017_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Platti-oldest-2017-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Thomas, professor of Christianity and Islam at the University of Birmingham, states that "the parts of the Qur’an that are written on this parchment can, with a degree of confidence, be dated to less than two decades after Muhammad’s death."<sup id="cite_ref-UoB_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UoB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._B._Lumbard" title="Joseph E. B. Lumbard">Joseph Lumbard</a> also claims that the dating renders "the vast majority of Western revisionist theories regarding the historical origins of the Quran untenable," and quotes a number of scholars (<a href="/wiki/Harald_Motzki" title="Harald Motzki">Harald Motzki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Sinai" title="Nicolai Sinai">Nicolai Sinai</a>) in support of "a growing body of evidence that the early Islamic sources, as Carl Ernst observes, 'still provide a more compelling framework for understanding the Qurʾan than any alternative yet proposed.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Lumbard-24-7-2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lumbard-24-7-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behnam Sadeghi and Uwe Bergmann write that the <a href="/wiki/Sana%27a_manuscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Sana'a manuscript">Sana'a manuscript</a> is unique among extant early Quranic manuscripts, "the only known manuscript" that "does not belong to the 'Uṯmānic textual tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-sadeghi-bergmann_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadeghi-bergmann-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those Hijazi manuscript fragments belonging to the "'Uṯmānic textual tradition" and dated by radio-carbon to the first Islamic century are not identical. They fall "into a small number of regional families (identified by variants in their rasm, or consonantal text), and each moreover contains non-canonical variants in dotting and lettering that can often be traced back to those reported of the Companions"<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Marijn van Putten<sup id="cite_ref-The_'Grace_of_God'_as_evidence_for_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_'Grace_of_God'_as_evidence_for-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have provided evidence that the regional variants of the early Hijazi manuscript fragments share a "<a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism#Stemmatics" title="Textual criticism">stem</a>" and thus likely "descend from a single archetype", (that being Uthmanic codex in traditional Islamic history). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature#Origins" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature § Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Coranicum" title="Corpus Coranicum">Corpus Coranicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quran" title="History of the Quran">History of the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranic_inerrancy" title="Quranic inerrancy">Quranic inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harari_Qurans" title="Harari Qurans">Harari Qurans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Julia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/qura/hd_qura.htm">"Early Qur'ans (8th-Early 13th Century)"</a>. <i>The Met Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Met+Museum&rft.atitle=Early+Qur%27ans+%288th-Early+13th+Century%29&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fqura%2Fhd_qura.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nöldeke_2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nöldeke_2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNöldekeSchwallyBergsträsserPretzl2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_N%C3%B6ldeke" title="Theodor Nöldeke">Nöldeke, Theodor</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schwally" title="Friedrich Schwally">Schwally, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gotthelf_Bergstr%C3%A4sser" title="Gotthelf Bergsträsser">Bergsträsser, Gotthelf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Otto_Pretzl" title="Otto Pretzl">Pretzl, Otto</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKEHNcrPC9cC&pg=PA251">"The Genesis of the Authorized Redaction of the Koran under the Caliph ʿUthmān"</a>. In Behn, Wolfgang H. (ed.). <i>The History of the Qurʾān</i>. Texts and Studies on the Qurʾān. Vol. 8. Translated by Behn, Wolfgang H. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">251–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004228795_017">10.1163/9789004228795_017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21234-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21234-3"><bdi>978-90-04-21234-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1567-2808">1567-2808</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+of+the+Authorized+Redaction+of+the+Koran+under+the+Caliph+%CA%BFUthm%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Texts+and+Studies+on+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1567-2808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004228795_017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21234-3&rft.aulast=N%C3%B6ldeke&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft.au=Schwally%2C+Friedrich&rft.au=Bergstr%C3%A4sser%2C+Gotthelf&rft.au=Pretzl%2C+Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKEHNcrPC9cC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCKaVSI2000:6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCKaVSI2000:6_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#MCKaVSI2000">Cook (2000)</a>: p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HBMaToJW2000:495-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HBMaToJW2000:495_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#HBMaToJW2000">Berg (2000)</a>: p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lumbard-24-7-2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lumbard-24-7-2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lumbard-24-7-2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumbard2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._B._Lumbard" title="Joseph E. B. Lumbard">Lumbard, Joseph E. B.</a> (24 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/new-light-on-the-history_b_7864930">"New Light on the History of the Quranic Text?"</a>. Huffington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+History+of+the+Quranic+Text%3F&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.aulast=Lumbard&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fnew-light-on-the-history_b_7864930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its official website says: "Mehr als 60 Fragmente mit insgesamt mehr als 2000 Blättern (4000 Seiten) sind als Textzeugen für den Koran vor 800 bisher bekannt." <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://corpuscoranicum.de/">https://corpuscoranicum.de/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UoB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UoB_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2015/07/quran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx">"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Qur%27an+manuscript+dated+among+the+oldest+in+the+world&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Flatest%2F2015%2F07%2Fquran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-33436021-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-33436021_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-33436021">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Oldest%27+Koran+fragments+found+in+Birmingham+University&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-33436021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722212055/https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2015/07/quran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx">"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world"</a>. <i>University of Birmingham</i>. 22 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2015/07/quran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx">the original</a> on 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Birmingham&rft.atitle=Birmingham+Qur%27an+manuscript+dated+among+the+oldest+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Flatest%2F2015%2F07%2Fquran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah2012" class="citation web cs1">Hannah, Korn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2012/byzantium-and-islam/blog/topical-essays/posts/script.">"Scripts in Development"</a>. <i>Metmuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Scripts+in+Development&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Korn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Flistings%2F2012%2Fbyzantium-and-islam%2Fblog%2Ftopical-essays%2Fposts%2Fscript.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blair" title="Sheila Blair">Blair, Sheila</a> (1998). <i>Islamic Inscriptions</i>. New York University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Inscriptions&rft.pub=New+York+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8415207g">"Coran"</a> – via gallica.bnf.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coran.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8415207g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_of_Birmingham-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University_of_Birmingham_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2015/07/quran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx">"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Qur%27an+manuscript+dated+among+the+oldest+in+the+world&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Flatest%2F2015%2F07%2Fquran-manuscript-22-07-15.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quranic_Studies_Association_Blog_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iqsaweb.wordpress.com/2013/03/18/qmmc/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>' The Qur'anic Manuscripts of the Mingana Collection and their Electronic Edition'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Quranic Studies Association Blog</i>. 18 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quranic+Studies+Association+Blog&rft.atitle=%27+The+Qur%27anic+Manuscripts+of+the+Mingana+Collection+and+their+Electronic+Edition%27&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiqsaweb.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F03%2F18%2Fqmmc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/22/europe/uk-quran-birmingham-manuscript/">"Tests show UK Quran manuscript is among world's oldest"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 22 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tests+show+UK+Quran+manuscript+is+among+world%27s+oldest&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F07%2F22%2Feurope%2Fuk-quran-birmingham-manuscript%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birmingham.ac.uk-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birmingham.ac.uk_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/facilities/cadbury/TheBirminghamQuranManuscript.aspx">"The Birmingham Qur'an Manuscript - University of Birmingham"</a>. <i>www.birmingham.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.birmingham.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Birmingham+Qur%27an+Manuscript+-+University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birmingham.ac.uk%2Ffacilities%2Fcadbury%2FTheBirminghamQuranManuscript.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825091624/http://vmr.bham.ac.uk/Collections/Mingana/Islamic_Arabic_1572a/table/">"Virtual Manuscript Room"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vmr.bham.ac.uk/Collections/Mingana/Islamic_Arabic_1572a/table/">the original</a> on 25 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Manuscript+Room&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvmr.bham.ac.uk%2FCollections%2FMingana%2FIslamic_Arabic_1572a%2Ftable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2015" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (22 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/22/oldest-quran-fragments-found-at-birmingham-university">"Oldest Quran fragments found at Birmingham University"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpuscoranicum.de&rft.atitle=Corpus+Coranicum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpuscoranicum.de%2Fen%2Fmanuscripts%2F169%2Fpage%2F18v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/a-kufic-quran-folio-near-east-or-5421825-details.aspx?from=salesummary&pos=1&intObjectID=5421825&sid=a6032625-c485-4814-9f77-b1aaa8b0fbc6&page=1&lid=1">"A Kufic Quran Folio, Near East or North Africa 9th Century or earlier"</a>. <i>Christie's</i>. 6 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christie%27s&rft.atitle=A+Kufic+Quran+Folio%2C+Near+East+or+North+Africa+9th+Century+or+earlier&rft.date=2011-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fbooks-manuscripts%2Fa-kufic-quran-folio-near-east-or-5421825-details.aspx%3Ffrom%3Dsalesummary%26pos%3D1%26intObjectID%3D5421825%26sid%3Da6032625-c485-4814-9f77-b1aaa8b0fbc6%26page%3D1%26lid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/a-kufic-quran-folio-near-east-or-5826190-details.aspx?pos=1&intObjectID=5826190&sid=&page=14&lid=1">"A Kufic Quran Folio, Near East or North Africa 9th Century or earlier"</a>. <i>Christie's</i>. 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christie%27s&rft.atitle=A+Kufic+Quran+Folio%2C+Near+East+or+North+Africa+9th+Century+or+earlier&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christies.com%2Flotfinder%2Fbooks-manuscripts%2Fa-kufic-quran-folio-near-east-or-5826190-details.aspx%3Fpos%3D1%26intObjectID%3D5826190%26sid%3D%26page%3D14%26lid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/asian-and-african/2016/04/the-british-librarys-oldest-quran-manuscript-now-online.html">"The British Library's oldest Qur'an manuscript now online"</a>. <i>British Library</i>. 7 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=The+British+Library%27s+oldest+Qur%27an+manuscript+now+online&rft.date=2016-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fasian-and-african%2F2016%2F04%2Fthe-british-librarys-oldest-quran-manuscript-now-online.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg , "Methods and Theories of John Wansbrough", 2000: p.501-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoemaker2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Shoemaker" title="Stephen J. Shoemaker">Shoemaker, Stephen J.</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3BtEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70">"Radiocarbon Dating and the Origins of the Quran"</a>. <i>Creating the Qur'an: A Historical-Critical Study</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38903-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-38903-8"><bdi>978-0-520-38903-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+Dating+and+the+Origins+of+the+Quran&rft.btitle=Creating+the+Qur%27an%3A+A+Historical-Critical+Study&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-520-38903-8&rft.aulast=Shoemaker&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS3BtEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldman-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldman_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Goldman (1995), p. 63, gives 8 June 632, the dominant Islamic tradition. Many earlier (mainly non-Islamic) traditions refer to him as still alive at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">invasion of Palestine</a>. See Stephen J. Shoemaker, <i>The Death of a Prophet: The End of Muhammad's Life and the Beginnings of Islam,</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayoud2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sayoud, H. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholarpage.org/journal/Vol01_Issue01/17_Sayoud.pdf">"Statistical Analysis of the Birmingham Quran Folios and Comparison with the Sanaa Manuscripts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Hidden Data Mining and Scientific Knowledge Discovery</i>. <b>4</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hidden+Data+Mining+and+Scientific+Knowledge+Discovery&rft.atitle=Statistical+Analysis+of+the+Birmingham+Quran+Folios+and+Comparison+with+the+Sanaa+Manuscripts&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Sayoud&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholarpage.org%2Fjournal%2FVol01_Issue01%2F17_Sayoud.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, Gabriel Said</a> (7 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304113924/http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tag/gabriel-said-reynolds/">"Variant Readings: The Birmingham Qur'an in the Context of the Debate on Islamic Origins"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">Times Literary Supplement</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-tls.co.uk/tag/gabriel-said-reynolds/">the original</a> on 4 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Literary+Supplement&rft.atitle=Variant+Readings%3A+The+Birmingham+Qur%27an+in+the+Context+of+the+Debate+on+Islamic+Origins&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015-08-07&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-tls.co.uk%2Ftag%2Fgabriel-said-reynolds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Platti-oldest-2017-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Platti-oldest-2017_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatti2017" class="citation web cs1">Platti, Emilio (24 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideo-cairo.org/en/2017/01/the-oldest-manuscripts-of-the-quran/">"The oldest manuscripts of the Qurʾān"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Institute_for_Oriental_Studies" title="Dominican Institute for Oriental Studies">Institut dominicain d’études orientales</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+dominicain+d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes+orientales&rft.atitle=The+oldest+manuscripts+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.date=2017-01-24&rft.aulast=Platti&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ideo-cairo.org%2Fen%2F2017%2F01%2Fthe-oldest-manuscripts-of-the-quran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, M. (2004). "The Stemma of the Regional Codices of the Koran", Graeco-Arabica, 9-10</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HBMaToJW2000" class="citation book cs1">Berg, Herbert (2000). "15. The Implications of, and Opposition to, the Methods and Theories of John Wansbrough". <i>The Quest for the Historical Muhammad</i>. New York: Prometheus Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">489–</span>509.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+The+Implications+of%2C+and+Opposition+to%2C+the+Methods+and+Theories+of+John+Wansbrough&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+the+Historical+Muhammad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E509&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GBRRCQ2008" class="citation book cs1">Böwering, Gerhard (2007). "Recent Research on the Construction of the Qur'an". In <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, Gabriel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134109456"><i>The Qur'an in its Historical Context</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203939604">10.4324/9780203939604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10945-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10945-6"><bdi>978-1-134-10945-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+on+the+Construction+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203939604&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10945-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6wering&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781134109456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="MCKaVSI2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook"><i>The Koran : A Very Short Introduction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192853449" title="Special:BookSources/0192853449"><bdi>0192853449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran+%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0192853449&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FMDQiRS2008" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Fred M. (2008). "The Quran in Recent Scholarship". In <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Said_Reynolds" title="Gabriel Said Reynolds">Reynolds, Gabriel Said</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quranitshistoric00reyn"><i>The Quran in its Historical Context</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quranitshistoric00reyn/page/n45">29</a>-50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10945-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-10945-6"><bdi>978-1-134-10945-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134109456">the original</a></span> on 2013-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Quran+in+Recent+Scholarship&rft.btitle=The+Quran+in+its+Historical+Context&rft.pages=29-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-10945-6&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2F9781134109456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="JWQS1978" class="citation book cs1">Wansbrough, J. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729111233/http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Wansbrough,%20J%20-%20Quranic%20Studies.pdf"><i>Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.almuslih.org/Library/Wansbrough,%20J%20-%20Quranic%20Studies.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quranic+Studies%3A+Sources+and+Methods+of+Scriptural+Interpretation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Wansbrough&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.almuslih.org%2FLibrary%2FWansbrough%2C%2520J%2520-%2520Quranic%2520Studies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarly+Quranic+manuscripts" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Quranic_manuscripts&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDéroche1992" class="citation book cs1">Déroche, François (1992). <i>The Abbasid Tradition: Qur'ans of the 8th And 10th Centuries AD</i>. 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href="/wiki/Template:Quranic_manuscripts" title="Template:Quranic manuscripts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quranic_manuscripts" title="Template talk:Quranic manuscripts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quranic_manuscripts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quranic manuscripts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manuscripts,_codices_and_editions_of_the_Quran123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Manuscripts, codices and editions of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Early manuscripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript" title="Birmingham Quran manuscript">Birmingham Quran manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Mashhad" title="Codex Mashhad">Codex Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaa_manuscript" title="Sanaa manuscript">Sanaa manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Parisino-petropolitanus" title="Codex Parisino-petropolitanus">Codex Parisino-petropolitanus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kufic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufic script">Kufic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand_Kufic_Quran" title="Samarkand Kufic Quran">Samarkand Kufic Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Qur'an">Blue Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topkapi_manuscript" title="Topkapi manuscript">Topkapi manuscript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mushaf" title="Mushaf">Mushafs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthmanic_codex" title="Uthmanic codex">Uthmanic codex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_of_Ibn_Mas%27ud" title="Codex of Ibn Mas'ud">Codex of Ibn Mas'ud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_of_Ubayy_ibn_Ka%27b" title="Codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b">Codex of Ubayy ibn Ka'b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushaf_of_Ali" title="Mushaf of Ali">Mushaf of Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushaf_of_Aisha" title="Mushaf of Aisha">Mushaf of Aisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern editions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_edition" title="Cairo edition">Cairo edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fl%C3%BCgel_edition" title="Flügel edition">Flügel edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marracci_edition" title="Marracci edition">Marracci edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinckelmann_edition" title="Hinckelmann edition">Hinckelmann edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_Quran" title="Algeria Quran">Algeria Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahrain_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahrain Quran (page does not exist)">Bahrain Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:مصحف البحرين">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egypt_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egypt Quran (page does not exist)">Egypt Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" class="extiw" title="ar:المصحف المعلم">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iraq_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iraq Quran (page does not exist)">Iraq Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:المصحف الشريف (طبعة ديوان الأوقاف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libya_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libya Quran (page does not exist)">Libya Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مصحف الجماهيرية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauritania_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauritania Quran (page does not exist)">Mauritania Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:المصحف الموريتاني">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina Quran (page does not exist)">Medina Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:مصحف المدينة النبوية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qatar_Quran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qatar Quran (page does not exist)">Qatar Quran</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1" class="extiw" title="ar:مصحف قطر">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaalibia_Quran" title="Thaalibia Quran">Thaalibia Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman_Taha_Quran" title="Uthman Taha Quran">Uthman Taha Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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